The History of Orthodontics

D R . JUH Á SZ FANNI SEMMELWEIS EGYETEM , GYERMEKFOGÁSZATI ÉS FOGSZABÁLYOZÁSI KLINIKA B U D A P E S T , MAGYARORSZÁG

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF DENTISTRY Departement of Pedodontics and Orthodontics http://semmelweis.hu/gyermekfogaszat/ CONTENTS

Prehistoric, Ancient XVIII. & Early XIX. 1 & Middle Ages 2 Century

Late XIX. & Early Appliances of the 3 XX. Century 4 XX. & XXI. Century SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF DENTISTRY Departement of Pedodontics and Orthodontics http://semmelweis.hu/gyermekfogaszat/ PREHISTORIC, ANCIENT & MIDDLE AGES

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF DENTISTRY Departement of Pedodontics and Orthodontics http://semmelweis.hu/gyermekfogaszat/ PREHISTORIC AGE

Crooked teeth were found among Neanderthals (50,000 BC)

The first written trace of its treatment is originated from 3000 years before

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu ANCIENT TEXTS

Dental problems and their treatment were menioned in ancient text, but they were mainly protetical treatments.

Ancient egypt (i.e. 1800) Syria (i.e. 1000) Bible, Talmud Aristotle, Claudius Scribonius Largus, Pliny the Elder and Marcus Valerius Martialis

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu HIPPOCRATES AROUND 400 B.C.

"Among those individuals whose heads are long-shaped, some have thick necks, strong members and bones; others have strongly arched palates; thus teeth are disposed to irregularity, crowding one on the other… "

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu AULUS CORNELIUS CELSUS – 25 – 50 B.C.

"In children too if a second tooth is growing up before the first one has fallen out, the tooth which ought to come out must be freed all round and extracted; the tooth which has grown up in place of the former one is to be pressed upwards with a finger every day until it has reached its proper height. And whenever after extraction, a root has been left behind, this too must be at once removed by the forceps made for the purpose which the Greeks call rhizagra."

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu CAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS - 23-79

Pliny the Elder (ad 23-79) suggested filing elongated teeth to bring them into proper alignment.

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu AELIUS GALENUS 129-199

Teeth protruding from the normal row should be carefully shortened, using a small iron file, a method that remained in practice until modern times. Galen recommended that if this procedure was painful then it should be spread over several sittings

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu ‘Poggio Gaiella appliance’ 4. Century B.C.

el-Quatta Egypt, around 2,500 B.C. Etruscan appliances 7. century B.C. ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu MIDDLE AGES & THE RENAISSANCE

Dental education in France from 1580

“operators for the teeth” “open or widen the teeth when they are set too close together.” 1619 – Fabricius: extraction if teeth are crowded

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu XVIII. & EARLY XIX. CENTURY

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF DENTISTRY Departement of Pedodontics and Orthodontics http://semmelweis.hu/gyermekfogaszat/ PIERRE FAUCHARD 1678-1761

Initially worked as a „Tooth puller” 1728 Le Chirurgien-Dentiste The word „dentist” Father of Orthodontics

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu Spring-loaded dentures

Bandeau Pelican horseshoue shaped noble metal plate The teeh were ligated to the plate

The teeth were repositioned with „pelican”-, then slinting to the neighboring teeth

Bandeau APPLIANCES

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu „DENTISTS"

• Oral hygiene, gums, prevention • Fillings, filing of the teeth • Cauterizating • Trepanning • Aligning the teeth, repositioning them • Autotransplantation • Tooth whitening • Some of them specialized to make dentures

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu ETIENNE BOURDET 1722-1789

French King’s dentist Refined Fauchard’s bandeau 1757 – first descripion of serial extraction & the extraction of the premolars to solve crowding

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu XVIII. CENTURY ORTHODONTICS

Aligning mainly the maxillary teeth

"Before she sent her daughter, Marie-Antoinette, to France in 1770 to marry the future Louis XVI, the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa thought it wise to summon to Vienna the very best that Europe could provide to reposition some of the princess’ teeth so that they would look “very beautiful and well arranged.” Her choice fell on a Parisian dentist."

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu JOSEPH FOX 1776-1816

The Natural History and Diseases of the Human Teeth (1814) – 4 sections First important dental treatise in the XIX. century and remained the best practica book for dentists in English

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu First, who • classified the malocclusions (1803) • described the development of the lower jaw (distal extension) • gave accurate prescriptions of the orthodontic treatments

Interested in • Timing of the decidous teeth’ extraction • Treatment timing

Appliances: • Bite blocks in patients with open bite • Expansion arch • Chincap (1802) APPLIANCES

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu JOACHIM LEFOULON 1776-1816

French dentist word: orthodontosie (1841) First, who used labial and lingual arches combined Etiology Factors • based on biological phenomens • Control the development and the form of tissues and organs

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu CHRISTOPHE-FRANÇOIS DELABARRE - 1787-1862

Crib - appliance The definition of lever First screw (1815).

Separtion of the teeth with floss or wooden wedges

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu J. M. ALEXIS SCHANGE 1807-?

1841 – the first exclusively orthodontic textbook

Changed the design of the screw bands 1842 – 3 years after the invention of vulcanization he used rubber tubes The word Anchorage

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu JOHN TOMES 1812-1895

First: Bone resorption and apposition Root resorption

Among the founders of the British Dental Society and its first president Dental education as a university-based programme

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu AMERIKAI PIONÍREK A XIX. SZÁZAD ELEJÉN

Chaotic treatments Primitiv appliances (design, material) No refined treatment plans No dental education before the 1830s (physicians, barbers, charlatans) Few othodontic publiactions before 1880

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu LEONARD KOECKER 1728-1850

Dentist in Philadelphia He treated the malocclusions with ligating the teeth Early treatment “if placed under proper care at an early age, the greater portion of the teeth of the permanent set may invariably be preserved to perfect health and regularity,” Early extraction of the first molars “be extracted at any period before the age of twelve years, all the anterior teeth will grow more or less backwards and the second and third molars . . . fill up the vacant space.”

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu J. S. GUNNELL ?, WAHINGTON

occipital anchorage in 1822 beginning orthodontists’ 180-year struggle to get their patients to wear headgears.

Caméllia var. Mrs Gunnell

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu CHAPIN A. HARRIS 1806-1860

Founded and edited (1839-58) the American Journal of Dental Science 1839 He and Horace H. Hayden (1769-1844) founded the first dental college at the University of Maryland, the first dean and professor of practical dentistry (first lectures about “irregularities of the teeth.”) First modern classic dental textbook: The Dental Art (1840) Gold caps on molars in openbite cases Extra buttons on the bands if teeth are rotated

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu CHARLES GOODYEAR 1800-1860

1839 accidentaly discovered the vulcanization

E. G. Tucker among the first to use the new material, he was the first American who used rubber bands (1846) It was not get much attention until Dr. Baker and Dr. Case didn’t write about intermaxillary elastics

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu LATE XIX. & EARLY XX. CENTURIES

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF DENTISTRY Departement of Pedodontics and Orthodontics http://semmelweis.hu/gyermekfogaszat/ NORMAN W. KINGSLEY 1825-1896

Founder of the New York College of Dentistry alapítója, dean from 1865 to 1869 (from 1925 New York University College of Dentistry.)

After 1850 more and more textbooks abot orthodontics, aong them one of the most importants is the A Treatise on Oral Deformities (1880) He was the first to recognise the importance of etiolgy, diagnosis and the treatment plan in the everday practice.

Pyro-arts (Rembrandt copies)

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu APPLIANCES

Occipital traction(1879) "For the lower part, I made a brass plate to fit the chin, having arms with hooked ends reaching to a point just below the point of the chin. These arms were arranged in such a way that the distance between them could be altered at will by simply pressing them apart or to gather. The upper part consisted of a simple network going over the head and having two hooks on each side, one hook being above and the other below the ear. When the apparatus was completed and in use, there were four ligatures of ordinary elastic rubber pulling in such a way as to force the lower "Bite jumping" appliance jaw almost directly backward."

Initially he extracted the teeth and retracte the incisors, but instead he started to “jump the bite.” with an appliance made of vulcanite. “The object was not to protrude the lower teeth, but to change or jump the bite in the case of an excessively retreating lower jaw.”

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu Social-six treatment Some contact of the posterior teeth Expansion No need of perfect occlusion

Kingsley’s basic principles for the mechanical alignment of the teeth can be summarized as follows: • The positioning of the six maxillary anterior teeth with regard to each other and in relationship to the lip is essential for facial aesthetics. • The contact of a certain number of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth, at least on one side, is important for the grinding and mastication of food. • All other teeth are potentially expendable, depending on the effort required by the clinician for straightening and the individual’s desire to maintain them. • From both a mastication and an aesthetic perspective, there is no particular need for the maintenance of all 32 teeth or to achieve a specific and detailed way of the upper and lower teeth occluding with one another. PRINCIPLES

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu MAJOR WORKS

The first treatments of cleft patients Gold plate with vulcanite at the velum (1859)

More than 100 publications

1863 gold medals from the American Dental Convention in Saratoga and the Odontographic Society of Philadelphia

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu TRANSVERSAL EXPANSION

Amos Westcott first telescopic arch on the maxilla to treat crossbite (1859).

Emerson C. Angell first expansion of the palatal suture (1860)

1871 C. R. Coffin – Coffin spring Emerson C. Angell

Coffin appliance

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu JOHN NUTTING FARRAR 1839-1913

Beginning of the biological tooth movements 1876 the limitations of the movements of the teeth („scientific based orthodontics) Bodily movement (1888) Animal studies showed the intermittent forces („Labor” and „Rest”) are better Treatise on Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Correction (1888) the first great work about exclusively orthodontics “Father of American Orthodontics.”

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu APPLIANCES

First using occipital anchorage to retract incisors (1850)

Screw (1/240 inch movement in the morning and then in the evening)

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu EUGENE S. TALBOT 1847-1925

The first dentist specialised to orthodontics and periodontology

Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Treatment (1888) Degeneracy: Its Causes, Signs, and Insults (1898) More, than 90 articles about periodontology and orthodontics

Among the firsts who used X-rays for diagnosis

Etiology Endocrin diseases Psichologically deviants

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu "THE BIG FOUR" OF ORTHODONTIA

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu EDWARD H. ANGLE 1855-1930

“Father of Modern Orthodontics.” Graduated in 1878, and soon started to be interersted in orthodontics Specialization of orthodontics, independent form other dental areas 1900 – founded the first postgraduate program: Angle School of Orthodontia & the first orthodontic society, the American Society of Orthodontists 7. Edition of the Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth (1907) 1907-ben founded the first orthodontic journal, The American Orthodontist, lasted only until 1912.

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu CLASSIFICATION OF MALOCCLUSIONS

Dental Cosmos (1899) Widely used even today

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu EDWARD H. ANGLE 1855-1930

37 patents

E-arch (1900) pin-and-tube appliance (1910) ribbon arch (1916) edgewise appliance (1925)

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu CALVIN S. CASE 1847-1923

A Practical Treatise on the Technics and Principles of Dental Orthopedia (1908) 2 sections in the American Textbook of Operative Dentistry (1897) 123 articles.

The Big Extraction Debate

Because of his modesty and Angle’s forcefulness and charisma, Case’s accomplishments were slow to be recognized, but he is now considered one of the “Big Four” in orthodontics.

1893 intermaxillary elastics The first who aimed to move the teeth bodily Thinner wires (.016 and .018 in) headgear on patients with clefts or other Prosthodontic treatment of cleft patients

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu APPLIANCES

Individually made appliances Facial esthetic over occlusion (“facial orthopedia”)

“The occlusion or malocclusion of the buccal teeth gives no indication of the real position of the dentures in relation to facial outlines.”

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu MARTIN DEWEY 1881-1933

Angle’s pupil (1902) The first editor of The American Orthodontist, later help founded the International Journal of Orthodontia-t (1914), and edited it. He opened a postgrad school in Kansas City, which after several move settled in New York Non-extraction

1902 - Angle School American Board of Orthodontics was founded the first board of all dentistry, he was elected as the first president

Ketcham modified Angle’s appliance and they have some disagreement on some principals.

Dental radiology 1926 – root resorption

Scientist, teacher, organizer, philosopher, and humanitarian, Ketcham ranks as one of the “Big Four” of orthodontics.

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu APPLIANCES OF THE XX.&XXI. CENTURIES

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF DENTISTRY Departement of Pedodontics and Orthodontics http://semmelweis.hu/gyermekfogaszat/ Bands on the molars Labial or lingual expansion arch (E-arch) with threaded ends The teeth are ligated to the arch

Tipping of the teeth

E-ARCH 1900 APPLIANCES OF ANGLE Bands on all the teeth, vertical tubes Pins soldered to the arch, repositioned after each movement The arch is fitted to the teeth and „ironed out” during the treatment Minden fogon gyűrű, vartikális tubussal

Too difficult and time-consuming PIN & TUBE No rootcontrol 1910

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu Vertical slot Rectangular wire (ribbon arch) - .022 x .036-in gold • More flexible • Threaded ends for expansion • Fitted to the teeth then „ironed out” Pins to fix the wire (broke, deformed)

RIBBON ARCH Not enough control Difficult to insert the arch between the vertical slot on the molar and the 1916 horisontal slot on the premolar Spread Nem megfelelő kontroll Nehéz volt a horizontális gyűrű és vertikális slot között az ívet betenni Ezek ellenére hamar elterjedt APPLIANCES

Horisontal slot OF ANGLE Rectangular edgewise archwire 022 x .028-in gold • Fitted to the teeth then „ironed out” • Later smaller round wre (.022 in) in the initial phase of the treatment Metal ligature

3-dimensional control The most popular apliance in the USA Later SS .018 slot STANDARD EDGEWISE 1925

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu TWEED-MERRIFIELD PHILOSOPHY Tweed and Merrifield perfected the standard edgewise technique

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu PERCY RAYMOND BEGG 1898-1983 Angle’s pupil Studied the skulls of Australian aboriginals

Begg-technique (Light-wire Differential Force method) • new brackets • Special SS archwires • light forces • 3 phases of the treatment

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu JOSEPH R. JARABAK 1901-1989 In 1960, he invited Begg, but got refused so he invented his own Light Wire technique

1961 – brackets (.018 slot, preadjusted torque & angulation)

Dr Jarabak was a showman, a truy selfless and dedicated teacher. His profession was his vocation and avocation. He gave a number of courses in light-wire technique with the assistance of his graduate students.

He started dental college in 1943 He went to Dr. Allan G. Brodie (Angle’s pupil) to study orthodontics (Edgewise experience)

Bioprogressive Therapy .018 slot straightwire bracket with Rocky Mountain Orthodontics® (1970) Esthetics, individualised treatment plans Ricketts’ cephalometric analysis Visual treatment objective with growth (VTO)

He graduated in 1958 from Ohio Sate University

Straight-Wire Appliance System Six Keys to Normal (Optimal) Occlusion Six Elements of Orofacial Harmony.

1989 “Straight-Wire, The Concept and Appliance” könyv.

Alexander Discipline, a system of Brackets placed on teeth

“The Alexander Discipline”, 1986 “The 20 Principles of the Alexander Discipline”, 2008

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu ANDRESEN-HAUPL BIMLER APPLIANCE BALTER - BIONATOR FUNCTIONAL ACTIVATOR 1949 APPLIANCES 1909 1950

DOPPELVORSCHUB- KESLING FRANKEL APPLIANCE SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Dr.PLATTE Juhász Fanni (SCHWARZ) History of orthodontics. TOOTH POSITIONER http://semmelweis.hu 1956 1980 LINGUAL APPLIANCES

1841, Pierre Joachim Lefoulon.

Mershon (lingual arch), Goshgarian (transpalatal bar), Ricketts (Quad-Helix) and Wilson (3D Modular Enhanced Orthodontics)

1970s Kinja Fujita’s patient was an athlete practicing martial arts Fujita method in 1978 lingual multibracket technika – 3 slot: occlusal, horisontal, and vertical mushroom-shaped archwire. Class I and II cases treated with premolar extractions

Craven Kurz

SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY © Dr. Juhász Fanni History of orthodontics. http://semmelweis.hu THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!