Cartography PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Uses: Cognitive Mapping Cartography GIS How we see and interact with the environment around us. Mapping Apps
Sight impaired tools
Signage placement
Facilitating greater utility What question are you answering with your map?
Are you simply making a depiction of the physical geography of the place? Are you trying to persuade? Are you trying to inform? Are you stating facts? Are you exaggerating features? How do you take a round planet and turn it into a flat map? Bedolina Petroglyph (Italy)– Iron Age art Classical maps: Ptolomy and the oldest map of the world – 150 C.E. Eratosthenes
Greece
Chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria
Calculated the round earth while in Egypt
World Map and created Latitude and Longitude that is still in use today. Argonautica : a map depicting the mythical journey of Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece. TABULA ROGERIANA, 1154 TABULA ROGERIANA, 1154 Hereford Mappa Mundi – 1300s
Time, not space is the theme The center of the map is Eden, with Christ at the head The eastern half is Africa, the bottom is Gibraltert There are even monsters and mermaids… Catalan Atlas 1375
First Compass Rose the first compass rose depicted on a map. Pole Star set on North.
The Fra Mauro Map was created by the monk Fra Mauro around 1450 AD
It has a southern orientation – deviating from Ptolomy’s northern orientation. 1507Martin Waldseemuller's 1507 world map
First rendering of the Pacific Ocean, America and Africa Sold by Germany to the Library of Congress for $10 million Piri Reis Map 1503
Another map showing parts of the Americas Note the maps geometry for sailors Mercator Map - 1569
• Gerardus Mercator is perhaps the most influential cartographer since Ptolomy • Designed for European navigators • Took a round earth and created a flat map. 1602 Ricci Map – the1602 RICCI earliest MAP. map to show China as center. Joan Blaeu 1662 Atlas Maior
• “I can magically show you the whole world”
• Created the market-oriented atlas
• Quietly acknowledge that the Earth is not the center of the universe, by placing the Sun at the top Cassini’s Map of France 1744
• First attempt to map every square meter of a country
• The beginning of Nation-State mapping
• Precursor to the USGS Topographic map 1804 - Lewis and Clark
• The beginnings of the USGS
• Russia, England, French, Spanish 1832 Cholera Map by John Snow
• Medical Geography – how does disease spread
• Beginning of using maps to not only to describe or navigate, but to analyze spatial changes. Industrial Revolution, America and the major changes in maps
The first USGS map, 1894 The United States Geographical and Geological Survey, Lewis and Clark. The USGS mapping project for the nation Traditional map making tools
1. Compass
2. Ruler
3. Drawing compass
4. Parallel ruler New Tools
• Computer cartography
• Satellite imagery
• Remote sensing
• Animation
• Color Physics and the work of Dr. Cynthia Brewer
• Projected versus Reflected light and color physics
• Colors that push adjacent colors and trick the eye. Map Projections
• Cylindrical - Mercator
• Conic (Albers Conic shown)
• Azimuthal Azimuthal
• Oh No! It’s the flat earth!
• The longitude lines are equidistant from the center of the map
• The equator is also equidistant to the longitude lines
• The latitude lines are not equidistant to each other.
Satellite Imagery
• Kavraiskiy VII projection.
• 15° graticule
• NASA’s Blue Marble summer month composite Maps that describe alternate realities Different ways to look at the same information 1968 The Geographic Information Systems Revolution
Roger Thomlinson, Canadian Geographer
Ottawa-based aerial survey company Spartan Air Services
Partnered Maps with emerging Computer tecnology
Other notable Geographers in Geographic Information Sciences
Arthur Getis, PhD – Crime and disease clustering and analysis
Richard Wright, PhD -U.S.-Mexico Border Geospatial Data Integration Current tools in the Revolution: GIS
Maps that connect your world Other uses for GIS
Bioinformatics
Cheminformatics
Archaeoinformatics
9-1-1 system and reverse 9-1-1 system
Integrated marketing systems
Urban planning
District maps for Congress – restricting or eliminating bias
Environmental planning maps – CEQA, NEPA
Native Peoples history, language, ethnobotany
Airspace – airplanes, drones, and hot air balloons
Military cartography The future of Cartography
20% projected growth for future employment in the 2020s (BLS)
Apps – on your phone, tablet, computer, watch, glasses….
Government
Private industry
NGOs – Culture, Environment and Regional Geography
Climate change and Environmental changes
Cultural changes and Migration
Species migration changes Cartography