L !6 " H M N N " //////""OPFFL"!>>FQR!=RFS"" //////" " > T UV W 6 " > T L L ! U6" " [ [ "?1#,:/)*#$8-+1)*"1*"#/,))."/0*+''*#X"Y)")$%"/,1.4%'*"'0+"0+:%1#Z"21#,"#-'/1'#[ At-risk !sh species served in school canteens

of French cities surveyed Methodology “ serve deep-sea !sh in school =,'" #+$4(" <0#" /0%%1'4" )$+" 1*" >+0+'" -%':#/,)).#" 0*4" '.'8'*+0%("#/,)).#"1*"?%0*/'@#"+,1%+(".0%9'#+"/1+1'#"0*4" canteens.” 1*" +,'" +<'*+(" 41#+%1/+#" AB0%%)*41##'8'*+#@C" )2" D0%1#;" using questionnaires and telephone interviews with -$E.1/" 0$+,)%1+1'#" 0*4" /)*+%0/+" /0+'%1*9" /)8-0*1'#5"" !"#$%&'(")*"+,'"#$--.("/,01*"2)%"3#,"1*"#/,))."/0*+''*" F$+")2"+,'"32+("G$'#+1)**01%'#"#'*+")$+;"+<'*+("<'%'" catering shows that no detailed information is available %'+$%*'4;"%'-%'#'*+1*9"H5IJ")2"#/,)).#"0*4"I5KHJ")2" to parents about the sources and choice of sea-food ,0.2:E)0%4"-$-1.#"1*"?%0*/'@#"-%':#/,)).#"0*4"-%180%(" -%)4$/+#"#'%&'4"+)"+,'1%"/,1.4%'*5""6'+"+,'"#17"81..1)*" #/,)).#5 school pupils in France who have daily school canteen 8'0.#" %'9$.0%.(" '0+" 4''-:#'0" 3#," #-'/1'#;" #)8'" )2" <,1/,"0%'"1*"40*9'%")2"'7+1*/+1)*5""=,'"-$-1.#"0%'"+,$#" “ Nearly half of the cities the unknowing and unconsenting accessories to over- 3#,1*9;"+)"#-'/1'#"'7+1*/+1)*#"0*4"+)"+,'"4'#+%$/+1)*")2" serve ‘rock salmon’ which includes +,'"80%1*'"'*&1%)*8'*+5 species in danger of extinction.” Principal conclusions \ 90% of the cities in the data sample serve deep-sea 3#,"1*"#/,))."/0*+''*#5""=,'"4''-:#'0"#-'/1'#"8)#+" “ Many deepwater !sh accumulate commonly served in schools are hoki (Macruronus mercury and other heavy metals novaezelandiae and Macruronus magellanicusC;" %'43#," (Sebastes marinus and Sebastes mentella), roundnose in their tissues. ” grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris) and blue ling (Molva dypterygiaC5"A>''"Q,0%+C5 \ 85% of the cities sampled serve hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), Patagonian hoki \""F*"0&'%09';"]^J")2"3#,"#$--.("1#"E)$9,+"2%)_'*;"%0+,'%" (Macruronus magellanicus) and Alaska Pollock (Theragra +,0*"2%'#,5 chalcogrammaC5 \"">)8'"*)+0E.'"'7/'-+1)*#"+)"+,1#"*0+1)*0."+%'*4X"KMJ" \ Nearly half of the cities (nine out of twenty) serve )2"3#,"#'%&'4"1*"U'**'#"1#"E)$9,+"2%'#,;"`MJ"1*"S0*+'#" “rock salmon”, a composite that includes several 0*4"^]5]J"1*"P'"a0&%'5""=,'",19,'%".'&'.#")2"2%'#,"3#," species of , some of which are in danger of in these towns may be explained by their proximity to '7+1*/+1)*;"#$/,"0#"+,'"#-1*("4)93#,"ASqualus acanthias) +,'"/)0#+5"""" and the gulper shark ( granulosusC5""A>''" \ New Zealand and Patagonian hoki and Alaska pollock =0E.'C5" are imported to France from very far-off geographical \ 85% of subjects questioned follow no particular 0%'0#5"=,'"/0%E)*"2))+-%1*+")2"+,'"1*4$#+%10."3#,'%1'#" #$#+01*0E.'"4'&'.)-8'*+"1*1+10+1&'5 +,0+" -%)4$/'" +,'#'" 3#,;" 0#" <'.." 0#" +,0+" )2" 3#," 18-)%+0+1)*;"1#" $*4)$E+'4.(" ,19,'%" +,0*" +,0+" )2" 3#," /0$9,+"1*"W$%)-'0*"<0+'%#")%"E(".)/0."0%+1#0*0."3#,'%1'#5 100 Cities serving deep-sea !sh \""=,'"+,%''".'041*9"/)*+%0/+"/0+'%1*9"/)8-0*1'#;"W.1)%;" (by type of !sh) >)4'7)"0*4">)9'%'#;"/)&'%"bMJ")2"+,'"#/,))."80%Z'+" 80 E'+<''*"+,'8"0*4"E$("0#"8$/,"3#,"0#"+<'.&'"?%'*/," hypermarkets15" (Questionnaires were returned \"">)8'" 4''-<0+'%" 3#," #'%&'4" +)" /,1.4%'*" 0--'0%" 60 by twenty cities) )*" +,'" ?%'*/," !9'*/(" 2)%" ?))4" >02'+(@#" .1#+" )2" species presenting a health risk for pregnant and lactating women and for children aged under 30 8)*+,#;" 4$'" +)" #19*13/0*+" E1)0//$8$.0+1)*" )2" bM mercury and other heavy metals in their tissues (source : Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments http://www.afssa.fr/Poisson/Documents/ 20 AFSSA-Fi-Poisson-F2.pdf)5"

% % % % % 0 85 45 25 5 5 a)Z1 U)/Z">0.8)* U'43#, Grenadier O.$'"P1*9 1 S)+'X"=,'%'"0%'"NIMM",(-'%80%Z'+#"1*"?%0*/'5

Q)*#'%&0+1)*"#+0+$#'#")2"#80.."#,0%Z"#-'/1'#"#).4"0#"d%)/Z"#0.8)*e"A#0$8)*'++'C

(Table based on information from the website for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, http://www.iucnredlist.org, as well as on information from the Fishbase and ICES databases).

Q)88)*"*08' >/1'*+13/"*08' Global Q)*#'%&0+1)*" Decline Maximum conservation status in the in biomass longevity status North-East Atlantic c1+'3*"#,0%Z Dalatias licha Near-threatened Vulnerable ? Portuguese Near-threatened Endangered ? 4)93#, coelolepis >8))+,:,)$*4 Mustelus mustelus Vulnerable Y0+0"Y'3/1'*+ Hb"('0%# =)-'"#,0%Z Galeorhinus Vulnerable Y0+0"Y'3/1'*+ 55 years P'02#/0.'" Centrophorus Vulnerable Endangered 21 to 70 years gulper shark squamosus AQ.0%Z'"'+"0.5"HMMHC Gulper shark Centrophorus Vulnerable Q%1+1/0..(" 80 to 95% > 30 years granulosus Endangered in the NE Atlantic (Guallart 1998) >-1*("4)93#, Squalus acanthias Vulnerable Q%1+1/0..(" Over 95% bM"('0%#" Endangered in the NE Atlantic ARQW>C At-risk species *$$+,'$-"&'(" on the menu in school canteens ./01"%$'2/34256$"&'($/5$'

! ‘Rock salmon’ (saumonette in French): =,'"4''-:#'0"3#,"2)$*4")*"+,'"?%'*/,"80%Z'+"0%'"8)#+.(" the product of deep-sea trawling taking place at depths Q'%+01*" #-'/1'#" #).4" $*4'%" +,'" 80%Z'+" *08'" B%)/Z" between 200 and nearly 2000 metres in the North- #0.8)*@" A?%'*/," +'%8;" #0$8)*'++'C" 0--'0%" )*" +,'" W0#+"!+.0*+1/5"" R*" 9'*'%0.;"4''-:#'0" 3#," 0%'" '7+%'8'.(" R*+'%*0+1)*0."T*1)*"2)%"Q)*#'%&0+1)*")2"S0+$%'"ARTQSC" vulnerable to exploitation, due to being long-lived and U'4" P1#+5" " =,'" D)%+$9$'#'" 4)93#," ACentroscymnus #.)<" 9%)<1*9;"0*4" +)" %'-%)4$/1*9" .0+'" 1*" .12'5"R*" HMNM;" coelolepis) and the leafscale gulper shark (Centrophorus RQW>"#/1'*+1#+#"'8-,0#1#'4"+,0+"NMMJ")2"+,'"W$%)-'0*" squamosusC"0%'".1#+'4"0#"d&$.*'%0E.'")%"*'0%:+,%'0+'*'4e5"" deep-sea catch was outside safe biological limits25 Furthermore, the gulper shark (Centrophorus granulosus) 0*4"+,'"#-1*("4)93#,"ASqualus acanthias) are “critically !#"<'.."0#"18-0/+1*9"$-)*"3#,"#+)/Z#;"E)++)8"+%0<."*'+#" endangered” in the North-East Atlantic, the latter having 80Z'"/)*+0/+"<1+,"+,'")/'0*"f))%"0*4"0.+'%"1+#"-,(#1/0." #$22'%'4"0"E1)80##"4'/.1*'")2")&'%"KIJ"1*"+,1#"_)*'5 0*4"E1).)91/0."#+%$/+$%'#5">)8'")2"+,'#';"#$/,"0#"/)%0." reefs that are thousands of years old, and sponge beds, 0%'"/)*#14'%'4"+)"E'"$*1G$'5 !"#$%&'() U'43#,"'##'*+10..("/)8-%1#'#"+<)"4''-:#'0"3#,"#-'/1'#;" E)+,"-0%+1/$.0%.(".)*9:.1&'4X"+,'"9).4'*"%'43#,"Sebastes Conclusion marinus" 0*4" +,'" E'0Z'4" %'43#," Sebastes mentella5"" =,'"9'*'%0."-$E.1/"4)'#"*)+"/$%%'*+.("#''"+,'"-%)+'/+1)*" !//)%41*9"+)"R*+'%*0+1)*0."Q)$*/1."2)%"+,'"W7-.)%0+1)*" of oceans and marine resources as an issue of great )2"+,'">'0"ARQW>C"#/1'*+1#+#;"dSebastes marinus is a deep- 18-)%+0*/'5"=,'%'" 1#" 0#" ('+" *)" #(#+'80+1/" 0*0.(#1#" )2" sea species with late maturation and slow growth and is purchased species according to their conservation ,'*/'"/)*#14'%'4"+)"E'"&$.*'%0E.'"+)")&'%'7-.)1+0+1)*5"" #+0+$#")%"#+)/Z"#+0+$#;"+,'"3#,1*9"8'+,)4#"$#'4"+)"/0+/," It can therefore only sustain low exploitation and them, the associated carbon footprint or the impact of 80*09'8'*+"#,)$.4"E'"E0#'4")*"+,0+"/)*#14'%0+1)*5e 3#,'%1'#")*"'/)#(#+'8#5 =,'" %'#-)*#1E1.1+(" +,'%'2)%'" 20..#" +)" #$--.1'%#" 0*4" ! Roundnose grenadier and blue ling: purchasers of school meals (local authorities and contract RQW>" '#+180+'#" 1*41/0+'" +,0+" 4''-:#'0" +%0<.1*9" 1*" catering companies) to set precise requirements, in order the North-East Atlantic has caused an 80% decline in to avoid a supply chain that draws upon endangered grenadier stocks and a 75% decline in blue ling stocks, #-'/1'#")%"4'#+%$/+1&'"3#,'%1'#5 /)8-0%'4" +)" +,'1%" d1*1+10." .'&'.#e5" a)<'&'%;" +,'" %'0." decline is undoubtedly much greater, given that the estimates start with the analysis of catch data - long after 3#,1*9"E'90*5 2 It is considered that a stock is within safe biological limits if its spawning stock biomass is above the value corresponding to a precautionary approach 04&)/0+'4"E("RQW>5 About the authors Acknowledgments Heartfelt thanks to all those Victoire Guillonneau carried out this survey during who took part in this study, ,'%">$88'%"HMNM"1*+'%*#,1-"<1+,"OPFFL;"0#"-0%+" contributed data and gave us time, )2",'%"3%#+"('0%"L0#+'%#"1*">$#+01*0E.'"Y'&'.)-8'*+ as well as to the following individuals "0+"D0%1#:Y0$-,1*'"T*1&'%#1+(5 for their precious critiques: Philippe Cury, Sonja Fordham, Claire Nouvian is founder and president of Mark Gibson, Richard L. Haedrich, =,'"OPFFL"!##)/10+1)*5"">,'"1#"0$+,)%")2"+,'"E))Z" Jennifer L. Jacquet, Marie-Christine Monfort, =aW"YWWD"A?0(0%4;"HMM^C"0*4"/$%0+)%")2"+,'" Bernard Séret and Les Watling. =aW"YWWD"W7,1E1+1)*"A.0$*/,'4"1*"HMM]"0+" +,'"D0%1#"S0+$%0."a1#+)%("L$#'$8C5" Translation from French: Julia Bilby (Lingualise).

Photos Credits: Hoki and seagulls: © Claire Nouvian Children: http://www.bloomassociation.org/ © Getty Images & © Thinkstock Coral: © Les Watling for the Mountains-in the Sea Research Team, IFE, URI-IAO, and NOAA

!"##$%&'%(%)*)+,-*./%*-0()&1(/&*)%23*'4%5&''&*)%&/%&'%/*%,-*/46/%/34% “ Deep-sea !sh are vulnerable oceans and the species that live in them, by informing the public about the current state of ocean environments and educating people about due to being long-lived and slow growing the way forward. The association also carries out independent research on marine issues. and to reproducing late in life.”