Agathis Borneensis Regenarations in Local Village Tree Planting Program

ASSESMENT OF EXISTING CALOPHYLUM Bp. AND AGATHIS BORNEENSIS REGENARATIONS IN LOCAL VILLAGE TREE PLANTING PROGRAM

Darma Binti Yusop

Bachelor of Science with Honours QH (Plant Resource Science and Management) 193 2005 D213 2005 Pusat Khi d~lumat Akademl UNIVERS T't( ~~YSIA SARAWAI 94300 KOla Samarahan P.KHIDMATMAKLUMATAKADEMIK UKIMAS IIIIIIllII"I 11111111 IIII 1000137566

ASSESMENT OF EXISTING CALOPHYLUM sp. AND AGATHIS BORNEENSIS REGENARATIONS IN LOCAL VILLAGE TREE PLANTING PROGRAM

PREPARED BY

DARMA BINTI YUSOP

PLANT RESOURCE SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK 2005

D.:U Pusat Khid.mal Makiumat Aladem UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAJ 94100 KOla SamarahaP

TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES III LIST OF PICTURES iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT III ABSTRAK IV ABSTRACT V V

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1 1.0 Introduction I 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Research Background 6 1.3 Problem Statement 9 1.4 Objectives of Study 9 1.5 Hypothesis 10 1.6 Significance of The study

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.0 Introduction 10 2.1 Bindang 10 2.1.1 Vernacular name, origin and geographic distribution 12 2.1.2 Growth behaviors 16 2.1.3 Potential as plantation species 17 2.2 Bintangor 17 2.2.1 Vernacular name, origin and geographic distribution 18 2.2.2 Growth behavior 19 2.2.3 Potential as plantation species 21 2.3 Factors affecting growth 21 2.3.1 Topography 22 2.3.2 Management Practice - Fertilization

CHAPTER THREE : METHODOLOGY 26 3.0 Introduction 27 3.0 Description of study area 28 3. 1 Experimental design and layouts. 29 3.2 Data collection and observation 31 3.3 Parameters for assessment study 32 3.4 Data analysis

-- CHAPTER FOUR RESULT AND DISCUSSION PAGE

4.0 Introduction 33 4.1 Bindang 39 4.1 .1 Height and diameter of Bindang tree with topographic types 39 4.1.2 Height and diameter of Bindang tree with management types 40 in flatland area 4.2 Bintangor 42 4.2.1 Height and diameter of Bitangor tree with topographic types 42 4.2.2 Height and diameter of Bitangor tree with management type 44 in flatland area

CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY AND SUGGESTION

5.0 Introduction 45 5.1 Summary 45 5.2 Suggestions 46

BIBLIOGRAPHY 47

APPENDICES

Appendices A (I) Bintangor Plot at Kubah National Park 49 Appendices A (II) Bintangor Plot at Kubah National Park 50 Appendices B Location of Bindang Research Plots In Bario 51 Appendices C Detail Surveyed Sites in Bario 52 Appendices D Reforestation Project in Sabal Forest Reserve 53 Appendices E Assessment Form of Bindang 54 Appendices F Data Analysis 55 LIST OF TABLES PAGE

1. A Graphical representation of t-test design 28 2. Data sheets of Bindang tree 34 3. The participant's name 35 4. Data sheets of Bintangor tree. 36 5. T -test resu It. 38

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Basal area and basal area growth of Eucalyptus grandis 24 2. Forest fertilization has increased dramatically in loblolly pine 24 3. Layout and design plot for the same aged seedling regeneration 28 4. Location and distributions of Bintangor plots 30 5. Specific locations of both line plots and random plot of Bintangor 30 6. Diameter of non-fertilizer bindang tree, by topography types 39 7. Height of non-fertilizer bindang tree, by topography types 40 8. Diameter of bindang tree on flatland, by management types 41 9. Height of bindang tree on flatland area, by management types 41 10. Height of fertilizer bitangor tree, by topographic types 43 11. Diameter of fertilizer bitangor tree, by topographic types 43 12. Height of bitangor tree, by management types 44

LIST OF PICTURES

I. Bindang tree planted in Bario in slope area 7 2. Bindang tree with a straight bole tree 13 3. Mr. Andy show the mother tree in Bario 14 4. The mature of Bindang fruits 15 5. Bindang tree cultivated as plantation in Bario 16 6. Bitangor tree that have been tapped 20 7. Stands of bit an gar tree at Matang Wildlife Centre 20

iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In the name of Allah the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Professor Dr Gabriel Tonga Noweg for his valuable guidance, supports, suggesions and constructive criticism during to complete my final year project as well as his kindness in providing valuable information.

Much appreciation is also extended to Mr Dawend Jiwan, Andy Samuel, Tinjan ak Kuda, Haslinah Su'od, Jamree Bin Hj Sabli, Botes, for thier cooperation during the fi eJd work. My gratitude also goes to Sarawak Forest Corporation (SFC) for thier support during this study. Not forgot also to my lecturers and Head of Programme of Plant

Resource Science and Management Dr Ismail Jusoh and to all my lecturers Dr. Lsa Ipor,

Dr. Petrus Bulan, Dr. Sepiah Muid, Dr., Siti Rubiah Zanuddin for teaching me all the valuable knowledge and for all the advices given. Not to forget also to my friends

Noorefyanteh, Rita Sudaryani, NoorfadhilIah, Mary Rose, Noormalina, Bibi, and

Malcolm Boxy for their Support.

Special thanks to my family, especially to my father (Yusop bin Kadir) who taught me the value of a gentleman's word and to my mother, (Jukira binti Habibullah) who taught me to laugh at myself and for all their support and advises which give me the strength to work on my project until the end. Mistakes are mine while the truth is from

Allah. Again I would like to thanks so much for those involved in my project whether directly or indirectly.

IV ,.... ,.

Assessment of existing CallophyJum sp. and Agathis borneensis regenarations in

local village tree planting program.

Darma Binti Yusop

Program Sains dan Pengurusan Sumber Tumbuhan Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Sumber Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

ABSTRAK

Pokok bindang dan bintangor adalah pokok jenis balak dimana pokok ini masing-masing berasal dari famili araucareaceae dan guttiferae. pokok-pokok ini terdedah kepada kepupusan akibat daripada aktiviti pembalakan yang berleluasa dan juga pembukaan hutan untuk tujuan kegunaan lain. Penilain keatas pokok ini tertumpu kepada ketinggian dan diameer pokok. Kadar pertumbuhan pokok yang ditanam di Bario, Taman Hidupan liar Matang, Taman Negara Kubah dan Sampadi telah direkod pada tahun 2004, awal 2005 dan juga juga maklumat data yang telah sedia ada daripada Perhutanan Sarawak Berhad. Duo. faktor akan dikaji untuk membandingkan kadar pertumbuha.n pokok. faktor yang pertama ialah topograpi (kawasan cerun dan kawasan landai) dan faktor yang kedua ialah pengurusan (kawasan berbaja dan tanpa baja). Terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi kadar pertumbuhan yang telah direkod untuk faktor topograpi. Keadaan ini sama juga bagi faktor pengurusan. Daripada kajian ini, didapai kadar perumbuhan kedua-dua pokok adalah lebih baik dikawasan yang cerun berbanding dikawasan yang landai

Kata kunci : topograpi, bintangor, bindang, diameter, ketinggian

ABSTRACT

Both bindang and bintangor trees are timber tree species which are from the araucareaceae and guttiferae families respectively. These trees are in danger becouse of excess logging activities and the opening of forest for other uses. The assessment of these trees were concentrated on diameter and height. Growth rates of bindang and bintangor in planted fields in Bario, Matang Wild Life Centre, Kubah National Park and Sampadi were examined. Growth data (diameter and height) were recorded for the year 2004, early 2005 and supplement existing informated recorded by the Sarawak Forest Corporation. Growth comparison was made between trees planted in different management types (fertilized against non-fertilized) and topographic characeristics (slope and flat land). There were significant differences in growth rates recorded on areas with different topographic characteristics. Similarly, growth rates are significant differences in fields with different management practices. Resltlt indicated that both bindang and bintangor growth well on slope area compared on flat land area.

Key words: topography, bintangor, bindang, diameter, height

l CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the background and the orientation of this study. This chapter consists of the research background, problem statement, the objectives,

Hypothesis, and significance.

1.1 Background

The rainforests of South-East Asia are the richest most valuable and unique in terms of world heritage and socio-economic and environmental value in the world (Bruenig and

Bossel, 1989). They are also the most threatened by agricultural encroachment and non sustainable timber mining. (Kiew, 1991) mentioned that Malaysia's biodiversity is among the richest in the world and its rain forests are among the oldest. The main roles of rain forest are absorption of carbon and the production of oxygen, and the influence of the percentage of this substance in the atmosphere is difficult to quantify.

The ratio of carbon dioxide absorption and oxygen production is more favorable in plantations of young growing trees than in undisturbed rain forest, which is in equilibrium.

However, rain forests are considered to play an important role in climate regulation. At the same time, the exact influence of the destruction of rain forest on the climate is not known.

Climate change tends to be attributed solely to the destruction of forest over large areas, and there is a tendency to neglect other causal factor. For instance, the irregularly recurrent droughts in Borneo which cause the death of many trees and increase the incidence of forest fires, are not of recent date, as is often assumed, but have been occurring for centuries.

However, the waste wood left behind after logging makes the forest more liable to fire.

Moreover, climate is most probably considerably influenced by volcanic eruptions and worldwide human and industrial pollution.

Forests as we know are very important worldwide. Land classified as forest covers more than 4000 million hectares, or about one-third of the earth is land surface of the total forested area, 58% is found in developing countries. The social and economic were important of natural and planted forest and trees for rural and urban communities and society as a whole is enormous. Forest provides industrial wood product, energy, food, fodder, rubber, gums, resins and fibres. Forest is also extremely important ecologically, protecting land, and water resource, storing and cycling nutrient, and providing habitats for wildlife. They have an important regulating function in maintaining the stability of the global biosphere in relation to carbon dioxide equilibrium. Forest constitutes a rich stock of valuable genetic resource.

The concept of the word 'forest' is often a source of confusion in discussions. The term is used both for natural, undisturbed forest and for plantations of fast growing tree species, which often consist of exotics. The act of logging the natural forest and replacing it by industrial plantations of trees is called 'deforestation', for instance, by persons connected with nature conservation, but often not by foresters. Forest subject to comparatively minor human interference such as selective logging, may already differ considerably from undisturbed forest. In fact, figures on deforestation should be interpreted carefully, as they give far from complete information about disturbance to the forest. There is tendency towards production forest, which are managed and harvested in a sustainable way. Members of large organization such as the ITTO have expressed the hope that, by the year 2000, all

2 tropical ti mber will be obtained from forest managed sustainably (Soerianegara and

Lemmens, 1994). It is generally agreed that completely protected forest reserves of sufficient extent should be maintained or created to protect flora and fauna. A combination of logging operations and sufficient protection of endangered species is often only possible to a limited extent. Climax species are poorly adapted to the nomadic existence imposed on them by logging cycles and are liable to extinction (Soerianegara and Lemmens, I 994). Many countries have acknowledged the importance of the development and implementation of large scale programmers to afforest degraded land.

Achieving greater land-use integration by combining agriculture and forestry is a way to slow down deforestation and should be stimulated. However, the administrative difficulties in implementing such schemes and their complexity are daunting. Ultimately, the decision about world policy should be based upon a correct balance of all interest and function of the forest. Weighing one against another is not easy and may differ per country and area. International cooperation is indispensable. One of the initiatives to build up international cooperation is the Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TF AP) Coordinated by F AO and achieved with the help of the World Bank, the World Resource Institute and the United

Nation for conservation of nature and natural resource (lUCN) also plays a coordinating role through its Forest Conservation Programme.

The United Nations conference on environment and development in Rio de Janeiro

(1992) produced the Rio Declaration and the forest principles, which call for enhancing a global partnership, dedicated to the sustainable development of the worlds forest resources.

Undoubtedly, natural forest can be managed in a sustainable manner to produce a variety or high quality hardwoods, but the felling system, cutting cycles, and silviculture practices such

3 as enrichment planting need to be very carefully attuned to the type and conditions of the forest concerned. Much is known about harvesting and silviculture practice, but they need further improvement through research. Dissemination of knowledge should be improved by education, training and extension, and aimed at forestry personnel as well as small farmers.

The establishment of timber plantations can greatly contribute to timber production, but should be integrated in land-use program including agriculture.

It is of global concern that the rapid destruction and degradation of tropical forests is a political problem of some complexity. Effective counter measures against the destruction of the natural habitat are primarily in the interest of the countries affected, but are also of the global significance. Obtaining satisfactory natural regeneration of tropical forest has proven to be difficult. The conservation measure taken by the Sarawak Government to conserve threaten species is through the Wildlife Protection Ordinance (Chap 128) (1958) Amendment

1998.

4 1.2 Research Background

Natural regeneration has been the basis of the various silviculture system developed for forest management in Sarawak. Nevertheless, limited experiments on artificial regeneration have been carried out since the 1930s (Walton 1932, Watson 1935, Anon 1938).

It has become increasingly obvious that natural regeneration could no longer be relied upon for the renewal ofthe bulk of the permanent productive forest after logging.

The obvious alternative, artificial regeneration, has therefore assumed an increasingly important role in reforestation operation. Regarding of the use this system, the Sarawak

Forest Corporation (SFC) is trying to conserve and protect some species of plant, which has become extinct. Researches are carried out to find the best solution. Researches are being done to assess the potential of called Bindang and Bintangor regeneration in local village tree planting program. These two species are chosen because of the current thrust of the government to this species on a nationwide scale.

This current study is to assess the growth of these species under plantation condition.

Assessments are based on diameter and height of tree growth. Two factors are taken; they are types of topography and management. These researches are conducted at Bario Sarawak highlands. The other location of study included Kubah National Park, Sabal Forest Reserve,

Sampadi, and Matang Wild Life Centre also take as an assessment area. The selection of the places is based on field condition and most availability of these species. The aim of this study is to obtain data on the development of natural as a proposed and planted regeneration of Bindang and Bintangor.

5 1.3 Problem Statement

Both Bindang and Bintangor are being identified as priority species of the state

government in term of conservation and regeneration. These kinds of species have their

own potential. Bintangor or in scientific name Calophylum spp inophy/lum is use for

medicinal purposes and also for timber. While the bindang have a valuable timber and this

species is become rare.

Besides that both of the tree is planted as ornamental plant and for reforestation.

Unfortunately very little attention has been given in term of artificial plantation culture.

There is a need to understand the species ability to regenerate or to grow in modified

habitat. This has to be studied.

For the Bindang tree, the height growth reaches of D.5-1.5m annually (Soerianegara

and Lemmens, 1994) and it depends on the soil characteristic and competition from weed.

The maximum age is unknown, but may be as high as several hundreds years. The root

system of bindang is sensitive to lack of oxygen and the trees do not tolerate water logging.

(Picture I)

6 Picture I : Bindang tree planted in Bario under slope area

_.lOgis reputed to be a self-pruning tree, but open grown trees of some species and

well before pollen cones appear.

Anyway seed supply is limited by the very rapid decline in viability and the high

of collecting seed from species whose cones disintegrate. Besides that it is not easy to d.G~:I female cones, as they are produced mainly in the upper parts of the crown at the

of braches. In term of commercial plantation, Bindang should be planted on gentle

on well drained soil with good aeration (Anon, 1972). Seedlings seem to be sensitive

petition from grass and also to overgrowing by vines, so young must be weeded.

7 Seedlings prefer and will survive open planting only if the roots are minimally damaged and soil is moist (Whitemore, 1989).

Bintangor is a species of lowland tropical rain forest from the seashore to more inland, but a few species occurred in montane rain forest. Only a few species grow in drier or more open habitat. Bintangor is a species that prefers sandy beaches. Most species however have a rather restricted ecological range. Many grow in more or less well drained.

Little is known about the development stages between the young plant and the flowering and fruiting adult.

Data from a few sample plots in Penisular Malaysia (Soerianegara and Lemmens,

1994) indicate that growth may be rather slow, and that trees may take about 70 years to attain a diameter of 50cm. The growth rate in natural regeneration is hard to compare because the date are not done. The environmental factors such as temperature, nutrient, rainfall, soil, site, light, density , composition of stand, moisture, microclimate, and macroclimate also can contribute to the growth rate of these two species. The existing

fi'ort and promote planting of the two species is has an important beginning for planting of native species in plantation.

8 1.4 Objective.

The purpose of the study is to assess the growth performance of Bitangor and

Bindang trees (seedlings) in the farm (plantation) environment.

The specific objectives of the study are:

1.4.1 To assess the diameter and height of non-fertilized Bindang trees, by topographic

types

1.4.2 To assess the diameter and height of Bindang trees grown on flatland areas but in

different management conditions

1.4.3 To assess growth rates (diameter and height) of fertilized Bitangor trees grown on

different topographic conditions.

1.4.4 To assess growth rates (diameter and height) of Bitangor tree grown on flatland

areas but in different management condition.

Hypotheses

To address the above objectives effectively, several hypotheses were set. These

include the followings:

1. There is no significant difference found between the growth rates in of bindang

trees grown on different slopes (hill slope versus flat land) for the planted (farm)

condition.

2. There is no significance different exists between the growth rates in of bindang \

trees on flat lands under different management conditions.

9 3. There is no significant difference between growth rates in of Bintangor tree

grown under different on different slopes (hill slope versus flat land) for the planted

(farm) condition

4. There is no significant difference observed between growth rates in of Bintangor

trees on fl at lands under different management condition

1.6 Significance of the study

The researcher believes that this study will provide information to the farmers,

~ rester or silvicwturist especially for those interested in plantation. Besides that, through this research some indications of topographic influence on growh of these species are established. The effect of management practice, especially use of fertilizer, are also demonstrated

10 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction:

In this chapter, the concept and approach used in the study are reviewed. Related published materials including models and analytical framework made by other researcher in the past are discussed.

2.1 Bindang

2.1.1 Vernacular name, origin and geographic distribution

The vernacular name of Bindang varies by locations. In Brunei, it is called Bindang, or Tulong. In Indonesia the tree is called Dammar, Dammar sigi (Sumatra), and Dammar bindang (Kalimantan). In Malaysia it is called Damar minyak (general), Mengilan (Sabah), and Bindang (Sarawak). People in the Kelabit Highlands Bario called bindang by the name

Tumu'. Bindang is the most tropical genus of the Coniferae. Opinion differs on the number of species. Some authorities recognized 21 species, I I of which occur in the Malesian area.

Others, applying a broader species concept, distinguish 13 species, with only 4 occurring in the Malesian area.

The natural distribution of the species is from Penisular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo,

Sulawesi, the Philippines, the Moluccas, New Guinea and New Britain, extending towards

estern Australia, the Solomon Island, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji and Northen New

Zealand. There are centers of diversity in western North Queenlands and New Caledonia. If anarrow species concept is adopted, a third centre can be recognized in Borneo. It has been

II hypothesized that bindang invaded the Malesian archipelago and the Melanesian islands from two Gonwanic Centres, Northern Queenland and New Caledonia, and that speciation has

ubsequently occurred.

Bindang is cultivated as a plantation and used in enrichment planting and reforestation in various areas within the natural range, especially in Irian Jaya. Outside the natural range, it has been planted in java, India, Mauritius, Tropical Africa, South Africa and Central

America.

1.1.1 Growth behaviors

Seedlings need shade and growth is slow during the first year. Afterwards when released from competition with herbs, growth is rapid, as in most typical primary rain forest trees. For A. labillardieri, height growth of trees amounts to 0.5-1.5 m annually, depending on soil characteristics and c()mpetition. Diameter increment can easily exceed 1 cm annually

d annual volume increment may be as high as 20-30 m3/ha (Soerianegara and Lemmens,

(994). Maximum age is unknown, but may be several hundreds years.

Young trees have a cone-shaped taproot and thin horizontal lateral roots. In older trees

of the lateral roots grow vertically from the taproot and sometimes reach a depth of

12m. Horizontal laterals grow just below the soil surface and may cover an extensive area.

root system is sensitive to lack of oxygen and the trees do not tolerate water-logging.

__tg is reputed to be a self pruning tree but open grown trees of some species and

,'''wenance maintain their low branches for some time. In general, the stem form straight

12 Picture 2: Bindang tree with a straight bole stem

In plantations in java A. dammara are known to produce cones at the age of 15 years, but viable seeds are usually not produced before 25 years. Viable seeds can be collected from

February to April and from August to October. Many Bindang species produce seed cones well before pollen cones appear, promoting cross-fertilization. The seed cones usually shatter em the tree at maturity. Pollination is by the wind. Seeds are usually carried for only short distances by wind, and they often germinate in large numbers near the parent tree

Bindang is the conifer species that thrive well in lowland tropical rain forest. Within

Malesian area Bindang occur in lowland or lower montane tropical rain forest except for

population in Penisular Malaysia which thrive in upper montane rain forest. It occurs

13 tom the sea level up to 2000 meter altitude. In Malesia, Bindang is confined to regions with an annual rainfall between 2000 mm and 4000 mm, which is well distributed over the year.

On Palawan (the Philippines) several small population thrive in a climate with a more marked dry period. Bindang occurs on diversity of soils and in a wide variety of habitats

(Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1994). It has been found in places such as heath forest, on ultrabasics, limestone and in peat swamp forest. Bindang occurs as a solitary tree, often dominant or even the sole canopy tree. In Malesia large stands are restricted to azonal soils.

Natural stands on sands ridges in swamp forest in Kalimantan contain 1-2.6 m3/ha of standing timber. Natural regeneration may occur under shade near mother trees (Picture 3),

Picture 3 : Mr. Andy show mother tree during assessment are carried out in Bario

14 Pu. at Khidmal l\1ak urn f UNIVER n 1 IV AL YSIA S 94300 KOla amarahan

but seedlings tree often rare. They seem to be able to establish in secondary vegetation.

Naturally established seedlings in plantation can be used as planting stock. The shade tolerance of several species allows them to be managed under a selective felling system, always maintaining a good forest cover, which is important on erosion prone soils to step hi Artificial regeneration is mainly by sowing. Seed supply is limited by the very rapid

line in viability and the high cost of collecting seed from species whose cones iIiIlildegrate. An illustration of a typical bindang cone is shown in (Picture 4)

Picture 4: The mature of Bindang fruit. It look like Morinda citrofolia (Mengkudu) fruit

15 Potential as plantation species"

Agmhis borneensis is belonging to the family Araucariaceae and it is one of the

GDIIUIIerCial species being exploited in Kalimantan and in Sarawak state. In natural forest,

ies is found growing together with other tree species. Bindang grows on sand floes

swamp forest. Pure Bindang forests were found in the vicinity of Sam pit, Kalimantan

_aliBI over an area about 4720 hectare (Ferguson, 1949). (Bakhoven ,1942) estimated

were 30,000 hectare of Bindang forest in central Kalimantan is cultivated as a

PliIldld1"ion tree and used in enrichment planting and reforestation in various areas within the

Picture 5 : Bindang tree cultivated as plantation tree in Bario

16 ially in Irian Jaya. Outsides the natural range, it has been planted in java, India,

'tius, tropical Africa, South Africa and Central America.

In natural condition, Bindang does not produce seeds as rich as A. lorantifolia does in plantations in java. The fruiting of Bindang in natural forest is often aborted and the viability

seed will decrease after several weeks of storage. The germinality of seeds decreases to

4()01o - 50% after two weeks of storage. The tree fruits fairly regularly, but according to

'anegara and Lemmens, 1994) the cone takes two years to ripen. The seed, which is

_maIly winged, is usually dispersed by wind, and natural regeneration is often fairly

IJelltiJ'rul in the forest. In fact at present Bindang exploitation is still going on. This factor will jdfDence the occurrences of natural regeneration of Bindang. Bindang seedlings would die

the competition with other tree species (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1994). Bindang

planted in Sabah (Julian, 1992) and it classify as a high value of timber. Bindang used

1~.; .I'IC1'1a l purpose softwood,_and has many uses. It is excellent for joinery, boat building, llllWlgil1lg and foundry pattern making. More specific purpose is drawing boards and

matches, matchboxes, pencil, furniture, battery separator, piano parts and artificial

BiDtangor

ernacular name, origin and geographic distribution

1be Vernacular name of Bintangor depends to the country; In Indonesia it is called

while Penisular Malaysia called penaga and Sarawak called entengor, the other

like Papua New Guinea they called it as a caJlophylum and Thailand considered as a

Bintangor is a very large genus comprising about 190 species. Most of the species