Pre-Feasibility Study for Geothermal Power Development Projects in Scattered Islands of East Indonesia
STUDY REPORT
March 2008
Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 OUTLINE OF STUDY ...... 1 1.2 BACKGROUND ...... 2 1.3 OBJECTIVES ...... 4 1.4 SCOPE OF WORK ...... 4 1.5 STUDY AREA...... 4 1.6 FUTURE INITIATIVE...... 4 1.7 STUDY TEAM ...... 5 1.8 STUDY SCHEDULE...... 5 CHAPTER 2 NECESSITY OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE EASTERN PROVINCES ...... 7
2.1 BACKGROUND OF GEOTHERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA...... 7 2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ...... 7 2.3 CURRENT STATE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA ...... 8 2.4 METHODOLOGY TO PROMOTE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EASTERN PROVINCES ...... 8 2.5 SOCIAL SITUATION OF THE EASTERN PROVINCES ...... 9 2.6 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND SITUATION IN THE EASTERN PROVINCES ...... 11 2.7 NECESSITY OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EASTERN PROVINCES ...... 12 2.8 SMALL SCALE POWER GENERATION DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER ENERGY SOURCES...... 13 CHAPTER 3 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN EASTERN INDONESIA...... 54
3.1 OVERVIEW OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN EASTERN INDONESIA...... 54 3.2 PRESENT EXPLORATION STATUS IN EASTERN INDONESIA...... 54 3.3 NECESSARY STUDY FOR FUTURE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ...... 56 3.4 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN EACH FIELDS ...... 62 CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECT ...... 84
4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT SYSTEM...... 84 4.2 LEGISLATION, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE ENVIRONMENT (GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT RELATED) ...... 85 CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN...... 95
5.1 PROJECT COMPOSITION ...... 95 5.2 CONSULTANT SERVICE...... 106 5.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ORGANIZATION ...... 106 5.4 DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE ...... 109 5.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ...... 110 5.6 PROJECT COST ESTIMATE ...... 110 5.7 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN ...... 111 CHAPTER 6 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT ...... 112
6.1 ECONOMIC EVAL UAT ION ...... 112 6.2 FINANCIAL EVAL UAT ION ...... 117 CHAPTER 7 PREPARATION OF GEOTHERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ...... 123
7.1 NECESSITY OF PREPARATION STUDY...... 123 7.2 SUPPLEMENTARY STUDY AND PROJECT PLANNING...... 124 CHAPTER 8 PROJECT POTENTIAL FOR CDM...... 126
8.1 CO2 EMISSION BY POWER SOURCE...... 126 8.2 CDM INSTITUTION IN INDONESIA ...... 126 8.3 GEOTHERMAL PROJECT ...... 127 8.4 EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT...... 128 8.5 SMALL SCALE GEOTHERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT AS SMALL SCALE CDM...... 130 8.6 CDM PROJECT IN A ODA PROJECT ...... 131
List of Figure
Fig. 2-1 Geothermal Development Road Map ...... 19 Fig. 2-2 Electricity Demand and Supply Situation in Eastern Provinces (2006)...... 44 Fig. 2-3 Electricity Sales in Eastern Provinces (2006) ...... 44 Fig. 2-4 Electrification Ratio in Eastern Provinces (2006)...... 45 Fig. 2-5 Electricity Demand Outlook in Eastern Provinces...... 47 Fig. 2-6 Installed Capacity of PLN (2006) ...... 48 Fig. 2-7 Comparison of Power Plant Mix between Whole Nation and Eastern Provinces (2006) ...... 49 Fig. 2-8 Increase of Diesel Generation Cost and Diesel Fuel Price ...... 50 Fig. 2-9 Generation Cost by Energy Type (2006)...... 50 Fig. 2-10 International Oil Price...... 51 Fig. 2-11 Concept of Best Energy Mix in Eastern Provinces ...... 53 Fig. 3-1 Map of Geothermal Area in West Nusa Tenggara (DGMCG, 2005)...... 57 Fig. 3-2 Map of Geothermal Area in West East Nusa Tenggara (DGMCG, 2005)...... 57 Fig. 3-3 Map of Geothermal Area in North Maluku (DGMCG, 2005)...... 58 Fig. 3-4 Map of Geothermal Area in Maluku (DGMCG, 2005)...... 58 Fig. 3-5 Map Showing the Resource Potential in Promising Geothermal Fields (JICA, 2007)...... 59 Fig. 3-6 Geothermal area of Hu’u Daha (after J. Brotheridge et al., 2000)...... 64 Fig. 3-7 Geological map in Wai Sano (after JICA, 2007) ...... 66 Fig. 3-8 Resistivity survey result in Wai Sano (after JICA, 2007) ...... 67 Fig. 3-9 Hydrothermal mineral zonation in Ulumbu (revised Kasbani, et al., 1997) ...... 70 Fig. 3-10 Compiled map of geothermal activity in the Nage and Wolo Bobo areas (JICA, 2007)...... 73 Fig. 3-12 Location of exploratory wells in Mataloko (Muraoka et al., 2005) ...... 74 Fig. 3-13 Photograph of the flow twist of NEDO MT-2 well (Muraoka et al., 2005)...... 74 Fig. 3-14 Prospect Area in Sokoria Mutubusa (J. Brotheridge et al., 2000)...... 76 Fig. 3-15 Geological map in Tulehu (JICA, 2007)...... 80 Fig. 3-16 Prospect Area in Tulehu (JICA, 2007)...... 81 Fig. 3-17 Geothermal model in Jailolo (after VSI)...... 83 Fig. 4-1 Geographical relation between prospects and the conservation forest in Huu Daha and Wai Sano...... 92 Fig. 4-2 Geographical relation between prospects and the conservation forest in Ulumbu and Bena-Mataloko...... 92 Fig. 4-3 Geographical relation between prospects and the conservation forest in Sokoria-Mutubusa and Oka-Larantuka...... 93 Fig. 4-4 Geographical relation between prospects and the conservation forest in Ili Labaleken and Atadei ...... 93 Fig. 4-5 Geographical relation between prospects and the conservation forest in Tonga Wayana and Tulehu...... 94 Fig. 4-6 Geographical relation between prospects and the conservation forest in Jailolo... 94 Fig. 5-1 Development Flowchart...... 96 Fig. 5-2 Photographs of Suginoi Hotel flash steam unit...... 102 Fig. 5-3 Layout of Back Pressure Turbine Generator Set (5.5 MW)...... 105 Fig. 5-4 Typical Schemes of Geothermal Power Development in Indonesia ...... 107 Fig. 5-5 Project Organization ...... 108 Fig. 5-6 Project Schedule (Tentative) ...... 109 Fig. 6-1 EIRR Sensitivity to Capacity Factor...... 115 Fig. 6-2 EIRR Sensitivity to Project Cost...... 115 Fig. 6-3 EIRR Sensitivity to Fuel Cost...... 116 Fig. 6-4 FIRR Sensitivity to Capacity Factor ...... 119 Fig. 6-5 FIRR Sensitivity to Project Cost...... 119 Fig. 6-6 FIRR Sensitivity to Tariff Rate ...... 120 Fig. 6-7 Accumulate Balance of cash flow...... 122
Fig. 8-1 CO2 Emission by Power Source...... 126 Fig. 8-2 Project Screening Process by DNA ...... 127 Fig. 8-3 CER’s Price...... 129
Fig. 8-4 CO2 Emission by Steam Production ...... 131
List of Table
Table 1-1 Study Team Members...... 5 Table 1-2 Schedule of First Trip in Indonesia...... 6 Table 1-3 Schedule of Second Trip in Indonesia...... 6 Table 2-1 Geothermal Power Plant in Indonesia and its Development Scheme...... 15 Table 2-2 National Energy Policy...... 16 Table 2-3 Presidential Decree on “National Energy Policy”...... 17 Table 2-4 Geothermal Energy Law...... 18 Table 2-5 Outline of Eastern Provinces ...... 20 Table 2-6 Electricity Demand and Supply Situation in Eastern Provinces (2006) ...... 21 Table 2-7 Diesel Power Plants in Maluku and North Maluku...... 22 Table 2-8 Diesel Power Plants in Nusa Tenggara...... 34 Table 2-9 Diesel Power Plants in Flores Island ...... 39 Table 2-10 Electricity Demand Outlook in Eastern Provinces ...... 46 Table 2-11 Estimation of Geothermal Development Effect in Eastern Provinces...... 52 Table 3-1 Geothermal Resource Potential (MW) in Eastern Indonesia...... 60 Table 3-2 Present Status of geothermal resource development in Eastern Indonesia...... 61 Table 4-1 Environment Quality Standards for Air Pollution ...... 86 Table 4-2 Gas Exhaust Standard (Stationary Source)...... 86 Table 4-3 Environmental Quality Standard for Water (Drinking Water Usage)...... 86 Table 4-4 Quality Standards of Liquid Waste...... 87 Table 4-5 Standards of Noise Level...... 87 Table 4-6 Standards of Noise Level at Source...... 88 Table 4-7 Classification of Forest Area ...... 91 Table 5-1 Contents of Project Cost...... 110 Table 5-2 Terms and Conditions of Loans...... 111 Table 6-1 Economic Internal Rate of Return...... 116 Table 6-2 Financial Internal Rate of Return ...... 120 Table 6-3 Repayment Schedule for Power Plant Project...... 121 Table 6-4 Cash Flow Statement...... 121
Abbreviations
AMDAL : Analysis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan BAPPENAS : National Development Planning Agency BPPT : Baden Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi CDM : Clean Development Mechanism CER : Certified Emission Reduction CGR : Center for Geological Resources
CO2 : Carbon dioxide DGEEU : Directorate General of Electricity & Energy Utilization DGMCG : Directorate General of Mineral, Coal and Geothermal EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return ESC : Energy Sales Contract FIRR : Financial Internal Rate of Return FS : Feasibility Study GA : Geological Agency GDP : Gross Domestic Product IEE : Initial Environmental Evaluation IRR : Internal Rate of Return IUP : Geothermal Energy Business Permit JBIC : Japan Bank International Cooperation JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency K-Ar : Potassium-Argon LA : Loan Agreement MEMR : Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MT : Magneto-Telluric NCG : Non Condensable Gas NEDO : New Energy and Industrial technology Development Organization O&M : Operation & Maintenance ODA : Official Development Assistance OJT : On-the Job-Training PDD : Project Design Document PERTAMINA : PT. PERTAMINA (Persero) PIN : Project Information Note PGE : PT. PETRAMINA Geothermal Energy PLN : PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) RUKN : Rencana Umum Ketenagalistrikan Nasional RUPTL : Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik TDEM : Time Domain Electro Magnetic TOE : Ton of Oil Equivalent VAT : Value Added Tax WACC : Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Executive Summary
1. Objectives
The purpose of the study is to survey geothermal resources and formulate a practical development plan making best use of the resource for substitution of geothermal power generation with existing and planned diesel powers in West Nusa Tengara, East Nusa Tengara, Maluku and North Maluku Provinces. The study and planning were carried out in consideration of application for Japanese Yen Loan in the next Japanese fiscal year.
2. Necessity of Geothermal Power Development in Eastern Provinces
Background of Geothermal Power Development in Indonesia
Indonesia suffered the largest impact among ASEAN countries in the Asian economic crisis in 1997. However, the Indonesian economy has shown a great improvement after the crisis due to the results of various policy reforms and supported by the inflow of investment from foreign and domestic sources. Thus, the Indonesian economy is expanding steadily, and the electric power demand is also increasing rapidly. The peak power demand of the whole country reached 20,354 MW in 2006 and showed the 5.1% increase from the previous year. The amount of energy demand in 2006 also records 113,222GWh, the 5.1% increase from the pervious year. The National Electricity Development Plan 2005 (RUKN 2005) estimates that the peak power demand of the country will increase at the average annual rate of 7.5% and will reach 79,900 MW in 2025. It also estimates that the energy demand will increase at almost same rate and will reach 450,000 GWh in 2025. In order to secure stable energy supply, the development of power plants which meets these demand is one of the urgent issues of the Indonesian power sector. Since the demand in the Java-Bali system accounts for 77.2%of the total country, the power plant development in this system is most important. But the power development in other system is also very crucial because the power demand will increase rapidly due to the expansion of the rural electrification and rural economy.
Another urgent issue that the Indonesian power sector faces is the diversification of energy sources. In the light of high oil price, it is necessary to reduce oil dependency in energy source in order to reduce generation cost and to secure stable energy supply. For this purpose, Indonesian government worked out "National Energy Policy (NEP)" in 2002, and set the target of supplying 5% or more of the primary energy by renewable energy by 2020. To achieve this target, the government put the important role on geothermal energy which exists affluently in the country.
Indonesian Government’s Intention on Geothermal Power Development
The utilization of geothermal energy has already a long history and more than 8,000 MW capacity of geothermal energy has been exploited in the world. Notwithstanding one form of natural energy, geothermal energy production is extremely steady with less fluctuation caused by weather or by seasonal condition. The geothermal energy can be used for social development
i in rural areas by introducing multipurpose utilization. The development of geothermal energy has a great significance for the national economy and the people’s life in Indonesia. Moreover, since geothermal energy is global-environmentally friendly, the geothermal development can contribute to world community for preventing global warming by reduction of carbon dioxide gas emission.
It is said that Indonesia has the world-biggest geothermal energy potential, which was estimated as more than 27,000 MW and is though to account for more than 40% of world total potential. Therefore, the development of geothermal power has been strongly expected in order to supply energy to the increasing power demand and to diversify energy sources. Today, geothermal power plants exist in seven fields in Indonesia, and the total capacity reaches 857 MW. However, although this capacity is the forth largest in the country-ranking in the world, Indonesia has not fully utilized this huge geothermal potential yet.
Having been urged by such situation, the Indonesian Government decided to promote geothermal energy development. The Government worked out "National Energy Policy” (NEP) in 2002, and set a target of supplying 5% or more of the primary energy by renewable energy by 2020. In addition, the Government enacted "Geothermal Energy Law" in 2003 to promote the participation of private sector in geothermal power business. Moreover, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) worked out "Road Map Development Planning of Geothermal Energy" (Road Map) to materialize the National Energy Policy in 2004. In this Road Map, a high development target of 6,000 MW by 2020 and 9,500 MW by 2025 is set. Thus, a basic framework for geothermal energy development has been formulated and the Government has started its efforts to attain these development targets.
In September 2007, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has submitted the final report on "Mater Plan Study for Geothermal Power Development in the Republic of Indonesia”, which aimed to study the concrete strategy to attain Road Map of Geothermal Development.
This study has evaluated 73 of promising geothermal fields in Indonesia and makes the following proposals; (i) the economic incentives such as the ODA finance for Pertamina and the increase of purchase price for private investors are necessary to promote the Rank A fields (the most promising fields), (ii) the preliminary survey by the geothermal promotion survey which includes test drilling by the government is necessary to promote private investors participation in the Rank B and the Rank C fields (the promising fields without test drilling holes), and (iii) The governmental development activities are indispensable to promote small geothermal energy resources in remote islands in the eastern regions since private investors are unlikely to promote these small geothermal resources in these regions.
As for how to promote geothermal fields in remote eastern islands, the report proposed the following way;
“Basic Strategy for Geothermal Field Development in Remote Islands; In remote islands geothermal power plant is the most economic advantageous power source, because other power plants can not utilize the scale-merit in construction cost.
ii Therefore, geothermal development in such small systems should be positively promoted in order to decrease the fuel cost of diesel power plants. However, in such remote islands, the development by private developers cannot be expected because the project scale is too small for business scale. Therefore, the Government should play the central role of developing geothermal energy fields in remote islands. In such fields, as the development scale is small, there is a possibility of converting succeeded exploration wells into production wells. Therefore, the construction of a small power plant by PT. PLN or by local government company may be easy if the government succeeds to drilling steam wells in the survey and transfers the wells to the power plant operator. The governmental survey and development are highly expected in remote islands. “
The main purpose of this study is, based on the above-mentioned proposal, to formulate a project, which promotes geothermal energy development in the eastern provinces in Indonesia by the Indonesian Government. The possibility to utilize Yen Loan for the project finance was investigated in this study.
In Geothermal Master Plan, development of power plants of 186 MW in total in the eastern provinces was planned based on the existing resource data. In a general way, power output and development program in each geothermal field should be decided after resource data collection by preliminary resource studies described later. However, since urgent commencement of geothermal power development in the eastern provinces is considered to be necessary and pilot project of geothermal power development should be started as soon as possible, because of inflationary cost rise of fossil fuel for the diesel power generation and long term development of geothermal power plants of 186 MW until 2025, several fields developments, which include geothermal fields where geothermal resources were confirmed by the studies or an urgent need of substitution by geothermal power exists, were decided to be developed using ODA Yen Loan. Considering commencement of operation of geothermal power plants by 2016, the support by ODA Yen Loan is considered to be sufficient for construction of 35 MW geothermal power plants as pilot projects.
General Status of Eastern Indonesia
The surveyed area in this study is the eastern part of Indonesia, which consists of small islands. Particularly, the Maluku province, the North Maluku province, the West Nusa Tenggara province, and the East Nusa Tenggara province are target islands for this project. The total area of these four provinces is 153,157 km2, and accounts for 8.2% of the whole Indonesian land. The total population of these four provinces was 10,639,000 according to the national population estimation for 2005, and it accounts for 4.9% of the entire Indonesian population. The regional Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of these four provinces totals 41,949 billion Rupiah (Rp) in 2004, and accounts for 1.8% of the whole Indonesia.
Present Status of Power Sector and Economy of Power Generation in Eastern Indonesia
The total maximum electric power demand in these four eastern provinces in 2006 was 270 MW, and it accounts for 1.3% of total Indonesia. To supply electric power to this demand, there is 469 MW installed generation capacity in the area. The generated energy in this area in 2006 was
iii 1,273 GWh, and it accounts for 1.2% of the whole country. The electrification ratio of each province is; 51.6% in Maluku and North Maluku provinces, 28.8% in the West Nusa Tenggara province, and 21.8% in the East Nusa Tenggara province. The electrification ratio in this area is considerably low compared with the national average. It is estimated that the electricity demand in these provinces will increase at an annual average of 7.4% and maximum electric power will reach 1,065 MW in 2025. Given that a reserve margin is expected to be 30-40%, it is expected that the necessary capacity of electric power facilities will reach 1,491 MW in 2025.
The energy source mix of entire nation is well diversified. However, the eastern provinces completely rely on diesel power generation only. This is because the electric system in this area is small-scale due to isolated islands. However, the diesel power generation becomes extremely expensive under the current international oil price hike. The price of diesel fuel (HSD) was predicted to become 0.62 US$/litter in 2006 from 0.07 US$/litter in 2000, showing the expansion of as much as some 9 times more. As a result, the generation cost of diesel power plant of PT. PLN was predicted to become approximately 17.6 cents US$/kWh in 2006, making diesel power generation the most expensive one as well as gas turbine generation. In contrast, the generation cost of geothermal power plant in 2006 was 6.3 cents US$/kWh. The diesel generation cost was 2.8 times higher than that of geothermal power generation and there was the cost deference of 11.5 cents US$/kWh between both the costs.
The international oil price was 66 US$/barrel in 2006, and it has been continuously increasing afterwards and has exceeded 110 US$/barrel in 2008. Due to this oil price increase, the price of diesel oil is also rising continuously. The price of diesel oil for industrial use in the eastern provinces which PT. PERTAMINA announced on March 1, 2008 becomes 0.936 US$/litter. Based on this new diesel oil price, the fuel cost of diesel generation in the eastern provinces is estimated as high as approximately 26 cents US$//kWh. This high fuel cost is a great heavy burden on the financial foundation of PT. PLN . The volume of diesel oil used in the eastern provinces was about 347,000 kilo litter in 2006. The cost of this diesel fuel is estimated as much as 325 million US$ based on the current diesel oil price (0.936 US$/litter). Therefore, if the base-load demand is supplied by geothermal power plant instead of diesel power plant, about 214,000 kilo litter of diesel fuel, which accounts for about 62% of total fuel consumption, can be saved in one year. The value of this fuel saving is about 200 million US$ based on the current diesel oil price. There is a great justification to promote geothermal energy development to substitute diesel power plant in the eastern provinces.
There is no doubt that the geothermal power development in the eastern provinces as substitutes of diesel power contributes to inhabitation of financial deterioration of the Government and PT. PLN .
Prevention of Global Warming
Geothermal power development is generally expected as effective countermeasure against the global warming for conservation of global scale environment due to carbon dioxide gas emission of very low content from the power plants. Indonesia has a plenty of untapped geothermal-resources and remarkable reduction effect of the CO2 emission even in the eastern provinces can be expected, if the geothermal power is used as alterative energy of fossil fuel.
iv Most of all geothermal power developments in the eastern provinces must be regarded as the excellent CDM project. Carbon credits produced from these geothermal projects are necessary for not only developed country and Indonesia but also countries of the world for preventing the global warming.
3. Geothermal Resources in Eastern Indonesia
Indonesia is blessed with abundant geothermal resources. The 253 geothermal areas were identified in Indonesia. The total potential was estimated as approximately 27,791 MW (DGMCG, 2005). In the eastern provinces (Nusa Tenggara and Maluku provinces), 37 geothermal fields were identified by DGMCG (2005), which total potential was estimated as 1,914 MW.
Only two fields in the eastern province, Ulumbu and Mataloko have been studied by well-drilling to confirm reservoir conditions. Promising geothermal resources were confirmed by well discharges from high temperature reservoir. The other fields have been investigated at various levels commensurate with the development perspectives of each field. In 9 fields, Huu Daha, Wai Sano, Ulumbu, Bena-Mataloko, Sokoria-Mutubusa, Oka-Larantuka, Atadei, Tulehu and Jailolo, geothermal resource potentials had been evaluated by JICA (2007) based on some geoscientific data of reconnaissance studies or detail study data, and the data and the study results in these fields were reviewed in this study. Electricity of 110MW was planned to be generated by geothermal development of these 9 fields in the Master Plan study and 20 MW geothermal power development was recommended in the feasibility study of geothermal development in Flores. Except of 9 fields as listed above, exploration statuses are not clarified because available geoscientific data in these fields could not be obtained in this study.
Except for Ulumbu and Mataloko, the present status of geothermal resources development is reconnaissance study level. These data allow estimating probable prospect area and probable heat source, and also allow establishing the sequence and geoscientific methods to use in the next stages of development. However, the data and information of geology, geochemistry and geophysics in the fields are not enough to make geothermal reservoir model and to evaluate generation power capacity of their fields. Therefore, geoscientific studies for clarification of characteristics and structure of the geothermal resources should be conducted as resource feasibility study in the fields in the eastern provinces except for Ulumbu and Mataloko. After the geoscientific surface study, exploratory well drilling and well test should be conducted to confirm geothermal resource existence and to evaluate its capacity.
The current practical plans for geothermal development/expansion projects were confirmed through interviews during a mission trip to Indonesia. In the two fields of Ulumbu and Mataloko, small-scale power developments have been planned by PT. PLN . In addition, PT. PLN has actual plan of resource development in Hu’u Daha, Jailolo, Tolehu and Sembaiun. Development priority of these fields is regarded to be high, because resource existence in some of fields were confirmed and development risk at initial stage must be relatively low.
v 4. Necessary Assessment and Current Information of Environmental Aspect
Necessary environmental study for construction of power plants and present status in and around the promising fields in the eastern provinces were checked in this study, for considering the feasibility of the geothermal power development projects.
Regarding environmental regulations on geothermal power projects, environmental condition and impact in the objected area of the geothermal power project, whose capacity is more than 55MW, should be checked by application of Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL). The AMDAL in specific geothermal power projects in and around legally protected areas should be prepared, even if their development capacity is less than 55MW. In case that AMDAL is not nessesary, Environmental Management Effort (UKL) and Environmental Monitoring Effort (UPL) should be submitted according to the requirement of the ministry decree No. 86/2002.
Geothermal power development activity can be conducted in the forest restricts in special circumstances. Government Regulation No.2/2008 approves geothermal power development activity in protection forest and production forest in exchange for tariff or government income on using forest area. Geothermal power development activity in kinds of the conservation forest is not allowed according to government regulation No.41/1999. The project implementation body should pay attention about the location of prospect which may be included in conservation forest.
There are 37 geothermal prospects in the eastern province according to the data of Geological Agency of MEMR. 11 of 37 prospects were checked the geographical relation between prospects and the conservation forest. There are no serious environmental problems to precede the projects in the objected areas at present. However more detailed information on environment should be collected before starting the project. The forest condition of the other 26 prospects should be confirmed when the project areas are selected.
5. Implementation Plan
Since urgent commencement of geothermal power development in the eastern Indonesia is considered to be necessary and pilot project of geothermal power development should be started as soon as possible, because of inflationary cost rise of fossil fuel for the diesel power generation, small scale geothermal power plant of 35MW in total is proposed to MEMR as appropriate project scale and period. Considering commencement of operation of geothermal power plants as soon as possible, the support by ODA Yen Loan is considered to be sufficient for construction of 35 MW geothermal power plants as pilot projects. Based on the discussion among the MEMR, Ministry of Finance(MOF) and National Development Planning Agency(BAPPENAS), the procedure for registration of Blue Book will be started by MEMR as a project of PT. PLN .
Project Preparation
Based on information such as location of diesel power plant and transmission/ distribution line,
vi consumer power demand, potential and characteristics, promising areas of geothermal power development will be selected for diesel power substitution and the detailed project program of each field development will be prepared. For deciding detailed description and program of the project, this work should be preferably conducted before starting the project by preliminary surface studies. These studied should be entrusted to consulting firm of geothermal development. However, if possible, these studies are desired to be conducted as preparation study by support from Japan, as described later.
Resource Development for Securing Geothermal Steam
Surface resource survey such as geology, geochemistry and geophysics will be carried out at selected geothermal prospects for the purpose of confirmation of resource existence, delineation of the geothermal reservoirs and decision of exploration drilling targets. Necessary resource studies should be conducted in the project for securing geothermal steam.
After conducting the necessary surface resource studies, data collected from these studies will be summarized using the database software. An Integrated analysis will be carried out using the database for preparing the geothermal conceptual model. Since special technologies and experiences are necessary for these studies and the studies for securing steam are the most important in the geothermal power development, these studies should be entrusted to consulting firm of geothermal development.
Based on the results of surface survey, twenty-eight exploratory wells will be drilled at 10- 14 prospects in the eastern Indonesia. The wells, which will be succeeded in steam production, will be used as production wells. Moreover, seven reinjection wells will be drilled and wastewater will be injected under the ground through these wells. Well drilling will be undertaken by drilling company (or the government institute; Center for Geological resources, Geological Agency). In case of employment of private drilling company, the company will be selected through international bidding. Some material and equipment for drilling will need to be procured through international bidding. Highly capable drilling supervisors should be hired for smooth drilling works. Usually geothermal consultant firm can dispatch such supervisors.
After well drilling and test, all geoscientific data will be consolidated into a conceptual model, and the evaluation of the geothermal potential will be conducted through the application of numerical modeling techniques using this conceptual model (reservoir simulation). This study should be entrusted to geothermal consulting firm, the reservoir simulation for getting reasonable results on resource output capacity requires state of the art.
Geothermal Power Plant Construction
Based on the results of the geothermal resource evaluation carried out before plant construction stage, the optimum development plan of available power output will be formulated. The design of geothermal power plants will be conducted on the basis of characteristics of geothermal fluid and development plan. The detailed planning and power plant design should be entrusted to experienced geothermal-consulting firm.
vii Small scale power plants of 35MW in total will be constructed after the resource survey and the well drilling. If adequate power output of each plant is estimated 5MW in the project preparation study, 7 power stations will be constructed at least.
In order to shorten the construction period, the power plant will be constructed on "single package full-turnkey" basis in which a sole contractor will undertake engineering, procurements, supply, installation, test and commissioning. The contractor will be selected through international bidding.
The transmission line and substation system will include transmission line from main transformer to a substation, circuit breakers, disconnecting switches, bus, CT, VT, arrestor, supporting structure, insulators, protective relay board and ancillaries.
Substitution of diesel power by geothermal power is very auspicious as the CDM project. The effect of GHG (Green House Gas) emission reduction is 0.8(t-CO2/MWh) in case of the generation capacity bigger than 200kW. Based on the results of geothermal reservoir simulation and conceptual design of geothermal power plant, the GHG emission reduction by this project will be estimated and the procedure for registration of CDM project will be started.
Since geothermal power development from geothermal resource development to power plant construction requires special technologies, the project executing agency, PT. PLN , will employ a consulting firm that has sufficient experience in all the stages for geothermal resource development and construction of geothermal power plant, transmission line, substation, and distribution lines, for smooth project management.
PT. PLN as Implication Agency of Geothermal Power Development in Eastern Indonesia
PT. PLN was nominated as the executing agency of this project by MEMR, because the following background was considered for realizing the project.
This project promotes the efficiency and diversification of power supply of in the eastern provinces, which are composed of the remote and isolated islands, and this project is composed of the small scale geothermal power construction projects utilizing renewable geothermal energy.
PT. PLN can undertake the once-through power development, i.e. the whole scope of the project from the geothermal resource development to the power generation, transmission and distribution. PT. PLN is responsible for power supply in Indonesia, and PT. PLN has ample experiences in implementation of the construction projects of the geothermal power plants, the transmission lines, substations and distribution lines. PT. PLN can assign their geothermal specialists as the key person for implementation of the development project from resource survey to power plant construction. PT. PLN is believed to have enough capacity to develop geothermal power plants in the eastern provinces.
Project Schedule and Cost
viii A tentative implementation schedule of the project is prepared. The project takes 81 months after commencement of the project (Loan Agreement Effectiveness) for resource survey for the first power plant until the commercial operation start of the last power plant. This period should be changed depending on the planning in the preparation study. If this project starts in November 2008, the project completion will be in July 2015.
Total project cost is estimated to be 161miliom USD. PT. PLN is responsible for procuring the financial resources needed for the implementation of the project. It is assumed that JBIC will participate as financier under the Yen Loan scheme.
6. Economic Assessment of Planned Projects
The economic viability of the planned project was evaluated by an EIRR method in this study. The project economy of the geothermal power projects in the eastern province was calculated using conditions clarified in the previous studies and assumed in this study. Since programs on the power plant construction in various fields could not be prepared due to shortage of resource potential data, the project cost of each power plant construction could not be calculated. Therefore, the construction of power plants in various fields was regarded as one project of 35 MW and general values of each components of geothermal power development were used for cost estimation of the geothermal power plant construction including steam development.
An alternative power project that is capable to give the same services (salable energy) as geothermal power was assumed, and net present value of costs for the geothermal project was compared with that for the alternative project for project life, in order to obtain EIRR. As the alternative power source, a diesel power was selected. The project could dominate the alternative project as the project EIRR stands at 39.5 % while the hurdle rate is 12 %. The capacity factor was assumed to be 85 % in this evaluation. The fuel cost will be saved as much as USD 45.23 million every year, US$ 1,356.81 million in total for the period of project life. Although initial investment for geothermal power project is much higher than the alternative, the geothermal can generate electric energy without using fuel. This enables to export fossil fuel instead of domestic consumption and to acquire foreign currencies.
A FIRR method was applied to this project for evaluation of the project economy. In this study, an internal rate of return to equalize the cost (investment and operating costs) and revenue by sales of energy generated for the project life were calculated. The obtained rate was compared with the opportunity cost of capital. The calculated FIRR value was 11.95 %. As this value much exceeds the WACCs at 2.35 %, the project is judged to be financially feasible under present conditions.
Using the FIRR method and the results of the Mater Plan study, the possibility of introduction of private sector into geothermal power business in the eastern province was discussed in this study. Most of all private companies in Indonesia are considered to aim FIRR of 16%, which was announced as adequate value in the private project by the Government. Assuming FIRR of 16%, adequate electricity tariff was calculated and cash flow of the project was checked in this study. It was revealed that the private companies would suffer from a deficit of more than 50
ix million USD every year, even if the tariff and the FIRR were relatively high. The debt for working funds will be heavy load for private company.
Since adequate tariff rate was obtained to be 14 cent/kWh in case of FIRR of 12 % for government’s or government owned corporation’s project, this project can bring about the maximum reduction effect of subsidy by the Government for electricity power business in the eastern provinces.
As described above, the geothermal power development projects by the private sector as substitutes of diesel power are under difficult condition of economy, because costs of construction and operation of geothermal power plants in remote islands of the eastern ss are relatively high, compared with those in main islands such as Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi. However, the Government or the government owned corporation can conduct more economical management of the geothermal power projects in the eastern provinces, because FIRR desired by them is low and they can use ODA soft loan such as Yen Loan etc. If they conduct geothermal power development in the eastern provinces, the Government’s burden for electricity supply to these provinces is believed to be reduced remarkably.
7. Potential of CDM Projects
The geothermal power generation is considered that the amount of the CO2 emission at the life cycle is less than that of other power supplies. Moreover, the geothermal power plant generates an electric power that is high utilization rates, bigger than the other renewable energy. Therefore, since a big effect of the CO2 emission reduction by the geothermal project can be expected, the project is attractive as the CDM project.
The small scale geothermal power development activity of SSC is categorized as Type-I in the CDM program. Type-I is recognized as renewable energy project activities with a maximum output capacity equivalent to up to 15 MW (or an appropriate equivalent).
The small scale geothermal power plant of the project is connected to a grid so that the methodology will be applied for AMS I.D. AMS I.D is used for renewable electricity generation for a grid. Since emission reduction factor of AMS I.D for small scale geothermal power generation is difficult to estimate using the installed capacity and utilization rates, the reduction factor of 0.8(t-CO2/MWh) is applied to the power plant of bigger than 200kW. In case of the small scale geothermal plants of 35MW, the effect of the emission reduction of 208.5
(kt-CO2/year) is expected.
8. Project Preparation
The first development target was decided to be power plants construction of 35 MW in total in the meeting among MEMR, BAPPENAS, MOF and PT. PLN on 12 March 2008, considering power demand in the eastern provinces and project support from Japan. The support by the Japanese ODA Yen Loan is strongly expected for avoiding a deficit in the project economy. Therefore, the project must meet the requirements of the ODA Yen Loan project such as
x information on project feasibility including estimation of geothermal resource potential, development program, environmental constraints etc.
The Government and PT. PLN have studied geothermal power development in eastern provinces and the Japanese Government supported their activity through the research study by NEDO and the feasibility study by JETRO. However, these study projects have concentrated on the Flores Island. About geothermal areas other than the Flores Island, there is no adequate data for preparation of geothermal power development plans. For realizing the development projects by the Japanese ODA Yen Loan, project feasibility of the geothermal development in each field should be clarified on the basis of data of geothermal resource, future power demand and environmental constraints, before starting the development project. As described in this report, existence of high potential geothermal resources and necessity of geothermal power projects in the eastern provinces can understood from the existing data, but adequate and capable power output and characteristics of geothermal resources in each field have not been revealed. Therefore, detailed program of geothermal power development in each field could not be prepared in this study. Collection and analysis of the geoscientific data and programming are indispensable before starting the project.
When the geothermal power development including the steam development is planned, geological data and geochemical data for revealing the resource characteristics and potentials are generally collected by the surface surveys in consideration of reduction of the project cost and risk. Since it takes a considerable amount of time and cost to conduct whole surface surveys including geophysical survey, these detailed surveys in the selected fields should be conducted in the main project. Since the project contains the entire development plans in various islands, study program and development plan of each field should be prepared based on the geothermal resource data by preliminary geological survey and geochemical study, and data and information of predicted future power demand and environmental constraints, before starting the main project. At present, since data and information on the feasibility study of geothermal fields in the eastern area have been partially collected, the resource data should be collected by the preliminary geological survey and geochemical survey and development program should be prepared. Regarding geothermal power development in the Flores Island, some parts of development plan should be modified in accordance with present development policy by PT. PLN .
It is thought that a more certain project becomes possible despite of containing of securing steam in resource development study, if these preliminarily resource surveys and project planning are conducted before start of the development project supported by Yen Loan. If the project is supposed to be supported by ODA Yen Loan, it is desired that the preparation study is conducted using JBIC scheme of SAPPROF (Special Assistance for Project Formation).
xi
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Outline of Study
Facing the soaring fossil fuel oil cost and for contribution to the global environmental preservation, the Indonesian Government tries to develop nationwide geothermal development positively. It formulated a geothermal power development plan of 9,500 MW, more than ten (10) times of the so far developed capacity, by the year 2025, and enacted the Geothermal Law to implement the plan. In November 2007, the by-laws of the Geothermal Law has been promulgated and in major geothermal fields in Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi, PT. PERTAMINA, PT. PLN and private sector launched several large scale geothermal power development project.
Under the circumstances above, the Japan Government extended the technical assistance of the Geothermal Master Plan study in Indonesia by JICA. By the Master Plan Study, the geothermal power resource potential, required power demand, environmental conditions, etc. were surveyed in geothermal fields in the whole Indonesia, and then corresponding geothermal power development programs were formulated. The Master Plan Study report was highly evaluated as it may contribute to hastening the geothermal power development in the country. Based on the Master Plan Study results, the Government tries to accelerate the geothermal power development making use of Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) scheme.
The electricity in archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia heavily relies on diesel power, the generating cost of which has been doubled by soaring fuel cost and transportation cost. The Master Plan also pointed out the fact that the inflationary cost of the fuel caused the distress of the Government, and oppressed both the PLN’s financial conditions and the Government electricity subsidiary budget.
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), through the Master Plan Study, fully understands features of a geothermal power and its high potential in these areas, and found out the possibility to substitute the diesel power with fuel cost-free geothermal power. Understanding that the substitution of diesel power with geothermal would greatly contribute to curtailing the consumption of fuel oil, reduction of the government subsidies, and moreover, to stable power supply and global warming gas (CO2) reduction, the Government has started with the study for implementation. Owing to limited power demand in isolated islands, the geothermal power scale may probably be a total capacity of less 10 MW per site that is too small to give incentives to a private sector. So, the geothermal development in these areas would be led by the central or regional government.
The MEMR headed by the Minister considers that the diesel substitute geothermal undertaking at the eastern provinces is the most significant project of the projects needing the Government assistance, and proposes assistance from Japan, the Japanese Yen Loan in particular. The intention has been forwarded to JBIC from the DGMCG of MEMR.
So far, no feasibility study except for some fields in Flores has been done for this purpose. Thus,
1 the study for the program preparation needed for application of the Yen Loan, and the coordination with the relevant agencies about the prepared draft planning are indispensable to attain the Government objective.
With this Assistance Services by ECFA, if the study for geothermal development in the eastern regions and coordination among the agencies in Indonesia could be attained, the economic assistance from Japan would be realized and the small scale geothermal power development to substitute diesel power could be forwarded as the Indonesian Government earnestly has been expecting. The development of geothermal power would greatly contribute to substitution of the fossil energy consumption and to prevention of global warming.
1.2 Background
1.2.1 Project Identity in Government Geothermal Development Plan
Under the order of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources in RUKN (April 2005), the mission of power sector outside Java is outlined as follows:
• To prioritize power generation with renewable energy in remote and isolated local areas where small scale power is required
The policy of using primary energy for power generation consists of both the measures utilizing local primary energy sources and new/renewal energy sources. The utilizing local energy measures means to utilize fossil energy and non-fossil energy. The utilization of local primary energy places priority on utilization of renewable energy in view of environmental safety, technical possibility and economic efficiency.
To promote utilization of renewable energy for power generation, the national policy is clearly stated that energy utilization with geothermal, biomass and hydro shall be over 5% in 2020 in Indonesia.
In remote island far from the national grid, main power sources rely on mostly diesel power, and those high operation and maintenance costs (fuel purchase cost, fuel transportation cost, latest price inflation of oil, and low availability factor of facilities) has caused severe profit losses year by year. In addition, because diesel power generation emits greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, the Indonesian Government has tried to convert it to other renewable energy power sources.
The geothermal development master plan formulated by the MEMR based on the JICA Master Plan is consist of a) A large scale development by PT. PERTAMINA /PLN and private sectors at the geothermal fields where the transmission grids in Java, Bali, Sumatra and Sulawesi are accessible: and b) Independent, small scale geothermal power development by the Government or PT. PLN .
2 The geothermal power development in the eastern part of Indonesia is identified corresponding to the later one above. This geothermal power development in the eastern part of Indonesia aiming at substitution of diesel power is a high priority project as MEMR’s own project and advocated by the Minister of MEMR himself. As this project has been clearly and frequently identified and mentioned at the government seminar (BAPPENAS) and other government publications, it is a significant and important energy development project for promotion at the economically deterred areas.
1.2.2 Power Situation and Rural Electrification
In 2006 statistics, the power demand (sold energy) recorded at 112,610 GWh, and the peak demand at 20,354 MW. The total installed capacity of PLN was 25,258 MW with a generation of 104,467 GWh. In addition, the enegy of 28,640 GWh was received from power generator other than PLN. The power mix of PLN was, 8,220 MW (32.5%) by thermal, 7,021 MW (27.8%) by combined cycle, 3,529 MW (14.0%) by hydro, 2,941 MW (11.6%) by diesel, 2,727 MW (10.8%) by gas-turbine, and 807 MW (3.2%) by geothermal. Most of the geothermal units are located in Java, and geothermal units are under construction in Sulawesi, and a large scale geothermal power development has been planned in Sumatra. No practical geothermal development project has been planned in the eastern part of Indonesia.
The following are the electric power situations in the objective provinces:
1) West Nusa Tenggara The peak demand in the year 2006 was 1116 MW and total power generation 579 GWh in scattered power systems. Net system energy demand was 508 GWh in 2006, which breaks down as 333 GWh (65.6%) for household use, 113 GWh (22.3%) for commercial use, 10 GWh (2.0%) for industrial use, and 55 GWh (10.2%) for public use. The electrification rate of the province in 2006 reached 28.8%.
2) East Nusa Tenggara Maximum electric power in 2006 was 72 MW, and generated output was 313 GWh. The entire load is supplied by isolated power sources. Net system energy demand was 280 GWh in 2006, which breaks down as 178 GWh (63.5%) for household use, 50 GWh (17.9%) for commercial use, 9 GWh (3.2%) for industrial use, and 43 GWh (15.4%) for public use. The electrification rate of the province in 2006 reached 21.8%
3) Maluku Island The Maluku Island is divided into Maluku Province and North Maluku Province, but the electric supply is made by PLN as one region in the name of Maluku Region. Maximum electric power demand in 2006 was 83 MW, and generated output was 382 GWh. The entire load is supplied by isolated power sources. Net system energy demand was 341 GWh in 2006, which breaks down as 226 GWh (66.3%) for household use, 63 GWh (18.6%) for commercial use, 6 GWh (1.9%) for industrial use, and 45 GWh (13.2%) for public use. The electrification rate of the province in
3 2006 reached 51.6%.
1.3 Objectives
The purpose of the study is to survey geothermal resources and formulate a practical development plan making best use of the resource for substitution of geothermal power generation with existing and planned diesel power in West Nusa Tengara, East Nusa Tengara and Maluku and North Maluku Provinces. The study and planning is carried out in due consideration of application for Japanese Yen Loan in the next Japanese fiscal year.
1.4 Scope of Work
The following studies will be carried out in the Study: Present situation of energy and geothermal development Geothermal resources in the eastern provinces Environmental and social aspects Development program of geothermal resources Economic and financial evaluation Action plan for JBIC ODA Loan Project potential for CDM
1.5 Study Area
West and East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and North Maluku, Indonesia
1.6 Future Initiative
In this geothermal development plan aiming at substituting diesel power, the geothermal power capacity per site may be approximately less than 10 MW. Due to economy of scale, the generating cost may be comparatively higher than the large-scale development. So, the development should be undertaken mainly by the Government or the Government owned corporation (PT. PLN ). In consideration of the fact above, the introduction of JBIC ODA Loan with a very soft loan conditions will become significant.
According to the Master Plan published at open workshop in August 2007 by DGMCG-JICA, the geothermal power development in these areas is to start with resource survey (resource exploration and exploratory well drilling) from 2010, (partly from 2008) and the geothermal power units is to commission in 2016 to 2018. As the Indonesian Fiscal is to start January, the start of resource survey may be from January to March 2009, and then, a few years will be taken for confirmation of steam production. Though the Master Plan specifies the bidding for actual implementation for power generation facilities in these areas, the assistance of the Government
4 or PT. PLN becomes necessary once the JBIC ODA Loan should be extended for the project.
The ultimate purpose of this study is that the project should be included in the Government Blue Book by March 2008, a list of the projects which the Government is to make application for Japanese Yen Loan. Then, the project will be appraised by JBIC within 2008, and if the Loan for the project should be committed by the end of 2008, it is possible to start the undertaking of the project in the year 2010. However, contents of the study and existing feasibility study report does not seem to be enough to start the development project, it is recommended that preliminary resource study and preparing of the project should be conducted before starting the project.
This project is the development of a renewable energy resource and applicable for a small scale CDM specified by the Kyoto Protocol. The project is signification not only for Indonesia but also for Japan.
1.7 Study Team
Persons in charge of the study are listed below. Table 1-1 Study Team Members No. Name Specialty 1 Kan’ichi SHIMADA Team Leader, Development Planning
2 Masahiko KANEKO Power Sector Analysis
3 Hiroshi NAGANO Resource Potential Evaluation and Power Generating System 4 Hiroyuki TOKITA Environmental and Social Analyses
5 Toshimitsu MIMURA Geothermal Resources Evaluation and Economic Evaluation 6 Yoshio SOEDA Geothermal Resources Evaluation
1.8 Study Schedule
Two trips to Indonesia were conducted for this study. Both of the surveys were to have a meeting with institutions concerned and responsible persons and gather relevant information. The first survey was conducted from February 10, 2008 to February 16, 2008. The second survey was carried out from March 9, 2008 to March 14, 2008. Detail activities of the surveys in Indonesia are shown in Tables 1-2 and 1-3.
5 Table 1-2 Schedule of First Trip in Indonesia
No. Date Schedule Stay
1 10-Feb-08 Sun Traveling: Fukuoka to Jakarta Jakarta
2 11-Feb-08 Mon Meeting with Center for Geological Resources, Geological Agency Jakarta
Meeting with Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology 3 12-Feb-08 Tue Metting with Directorate General of Mineral, Coal and Geothermal, Jakarta MEMR
Meeting with PLN 4 13-Feb-08 Wed Jakarta Meeting with Directorate General of Electricity & Energy Utilization
Meeting with Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology 5 14-Feb-08 Thu Jakarta Team Meeting
Metting with Directorate General of Mineral, Coal and Geothermalo, 6 15-Feb-08 Fri MEMR Fly Overnight Traveling: Jakarta to Fukuoka
7 16-Feb-08 Sat Traveling: Fukuoka to Jakarta -
Table 1-3 Schedule of Second Trip in Indonesia
No. Date Schedule Stay
1 09-Mar-08 Sun Traveling: Fukuoka/Tokyo to Jakarta Jakarta
Metting with Directorate General of Mineral, Coal and Geothermal, 2 10-Mar-08 Mon MEMR Jakarta Meeting with PLN Meeting with Directorate General of Electricity & Energy Utilization 3 11-Mar-08 Tue Jakarta Team Meeting
Meeting with National Development Planning Agency 4 12-Mar-08 Wed Jakarta Meeting with Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Meeting with JICA Meeting with JBIC 5 13-Mar-08 Thu Fly Overnight Meeting with PLN Traveling: Jakarta to Fukuoka/Tokyo
6 14-Mar-08 Fri Traveling: Jakarta to Fukuoka/Tokyo -
6 Chapter 2 Necessity of Geothermal Development in the Eastern
Provinces
2.1 Background of Geothermal Power Development in Indonesia
Indonesia suffered the largest impact among ASEAN countries in the Asian economic crisis in 1997. However, the Indonesian economy has shown a great improvement after the crisis due to the results of various policy reforms and supported by the inflow of investment from foreign and domestic sources. Thus, the Indonesian economy is expanding steadily, and the electric power demand is also increasing rapidly. The peak power demand of the whole country reached 20,354 MW in 2006 and showed the 5.1% increase from the previous year. The amount of energy demand in 2006 also records 113,222 GWh, the 5.1% increase from the pervious year. The National Electricity Development Plan 2005 (RUKN 2005) estimates that the peak power demand of the country will increase at the average annual rate of 7.5% and will reach 79,900 MW in 2025. It also estimates that the energy demand will increase at almost same rate and will reach 450,000 GWh in 2025. In order to secure stable energy supply, the development of power plants which meets these demand is one of the urgent issues of the Indonesian power sector. Since the demand in the Java-Bali system accounts for 77.2%of the total country, the power plant development in this system is most important. But the power development in other system is also very crucial because the power demand will increase rapidly due to the expansion of the rural electrification and rural economy.
Another urgent issue that the Indonesian power sector faces is the diversification of energy sources. In the light of high oil price, it is necessary to reduce oil dependency in energy source in order to reduce generation cost and to secure stable energy supply. For this purpose, Indonesian government worked out "National Energy Policy (NEP)" in 2002, and set the target of supplying 5% or more of the primary energy by renewable energy by 2020. To achieve this target, the government put the important role on geothermal energy which exists affluently in the country.
2.2 Significance of Geothermal Energy Development
The utilization of geothermal energy has already a long history and more than 8,000 MW capacity of geothermal energy has been exploited in the world. Notwithstanding one form of natural energy, geothermal energy production is extremely steady with less fluctuation caused by weather or by seasonal condition. Moreover, since it is a domestically produced energy, geothermal energy greatly contributes to the national energy security. In addition, in a country which largely depends on imported energy, the exploitation of geothermal energy favorably contributes to the national economy through the saving of the foreign currency. In a country which exports energy, the exploitation of geothermal energy also contributes to the national economy through acquisition of foreign currency in payment. In addition, since geothermal energy does not use fuel in its operation, it is insusceptible to the fuel price increase caused by increase of international oil price or depreciation of currency exchange rate. From environmental viewpoint, geothermal energy has little environmental impact such as air
7 pollution because there is no combustion process in geothermal power plant. Moreover, it is a global-environmentally friendly energy because the CO2 exhaust is also extremely little from geothermal power plant. Additionally, geothermal energy can contribute to regional development through utilization of hot water from the power plant. The development of geothermal energy has a great significance for the national economy and the people’s life.
2.3 Current State of Geothermal Energy Development in Indonesia
It is said that Indonesia has the world-biggest geothermal energy potential, which is estimated as more than 27,000 MW and is though to account for more than 40% of world total potential. Therefore, the development of geothermal power has been strongly expected in order to supply energy to the increasing power demand and to diversify energy sources. Today, geothermal power plants exist in seven fields in Indonesia, i.e. Kamojang, Darajat, Wayang-Windu, Salak in west Java, Dieng in Central Java, Sibayak in north Sumatra, and Lahendong in north Sulawesi. The total power generation capacity reaches 857 MW. However, although this capacity is the forth largest in the country-ranking in the world, Indonesia has not fully utilized this huge geothermal potential yet.
Indonesian economy has showed a good recovery from the Asian economic crisis, and has been continuously expanding in these years. Accordingly the domestic energy demand is also expanding. On the other hand, the oil supply has decreased due to depletion of existing oilfields or aging of the production facilities. As a result, Indonesia changed its status form an oil-export country to an oil-import country in 2002.
Having been urged by such situation, the Indonesian Government decided to diversify energy sources and to promote domestic energy sources in order to lower oil dependency. The Government worked out "National Energy Policy” (NEP) in 2002, and set a target of supplying 5% or more of the primary energy by renewable energy by 2020. In addition, the Government promulgated the “Presidential Decree on the National Energy Policy” (PD No.5/2006) in 2006, and enhanced the NEP from ministerial level policy to the presidential level policy. On the other hand, the Government enacted "Geothermal Law" for the first time in 2003 to promote the participation of private sector in geothermal power generation. Moreover, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources worked out "Road Map Development Planning of Geothermal Energy" (hereafter “Road Map") to materialize the national energy plan in 2004. In this Road Map, a high development target of 6,000 MW by 2020 and 9,500 MW by 2025 is set. Thus, a basic framework for geothermal energy development has been formulated and the Government has started its efforts to attain these development targets.
2.4 Methodology to Promote Geothermal Energy Development in the Eastern Provinces
In September 2007, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has submitted the final report on "Mater Plan Study for Geothermal Power Development in the Republic of Indonesia”, which aims to study the concrete strategy to attain the Road Map of Geothermal Development.
This study has evaluated and classified 73 promising geothermal fields in Indonesia into the range of “rank A” to “rank N”, and has proposed the method of promoting each field in the
8 future. The outlines are as follows; (i) the economic incentives such as the ODA finance for Pertamina and the increase of purchase price for private investors are necessary to promote the Rank A fields (the most promising fields), (ii) the preliminary survey by the geothermal promotion survey which includes test drilling by the government is necessary to promote private investors participation in the Rank B and the Rank C fields (the promising fields without test drilling holes), and (iii) The governmental development activities are indispensable to promote small geothermal energy resources in remote islands in the eastern regions since private investors are unlikely to promote these small geothermal resources in these regions.
Speciffcally, the report proposes the following wat as for how to promote geothermal fields in the remote eastern islands;
“Basic Strategy for Geothermal Field Development in Remote Islands
There are some geothermal fields in remote islands in rank A, B, and C. In these fields, development of geothermal resources will be small-scale because the power demand in the system is not so large. In such small systems, geothermal power plant is the most economic advantageous power source, because other power plants can not utilize the scale-merit in construction cost. Therefore, geothermal development in such small systems should be positively promoted in order to decrease the generation costs. Moreover, the geothermal development is also desired to promote rural electrification in such small islands, as the National Energy Plan aims at 90% of nationwide electrification or more by 2020. However, in such remote islands, the development by private developers cannot be expected because the project scale is too small for business scale.
In such remote islands where private sector is unlikely to participate, the Government should play the central role of development. In such fields, as the development scale is small, there is a possibility of converting succeeded exploration wells into production wells. Therefore, the construction of a small power plant by PT. PLN or by local government company may be easy if the Government succeeds to drilling steam wells in the survey and transfers the wells to the power plant operator. The governmental survey is highly expected in the fields in the table below. “
2.5 Social Situation of the Eastern Provinces
The main purpose of this study is, based on the above-mentioned proposal, to formulate a project which promotes geothermal energy development in the eastern provinces in Indonesia by the Indonesian Government. It also surveyed the possibility to utilize Yen Loan for the project finance.
The surveyed area in this study is the eastern part of Indonesia, which consists of small islands. Specifically, the area is the Maluku province, the North Maluku province, the West Nusa
9 Tenggara province, and the East Nusa Tenggara province. In the PT. PLN service, Maluku province and North Maluku province have been treated as one service region.
The total area of these four provinces is 153,157 km2, and accounts for 8.2% of the whole Indonesian land. The total population of these four provinces is 10,639,000 according to the national population estimation for 2005, and it accounts for 4.9% of the entire Indonesian population. Maluku province has 1,266,000 population (0.6% of the entire nation), North Maluku has 890,000 (0.4%), West Nusa Tenggara has 4,356,000 (2.0%), and East Nusa Tenggara has 4,127,000 (1.9%). The regional Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of these four provinces totals 41,949 billion Rupiah (Rp) in 2004, and accounts for 1.8% of the whole Indonesia. The regional GDP of Maluku province is 4,048 billion Rp (0.2% of the entire nation), RGDP of North Maluku is 2,368 billion Rp (0.1%), RGDP of West Nusa Tenggara is 22,594 billion (1.0%), and RGDP of East Nusa Tenggara is 12,938 billion Rp (0.6%). As these numbers show, these eastern provinces have been greatly behind the development compared with the other provinces in Indonesia. This is mainly due to the geographic characteristic of remoteness of these provinces. The poor population ratio over the total population in these provinces exceeds 16.7% of the Indonesia average; 32.1% in Maluku, 12.4% in North Maluku, 25.4% in West Nusa Tenggara, and 27.9% in East Nusa Tenggara. (Table 2-5).
The situation by the province is as follows;
Maluku comprises, broadly, the southern part of the Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Molucca Islands or Moluccan Islands). The main city and capital of Maluku province is Ambon on the small Ambon Island. All the Maluku Islands formed a single province of Indonesia from 1950 until 1999. In 1999 the Maluku Utara Regency and Halmahera Tengah Regency were split off as a separate province of North Maluku.
North Maluku covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, which are split between it and the province of Maluku. The planned provincial capital is Sofifi, on Halmahera, but the current capital and largest population center is the island of Ternate. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the islands of North Maluku were the original "Spice Islands". At the time, the province was the sole source of cloves. The Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and local kingdoms including Ternate and Tidore fought each other for control of the lucrative trade in these spices. Clove trees have since been transported and replanted all around the world and the demand for clove from the original spice islands has ceased, greatly reducing North Maluku's international importance. The population of North Maluku is one of the least populous provinces in Indonesia.
West Nusa Tenggara is a province in south-central Indonesia. It covers the western portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, except for Bali. The two largest islands in the province are Lombok in the west and the larger Sumbawa Island in the east. Mataram, on Lombok, is the capital and largest city of the province. The province is administratively divided into seven regencies and one municipality. Lombok is mainly inhabited by the Sasak ethnic group, with a minority Balinese population, and Sumbawa is inhabited by Sumbawa and Bima ethnic groups. Each of these groups has a local language associated with it as well. Most of the population lives in Lombok.
10 East Nusa Tenggara is located in the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, including West Timor. The provincial capital is Kupang, located on West Timor. The province consists of about 550 islands, but is dominated by the three main islands of Flores, Sumba, and West Timor, the western half of the island of Timor. The eastern part of Timor is the independent country of East Timor. Other islands include Adonara, Alor, Ende, Komodo, Lembata, Menipo, Rincah, Rote Island (the southernmost island in Indonesia), Savu, Semau, and Solor.
2.6 Electricity Supply and Demand Situation in the Eastern Provinces
The total maximum electric power demand in these four eastern provinces in 2006 is 270 MW, and it accounts for 1.3% of total Indonesia. To supply electric power to this demand, there is 469 MW installed generation capacity in the area. The generated energy in the area in 2006 was 1,273 GWh, and it accounts for 1.2% of the whole country. The electrification ratio of each province is; 51.6% in Maluku and North Maluku provinces, 28.8% in the West Nusa Tenggara province, and 21.8% in the East Nusa Tenggara province. The electrification ratio in this area is considerably low compared with the national average. (Table 2-5)
It is estimated that the electricity demand in these provinces will increase at an annual average of 7.4% and maximum electric power will reach 1,065 MW in 20251. Given that a reserve margin is expected to be 30-40%, it is expected that the necessary capacity of electric power facilities will reach 1,491 MW in 2025. (Table2-6) The detail in each province is as follows:
2.6.1 Maluku and North Maluku
Maluku Island was separated into Maluku Province and North Maluku Province, but the service of PT. PLN (Persero) covers these two provinces as one service area called the Maluku province. Maximum electric power demand in 2006 was 83 MW, and generated output was 382 GWh. The entire load is supplied by isolated power sources. Net system energy demand was 341 GWh in 2006, which breaks down as 226 GWh (66.3%) for household use, 63 GWh (18.6%) for commercial use, 6 GWh (1.9%) for industrial use, and 45 GWh (13.2%) for public use. The electrification rate of the province in 2006 reached 51.6%.
It is estimated that the electricity demand in these two provinces will increase at an annual average of 4.3 % and maximum electric power will reach 184 MW in 2025. Given that a reserve margin is expected to be 30-40%, it is expected that the capacity of electric power facilities will reach 257 MW in 2025. Existing diesel power plants in Maluku and North Maluku is shown in Table 2-7.
2.6.2 North Nusa Tenggara
Maximum electric power demand in 2006 was 116 MW, and generated output was 579 GWh. The entire load is supplied by isolated power sources. Net system energy demand was 508 GWh in 2006, which breaks down as 333 GWh (65.6%) for household use, 113 GWh (22.3%) for
1 According to the outlook of RUKN 2005.
11 commercial use, 10 GWh (2.0%) for industrial use, and 55 GWh (10.2%) for public use. The electrification rate of the province in 2006 reached 28.8%.
It is expected that population growth up to 2025 will average 0.8% annually and regional economic growth is 7% a year. It is expected that maximum electric power will reach 568 MW by 2025. Given that a reserve margin is expected to be 20-45%, electricity demand in this province is expected to be 795 MW.
2.6.3 East Nusa Tenggara
Maximum electric power in 2007 was 72 MW, and generated output was 313 GWh. The entire load is supplied by isolated power sources. Net system energy demand was 280 GWh in 2006, which breaks down as 178 GWh (63.5%) for household use, 50 GWh (17.9%) for commercial use, 9 GWh (3.2%) for industrial use, and 43 GWh (15.4%) for public use. The electrification rate of the province in 2006 reached 21.8%
It is expected that maximum electric power will increase in incremental steps and reach 313 MW in 2025. Given that a reserve margin is expected to be 20-50%, it is expected that the amount of electric power facilities required in 2025 will reach 439 MW. Existing diesel power plants in Nusa Tenggara is shown in Tables 2-8 and 2-9.
2.7 Necessity of Geothermal Energy Development in the eastern Provinces
The total installed power generation capacity of PT. PLN is 25,258 MW as of 2006, and the breakdown is as follows; 3,529 MW of hydro power, 8,220 MW of steam, 2,727 MW of gas turbine, 7,021 MW of combined cycle, 807 MW geothermal, 2,941 MW of diesel, and 12 MW of others. (Fig. 2-6) The power source mix is well diversified as an entire nation. However, the eastern provinces completely rely on diesel power generation only. This is because the electric system in this area is small-scale due to isolated islands. (Fig. 2-7)
However, the diesel power generation becomes extremely expensive under the current international oil price hike. As Fig.2-8 shows, the price of diesel fuel (HSD) becomes 0.62 US$/litter in 2006 from 0.07 US$/litter in 2000, showing the expansion of as much as some 9 times more. As a result, the generation cost of diesel power plant of PT. PLN becomes approximately 17.6 centsUS$/kWh in 2006, making diesel power generation the most expensive one as well as gas turbine generation. (Fig. 2-9) In contrast, the generation cost of geothermal power plant in 2006 is 6.3 centsUS$/kWh. The diesel generation cost is 2.8 times higher than that of geothermal power generation and there is the cost deference of 11.5 centsUS$/kWh between both the costs. (Fig.2-10)
The international oil price was 66 US$/barrel in 2006, and it has been continuously increasing afterwards and has exceeded 110 US$/barrel in 2008. Due to this oil price increase, the price of diesel oil (HSD oil) is also rising continuously. The price of diesel oil for industrial use in the eastern provinces which PT. PERTAMINA announced on March 1, 2008 becomes 0.936
12 US$/litter. Based on this new diesel oil price, the fuel cost of diesel generation in the eastern provinces is estimated as high as approximately 26 cents US$//kWh2. This high fuel cost is a great heavy burden on the financial foundation of PT. PLN Although the geothermal generation cost in the eastern provinces may be estimated to be slightly higher than 6.3 cents US$/kWh which is shown in Fig. 2-10 due to the smallness in the generation capacity, the cost is fur less than the current diesel generation cost. There is a great justification to promote geothermal energy development to substitute diesel power plant in the eastern provinces.
The volume of diesel oil used in the eastern provinces is about 347,000 kilo litter in 2006. The cost of this diesel fuel is estimated as much as 325 million US$ in a year based on the current diesel oil price (0.936 US$/litter). On the other hand, the ratio between minimum demand and maximum demand in the eastern provinces is estimated to be about 1/3 from the load curve example of Flores island system3. Since the maximum demand in the eastern provinces is 270 MW, the minimum demand is estimated as some 89 MW. Therefore, the base load demand is estimated to account for approximately 62 % of the total energy demand. If this base load demand is supplied by geothermal power plant instead of diesel power plant, about 214,000 kilo litter of diesel oil can be saved in one year. The value of this fuel saving is about 200 million US$ based on the current diesel oil price (0.936 US$/litter). (Table 2-10)
The Indonesian Government is providing PT. PLN with a large amount of subsidy to alleviate its financial predicament under the current high oil price situation. It is thought that the above-mentioned diesel oil saving has a great effect to reduce this subsidy.
2.8 Small Scale Power Generation Development of Other Energy Sources
The Government is promoting the development of small-scale electricity power generation through solar, micro hydro and biomass power plants as same as geothermal power. The target of these power developments is supposed to be rural electrification. The projects are aimed for disadvantaged villages throughout Indonesia, where many people need electricity and are difficult to reach or far from electricity supply by PT. PLN .
According to report by DGEEU (Director General of Electricity and Energy Utilization), 30,000 panels of solar were supplied to these villages for introducing solar home system (SHS) and each household was expected to be received a 50-80 watt by the SHS unit. Regarding micro hydropower, the Government has developed electric power plants for rural areas, but the development in the eastern islands was not included in this development program. This project’s target is not substitution of diesel power but the rural electrification.
The Government does not only promote small-scale power plants but also increase energy self-reliant villages. Currently these are 100 villages supplying themselves with energy of
2 0.273 l/kWh(average fuel consumption in diesel plant in the eastern provinces)×0.936$/l = 25.6¢/kWh. 3 Peak demand was 17.8MW and minimum demand was 5.8MW in the peak demand day in Flores island system in 2005. (Fig. 2.6.6)
13 non-bio fuel and 40 villages of bio fuel in 81 regencies. This number of the villages is too small compared with whole villages through the country. The projects are aimed for disadvantaged villages throughout Indonesia for electrification.
These projects are expanding step by step but substitution of the existing diesel power generation by these power developments seems to be difficult. Adjustment between these developments and geothermal power development in the eastern provinces is necessary and the small-scale power developments by solar, hydro and geothermal should be categorized by energy source existence and power demand. However, if a major target of the power development in the eastern provinces is substitution of diesel power by renewable energy, geothermal power development is the most suitable because of ample reserve of geothermal resources and relatively large generation capacity of each geothermal resource.
14 Table 2-1 Geothermal Power Plant in Indonesia and its Development Scheme
Start of Power Plant Location Unit No. Capacity(MW) Steam Developer Power Generator Operation Unit- 1 30MW 1983 Kamojang West Java Unit- 2 55MW PERTAMINA PLN 1988 Unit-3 55MW
Unit-1 60MW PERTAMINA/ Chevron Unit-2 60MW 1994(*5) Geothermal of Indonesia PLN Unit-3 60MW (*1) Salak West Java Unit-4 66.7MW Unit-5 66.7MW 1997(*5) PERTAMINA / Chevron Geothermal of Indonesia(*1) Unit-6 66.7MW Pertamina/Amoseas Unit-1 55MW 1994 PLN Darajat West Java Indonesia Inc.(AI)(*2) Unit-2 90MW 1999 Pertamina / Amoseas Indonesia Inc.(AI) (*2) Lahendong North Sulawesi Unit-1 20MW 2001 PERTAMINA PLN Sibayak North Sumatra Unit-1 2MW 2000 PERTAMINA Wayang-Windu West Java Unit-1 110MW 2000 Pertamina / Magma Nusantara Ltd (MNL) (*3) Dieng Central Java Unit-1 60MW 2002 Geo Dipa (*4)
(Break PLN Power Plant (395MW) Total 857MW Down) IPP Power Plant (462MW) (Source:PERTAMINA; “PERTAMINA Geothermal Development(Resource & Utilization)”) (Note) *1 Chevron took over Unocal (Union Oil Company of California), who was the original developer of Salak on Aug. 2005 . *2 Amoseas Indonesia Inc. is a subsidiary of U.S.-based Chevron Texaco. *3 Magma Nusantara is a wholly owned subsidiary of Star Energy. Star Energy acquired W’ayang-Windu in Nov. 2004. *4 Dieng Plant was transfer to PT Geo Dipa from California Energy, who was the original developer, through Government of Indonesia in 2002. PT Geo Dipa is a joint venture of PERTAMINA and PLN. *5 Renovated in 2005
15 Table 2-2 National Energy Policy The National Energy Policy (NEP)
Stable energy supply is essential for achieving social and economic development in any nations. In most countries including Indonesia, domestic energy demand is met mostly from fossil energy sources, particularly for oil while proven reserve of oil is limited in the world. In Indonesia, the contribution of oil was approximately 88% in 1970. Although the share of oil has gradually decreased to 54% in 2002, the total oil consumption is relatively high with the growth rate of 6.1% per year. This higher growth is attributed to the economic growth and population growths. However, the per capita energy consumption was relatively low or about 311.6 KOE (kilo gram of Oil Equivalent) per capita, while the energy intensity is 108.3 KOE/thousand US$ (at 1995 US$). On the other hand, the renewable energy of Indonesia has very big potential. However, the development is not well developed compared to this big potential.
Realizing present energy condition, the government launched the National Energy Policy (NEP) in 2002. The vision of this policy is “to guarantee the sustainable energy supply to support national interest”; while the missions are: (a) guaranteeing domestic energy supply, (b) improving the added value of energy sources, (c) managing energy ethically and sustainable way and considering prevention of environment function, (d) proving affordable energy for the poor, and (e) developing national capacity.
The targets of NEP are:
(a) improving the role of energy business toward market mechanism to increase added value, (b) achieving electrification ration of 90% by the year 2020, (c) reaching renewable energy (non large hydro) energy shares in energy mix at least 5% by 2020, (d) realizing energy infrastructure, which enable to maximize public access to energy and energy use for export, (e) increase strategic partnership between national and international energy companies in exploring domestic and export energy resources, (f) decrease energy intensity by 1% per year therefore to the elasticity to be 1 by 2020, and (g) increase the local contents and improving the role of national human resources in the energy industries.
To reach this energy targets, strategy have to be taken namely: (a) restructuring energy sector, (b) implementing market based economy, (c) developing regional empowerment in energy sector, (d) developing energy infrastructures (e) improving energy efficiency, (f) improving the role of national energy industry, (g) improving national energy supporting activities (service and industries), and (h) empowering community.
To ensure the achievement of the targets, the policy measures to be pursued are: (a) intensification measure is taken to increase the availability of energy in parallel with the national development and population growth, (b) diversification measure is taken to increase coal and gas shares, which have a larger potential than oil and to increase renewable energy shares, which has a huge potential and clean , (c) conservation measures is taken to improve energy efficiency by developing and using energy saving technology both in upstream and down stream sides.
In line with the strategies, several action plan have to be done: (a) upstream side(oil, gas, coal, geothermal, hydro power, other renewable energy resource, nuclear energy, other new energy resources), (b) downstream side (petroleum, gas pipeline, gas fuel, and LPG, electricity), (c) energy utilization (household, and commercial sector, industry sector, transportation sector) , (d) human resources development , (e) research and development , and (f) community development in supplying energy to empower the local society.
16 Table 2-3 Presidential Decree on “National Energy Policy”
Presidential Decree on “National Energy Policy” (PD No.5 / 2006)
In 2006, the National Energy Policy (NEP) was enhanced to be a higher level of national policy by Presidential Decree. Specifically, the President of Indonesia issued the Presidential Decree of "The National Energy Policy (PD No.5/2006)” on 25, January, 2006, in order to “guarantee the stable energy supply to the domestic market for sustainable socio economic development”.
This Presidential Decree clarifies the concrete target of national energy policy such as : (a) Energy elasticity (the ratio between the rate of energy consumption increase and the rate of economic growth) should be less than 1 by the year of 2025. (Fig.3.2.3-1) (b) Achievement of the following energy mix in 2025 (Fig.3.2.3-2) 1) Oil 20% or less 2) Gas 30% or more 3) Coal 33% or more 4) Bio-fuel 5% or more 5) Geothermal 5% or more 6) Other new and renewable energy (especially, biomass, nuclear power, hydro power, photovoltaic, wind power etc.) 5% or more 7) Liquefied coal 2% or more
Moreover, the decree states that this policy target will be achieved by the main policies and the support policies, and that the main policies are: (a) Energy supply policies to secure stable energy supply to domestic market and to optimize energy production, etc. (b) Energy utilization policy to improve energy efficiency and to diversify energy sources, (c) Energy price policy to aim at economic price (although some support to the poor people will be considered.), and (d) Environmental policy to apply sustainable development principle.
As for the supporting policies, the decree indicates the following four policies (Article 3): (a) Energy infrastructure development, (b) Partnership between government and business society, (c) Empowerment to people, and (d) Research & development and educational & training.
In addition, the decreed states that the government may support the development of the specified alternative energy sources and may grant the incentives to the developers of the energy sources (Article 6).
The setting of clear target in the level of presidential decree provides the people concerned to geothermal energy with high expectations for further development of geothermal energy in Indonesia.
17 Table 2-4 Geothermal Energy Law
The Geothermal Energy Law (Law No.27/2003)
On October 23, 2003, the Indonesian government enacted "Geothermal Energy Law (No.27/ 2003)" which consisted of 44 Articles in 15 Chapters. This regulation provide certainty of law to the industry because the huge potentials of Indonesia’s geothermal resources and its vital role to ensuring Indonesia’s strategic security of energy supply, and its ability to add value as an alternative energy to the fossil fuel for domestic use. This law regulates the upstream of geothermal business. The downstream business that engages in electric power generation is to be subject to the Electric Law No. 20/2002.
This law has the following Vision, Mission and Objectives:
It is thought that the enactment of this geothermal power law has the following meaning. (a) The procedure of the geothermal development is clarified, and becomes transparent in the following actions: (i) Designation of the Working Area for geothermal development,
(ii) Issuance of Geothermal Energy Business Permit (IUP), and (iii) Tendering for Working Areas etc. (b) The system to spur development is built-in in the following actions: (i) Setting the period of IPU,
(ii) Obligation to return IPU in case that the development does not finish within a certain period after obtaining IPU, and (iii) Obligation to report the development plan to the authority and the administrational order to change the development plan if necessary by the authority etc. (c) The role of state government and regional government is clarified in such areas: (i) Management of geothermal resources and geothermal data, (ii) Management of balance between the amount of resource and the amount of development, (iii) Preparatory investigations, (iv) Issuance of IUP, and (v) The possibility of participation in geothermal development by state-run enterprises
18
Fig. 2-1 Geothermal Development Road Map
19 Table 2-5 Outline of Eastern Provinces
Sub-total of Region Maluku North Maluku West Nusa Tenggara East Nusa Tenggara Total Indoensia Eastern regions
Capital Ambon Ternate Capital Mataram Kupang Jakarta 47,350 39,960 19,709 46,138 153,157 1,860,360 Area (km2) (*1) (2.5%) (2.1%) (1.1%) (2.5%) (8.2%) (100.0%) 1,266 890 4,356 4,127 10,639 219,205 Population ('000) (*2) (0.6%) (0.4%) (2.0%) (1.9%) (4.9%) (100.0%) Population Growth Rate (*3) 1.66% 1.78% 1.67% 1.54% - 1.34%
Density (people/km2) 26.7 22.3 221.0 89.4 69.5 117.8 4,048.3 2,368.4 22,593.9 12,938.4 41,949.0 2,303,031.4 Regional GDP (Billion Rp) (*4) (0.2%) (0.1%) (1.0%) (0.6%) (1.8%) (100.0%) Percentage of population below 32.1% 12.4% 25.4% 27.9% 16.7% poverty line (*5) Regency/City (*6) Ambon, Kota Halmahera Tengah Bima Alor Buru Kota Ternate Dompu Balu Maluku Tengah Halmahera Barat Lombok Barat Ende Maluku Tenggara Halmahera Utara Lombok Tengah Flores Timur Maluku Tenggara Barat Halmahera Selatan Lombok Timur Kupang Seram Bag. Timur Kep. Sula Mataram Kupang Kota Seram Bag. Barat Halmahera Timur Sumbawa Lambata Kep. Aru Kep. Tidore. Kota Sumbawa Barat Manggrai Bima, Kota Ngada Sikka Sumba Barat Samba Timur Timor Tengh Selatan Timor Tengh Utara Manggarai Barat Rote Ndao Governor (*7) Karel Albert Ralahalu Thaib Armain Lalu Serinata Piet Alexander Tallo Ethnic Group (*7) Significantly mixed Sasak (68%), Bima Atoni Metto (15%), ethnicity; Melanesian, (13%), Sumbawa (8%), Manggarai (15%), Malay, Ambonese, Balinese (3%) Sumba (13%), Dawan Bugis, Javanese, (6%), Lamaholot (5%), Chinese Belu (5%), Rote (5%), Lio (5%) Religion (*7) Christianity, Islam Islam (96%), Hindu Catholic (53,9%), (3%), Buddhist (1%) Protestant (33,8%), Islam (8,8%), Other (3,5%) (Note) *1 by Statistics Indoensia 2005/2006. *2 by 2005Indonesia population projction by Statistics Indonesia 2005/2006. *3 growth during 2005-2000 *4 at 2004 current price by Statistics Indonesia 2005/2006. *5 at 2004 by Statistics Indonesia 2005/2006. *6 by ATLAS Indoensia & Dunia Terlengkap (2006) *7 by Wkipedia information
20 Table 2-6 Electricity Demand and Supply Situation in Eastern Provinces (2006)
Maluku & North West Nusa East Nusa Sub Total of Eastern Item Outside Jawa PLN Total Maluku Tenggara Tenggara Region
Installed Capacity (MW) 196.7 149.7 123.0 469.3 6,430.7 24,846.2 <0.79%> <0.60%> <0.49%> <1.89%> <25.88%> <100.00%> Peak Load (MW) 82.7 116.0 71.6 270.4 4,954.6 20,354.4 <0.41%> <0.57%> <0.35%> <1.33%> <24.34%> <100.00%> Generated Energy (GWh) 381.5 579.2 312.6 1,273.3 24,559.4 104,468.6 <0.37%> <0.55%> <0.30%> <1.22%> <23.51%> <100.00%> Energy Sold (GWh) 341.0 507.8 280.1 1,128.9 25,691.2 112,609.8 <0.30%> <0.45%> <0.25%> <1.00%> <22.81%> <100.00%>
Installed Capacity by Type (MW) 196.7 149.7 123.0 469.3 (100.0%) 6,430.6 (100.0%) 25,258 (100.0%) Hydro (MW) 0.9 1.1 2.0 (0.4%) 1,119.7 (17.4%) 3,529 (14.0%) Steam (MW) 0.0 (0.0%) 900.0 (14.0%) 8,220 (32.5%) Gas turbine (MW) 0.0 (0.0%) 662.5 (10.3%) 2,727 (10.8%) Combined Cycle (MW) 0.0 (0.0%) 877.9 (13.7%) 7,021 (27.8%) Geothermal (MW) 0.0 (0.0%) 20.0 (0.3%) 807 (3.2%) Diesel (MW) 196.7 148.8 121.9 467.3 (99.6%) 2,838.2 (44.1%) 2,941 (11.6%) Others (MW) 0.0 (0.0%) 12.4 (0.2%) 12 (0.0%)
Energy Production by Type (GWh) 381.5 579.2 312.6 1,273.3 (100.0%) 24,559.4 (100.0%) 104,468.6 (100.0%) Hydro (GWh) 0.0 3.1 3.1 (0.2%) 4,076.3 (16.6%) 8,758.6 (8.4%) Steam (GWh) 0.0 (0.0%) 4,800.7 (19.5%) 47,764.3 (45.7%) Gas turbine (GWh) 0.0 (0.0%) 1,560.4 (6.4%) 5,031.2 (4.8%) Combined Cycle (GWh) 0.0 (0.0%) 5,226.9 (21.3%) 30,917.8 (29.6%) Geothermal (GWh) 0.0 (0.0%) 166.0 (0.7%) 3,141.4 (3.0%) Diesel (GWh) 381.5 579.2 309.6 1,270.3 (99.8%) 8,533.7 (34.7%) 8,659.9 (8.3%) Others (GWh) 0.0 (0.0%) 195.4 (0.8%) 195.4 (0.2%)
Energy Sold by Type (GWh) 341.0 507.8 280.1 1,128.9 (100.0%) 25,691.2 (100.0%) 112,609.8 (100.0%) Residential (GWh) 226.2 332.9 177.8 736.9 (65.3%) 13,058.6 (50.8%) 43,753.2 (38.9%) Industrial (GWh) 6.4 10.1 9.0 25.6 (2.3%) 5,046.8 (19.6%) 43,615.5 (38.7%) Business (GWh) 63.3 113.1 50.2 226.7 (20.1%) 5,309.0 (20.7%) 18,415.5 (16.4%) Social (GWh) 10.3 18.8 14.5 43.6 (3.9%) 677.3 (2.6%) 2,603.6 (2.3%) Government (GWh) 25.9 9.8 14.6 50.3 (4.5%) 602.9 (2.3%) 1,807.9 (1.6%) Street Lighting (GWh) 8.9 23.0 14.0 45.9 (4.1%) 996.7 (3.9%) 2,414.1 (2.1%)
Elecrification Rate (%) 51.6 28.8 21.8 - 51.5 58.8 (Source: PLN Statistics 2006) (出典:PLN Statistic2006)
21 Table 2-7 Diesel Power Plants in Maluku and North Maluku TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 1 HATIVE KECIL 1 AMBON 1978 2,296 2 HATIVE KECIL 2 AMBON 1978 2,296 3 HATIVE KECIL 3 AMBON 1983 3,280 4 HATIVE KECIL 4 AMBON 1986 6,560 5 HATIVE KECIL 5 AMBON 1991 7,040 6 HATIVE KECIL 6 AMBON 1978 200 7 POKA 1 AMBON 1998 6,400 8 POKA 2 AMBON 1998 6,400 9 POKA 3 AMBON 1998 6,400 10 POKA 4 AMBON 2004 4,700 11 POKA 5 AMBON 2004 4,700 12 POKA 6 AMBON 1978 400 13 AIR BUAYA 1 AMBON 1988 140 14 AIR BUAYA 2 AMBON 1992 40 15 AIR BUAYA 3 AMBON 1992 40 16 AIR BUAYA 4 AMBON 1996 100 17 AIR BUAYA 5 AMBON 2004 100 18 AMARSEKARU 1 AMBON 1994 40 19 AMARSEKARU 2 AMBON 1994 40 20 AMARSEKARU 3 AMBON 1990 40 21 BANDA 1 AMBON 1983 117 22 BANDA 2 AMBON 1983 117 23 BANDA 3 AMBON 1990 220 24 BANDA 4 AMBON 1994 220 25 BANDA 5 AMBON 1997 280 26 BANDA 6 AMBON 2003 500 27 BULA 1 AMBON 1984 117 28 BULA 2 AMBON 1984 117 29 BULA 3 AMBON 1994 220 30 BULA 4 AMBON 1999 184 31 BULA 5 AMBON 2003 280 32 BULA 6 AMBON 2004 250 33 GESER 1 AMBON 1988 40 34 GESER 2 AMBON 1992 40 35 GESER 3 AMBON 1981 40 36 GESER 4 AMBON 1994 40 37 GESER 5 AMBON 1995 40 38 GESER 6 AMBON 1997 100 39 GESER 7 AMBON 2004 250 40 GESER 8 AMBON 2004 250
22 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 41 HARUKU 1 AMBON 1986 432 42 HARUKU 2 AMBON 1986 432 43 HARUKU 3 AMBON 1995 220 44 HARUKU 4 AMBON 2003 500 45 HARUKU 5 AMBON 2003 500 46 HARUKU 6 AMBON 1981 100 47 HARUKU 7 AMBON 2004 720 48 HARUKU 8 AMBON 2004 250 49 KESUI 1 AMBON 1994 20 50 KESUI 2 AMBON 1994 20 51 KESUI 3 AMBON 1999 40 52 KESUI 4 AMBON 1993 40 53 KAIRATU 1 AMBON 1986 260 54 KAIRATU 2 AMBON 1966 260 55 KAIRATU 3 AMBON 1993 740 56 KAIRATU 4 AMBON 1986 560 57 KAIRATU 5 AMBON 1992 220 58 KAIRATU 6 AMBON 1997 528 59 KAIRATU 7 AMBON 1997 200 60 KAIRATU 8 AMBON 1995 500 61 KAIRATU 9 AMBON 2003 720 62 KAIRATU 10 AMBON 2003 280 63 KAIRATU 11 AMBON 2004 500 64 KIANDARAT 1 AMBON 1993 100 65 KIANDARAT 2 AMBON 1993 40 66 KIANDARAT 3 AMBON 1999 112 67 KIANDARAT 4 AMBON 2003 250 68 KOBISONTA 1 AMBON 1993 100 69 KOBISONTA 2 AMBON 1993 100 70 KOBISONTA 3 AMBON 1998 40 71 KOBISONTA 4 AMBON 1998 40 72 KOBISONTA 5 AMBON 1998 100 73 KOBISONTA 6 AMBON 1999 250 74 KOBISONTA 7 AMBON 1999 250 75 KOBISONTA 8 AMBON 1999 250 76 KOBISONTA 9 AMBON 2001 250 77 KOBISONTA 10 AMBON 2003 720 78 LABUHAN 1 AMBON 1983 117 79 LABUHAN 2 AMBON 1993 40 80 LABUHAN 3 AMBON 1996 100 81 LABUHAN 4 AMBON 1999 100
23 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 82 LABUHAN 5 AMBON 2004 250 83 LABUHAN 6 AMBON 2004 250 84 LAIMU 1 AMBON 1991 100 85 LAIMU 2 AMBON 1991 100 86 LAIMU 3 AMBON 1997 100 87 LAIMU 4 AMBON 1999 100 88 LAIMU 5 AMBON 2003 280 89 LAIMU 6 AMBON 2004 250 90 LEXSULA 1 AMBON 1987 140 91 LEXSULA 2 AMBON 1988 40 92 LEXSULA 3 AMBON 1996 16 93 LEXSULA 4 AMBON 2003 280 94 LIANG 1 AMBON 1995 100 95 LIANG 2 AMBON 1995 280 96 LONTHOR 1 AMBON 1985 140 97 LONTHOR 2 AMBON 1994 100 98 LONTHOR 3 AMBON 1997 180 99 LONTHOR 4 AMBON 2004 280 100 LUHU 1 AMBON 1984 100 101 LUHU 2 AMBON 1984 100 102 LUHU 3 AMBON 1981 100 103 LUHU 4 AMBON 1995 220 104 LUHU 5 AMBON 2000 100 105 LUHU 6 AMBON 2003 280 106 LUHU 7 AMBON 2004 500 107 MANIPA 1 AMBON 1994 40 108 MANIPA 2 AMBON 1994 40 109 MANIPA 3 AMBON 1999 40 110 MANIPA 4 AMBON 2003 100 111 MAKO 1 AMBON 1991 100 112 MAKO 2 AMBON 1991 100 113 MAKO 3 AMBON 1993 100 114 MAKO 4 AMBON 1995 100 115 MAKO 5 AMBON 1996 100 116 MAKO 6 AMBON 2003 280 117 MAKO 7 AMBON 2003 100 118 MAKO 8 AMBON 2004 500 119 MAKO 9 AMBON 2004 250 120 MASAWOY 1 AMBON 1994 20 121 MASAWOY 2 AMBON 1994 40 122 MASAWOY 3 AMBON 1994 40
24 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 123 MASOHI 1 AMBON 1986 432 124 MASOHI 2 AMBON 1986 432 125 MASOHI 3 AMBON 1994 220 126 MASOHI 4 AMBON 1986 140 127 MASOHI 5 AMBON 1985 140 128 MASOHI 6 AMBON 1995 1,420 129 MASOHI 7 AMBON 1995 1,420 130 MASOHI 8 AMBON 2001 1,250 131 MASOHI 9 AMBON 2002 500 132 MASOHI 10 AMBON 2003 720 133 MASOHI 11 AMBON 2003 720 134 MASOHI 12 AMBON 2003 720 135 WAHAI 1 AMBON 1984 117 136 WAHAI 2 AMBON 1984 40 137 WAHAI 3 AMBON 1995 100 138 WAHAI 4 AMBON 2000 184 139 WAHAI 5 AMBON 2000 184 140 NUSA LAUT 1 AMBON 1987 140 141 NUSA LAUT 2 AMBON 1983 140 142 NUSA LAUT 3 AMBON 1995 100 143 NUSA LAUT 4 AMBON 2000 100 144 NUSA LAUT 5 AMBON 2002 184 145 NUSA LAUT 6 AMBON 2003 250 146 NUSA LAUT 7 AMBON 2004 250 147 NAMLEA 1 AMBON 1982 117 148 NAMLEA 2 AMBON 1986 260 149 NAMLEA 3 AMBON 1993 220 150 NAMLEA 4 AMBON 1994 220 151 NAMLEA 5 AMBON 1997 526 152 NAMLEA 6 AMBON 1997 280 153 NAMLEA 7 AMBON 1978 400 154 NAMLEA 8 AMBON 1978 500 155 NAMLEA 9 AMBON 2002 500 156 NAMLEA 10 AMBON 2003 500 157 NAMLEA 11 AMBON 2003 500 158 NAMLEA 12 AMBON 2004 500 159 NAMLEA 13 AMBON 2004 500 160 ONDOR 1 AMBON 1986 140 161 ONDOR 2 AMBON 1986 140 162 ONDOR 3 AMBON 1993 40 163 ONDOR 4 AMBON 2003 250
25 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 164 ONDOR 5 AMBON 2000 250 165 ONDOR 6 AMBON 1997 100 166 ONDOR 7 AMBON 1981 100 167 ONDOR 8 AMBON 2000 184 168 ONDOR 9 AMBON 1997 140 169 ONDOR 10 AMBON 2004 500 170 ONDOR 11 AMBON 2004 250 171 PIRU 1 AMBON 1983 117 172 PIRU 2 AMBON 1983 117 173 PIRU 3 AMBON 1992 220 174 PIRU 4 AMBON 1985 140 175 PIRU 5 AMBON 1997 280 176 PIRU 6 AMBON 2000 500 177 PIRU 7 AMBON 2003 500 178 SAPARUA 1 AMBON 1983 40 179 SAPARUA 2 AMBON 1983 40 180 SAPARUA 3 AMBON 1981 100 181 SAPARUA 4 AMBON 1983 432 182 SAPARUA 5 AMBON 1983 432 183 SAPARUA 6 AMBON 1985 220 184 SAPARUA 7 AMBON 1986 560 185 SAPARUA 8 AMBON 2000 250 186 SAPARUA 9 AMBON 2003 528 187 SAPARUA 10 AMBON 2004 720 188 SAPARUA 11 AMBON 2004 100 189 TANIWEL 1 AMBON 1988 20 190 TANIWEL 2 AMBON 1988 40 191 TANIWEL 3 AMBON 1986 140 192 TANIWEL 4 AMBON 2001 192 193 TANIWEL 5 AMBON 2001 100 194 TANIWEL 6 AMBON 1985 140 195 TANIWEL 7 AMBON 1993 100 196 TANIWEL 8 AMBON 1993 100 197 TANIWEL 9 AMBON 1997 100 198 TANIWEL 10 AMBON 2003 250 199 TANIWEL 11 AMBON 2004 100 200 TEHORU 1 AMBON 1984 117 201 TEHORU 2 AMBON 1983 117 202 TEHORU 3 AMBON 1995 220 203 TEHORU 4 AMBON 1995 220 204 TEHORU 5 AMBON 1997 280
26 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 205 TEHORU 6 AMBON 1997 280 206 WAIPIA 1 AMBON 1988 40 207 WAIPIA 2 AMBON 1988 40 208 WAIPIA 3 AMBON 1994 20 209 WAIPIA 4 AMBON 1995 40 210 WAIPIA 5 AMBON 1995 100 211 WAIPIA 6 AMBON 1981 184 212 WAIPIA 7 AMBON 1997 280 213 WAIPIA 8 AMBON 2003 100 214 WERINAMA 1 AMBON 1988 40 215 WERINAMA 2 AMBON 1993 40 216 WERINAMA 3 AMBON 1986 20 217 WERINAMA 4 AMBON 1996 100 218 WERINAMA 5 AMBON 1999 184 219 WERINAMA 6 AMBON 2004 280 220 WERINAMA 7 AMBON 2004 100 221 WAIPANDAN 1 AMBON 1999 40 222 WAIPANDAN 2 AMBON 1999 40 223 DOBO 1 TUAL 1994 220 224 DOBO 2 TUAL 1993 220 225 DOBO 3 TUAL 2003 500 226 DOBO 4 TUAL 2000 165 227 DOBO 5 TUAL 1982 117 228 DOBO 6 TUAL 1982 117 229 DOBO 7 TUAL 2000 250 230 DOBO 8 TUAL 1996 250 231 DOBO 9 TUAL 1992 220 232 DOBO 10 TUAL 1998 500 233 DOBO 11 TUAL 2004 100 234 DOBO 12 TUAL 2004 500 235 ADAUT 1 TUAL 1994 40 236 ADAUT 2 TUAL 1994 40 237 ADAUT 3 TUAL 2000 100 238 ELAT 1 TUAL 1985 100 239 ELAT 2 TUAL 1984 100 240 ELAT 3 TUAL 1984 100 241 ELAT 4 TUAL 1992 40 242 ELAT 5 TUAL 2003 250 243 ELAT 6 TUAL 1997 100 244 ELAT 7 TUAL 2000 200 245 ELAT 8 TUAL 2004 250
27 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 246 ELAT 9 TUAL 2004 250 247 JEROL 1 TUAL 1994 40 248 JEROL 2 TUAL 1994 40 249 JEROL 3 TUAL 2000 125 250 LARAT 1 TUAL 1985 100 251 LARAT 2 TUAL 1985 100 252 LARAT 3 TUAL 1995 100 253 LARAT 4 TUAL 1995 100 254 LARAT 5 TUAL 2001 250 255 LARAT 6 TUAL 2001 250 256 LETWURUNG 1 TUAL 1991 40 257 LETWURUNG 2 TUAL 1991 40 258 LETWURUNG 3 TUAL 1998 40 259 LETWURUNG 4 TUAL 1995 40 260 SAUMLAKI 1 TUAL 1986 140 261 SAUMLAKI 2 TUAL 2003 500 262 SAUMLAKI 3 TUAL 1984 117 263 SAUMLAKI 4 TUAL 1984 117 264 SAUMLAKI 5 TUAL 1986 140 265 SAUMLAKI 6 TUAL 1995 220 266 SAUMLAKI 7 TUAL 1986 250 267 SAUMLAKI 8 TUAL 2001 200 268 SAUMLAKI 9 TUAL 2000 250 269 SAUMLAKI 10 TUAL 2002 200 270 SAUMLAKI 11 TUAL 2003 500 271 SAUMLAKI 12 TUAL 2004 250 272 SAUMLAKI 13 TUAL 2004 500 273 SAUMLAKI 14 TUAL 2004 700 274 SEIRA 1 TUAL 1997 40 275 SEIRA 2 TUAL 1997 40 276 SEIRA 3 TUAL 2000 129 277 SERWARU 1 TUAL 1991 40 278 SERWARU 2 TUAL 1993 40 279 SERWARU 3 TUAL 1996 40 280 SERWARU 4 TUAL 1998 100 281 SERWARU 5 TUAL 2004 250 282 TEPA 1 TUAL 1991 40 283 TEPA 2 TUAL 1993 40 284 TEPA 3 TUAL 2001 250 285 TEPA 4 TUAL 2000 100 286 LANGGUR 1 TUAL 1985 440
28 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 287 LANGGUR 2 TUAL 1985 440 288 LANGGUR 3 TUAL 1982 1130 289 LANGGUR 4 TUAL 1986 561 290 LANGGUR 5 TUAL 1986 561 291 LANGGUR 6 TUAL 1984 1051 292 LANGGUR 7 TUAL 1997 1420 293 LANGGUR 8 TUAL 2000 1250 294 LANGGUR 9 TUAL 2000 1250 295 LANGGUR 10 TUAL 2003 500 296 LANGGUR 11 TUAL 2003 600 297 LANGGUR 12 TUAL 2003 500 298 LANGGUR 13 TUAL 2003 600 299 WONRELI 1 TUAL 1988 40 300 WONRELI 2 TUAL 1993 40 301 WONRELI 3 TUAL 1988 147 302 WONRELI 4 TUAL 2003 250 303 P.WETAR 1 TUAL 2004 120 304 KAYU MERAH 1 TERNATE 1983 3280 305 KAYU MERAH 2 TERNATE 1983 3280 306 KAYU MERAH 3 TERNATE 1991 3542 307 KAYU MERAH 4 TERNATE 2000 3000 308 KAYU MERAH 5 TERNATE 2000 3000 309 KAYU MERAH 6 TERNATE 1997 100 310 KAYU MERAH 7 TERNATE 1983 250 311 KAYU MERAH 8 TERNATE 2004 4700 312 KAYU MERAH 9 TERNATE 2002 250 313 BACAN 1 TERNATE 1991 748 314 BACAN 2 TERNATE 1977 536 315 BACAN 3 TERNATE 1978 536 316 BACAN 4 TERNATE 1986 260 317 BACAN 5 TERNATE 1996 250 318 BACAN 6 TERNATE 2000 500 319 BACAN 7 TERNATE 2000 500 320 BACAN 8 TERNATE 2002 300 321 BACAN 9 TERNATE 1978 536 322 BACAN 10 TERNATE 2004 500 323 BACAN 11 TERNATE 2004 500 324 BACAN 12 TERNATE 2004 720 325 BERE-BERE 1 TERNATE 1991 40 326 BERE-BERE 2 TERNATE 1991 40 327 BERE-BERE 3 TERNATE 1997 116
29 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 328 BERE-BERE 4 TERNATE 2004 - 329 BERE-BERE 5 TERNATE 2004 - 330 BOBONG 1 TERNATE 1986 140 331 BOBONG 2 TERNATE 1988 40 332 BOBONG 3 TERNATE 1994 40 333 BOBONG 4 TERNATE 1996 104 334 BOBONG 5 TERNATE 1988 40 335 BOBONG 6 TERNATE 1988 40 336 BOBONG 7 TERNATE 2002 288 337 BOBONG 8 TERNATE 2004 100 338 BICOLI 1 TERNATE 1988 40 339 BICOLI 2 TERNATE 1994 40 340 BICOLI 3 TERNATE 1995 125 341 BICOLI 4 TERNATE 1994 250 342 BICOLI 5 TERNATE 1999 200 343 BICOLI 6 TERNATE 2002 200 344 BICOLI 7 TERNATE 2004 250 345 BICOLI 8 TERNATE 2004 250 346 DARUBA 1 TERNATE 1988 140 347 DARUBA 2 TERNATE 1988 140 348 DARUBA 3 TERNATE 1988 140 349 DARUBA 4 TERNATE 1995 260 350 DARUBA 5 TERNATE 1996 288 351 DARUBA 6 TERNATE 2002 400 352 DARUBA 7 TERNATE 2004 250 353 DARUBA 8 TERNATE 2004 250 354 DARUBA 9 TERNATE 2004 250 355 DOFA 1 TERNATE 1986 140 356 DOFA 2 TERNATE 1988 20 357 DOFA 3 TERNATE 1995 40 358 DOFA 4 TERNATE 1995 104 359 DOFA 5 TERNATE 2003 250 360 DOFA 6 TERNATE 2003 250 361 DOFA 7 TERNATE 2004 250 362 IBU 1 TERNATE 1984 117 363 IBU 2 TERNATE 1984 117 364 IBU 3 TERNATE 1983 117 365 IBU 4 TERNATE 1997 280 366 IBU 5 TERNATE 1993 100 367 IBU 6 TERNATE 2001 288 368 IBU 7 TERNATE 2004 500
30 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 369 JAILOLO 1 TERNATE 1983 117 370 JAILOLO 2 TERNATE 1983 117 371 JAILOLO 3 TERNATE 1986 260 372 JAILOLO 4 TERNATE 1991 748 373 JAILOLO 5 TERNATE 1996 508 374 JAILOLO 6 TERNATE 1986 260 375 JAILOLO 7 TERNATE 1999 480 376 JAILOLO 8 TERNATE 1999 480 377 JAILOLO 9 TERNATE 2004 500 378 JAILOLO 10 TERNATE 2004 720 379 KAYOA 1 TERNATE 1988 20 380 KAYOA 2 TERNATE 1988 40 381 KAYOA 3 TERNATE 1983 117 382 KAYOA 4 TERNATE 1995 100 383 KAYOA 5 TERNATE 2004 250 384 KEDI 1 TERNATE 1991 40 385 KEDI 2 TERNATE 1997 40 386 KEDI 3 TERNATE 1997 40 387 LAIWUI 1 TERNATE 1985 117 388 LAIWUI 2 TERNATE 1986 117 389 LAIWUI 3 TERNATE 2004 250 390 LOLOBATA 1 TERNATE 1988 140 391 LOLOBATA 2 TERNATE 1994 40 392 MABA/BULI 1 TERNATE 1986 140 393 MABA/BULI 2 TERNATE 1996 104 394 MABA/BULI 3 TERNATE 2004 250 395 MADOPOLO 1 TERNATE 1982 117 396 MADOPOLO 2 TERNATE 1983 117 397 MADOPOLO 3 TERNATE 2004 250 398 MAFFA 1 TERNATE 1986 100 399 MAFFA 2 TERNATE 1995 140 400 MAFFA 3 TERNATE 1983 140 401 MAFFA 4 TERNATE 1999 100 402 MALIFUT 1 TERNATE 1988 140 403 MALIFUT 2 TERNATE 1988 140 404 MALIFUT 3 TERNATE 1986 140 405 MALIFUT 4 TERNATE 1997 280 406 MALIFUT 5 TERNATE 1995 280 407 MALIFUT 6 TERNATE 1998 500 408 MALIFUT 7 TERNATE 2001 288 409 MALIFUT 8 TERNATE 2001 288
31 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 410 MALIFUT 9 TERNATE 2004 500 411 MANGOLI 1 TERNATE 1995 100 412 MANGOLI 2 TERNATE 1995 100 413 MANGOLI 3 TERNATE 1982 117 414 MANGOLI 4 TERNATE 1994 280 415 MANGOLI 5 TERNATE 2000 280 416 MANGOLI 6 TERNATE 2004 280 417 MANGOLI 7 TERNATE 2004 250 418 PATANI 1 TERNATE 1988 140 419 PATANI 2 TERNATE 1988 140 420 PATANI 3 TERNATE 1994 220 421 PATANI 4 TERNATE 2004 250 422 PAYAHE 1 TERNATE 1988 140 423 PAYAHE 2 TERNATE 1989 40 424 PAYAHE 3 TERNATE 1985 140 425 PAYAHE 4 TERNATE 1996 100 426 PAYAHE 5 TERNATE 2004 100 427 SAKETA 1 TERNATE 1988 20 428 SAKETA 2 TERNATE 1992 20 429 SAKETA 3 TERNATE 1992 40 430 SAKETA 4 TERNATE 1992 40 431 SAKETA 5 TERNATE 1983 117 432 SAKETA 6 TERNATE 1999 100 433 SAKETA 7 TERNATE 2004 100 434 SAKETA 8 TERNATE 2004 250 435 SANANA 1 TERNATE 1982 140 436 SANANA 2 TERNATE 1986 260 437 SANANA 3 TERNATE 1991 748 438 SANANA 4 TERNATE 1996 508 439 SANANA 5 TERNATE 1996 508 440 SANANA 6 TERNATE 2004 720 441 SANANA 7 TERNATE 2004 500 442 SOA-SIU 1 TERNATE 1986 432 443 SOA-SIU 2 TERNATE 1986 432 444 SOA-SIU 3 TERNATE 1991 748 445 SOA-SIU 4 TERNATE 1982 117 446 SOA-SIU 5 TERNATE 1994 220 447 SOA-SIU 6 TERNATE 1994 220 448 SOA-SIU 7 TERNATE 1997 1430 449 SOA-SIU 8 TERNATE 2003 250 450 SOA-SIU 9 TERNATE 2004 500
32 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 451 SOA-SIU 10 TERNATE 2004 500 452 SOFIFI 1 TERNATE 1988 140 453 SOFIFI 2 TERNATE 1986 140 454 SOFIFI 3 TERNATE 1994 220 455 SOFIFI 4 TERNATE 1997 280 456 SOFIFI 5 TERNATE 1996 104 457 SOFIFI 6 TERNATE 2003 240 458 SOFIFI 7 TERNATE 2004 250 459 SOFIFI 8 TERNATE 2004 720 460 WEDA 1 TERNATE 1986 140 461 WEDA 2 TERNATE 1983 117 462 WEDA 3 TERNATE 2004 250 463 SUBAIM 1 TERNATE 1991 100 464 SUBAIM 2 TERNATE 1995 100 465 SUBAIM 3 TERNATE 1996 280 466 SUBAIM 4 TERNATE 1995 250 467 SUBAIM 5 TERNATE 1986 140 468 SUBAIM 6 TERNATE 2000 288 469 SUBAIM 7 TERNATE 2004 250 470 TOBELO 1 TERNATE 1977 432
33 Table 2-8 Diesel Power Plants in Nusa Tenggara TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 1 LABUHAN 1 SUMBAWA 1979 346 2 LABUHAN 2 SUMBAWA 0 508 3 LABUHAN 3 SUMBAWA 1976 536 4 LABUHAN 4 SUMBAWA 1985 500 5 LABUHAN 5 SUMBAWA 1987 1224 6 LABUHAN 6 SUMBAWA 1987 1224 7 LABUHAN 7 SUMBAWA 1989 3000 8 LABUHAN 8 SUMBAWA 2000 3035 9 LABUHAN 9 SUMBAWA 2000 3035 10 LANTUNG 1 SUMBAWA 1987 40 11 LANTUNG 2 SUMBAWA 1987 40 12 LANTUNG 3 SUMBAWA 1995 100 13 LUNYUK BESAR 1 SUMBAWA 1989 40 14 LUNYUK BESAR 2 SUMBAWA 1987 40 15 LUNYUK BESAR 3 SUMBAWA 1983 100 16 LUNYUK BESAR 4 SUMBAWA 1987 100 17 LUNYUK BESAR 5 SUMBAWA 0 250 18 LUNYUK BESAR 6 SUMBAWA 0 250 19 LEBIN 1 SUMBAWA 1997 20 20 LEBIN 2 SUMBAWA 1986 40 21 LEBIN 3 SUMBAWA 1998 100 22 SEBOTOK 1 SUMBAWA 1995 20 23 SEBOTOK 2 SUMBAWA 1995 20 24 LABUHAN HAJI 1 SUMBAWA 1995 20 25 LABUHAN HAJI 2 SUMBAWA 1994 20 26 KLAWIS 1 SUMBAWA 1998 50 27 KLAWIS 2 SUMBAWA 0 20 28 BUGIS MEDANG 1 SUMBAWA 1999 20 29 BUGIS MEDANG 2 SUMBAWA 1999 20 30 BUGIS MEDANG 3 SUMBAWA 1987 40 31 BUGIS MEDANG 4 SUMBAWA 0 100 32 EMPANG 1 SUMBAWA 1985 100 33 EMPANG 2 SUMBAWA 0 100 34 EMPANG 3 SUMBAWA 1976 336 35 EMPANG 4 SUMBAWA 0 528 36 EMPANG 5 SUMBAWA 1982 108 37 EMPANG 6 SUMBAWA 1998 560 38 EMPANG 7 SUMBAWA 1996 100 39 EMPANG 8 SUMBAWA 0 200 40 EMPANG 9 SUMBAWA 1993 120
34 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 41 EMPANG 10 SUMBAWA 0 200 42 ALAS 1 SUMBAWA 1978 536 43 ALAS 2 SUMBAWA 1986 250 44 ALAS 3 SUMBAWA 1982 100 45 ALAS 4 SUMBAWA 1985 100 46 ALAS 5 SUMBAWA 1998 560 47 ALAS 6 SUMBAWA 1976 336 48 ALAS 7 SUMBAWA 0 192 49 SEKOKANG 1 SUMBAWA 0 100 50 SEKOKANG 2 SUMBAWA 0 100 51 SEKOKANG 3 SUMBAWA 0 100 52 SEKOKANG 4 SUMBAWA 1993 120 53 SEKOKANG 5 SUMBAWA 0 100 54 SEKOKANG 6 SUMBAWA 0 250 55 SEKOKANG 7 SUMBAWA 0 250 56 TALIWANG 1 SUMBAWA 2000 700 57 TALIWANG 2 SUMBAWA 1999 428 58 TALIWANG 3 SUMBAWA 0 720 59 TALIWANG 4 SUMBAWA 0 700 60 TALIWANG 5 SUMBAWA 1978 336 61 TALIWANG 6 SUMBAWA 1998 576 62 TALIWANG 7 SUMBAWA 1998 528 63 TALIWANG 8 SUMBAWA 1977 777 64 TALIWANG 9 SUMBAWA 1977 777 65 TALIWANG 10 SUMBAWA 1986 200 66 BIMA 1 BIMA 0 40 67 BIMA 2 BIMA 0 336 68 BIMA 3 BIMA 1996 2800 69 BIMA 4 BIMA 1989 3000 70 BIMA 5 BIMA 0 20 71 BIMA 6 BIMA 1987 1224 72 BIMA 7 BIMA 1987 1224 73 BIMA 8 BIMA 1985 500 74 BIMA 9 BIMA 1997 1100 75 BIMA 10 BIMA 1997 1100 76 BIMA 11 BIMA 0 508 77 BIMA 12 BIMA 0 20 78 NIU 1 BIMA 1999 2800 79 NIU 2 BIMA 1999 2800 80 SAPE 1 BIMA 0 336 81 SAPE 2 BIMA 0 280
35 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 82 SAPE 3 BIMA 1996 525 83 SAPE 4 BIMA 1987 250 84 SAPE 5 BIMA 1999 384 85 TAWALI 1 BIMA 1982 108 86 TAWALI 2 BIMA 0 100 87 TAWALI 3 BIMA 1984 100 88 TAWALI 4 BIMA 1987 100 89 TAWALI 5 BIMA 0 250 90 KOLO 1 BIMA 1993 20 91 KOLO 2 BIMA 1993 20 92 KOLO 3 BIMA 1993 20 93 KOLO 4 BIMA 0 40 94 NIPA 1 BIMA 1995 100 95 NIPA 2 BIMA 1992 220 96 NIPA 3 BIMA 0 100 97 PAI 1 BIMA 1993 20 98 PAI 2 BIMA 1993 20 99 DOMPU 1 BIMA 1978 336 100 DOMPU 2 BIMA 1982 270 101 DOMPU 3 BIMA 1978 336 102 DOMPU 4 BIMA 1976 336 103 DOMPU 5 BIMA 1996 560 104 DOMPU 6 BIMA 1977 560 105 DOMPU 7 BIMA 0 645 106 DOMPU 8 BIMA 1977 270 107 DOMPU 9 BIMA 0 700 108 DOMPU 10 BIMA 0 700 109 KEMPO 1 BIMA 1984 100 110 KEMPO 2 BIMA 1982 100 111 KEMPO 3 BIMA 1998 320 112 MELAYU 1 BIMA 1993 20 113 KORE 1 BIMA 1996 100 114 KORE 2 BIMA 0 40 115 KORE 3 BIMA 1993 100 116 KORE 4 BIMA 1984 100 117 SAI 1 BIMA 1993 20 118 SAI 2 BIMA 0 20 119 SAI 3 BIMA 1993 20 120 KWANGKO 1 BIMA 1993 20 121 KWANGKO 2 BIMA 1993 20 122 KWANGKO 3 BIMA 1994 20
36 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 123 PEKAT 1 BIMA 0 100 124 PEKAT 2 BIMA 1998 220 125 PEKAT 3 BIMA 1985 100 126 PEKAT 4 BIMA 0 160 127 PEKAT 5 BIMA 1984 100 128 PEKAT 6 BIMA 1999 100 129 PEKAT 7 BIMA 0 100 130 BAJOPULO 1 BIMA 1995 20 131 BAJOPULO 2 BIMA 1995 20 132 BAJOPULO 3 BIMA 1995 20 133 BONTO 1 BIMA 1993 20 134 NGGELU 1 BIMA 1999 20 135 NGGELU 2 BIMA 1993 20 136 SAMPUNGU 1 BIMA 1987 20 137 SAMPUNGU 2 BIMA 1993 20 138 KUTA MONTA 1 BIMA 0 40 139 KUTA MONTA 2 BIMA 0 100 140 KUTA MONTA 3 BIMA 0 20 141 KUTA MONTA 4 BIMA 0 20 142 KUTA MONTA 5 BIMA 0 20 143 MONT SAPAH 1 MATARAM 1986 20 144 MONT SAPAH 2 MATARAM 1996 20 145 GILITRAWANGAN 1 MATARAM 1996 304 146 GILITRAWANGAN 2 MATARAM 0 400 147 GILITRAWANGAN 3 MATARAM 0 280 148 MARINGKIK 1 MATARAM 1995 20 149 MARINGKIK 2 MATARAM 1994 20 150 GILI INDAH 1 MATARAM 1998 40 151 GILI INDAH 2 MATARAM 1997 100 152 GILI INDAH 3 MATARAM 1997 100 153 GILI INDAH 4 MATARAM 1987 40 154 GILI MENO 1 MATARAM 0 250 155 GILI MENO 2 MATARAM 0 100 156 TAMAN 1 MATARAM 1974 1040 157 TAMAN 2 MATARAM 1974 1040 158 TAMAN 3 MATARAM 1979 1038 159 TAMAN 4 MATARAM 1979 1038 160 TAMAN 5 MATARAM 1981 5400 161 AMPENAN 1 MATARAM 1987 6368 162 AMPENAN 2 MATARAM 1987 6368 163 AMPENAN 3 MATARAM 1987 6368
37 TAHUN NO NAMA PLTD CABANG kW OPERASI 164 AMPENAN 4 MATARAM 1988 5500 165 AMPENAN 5 MATARAM 1994 7600 166 AMPENAN 6 MATARAM 1994 7600 167 AMPENAN 7 MATARAM 1995 7600 168 AMPENAN 8 MATARAM 1995 7600 169 PAOKMOTONG 1 MATARAM 1982 2500 170 PAOKMOTONG 2 MATARAM 0 6368 171 PAOKMOTONG 3 MATARAM 0 6368 172 PAOKMOTONG 4 MATARAM 0 6368 173 PAOKMOTONG 5 MATARAM 0 6368
38 Table 2-9 Diesel Power Plants in Flores Island NAME OF DIESEL START CAPACITY NO BRANCH POWER PLANT OPERATION (KW) 1 MAUTAPAGA 1 ENDE 1978 336 2 MAUTAPAGA 2 ENDE 1978 336 3 MAUTAPAGA 3 ENDE 1979 346 4 MAUTAPAGA 4 ENDE 1982 270 5 MAUTAPAGA 5 ENDE 1978 536 6 MAUTAPAGA 6 ENDE 1997 1100 7 MAUTAPAGA 7 ENDE 1997 1250 8 MAUTAPAGA 8 ENDE 1997 1250 9 NDORIWOY 1 ENDE 1984 100 10 NDORIWOY 2 ENDE 1985 100 11 WOLOWARU 1 ENDE 1984 100 12 WOLOWARU 2 ENDE 1996 305 13 WOLOWARU 3 ENDE 1997 560 14 MAUROLE 1 ENDE 1987 40 15 MAUROLE 2 ENDE 1992 20 16 MAUROLE 3 ENDE 1994 20 17 NDETUNDORA 1 ENDE 1993 20 18 KOTA BUA 1 ENDE 1993 20 19 KOTA BUA 2 ENDE 1993 20 20 KOTA BUA 3 ENDE 1992 20 21 WELAMOSA 1 ENDE 1994 20 22 WELAMOSA 2 ENDE 1994 20 23 WELAMOSA 3 ENDE 1994 20 24 WELAMOSA 4 ENDE 1995 20 25 WELAMOSA 5 ENDE 1975 104 26 RAPORENDU 1 ENDE 1995 20 27 RAPORENDU 2 ENDE 1994 20 28 KABIRANGGA 1 ENDE 1995 20 29 KABIRANGGA 2 ENDE 1991 20 30 KABIRANGGA 3 ENDE 1987 20 31 WONDA 1 ENDE 1999 40 32 WONDA 2 ENDE 1994 20 33 WOLOWARANG 1 ENDE 1986 561 34 WOLOWARANG 2 ENDE 1986 561 35 WOLOWARANG 3 ENDE 1986 561 36 WOLOWARANG 4 ENDE 1984 1050 37 WOLOWARANG 5 ENDE 1996 500 38 WOLOWARANG 6 ENDE 1997 560 39 WOLOWARANG 7 ENDE 1997 250 40 WOLOWARANG 8 ENDE 1997 1200
39 NAME OF DIESEL START CAPACITY NO BRANCH POWER PLANT OPERATION (KW) 41 WOLOWARANG 9 ENDE 1997 1200 42 BOLA 1 ENDE 1987 20 43 PEMANA 1 ENDE 1992 20 44 PEMANA 2 ENDE 1992 20 45 PEMANA 3 ENDE 1995 20 46 PEMANA 4 ENDE 1988 40 47 PEMANA 5 ENDE 1994 20 48 PEMANA 6 ENDE 1992 20 49 RUBIT 1 ENDE 1994 20 50 RUBIT 2 ENDE 1994 20 51 TALIBURA 1 ENDE 1987 20 52 WAEGATE 1 ENDE 1993 20 53 WAEGATE 2 ENDE 1993 20 54 WAEGATE 3 ENDE 1994 20 55 WAEGATE 4 ENDE 1993 100 56 NEBE 1 ENDE 1994 20 57 NEBE 2 ENDE 1994 20 58 MAGEPANDA 1 ENDE 1994 20 59 MAGEPANDA 2 ENDE 1994 20 60 MAGEPANDA 3 ENDE 1999 20 61 LARANTUKA 1 ENDE 1978 336 62 LARANTUKA 2 ENDE 1982 270 63 LARANTUKA 3 ENDE 1978 336 64 LARANTUKA 4 ENDE 1978 336 65 LARANTUKA 5 ENDE 1994 500 66 LARANTUKA 6 ENDE 1997 560 67 LARANTUKA 7 ENDE 1998 560 68 LEBATUKAN 1 ENDE 1997 160 69 LEBATUKAN 2 ENDE 1993 100 70 LEBATUKAN 3 ENDE 1996 305 71 LEBATUKAN 4 ENDE 1997 560 72 ADONARA TIMUR 1 ENDE 1994 250 73 ADONARA TIMUR 2 ENDE 1996 305 74 ADONARA TIMUR 3 ENDE 1993 100 75 ADONARA TIMUR 4 ENDE 1997 560 76 HADAKEWA 1 ENDE 1994 20 77 ADONARA BARAT 1 ENDE 1987 20 78 ADONARA BARAT 2 ENDE 1989 40 79 ADONARA BARAT 3 ENDE 1993 100 80 BORU 1 ENDE 1985 100 81 BORU 2 ENDE 1997 40
40 NAME OF DIESEL START CAPACITY NO BRANCH POWER PLANT OPERATION (KW) 82 ILEAPE 1 ENDE 1988 20 83 SOLOR TIMUR 1 ENDE 1989 20 84 SOLOR TIMUR 2 ENDE 1989 20 85 SOLOR TIMUR 3 ENDE 1996 100 86 SOLOR TIMUR 4 ENDE 1984 100 87 SOLOR TIMUR 5 ENDE 1996 100 88 WITIHAMA 1 ENDE 1992 20 89 WITIHAMA 2 ENDE 1993 20 90 WITIHAMA 3 ENDE 1996 20 91 NAGAWUTUN 1 ENDE 1993 20 92 NAGAWUTUN 2 ENDE 1993 20 93 SOLOR BARAT 1 ENDE 1994 20 94 SOLOR BARAT 2 ENDE 1994 20 95 OMESURI 1 ENDE 1994 20 96 OMESURI 2 ENDE 1994 20 97 OMESURI 3 ENDE 1991 20 98 OMESURI 4 ENDE 1993 100 99 ILEBOLANG 1 ENDE 1995 20 100 ILEBOLANG 2 ENDE 1995 20 101 LEWOLAGA 1 ENDE 1995 20 102 TANJUNG BUNGA 1 ENDE 1995 20 103 TANJUNG BUNGA 2 ENDE 1997 20 104 TANJUNG BUNGA 3 ENDE 1994 20 105 BAJAWA 1 ENDE 1982 100 106 BAJAWA 2 ENDE 1979 346 107 BAJAWA 3 ENDE 1981 160 108 BAJAWA 4 ENDE 1987 250 109 BAJAWA 5 ENDE 1996 560 110 BAJAWA 6 ENDE 1996 560 111 BAJAWA 7 ENDE 1984 220 112 BAJAWA 8 ENDE 1986 250 113 BAJAWA 9 ENDE 1986 250 114 BAJAWA 10 ENDE 1979 560 115 BAJAWA 11 ENDE 1993 100 116 BAJAWA 12 ENDE 1987 20 117 BAJAWA 13 ENDE 1986 250 118 BOAWAE 1 ENDE 1984 100 119 BOAWAE 2 ENDE 1996 100 120 BOAWAE 3 ENDE 1994 120 121 BOAWAE 4 ENDE 1984 100 122 SAWU 1 ENDE 1979 110
41 NAME OF DIESEL START CAPACITY NO BRANCH POWER PLANT OPERATION (KW) 123 SAWU 2 ENDE 1995 120 124 SAWU 3 ENDE 1993 100 125 AIMERE 1 ENDE 1987 20 126 AIMERE 2 ENDE 1995 20 127 AIMERE 3 ENDE 1995 120 128 AIMERE 4 ENDE 1995 120 129 DANGA 1 ENDE 1983 100 130 DANGA 2 ENDE 1993 100 131 DANGA 3 ENDE 1983 100 132 NANGARORO 1 ENDE 1991 20 133 NANGARORO 2 ENDE 1990 20 134 NANGARORO 3 ENDE 1996 20 135 RIUNG 1 ENDE 1994 20 136 RIUNG 2 ENDE 1994 20 137 RIUNG 3 ENDE 1995 20 138 RUTENG 1 ENDE 1986 250 139 RUTENG 2 ENDE 1979 346 140 RUTENG 3 ENDE 1995 600 141 RUTENG 4 ENDE 1995 600 142 RUTENG 5 ENDE 1995 600 143 RUTENG 6 ENDE 1995 600 144 RUTENG 7 ENDE 1997 560 145 RUTENG 8 ENDE 1997 560 146 WAIGARIT 1 ENDE 1974 120 147 REO 1 ENDE 1984 100 148 REO 2 ENDE 1984 100 149 REO 3 ENDE 1996 305 150 REO 4 ENDE 1985 100 151 LABUHAN BAJO 1 ENDE 1985 100 152 LABUHAN BAJO 2 ENDE 1996 305 153 LABUHAN BAJO 3 ENDE 1997 560 154 LEMBOR 1 ENDE 1993 100 155 LEMBOR 2 ENDE 1994 20 156 LEMBOR 3 ENDE 1987 40 157 LEMBOR 4 ENDE 1995 100 158 LEMBOR 5 ENDE 1995 120 159 MBORONG 1 ENDE 1983 100 160 MBORONG 2 ENDE 1993 100 161 MBORONG 3 ENDE 1993 120 162 MBORONG 4 ENDE 1995 120 163 LEMBUR 1 ENDE 1994 20
42 NAME OF DIESEL START CAPACITY NO BRANCH POWER PLANT OPERATION (KW) 164 BENTENG JAWA 1 ENDE 1994 20 165 BENTENG JAWA 2 ENDE 1994 20 166 GOLOWELU 1 ENDE 1994 20 167 POTA 1 ENDE 1995 20 168 POTA 2 ENDE 1995 20 169 POTA 3 ENDE 1994 20 170 PAGAL 1 ENDE 1994 20 171 PAGAL 2 ENDE 1996 40 172 PAGAL 3 ENDE 1996 100 173 PAGAL 4 ENDE 1997 40
43
Installed Capacity (2006) Energy Sold (2006)
1.9% 1.0%
24.0% 21.8%
74.1% 77.2%
Eastern Region Other Outside Jawa Jawa- Bali Eastern Region Other Outside Jawa Jawa- Bali
(Source:PLN Statistics 2006)
Fig. 2-2 Electricity Demand and Supply Situation in Eastern Provinces (2006)
Total of Eastern Region
East Nusa Tenggara
West Nusa Tenggara
Maluku & North Maluku
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Energy Sold (GWh)
Residential Industrial Business Social Government Street Lighting
(Source:PLN Statistics 2006) Fig. 2-3 Electricity Sales in Eastern Provinces (2006)
44
70
60
50
40
30
Elecrification Ratio (%) 20
10
0 Maluku & North West Nusa East Nusa Outside Jawa PLN Total Maluku Tenggara Tenggara
(Source:PLN Statistics 2006)
Fig. 2-4 Electrification Ratio in Eastern Provinces (2006)
45 Table 2-10 Electricity Demand Outlook in Eastern Provinces Maluku & N. Muluku System
Item Unit 2006(Act.) 2012 2016 2020 2025 Energy Demand GWh 345 353 441 571 796 Growth - 0.4% 2.5% 3.7% 4.5% Annual Road Factor % 54% 55% 55% 55% Energy Generation GWh 382 394 488 633 881 Peak Power Demand MW 83 83 102 132 184 Growth - 0.1% 2.1% 3.4% 4.3% Required Generation Capacity MW 197 116 142 185 257
NTB System
Item Unit 2006(Act.) 2012 2016 2020 2025 Energy Demand GWh 508 868 1,215 1,639 2,300 Growth - 9.3% 9.1% 8.7% 8.3% Energy Generation GWh 579 964 1,361 1,901 2,783 MW Peak Power Demand 116 239 331 426 568 Growth - 12.8% 11.1% 9.7% 8.7% Required Generation Capacity MW 150 359 480 618 795
NTT System
Item Unit 2006(Act.) 2012 2016 2020 2025 Energy Demand GWh 282 496 678 859 1,316 Growth - 9.8% 9.1% 8.3% 8.4% Energy Generation GWh 313 550 759 996 1,592 Peak Power Demand MW 72 131 177 214 313
Growth - 10.6%9.4%8.1%8.1% Required Generation Capacity MW 123 196 256 300 439
Eastern Region Total
Item Unit 2006(Act.) 2012 2016 2020 2025 Energy Demand GWh 1,135 1,717 2,334 3,069 4,412 Growth - 7.1% 7.5% 7.4% 7.4% Energy Generation GWh 1,273 1,908 2,608 3,530 5,256 Peak Power Demand MW 270 453 610 772 1,065
Growth - 9.0% 8.5% 7.8% 7.5% Required Generation Capacity MW 469 671 878 1,103 1,491
(Note : The projections during 2012-2025 are based on RUKN 2005)
46
Peak Demand and Energy Demand Outlook (Eastern Region Total)
6,000 1,200
5,000 1,000
4,000 800
3,000 600
2,000 400
(MW) Demand Peak Energy Demand (GWh) 1,000 200
0 0
3 5 007 009 1 1 022 024 2 2008 2 2010 2011 2012 20 2014 20 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2 2023 2 2025
Energy Demand Peak Power Demand
Peak Demand (MW) Outlook
1,200
1,000
800
600
400 (MW) Demand Peak
200
0 7 9 0 2 3 5 6 9 1 2 3 5 0 0 1 11 1 1 14 1 1 17 1 20 2 2 2 24 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2008 20 20 2 20 2 2 20 20 2 2018 20 2 20 2 2 2 20
Maluku & North Maluku West Nusa Tenggera East Nusa Tenggera
(Source:MEMR RUKN2005) Fig. 2-5 Electricity Demand Outlook in Eastern Provinces
47
Installed Capacity of PLN Total (2006) 9,000 8,220 8,000
7,021 7,000
) 6,000
5,000
4,000 3,529 2,941 CapacityInstalled (MW 3,000 2,727
2,000
1,000 807
12 0 o e e l l r m n l a e rs d a i c m s e y e rb y r ie h H t u C e t S t d th D O s e o a in e G b G m o C
(Source:PLN Statistics 2006) Fig. 2-6 Installed Capacity of PLN (2006)
48
Installed Capacity Mix of PLN (2006)
0% 12% 14%
3%
Hydro
Steam
Gas turbine
Combined Cycle
Geothermal 28% 32% Diesel
Others
11%
Installed Capacity Mix of Eastern Region (2006)
Hydro
Steam
Gas turbine
Combined Cycle
Geothermal
Diesel
Others
100%
(Source:PLN Statistics 2006) Fig. 2-7 Comparison of Power Plant Mix between Whole Nation and Eastern Provinces (2006)
49 Increase of Diesel Generaiton Cost and Diesel Fuel Price
1.00 20.0
0.90 17.8 18.0
0.80 16.0 0.70 14.0
0.60 0.62 12.0
0.50 10.0 9.2 9.5 0.40 8.2 8.0 7.5
0.30 0.29 6.0 Diesel Fuel Price (US$/litter) Price Fuel Diesel 0.20 4.0 0.20 0.20 4.0
2.7 0.15 (centUS$/kWh) Cost Generation Diesel 0.10 0.09 2.0 0.07 0.00 0.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
HSD Price (LHS) Diesel Gen Cost (RHS)
(Source:PLN Statistics 2006) Fig. 2-8 Increase of Diesel Generation Cost and Diesel Fuel Price
Generation Cost of PLN (2006)
25.0 21.9¢/kWh
20.0 17.8¢/kWh
15.0
9.7 ¢/kWh 10.0 CentsUS$/kWh 6.3 ¢/kWh 4.3 ¢/kWh 5.0
1.6 ¢/kWh
0.0 Hydro Steam Diesel Gas Turbine Geothermal Combined Cycle
Fuel Maintemnance Depreciation Other Expenses Personnel
(Source: PLN Statistics 2006)
Fig. 2-9 Generation Cost by Energy Type (2006)
50
WTI Spot Price (FOB)
80
70
60
50
40
30
US Dollar per Barrel
20
10
0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(Source:USDOE http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/rwtca.htm)
Fig. 2-10 International Oil Price
51
Table 2-11 Estimation of Geothermal Development Effect in Eastern Provinces
Maluku & West Nusa East Nusa Eastern Item Remarks North Maluku Tenggara Tenggara Region Total
Installed Capacity (MW) (a) 196.7 149.7 123.0 469.3 as of 2006 Peak Load (MW) (b) 82.7 116.0 71.6 270.4 - ditto - Energy Production by Diesel (GWh) (c) 381.5 579.2 309.6 1,270.3 - ditto - Fuel Consumption by Diesel (kl) (d) 105,857 152,546 88,632 347,034 - ditto - Specific Fuel Consumption by Diesel (l/kWh) (e) 0.277 0.263 0.286 0.273 - ditto -
Cost of Diesel Fuel (m$) (f) 99.1 142.8 83.0 324.8 (d) x @0.936 $/l
Alternative Geothermal Capacity (MW) (g) 27.3 38.3 23.6 89.2 '= Minimum Demand ((b) x 33%) Alternative Geothermal Generation (GWh) (i) 239.2 335.3 207.1 781.6 (g) x 8,760h Alternative Geothermal Generation Share (%) (j) 62.7% 57.9% 66.9% 61.5% (i)/(c) Fuel to be saved by Geothermal (kl) (k) 66,361 88,324 59,285 213,527 (d) x (j) Value of Fuel to be Saved (m$) (l) 62.1 82.7 55.5 200.3 (k) x @0.936 $/l (Source: PLN Statistics 2006)
52
Demand Curve in Flores Island and Best Mix of Energy Sources (Maximum Demand Day in August 2005) 20.0
18.0 Maximum Demand 17.8MW at 19:00 16.0
14.0 Peak Load Supplier Deisel 12.0 Base Load Supplier Geothermal
10.0 Minimum Demand 5.8MW at 8:30 Load (MW)Load 8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :0 :0 :0 0 :00 :00 :0 :0 00 00 0 1 2 3: 4:00 5:00 6 7 8 9 0:00 1:00 5: 6: 7:0 8:0 9:00 0:00 1:00 1 1 12:00 13:00 14:00 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 22:00 23:00
Fig. 2-11 Concept of Best Energy Mix in Eastern Provinces
53
Chapter 3 Geothermal Resources in Eastern Indonesia
3.1 Overview of Geothermal Resources in Eastern Indonesia
Indonesia is made up of more than 17,000 islands. Located in the western side of Circum Pacific Volcanic Belt, this country is blessed with abundant geothermal resources (S. Suryantoro et al., 2005). The 253 geothermal areas have been identified in Indonesia. The total potential is estimated as approximately 27,791 MW (DGMCG, 2005). The 170 areas of Indonesia have high temperature geothermal resources, and 21 areas of high temperature geothermal systems with electricity-generating capabilities exist and are being developed. These 21 areas are: Sibayak, Salak, Wayang Windu, Kamojang, Darajat, Lahendong, and Dieng, where resources are used for electricity generation of 857 MWe operated by PT. PERTAMINA. Sallura, Sungai Penuh, Hulu Lais Tambang Sawah, Lumut Balai, Ulubelu, Kawah Cibuni, Patuha, Karaha, Iyang Argopuro, Bedugul, and Kotamobagu, whose resources have not been used for electricity so far, and currently are under developing by PT. PERTAMINA own or with its contractors for electricity generation. Tulehu, Mataloko, and Ulumbu, which are outside of PERTAMINA’s activities, are operated by PT. PLN. All the high temperature systems are found within the Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Eastern Island Volcanic Zone, which lies over an active subduction zone in western side of Circum Pacific Volcanic Belt.
In the eastern Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara and Maluku provinces), 37 geothermal fields were identified by DGMCG (2005), which total potential was estimated as 1,914 MW (Figs. 3-1 to 3-4, Table 3-1). JICA (2007) conducted the Master Plan Study for geothermal resource development in Indonesia. The objective fields of the JICA study were selected as seventy three (73) promising geothermal fields which include eleven (11) geothermal fields in the eastern provinces: Huu Daha, Wai Sano, Ulumbu, Bena-Mataloko, Sokoria-Mutubusa, Oka-Larantuka, Ili Labaleken, Atadei, Tonga Wayana, Tulehu and Jailolo.
However, because of the lack of sufficient geoscientific data, only 9 fields among the 11 fields in the eastern Indonesia were evaluated in terms of resource characteristics and capacity in the JICA study (Fig. 3-5 and Table 3-1).
3.2 Present Exploration Status in Eastern Indonesia
Only two fields in the eastern provinces (Nusa Tenggara and Maluku provinces), Ulumbu and Mataloko have been studied by well-drilling to confirm reservoir conditions. Promising geothermal resources were confirmed by well discharges from high temperature reservoir. The other fields have been investigated at various levels commensurate with the development prospect of each field.
54
As mentioned above, detailed surface exploration study and well drillings have been done in Ulumbu and Mataloko, and the existence of geothermal reservoir was confirmed. In 9 fields, Huu Daha, Wai Sano, Ulumbu, Bena-Mataloko, Sokoria-Mutubusa, Oka-Larantuka, Atadei, Tulehu and Jailolo, some geoscientific data of reconnaissance studies are published in websites of VSI and JICA (2007) and published papers.
Except of 9 fields as listed above, exploration statuses were not clarified because available geoscientific data in these fields could not be obtained in this study. However, it is supposed that these geothermal fields are at the initial stages of exploration in geothermal development. In these fields, geoscientific studies or existing data collection for clarification of characteristics and structure of the geothermal resources should be conducted.
The current practical plans for geothermal development/expansion projects were confirmed through interviews during a mission trip to Indonesia. In the two fields (Ulumbu and Mataloko), small-scale power developments have been planned by PT. PLN. In addition, PT. PLN has actual plan of resource development in Hu’u Daha, Jailolo, Tolehu and Sembaiun (Table 3-2).
As shown in Table 3-2, JICA (2007) assessed geothermal resource characteristics in each of 73 promising fields (70 fields originally planned by JICA plus 3 fields proposed by CGR). However, because of the lack of sufficient geoscientific data, only 50 fields among the 73 fields could be evaluated in terms of resource characteristics and capacity. For geothermal resource evaluation relating to development priority, JICA (2007) assessed the likelihood of the presence of a geothermal reservoir accompanied by high enthalpy fluids. The evaluated fields were classified into 4 ranks listed below according to the likelihood of reservoir presence.
1 :The reservoir is ascertained by well drilling(s) (including already developed fields). 2 :The existence of a reservoir is inferred mainly from appropriate geothermometry using chemical data concerning hot springs and fumarolic gases; The presence of a reservoir is extremely likely. 3 :The existence of a reservoir is inferred from a variety of geoscientific information, including geological and geophysical survey data and the occurrence of high temperature manifestations. Low :The presence of a reservoir is unlikely; or if there is one, only a low temperature reservoir may exist. (However, the possibility of a power plant project utilizing low enthalpy fluids remains.)
In addition to the 4 ranks given above, geothermal fields where sufficient geoscientific data is not available were classified as ‘NE’.
55
As a results of JICA study, Ulumbu and Mataloko are classified as Rank A, Hu’u Daha, Wai Sano, Sukoria, Oka-lle Ange, Atadei, Jailolo and Tolehu as Rank C and Tonga Wayaua and Ili Labaleken as ‘NE’ (Table 3-2).
3.3 Necessary Study for Future Geothermal Resource Development
As described above, many geothermal fields exist in the eastern provinces. However, except for Ulumbu and Mataloko, the present status of geothermal resources development is still reconnaissance study level. These data allow estimating probable prospect area and probable heat source, and also allow establishing the sequence and geoscientific methods to use in the next stages of development. However, the data and information of geology, geochemistry and geophysics in the fields are not enough to make geothermal reservoir model and to evaluate generation power capacity of their fields. Therefore, geoscientific studies for clarification of characteristics and structure of the geothermal resources should be conducted as resource feasibility study in the fields in the eastern provinces except for Ulumbu and Mataloko. After the geoscientific surface study, exploratory well drilling and well test should be conducted to confirm geothermal resource existence and to evaluate its capacity.
A description of the surface thermal activity, estimated resource potential (MW) and the exploration status of the above mentioned 9 geothermal fields in the eastern provinces are given in Chapter 3.4.
56
Fig. 3-1 Map of Geothermal Area in West Nusa Tenggara (DGMCG, 2005)
Fig. 3-2 Map of Geothermal Area in West East Nusa Tenggara (DGMCG, 2005)
57
Fig. 3-3 Map of Geothermal Area in North Maluku (DGMCG, 2005)
Fig. 3-4 Map of Geothermal Area in Maluku (DGMCG, 2005)
58
: Presence of concrete plan for development or expansion Iboi-Jaboi 20MW : Possible additional or new power capacity for development Seulawah Agam 600MW Lumut Balai (green) : PERTAMINA Working Area Muaralabuh (white) : Open Field
Lau Debuk-Debuk / Sibayak 160MW Sipaholon – Tarutung 50MW Sarula – Sibual Buali 660MW Suwawa – Gorontalo 130MW Kotamobagu 220MW S. Merapi – Sampuraga 500MW Lahendong - Tompaso 380MW G. Talang 30MW Merana 200MW Muaralabuh 240MW Sungai Penuh 355MW Jailolo 40MW Lempur / Kerinci 60MW
SULAWESI SUMATRA 930 MW B. Gedung Hulu Lais / Tambang Sawah 910MW Tulehu 40MW 5,955 MW
Suoh Antatai – G. Sekincau 900MW
Lumut Balai 620MW Rajabasa 120MW MALUKU Marga Bayur 170MW Tangkubanperahu 20MW 80 MW
Ulubelu 440MW Ijen 120MW NUSA TENGGARA 570 MW Wai Ratai 120MW Bedugul 330MW
Citaman – G. Karang 20MW
Atadei 50MW Cosolok – Cisukarame 180MW Wilis / Ngebel 120MW Oka – Larantuka 90MW Ungaran 180MW G. Salak 500MW Telomoyo 50MW Hu’u Daha 110MW Sokoria – Mutubusa 90MW G. Patuha 500MW Dieng 400MW Wai Sano 50MW Bena – Mataloko 30MW G. Wayang - Windu 400MW Ulumbu 150MW JAVA-BALI Darajat 330MW 3,870 MW Kamojang 320MW G. Karaha – G. Telagabodas 400MW Objective Area
Fig. 3-5 Map Showing the Resource Potential in Promising Geothermal Fields (JICA, 2007)
59 Table 3-1 Geothermal Resource Potential (MW) in Eastern Indonesia
JICA Master Plan DGMCG (2005) Study (2007) No Area Regency/City Resources (MW) Reserve (MW) Installed Exploitable Resource Spec. Hypo. Possible Probable Proven (MW) Potential (MW) West Nusa Tenggara 161 Sembaiun East Lombok - - 39 - - - 162 Marongge Sumbawa Besar - 6 - - - - 163 Huu-Daha Dompu - - 69 - - - 110 0610800 Sub Total (MW) 6 108 0 110 114 East Nusa Tenggara 164 Wai Sano Manggarai - 90 33 - - - 50 165 Ulumbu Manggarai - - 187.5 - 12.5 - 150 166 Wal Pesi Manggarai - - 54 - - - 167 Gou-Inelika Ngada - 28 - - - - 168 Mengeruda Ngada - 5 - - - - 169 Mataloko Ngada - 10 63.5 - 1.5 - 30 170 Komandaru Ende - 11 - - - - 171 Ndetusoko Ende - - 10 - - - 172 Sukoria Ende - 145 25 - - - 90 173 Jopu Ende - - 5 - - - 174 Lesugolo Ende - - 45 - - - 175 Oka-Ile Ange East Flores - - 40 - - - 90 176 Atadei Lembata - - 40 - - - 50 177 Bukapiting Alor - - 27 - - - 178 Roma-Ujeiewung Lembata - 16 6 - - - 179 Oyang Barang East Flores - - 37 - - - 180 Sirung (Isiabang-Kuriaii) Alor 100 48 - - - - 181 Adum Lembata - - 36 - - - 182 Alor Timur Alor 190 ------Ili Labaleken ------NE 290 353 609 0 14 Sub Total (MW) 643 623 0 460 1266 North Maluku 237 Mamuya North Halmahera - 7 - - - - 238 Ibu West Halmahera 25 ----- 239 Akelamo North Halmahera 25 ----- 240 Jailolo West Halmahera - - 42 - - - 40 241 Keibesi West Halmahera 25 ----- 242 Akesahu Tidore - - 25 - - - 243 Indari South Halmahera 25 ----- 244 Labuha South Halmahera 25 ----- 245 Tonga Wayaua South Halmahera - 110 - - - - NE 125 117 67 0 0 Sub Total (MW) 242 67 040 309 Maluku 246 Larike Ambon 25 ----- 247 Taweri Ambon 25 ----- 248 Tolehu Ambon - - 100 - - - 40 249 Oma Haruku Central Maluku 25 ----- 250 Saparua Central Maluku 25 ----- 251 Nusa Laut Central Maluku 25 ----- 125 0 100 0 0 Sub Total (MW) 125 100 040 225
540 476 884 0 14 Total (MW) 1016 898 0 650 1914
Not studied in JICA (2007)
60
Table 3-2 Present Status of geothermal resource development in Eastern Indonesia
Confirmation of Development Exist geothermal Priolity defined No. *1Area Regency/City Development reservoir by well by JICA (2007) Plan by PLN drilling *2 West Nusa Tenggara 161 Sembaiun East Lombok ○ 162 Marongge Sumbawa Besar 163 Huu-Daha Dompu ○C East Nusa Tenggara 164 Wai Sano Manggarai C 165 Ulumbu Manggarai ○○A 166 Wal Pesi Manggarai 167 Gou-Inelika Ngada 168 Mengeruda Ngada 169 Mataloko Ngada ○○A 170 Komandaru Ende 171 Ndetusoko Ende 172 Sukoria Ende C 173 Jopu Ende 174 Lesugolo Ende 175 Oka-Ile Ange East Flores C 176 Atadei Lembata C 177 Bukapiting Alor 178 Roma-Ujeiewung Lembata 179 Oyang Barang East Flores Sirung 180 Alor (Isiabang-Kuriaii) 181 Adum Lembata 182 Alor Timur Alor North Maluku 237 Mamuya North Halmahera 238 Ibu West Halmahera 239 Akelamo North Halmahera 240 Jailolo West Halmahera ○C 241 Keibesi West Halmahera 242 Akesahu Tidore 243 Indari South Halmahera 244 Labuha South Halmahera 245 Tonga Wayaua South Halmahera N Maluku 246 Larike Ambon 247 Taweri Ambon 248 Tolehu Ambon ○C 249 Oma Haruku Central Maluku 250 Saparua Central Maluku 251 Nusa Laut Central Maluku - Ili Labaleken *3 Lembata N
*1: Area Number defined by DGMCG (2005)
*2: Development Priolity defined by JICA (2007) A Existing Power Plant or Existing Epansion/Development Plan B High Possibiity of Existing Geothermal Reservoir C Medium Possibility of Existing Geothermal Reservoir L Low Possibility of Existing Geothermal Reservoir N Not Enough Data for Evaluation *3: Ili Labaleken is located in Lembata, but the field number defined by DGMCG (2005) is unclear.
61
3.4 Geothermal Resources in Each Fields
Following are the review of geothermal resources in each field based on the data of VSI, JICA (2007) and published papers.
3.4.1 HU’U DAHA
The Hu’u Daha geothermal area is located in the southeastern part of the middle Sumbawa Island. Most thermal features occur in an area surrounding the NW-SE trending fault (Fig. 3-6). The surface features presumably indicate the potency of geothermal resources beneath the area. These features include hot springs, fumaroles and altered rocks. The distribution of the surface features occurs at elevations between 90 to 500 m above sea level, and the temperatures are between 37 and 80° C. Geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys recognized a geothermal prospect area located in the up-flow system of the Hu’u geothermal 2 area. The prospects covers an area of about 10 km recognized by mercury and CO2 rich- distribution (H. Sundhoro, et al. 2008).
Surface geoscientific surveys (geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys) have been carried out by CGR. The resource potential is estimated as 110 MW by JICA (2007). The geoscientific description in Hu’u Daha is published by the Volcanological Survey in Indonesia (VSI) and published papers. Based on the description, geoscientific data in Hu’u Daha is reviewed as follows.
Geology: The geology of the Hu’u Daha area is dominated by Miocene, predominantly andesitic, volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks. Dacites and some andesitic intrusives occur to the north of the thermal area but there is no clear heat source for the system. The active volcano of Sangeang Api is 90 km to the north of Huu with an older chain of Quaternary volcanoes along the north coast of Sumbawa about 45 km distant (R. D. Johnstone, 2005).
Surface geothermal manifestations and Geochemistry: The Hu’u Daha has a number of thermal features. They surround Doro Toki - Doro Pure volcanic complex and consist of warm and hot springs and fumaroles, and some hot or old altered ground. Fumaroles exist at two locations: at approximately 500 m.a.s.l. in the Sungai Neangga river valley on the southwestern slopes of Doro Pure, and at Limea at 100 m.a.s.l. on the southern slopes of the same mountain. The valley floor is strongly altered and there are a number of sulphur deposits. The hottest springs also occur at Limea, close to the shoreline. Temperatures range between 81oC and 86oC, flows are low (<0.3 l/sec) and the waters have properties expected in sulphate- chloride outflows. There may be some interference from sea water but the analytical quality is not good enough for any definite ideas to be formed. All the other hot springs are at 40oC or less and are grouped in three locations. The hottest occur on
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the western slopes of Doro Pure in the Sungai Huu river valley and on the northwestern slopes of Doro Toki. The Huu hot springs occur at 100 m.a.s.l. and are neutral bicarbonate waters. Flows are similar to those at Limea. Some iron oxide deposits and carbonate sinters exist surround the springs. The springs at Daha are also low flow, neutral bicarbonate waters with temperatures approximating 40oC. They all occur at approximately 300 m.a.s.l. and have similar chemistries, allowing for the standard of analysis. The third set of springs occurs at Parado where temperatures approximate 30oC, flows are around 1.5 kg/sec and the waters are of bicarbonate type. Chloride content levels are lower than those at Daha or Huu and the pH is more alkaline (7.5 to 8) (based on description of VSI).
Geophysics: A Schlumberger resistivity survey was carried out during 1984 on part of the southern area of Sumbawa, near the eastern end of the slopes of Doro Pilar (1030 m.a.s.l.) and Doro Puree. The survey comprised 7 parallel lines, averaging 8 km in length, and approximately following constant elevation. The warm springs of Huu and Daha lay within the survey area, and the thermal ground on D.Pure was situated at the southwest end of the lines. No resistivity measurements were made on the south side of the volcanoes, which contain the main thermal manifestation in the prospect (Limea hot springs near the coast). This area can be only accessible by boat. The resistivity measurements comprised overlapping soundings, generally to AB/2=2000m. The results were presented in Andan (1984). An apparent resistivity map at AB/2=1000m was also drawn up for the assessment discussed here. The general pattern on the resistivity maps is decreasing resistivity towards the southwest end of the survey area. However on the lines at lowest elevation, the apparent resistivity increases strongly with increasing AB/2 value (after passing through a relatively shallow zone of low resistivity). At higher elevations (in the southwest), the low resistivity is generally deeper, and on some curves, there is only a marginal increase in resistivity at the largest current spacings (e.g. E 6500). In view of the low resistivity at depth in the young volcanic host rock (<5 ohm-m), the elevated location of the southwest end of line E, and its proximity to the thermal ground on D.Pure, the most interesting part of the prospect probably lies beneath the ridge of D.Pure, or on the south side of D.Pure. The survey lines closest to D.Pilar indicate significantly higher resistivities (typically ~30 ohm-m) at depth, and therefore hot fluids are not expected at depth (i.e. below 1km) in this area (based on description of VSI).
Prospect area: Geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys recognized a geothermal prospect area located in the up-flow system of the Hu’u Daha geothermal area. The prospects covers an area of about 10 km2 recognized by rich distribution of mercury and
CO2 (H. Sundhoro et al., 2008).
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Fig. 3-6 Geothermal area of Hu’u Daha (after J. Brotheridge et al., 2000)
3.4.2 Wai Sano
Wai Sano is a 2.5 km diameter Crater Lake in the center of G. Wai Sano on the SW corner of Flores Island. Surface geoscientific studies (geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys) have been carried out by CGR. The resource potential was estimated as 50 MW by JICA (2007). The geoscientific description in Wai Sano is published by the Volcanological Survey in Indonesia (VSI), JICA (2007) and published papers. Based on the descriptions, geoscientific data in Wai Sano is reviewed as follows.
Geology: G. Wai Sano is an upper Quaternary andesitic volcano resting on the older Quaternary andesites of Pegunungan Geliran. Some pumiceous debris is incorporated in the Wai Sano pyroclastics. Wai Sano is regarded as an older Quaternary volcano since no historic eruptions have been recorded. However, there are many features of the topography suggesting that volcanism is not that old and certainly likely to be less than 1 Ma (Fig. 3-7).
Surface geothermal manifestations and Geochemistry: Thermal activity at Wai Sano is centered on the Crater Lake which is elongated NW–SE and about 3 km long at an elevation of 620 m. The hottest thermal features (98oC) are found along the edges of the lake but associated thermal activity covers an area of about 100 km2. Slightly acidic springs are found at the main Wai Sano thermal area and at Wai Bobok slightly further south on the lake shore. The spring fluids have high salinity attested by the presence of salts encrusting the spring margins. In both these areas the alteration is reminiscent of very acidic fluids and fumarolic activity with sulphur and H2S smell in common. A group of warm bicarbonate type springs occur to the north east of Wai Sano in the Wai Werang and Wai Rancang valleys. About 10 km to the east near the main road is the Namparmacing spring, which has a temperature of 45oC, pH 6 - 7 with only a small outflow. Activity here was much greater in the past with this spring lying within a sinter sheet about 30 by 70 m. About 2 km further
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NE there is an even more impressive sinter sheet about 250 m long and 100 m wide draping over the river terrace and down the sides of a small gorge into the Wai Rendong river. Only small flow warm springs were present in 1995. The elevation of the boiling springs on the shores of Wai Sano suggests the presence of a significant geothermal reservoir at depth (R. D. Johnstone, 2005).
Contain significant magmatic water, possibly arising from previous volcanic activity near G. Wai Sano. Main fluid flow pattern is from Wai Sano to north and northeast. Spring water geothermometries suggest a reservoir temperature around 200-250oC or higher (JICA, 2007).
Geophysics and Prospect Area: Possible area is defined based on low resistivity zone (Schlumberger <10 ohm-m (AB/2=1000m)). The low resistivity zone coincides with the volcanic crater (D. Sanongoang). There is a possibility that the hydrothermal alterations are developed in the volcanic crater (Fig. 3-8, JICA, 2007).
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Fig. 3-7 Geological map in Wai Sano (after JICA, 2007)
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Fig. 3-8 Resistivity survey result in Wai Sano (after JICA, 2007)
3.4.3 Ulumbu
The Ulumbu geothermal field is located on the south western flank of the Poco Leok volcanic complex, about 13 km SW of the active volcano Anak Ranaka near the provincial capital of Ruteng. The spectacular fumarole field in the Wai Kokor valley (650 m) dominates the thermal activity at Ulumbu and contributes to the dominant proportion of the estimated 100 MW thermal natural surface heat flow from the system. Scattered over a large area to the east, west and south of the fumaroles are a number of warm bicarbonate type springs with low chloride contents.
Preliminary scientific surveys were mostly conducted by the VSI. Exploration/production drilling was carried out by PT PLN, with assistance from GENZL and the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Test results suggested that at least 15MWe could be generated by the three wells (Kasbani et al. 1997). The resource potential was estimated as 150 MW by JICA (2007). Although pre-feasibility and feasibility studies were carried out funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT), the available data is limited. Followings are summary on the geothermal resources in Ulumbu based on published papers.
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Geology: Flores Island forms part of the Banda Island arc system that comprises Upper Cenozoic volcanic rocks with volcanogenic and carbonate sediments (Hamilton, 1979). The volcanic rocks are dominantly of mafic and intermediate calc-alkaline composition and are unconformably underlain by Tertiary sediments. The oldest rocks exposed are of Middle Miocene age (Koesoemadinata et al., 1981). The Ulumbu field occurs on the southern flank of the Poco Leok volcanic complex and is about 650 m above sea level (KRTMERT, 1989). The youngest rocks outcrop approximately 7 km north of Poco Leok. These are andesites, basaltic andesites, silicic andesites and dacite domes that overlie rocks of the Poco Rii volcano which erupted lavas and breccias, dominated by andesitic to basaltic andesite lithologies. The most recent volcanic event in the region was the 1987 eruption of a dome of silicic andesite - dacite (Anak Ranakah), about 10 km north east of Poco Leok (Sjarifudin & Rakimin, 1988) (Kasbani, et al., 1997).
Surface geothermal manifestations and Geochemistry: Most thermal features in the Ulumbu geothermal field occur over an area of about 28 km2 within the crater and on the western and southwestern flanks of the Poco Leok complex. Features include hot springs, fumaroles, mud pots and steaming ground. The springs are mostly characterized by high concentrations of sulphate, very low chloride content and low pH (-3), but some are of neutral pH - bicarbonate type. No chloride waters discharge at the surface.
Geophysics: Schlumberger resistivity surveys were carried out over the Ulumbu prospect in 1982 and 1985. (Simanjuntak 1982 and 1985). The survey results are summarized in VSI website as follows.
Most of the Schlumberger measurements were in the form of soundings to AB/2=2000 m, along surveyed lines. The lines were concentrated in a 100 km2 area centered on Wai Kokor, although some additional lines were also measured further north (around Ruteng). The surveys appear to have delineated a potential geothermal reservoir area which includes the Wai Kokor thermal area. Significantly, a survey line which extended further east across the Mesir, or Lunggar, "thermal" area indicated generally higher resistivities at depth (10 ohm-m), but low resistivity near-surface. This may mean the Lunggar area is now almost cool, and there is only an alteration zone near surface which is contributing to the low resistivity. It was not possible to ascertain whether or not there is a surface thermal anomaly in this area.
The zone of lowest resistivity appears to be roughly delineated by the 10 ohm-m apparent resistivity contour on the AB/2=1000 m spacing map. The underlying geothermal system probably has a simpler shape than shown by this contour, but the contour may be indicative of the total area of lowest resistivity. This is of the order of 10 km2, but the estimate is clearly poorly controlled in several places, particularly in the region of higher topography to the north. Geographically, the low resistivity anomaly extends to around Wai Mantar in the north, and possibly to Wai Garit in the south. Very low resistivities, which were found at
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depth 2 km further south, may be influenced by conductive sediments beneath the volcanic pile. The most attractive target area based on geophysical survey results was proposed as the north of the Wai Kokor thermal area, in the region of higher topography.
Exploratory Well Study: Three deep wells were drilled from the same drill pad in 1994 – 1995 less than 100 m away from the fumaroles. One is vertical and the others deviated. The measured temperatures are up to 240°C with a productive steam zone at 750 m (Fig. 3-9, Grant el al., 1997; Kasbani et al., 1997). The deepest well (ULB-01) encountered Quaternary volcanics to a depth of 838 m with Tertiary sediments below this to the well bottom, at 1887 m. ULB-02 is directionally drilled to the NE and was the main producer with about 12 MW of dry steam. PT. PLN continues to pursue the options for installation of a power plant (Kasbani, et al., 1997; R. D. Johnstone, 2005).
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Fig. 3-9 Hydrothermal mineral zonation in Ulumbu (revised Kasbani, et al., 1997)
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3.4.4 Bena-Mataloko
The Mataloko (Bajawa) Geothermal area (500-1,400 m a.s.l) is located in Ngada regency, East Nusatenggara, and lies between 121°00' - 121°05' E latitude 08°48'30" - 08° 53'30" longitude. It has good accessibility and high rain fall (±1750 - 2250 mm/year). The comprehensive survey had been conducted by VSI, NEDO (New Energy Development Organization)-Japan, and GSJ (Geological Survey of Japan) in FY 1998 i.e. geology, geochemical, geophysical surveys and 103 m depth well-drilling. The geophysical consist of MT (Magneto Telluric), CSAMT (Control Source Audio Magneto Telluric), Schlumberger resistivity and Gravity methods. The resource potential was estimated as 30 MW by JICA (2007). After NEDO study, additional wells have been drilled and constructed 2.5 MW geothermal power plant.
The geothermal resource in Bena-Mataloko was summarized by VSI, JICA (2007) and published papers. Based on these descriptions, geothermal resources in Bena-Mataloko are summarized as follows (Figs. 3-10 and 3-11).
Geology: The Mataloko andesite and the volcanic of Bajawa composed of fresh to weathered lavas, thick pyroclastic, cropping out in Mataloko and Bajawa areas, deducing as a caldera and post caldera forming eruption products. The SE-NW trending fault systems are occupied by regional structures of Central Central Flores, which probably influenced by the tectonic driving from the South. Generally the thermal discharges are associated with structure or fracture system passing through SE-NW, SW-NE and N-S direction. The SE-NW Waeluja normal fault is a major control structure of thermal channel fluids of he Mataloko geothermal area, indicated by trend of hot springs and alteration zone distributions. The SW-NE Boba normal fault is characterized by an old topographic lineation, escarpment and triangular facets in some places. The N-S structure pattern is represented by an existence of volcanic lineaments that are probably strongly affected by a combination of normal and strike slip fault systems. The large geothermal distribution along that trending fault direction, interpreted as a fracture type geothermal system dominated the Bajawa geothermal area (JICA, 2007).
Surface geothermal manifestations: The Waeluja alteration zone characterized by an NW-SE strongly argilitic alteration (natroalunite, alunite, alunogen, crystobalite and quartz). In the lateral order, they are divided into alunite-illite, kaolinite and montmorilonite zones. The alunite-illite zone is located in the inner part, probably affected by a strongly sulphuric acid and high temperature solutions which are indicated by alunite mineral. The kaolinite zone is characterized by kaolinite, crystobalite, quartz and montmorilonite which are probably affected by acidic and weak acidic solutions. The outer zone is montmorilonite, which is possibly driven from a weathering process as well. The NE-SW Nage alteration zone is characterized by silicification-argilitization (Pyrophilite, quartz, and gypsum), which is probably associated with the first episode condition (affected by strongly sulphuric acid
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solution). Teh west flank of Bobo young volcanic cones (1400 m asl) represent a fumarolic field which consists mainly of alunite, kaolinite and crystobalite clay alterations (probably affected by a strongly sulphuric acid solution of high temperature condition). The Thermo-luminescence dating of quartz from Waeluja and Nage alteration minerals represents ages of 0.087 Ma and less than 0.2 Ma respectively. They probably indicate the thermal history of the preliminary Waeluja and Nage faults. Therefore, high subsurface temperatures of hydrothermal system are probably still existing (based on description of VSI).
Geochemistry: The chemical analysis of thermal discharges that represents high sulphate, low chloride, sodium, and calcium contents, is indicating the sulphate type water. The high sulphate suggests that the volcanic gases particularly H2S oxidize closed to the surface, influencing shallow ground water (based on description of VSI).
Main thermal manifestations in Mataloko are fumaroles and steam-heated acid hot springs. Reservoir fluid originates essentially in meteoric water. The shallow steam-dominated reservoir is likely to be derived from deep liquid-dominated hot reservoir. From fumarolic and well discharge gas geothermometries, reservoir temperature is estimated to be 190-230oC at the shallow reservoir and 270-300oC at the deep reservoir.
Geophysics: The very comprehenship geophysical survey was conducted to provide integrated information on the electrical resistivity distribution of the Mataloko, Bobo, and Nage manifestation areas. The 2-D resistivity model shows that generally a thin high resistivity surface layer except the manifestation zone. Below it, the Mataloko area is entirely underlain by a low resistivity layer (<10 Ohm-m) in the shallow zone, and very low, as low as 1 Ohm-m, near the manifestation zone. This is interpreted as a clay-rich zone which corresponds to ca layer of the geothermal reservoir system. The thickness of the conductive layer becomes larger to western part of the Mataloko area, but less conductive. A large-high resistive layer is interpreted below this cap layer in the Mataloko surface manifestation zone. The CSAMT data shows the discontinuity resistivity structures near manifestation zone which is interpreted as fractures zone, while the Head On represents that the normal fault yields a dipping 70°to the North.
Shallow Exploratory Wells Study: Three shallow exploratory wells MTL-1, MT-1 and MT-2 have been drilled in the Mataloko geothermal field in this project. This project was successfully completed with the flow-test steam production of 15 tons per hour from the well MT-2 at the depth of 162.35 m. After the flow-test, this well was deepened to182.02 m (Figs. 3-12 and 3-13).
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Fig. 3-10 Compiled map of geothermal activity in the Nage and Wolo Bobo areas (JICA, 2007)
Fig. 3-11 Compiled map of geothermal activity in the Mataloko Area (JICA, 2007)
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Fig. 3-12 Location of exploratory wells in Mataloko (Muraoka et al., 2005)
Fig. 3-13 Photograph of the flow twist of NEDO MT-2 well (Muraoka et al., 2005)
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3.4.5 Sokoria-Mutubusa
The Sokoria-Mutubusa geothermal field in central Flores and the association of the geothermal activity with the volcanism at Kelimutu is reported R. D. Johnstone (2005) and JICA (2007). The resource potential is estimated as 90 MW by JICA (2007). Preliminary scientific survey was mostly conducted by the CGR. Drilling of slim shallow wells was carried out by CGR. In addition, MT/TDEM survey was conducted by JICA (2007).
Surface thermal activity covers an area of about 100 km2 centered on the Kelimutu volcano. A feature of the thermal activity at Sokoria is the existence of fumaroles at high elevations (1,200 m asl) (Mutubusa and Mutulo’o), and lower elevation (<900 m asl) springs with a wide variety of chemical compositions, being interpreted as mixtures of groundwater, with magmatic ,geothermal steam condensate, and geothermal reservoir fluid of neutral pH, and chloride type. In the lowest elevation area, neutral pH springs at Detu Petu and Landukura and acid springs at Jopu exist. The temperature estimated by the method of Giggenbach (1988) indicated a trend towards equilibrium temperatures of 200 – 250oC. Springs on the south side of the complex occur along the trace of the near vertical Lowongolopolo Fault (R. D. Johnstone, 2005).
Geology: Sokoria-Mutubusa geothermal prospect is located 30km north of Ende, East Nusa Tenggara. The poorly known Sokoria caldera in central Flores Island, NE of Iya volcano is of 8 km in diameter (Fig. 3-14). A 750-m-high northern caldera wall rises above the village of Sokoria in the center of the caldera. The southern caldera wall is very irregular. A small fumarolic area on the western flank contains several vents that eject geyser-like water columns with a smell of hydrogen sulfide. The Ndete Napu fumarole field, located at 750 m elevation along the Lowomelo river valley in central Flores Island, originated during 1927-29. In 1932 it contained mud pots and high-pressure water fountains. The age of volcanism in the Ndete Napu area is not known precisely, but it was included in the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang, 1951) based on its thermal activity (JICA, 2007).
Geochemistry: Surface manifestations around Keli Mutu volcanic complex are spread over a wide area. Reservoir fluid originates essentially in meteoric water. Spring waters in Roga and Jopu at the south foot of Keli Mutu may be derived from outflows from the mountain side and contain some magmatic fluid. Hot springs in Sokoria may be derived from various kinds of fluids including shallow condensate, deep reservoir water and outflow containing magmatic fluid. Occurrence of fumaroles in Mutubasa suggests existence of another up flow center of hot fluid there besides the Keli Mutu system. Reservoir temperature was estimated higher than 180oC at least, and possibly up to 320oC from gas and Na/K geothermometries (JICA, 2007).
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Geophysics: Schlumberger method was conducted by CGR. JICA (2007) conducted geophysical survey (MT/TDEM method) in the Master Plan STudy. The survey results of JICA study are summarized as follows:
Three resistivity discontinuities were detected. Considering the geological survey results, resistivity discontinuity probably reflects a Caldera rim, and is likely to reflect a fault structure. In the central portion along the of resistivity discontinuity, a low resistivity zone of less than 5ohm-m probably reflecting reflects low-temperature hydrothermal-alteration minerals (smectite etc) acting as the cap-rock of the reservoir is recognized. In addition, underlying the low resistivity zone along the discontinuity, a relatively higher resistivity zone of greater than 30ohm-m possibly reflecting reflects high temperature alteration products such as illite and/or chlorite is detected. Hence the area along resistivity discontinuity at depth is possibly indicative of a higher temperature zone at depth. Therefore it is highly probable that the central portion of resistivity discontinuity reflects a part of the fault-like structure where geothermal fluid may circulate at depth in the Sokoria field. Based on these facts, the zone along resistivity discontinuity is likely to be a promising zone for geothermal development in the Sokoria field.
Reservoir extent was estimated in Caldera structure, based on low resistivity zone (Schlumberger <5 ohm-m), surface manifestation and geologic structure trending NNW-SSE (JICA, 2007).
Fig. 3-14 Prospect Area in Sokoria Mutubusa (J. Brotheridge et al., 2000)
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3.4.6 Oka-Larantuka
Preliminary geoscientific survey was mostly conducted by the CGR. The resource potential was estimated as 90 MW by JICA (2007). Results of surface geoscientific surveys are summarized as follows based on R. D. Johnstone (2005).
Thermal features on the eastern end of Flores occur in three clusters; Oka hot springs on the south eastern side of the island, Kawalawu hot springs on the north western side of the island, and the Riang Kotang alteration area in the saddle between Ili Padang and Ili Waikerewak hills, between the two sets of coastal springs. Several springs are found at Oka over a 200 m interval inland from the seashore. The hottest spring is 60.1oC, with a flow of about 3 l/s, and notable thin salt layer coating the rocks surrounding the pool. Total flow from the Oka area is estimated at about 15 l/s. At Kawalawu the main spring occurs just above high tide level, has a temperature of 51.2oC, and a flow of about 3 l/s. Other springs are reported to have occurred to the east and west of the present springs prior to the 1991 earthquake. But these are now covered with rocks and sand. Both spring groups are slightly acid with pH 5 - 6. The slight acidity is reflected in elevated sulphate contents of the springs suggesting that these waters have undergone a moderate steam heating process. There are significant differences in the chemistry between the two springs indicating that they either originate from different parent fluids, or have been modified significantly before o reaching the surface. Silica geothermometers give temperatures of about 170 C for both springs and although the springs fall in the immature field of Giggenbach (1988) the trend line points towards temperatures of 250oC. The volcanic rocks in the area are Pliestocene to recent, forming a poorly dissected group of coalescing volcanic cones up to about 1,240 m high. Young craters occur about 6 km to the east and NE of the springs and the active Ili Leroblong volcano (Kusumadinata, 1979) is about 10 km to the SW. The location of the springs provides little evidence for an association with a particular volcanic heat source.
3.4.7 Atadei
The Atadei geothermal field belongs to Atedei Subdistrict, District of Lembata, and East Nusa Tenggara Province. The field situated about 45 km southeast of Lewoleba city as the capital city of Lembata District. The preliminary works were conducted by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, but it has not been developed yet.
The Atadei geothermal field is composed of Quaternary old and young volcanic rock unit and the geological structures are characterized by Watuwawer and Bauraja calderas, Watuwawer and Mauraja normal faults of NE-SW trend and Waibana normal fault of NW-SE. The surface manifestation consists of hot springs (32-45°C), fumaroles (80-96°C), steaming ground (96-98°C) and altered rock. The anomalies of Hg and CO2,,which is almost the same with those of resistivities, extend in the south to southeast of the Atadei geothermal field, around the Watuwawer village.
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Based on the study results by F. Nadlohyert al (2003), there are three prospect areas Watuwawer 4.5 km2 with the electrical potential of 20-30 MWe, Lewo Kebingin, 0.25 km2 with electrical potential of 1-2 MW and Waru, 1.5 km2 with electrical potential of 7-10 MW. The Watuwawer prospect area is the most prospective area for the development of the Atadei geothermal field in the future. The resource potential was estimated to be 50 MW by JICA (2007).
The geoscientific description in Atadei is published by the Volcanological Survey in Indonesia (VSI). Based on the description, characteristics of the geothermal resource in Atadei are summarized as follows.
Geology: Lomblen Island is a part of the Banda Island arc system which comprises Upper Cenozoic volcanic rocks with volcanogenic and carbonate sediments. The volcanic rocks are dominantly of mafic to intermediate calc-alkaline composition and are uncomfortably underlain by the Tertiary rocks. The oldest rocks are of Miocene age and exposed on northern part of the island. The youngest rocks in the area in relation with the most recent volcanic event in the island occur on Mt. Ili Werung and Mt. Hobal, approximately 6 km South East of the surveyed area. The Quaternary volcanic rocks consist of lava and pyroclastic deposits, which were mostly erupted from the vents of Mt. Watulolo, Mt. Atalojo, Mt. Benolo and Mt. Watukaba. These rocks are dominantly of basaltic andesite composition, however, there are deictic rocks exposed on a narrow area at the north Watukaba caldera wall. The secondary deposits are alluvial and debris avalanches deposits. The later is a very recent deposit due to slope instability of intensively altered volcanic rocks and buried the former sub district capital town of Atadai with about of 500 peoples died in 1979. The area photograph interpretation shows that there are two main trending structures/lineaments: NW-SE and NE-SW. The NW-SW one likely controls the volcanism and the volcanic vents presumably moved from the NW to the SE, where Mt. Iliwerung is the youngest (based on description of VSI).
Surface geothermal manifestations: Most thermal features in the Atadai geothermal area occur over area boundaries by a couple of NE-SW trending faults: Kowan and Lewo geroma faults in the North and South, respectively. Features include hot spring, steaming/hot grounds and altered rocks. The springs have temperature up to 35°C and are mostly characterized by nearly neutral pH and bicarbonate type, but some are of high sulphate content, very low chloride content and low pH. No chloride waters discharge at the surface. The steaming/hot grounds have near surface temperatures up to 98°C and occur with in the Watukaba caldera, on the western flank of Mt. Ilikoti and eastern flank of Mt. Benolo. The volcano-stratigraphy study and thermal manifestation suggest that the heat source for the Atadai geothermal area is beneath the Atalojo crater and Watukaba caldera. The intensive alteration mostly occurs in area boundaries the couple of NE-SW normal faults: Kowan and Lewogeroma. However, some samples taken from the western flank at Mt. Ilikoti show that the rocks have been pervasively altered by neutral pH fluid (based on description of VSI).
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3.4.8 Tulehu
The geoscientific description in Tulehu was compiled by JICA (2007). The resource potential was estimated as 40 MW by JICA (2007). Based on the description, characteristics of geothermal resources in Tulehu are summarized as follows.
Geology: The area is located at the east coast of Ambon Island. The geological units are divided by several NE-SW trending faults and warm springs are situated along these faults (Fig. 3-15).
Geochemistry: Reservoir fluid originates in meteoric water and seawater. Detailed fluid flow pattern is not clear. Reservoir temperature is estimated around 230oC or higher.
Prospect Area: Possible area was defined by PT. PLN based on the low resistivity zone, surface manifestation, geologic structure and geochemistry. The resistivity data and geologic structure indicate the possibility that the possible area become wider than that defined by PT. PLN (Fig. 3-16).
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Fig. 3-15 Geological map in Tulehu (JICA, 2007)
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Fig. 3-16 Prospect Area in Tulehu (JICA, 2007)
3.4.9 Jailolo
The geoscientific description in Jailolo is published by the Volcanological Survey in Indonesia (VSI). The resource potential was estimated as 40 MW by JICA (2007). Based on the description, characteristics of geothermal resources in Jailolo are summarized as follows.
Geology: Thermal features of this field occur mainly around the flanks of G. Jailolo which forms a small peninsula on the west coast of central Halmahera Island. The oldest rocks in the area are Tertiary, with andesites and basalts overlain by a deictic ignimbrite which outcrop to the east of the thermal features on an uplifted fault block. Early Quaternary eruptive centers are situated at G.Toada (east of Teluk Jailolo) and to the SW of G. Jailolo in the Teluk Bobo-Kailupa area. The Jailolo Volcanics overlie these older units and consist of basalts erupted from G.Jailolo followed by andesite which were erupted from the vicinity of a 1.75 km diameter crater further to the east at Idamdehe (based on description of VSI).
Surface geothermal manifestations: The highest temperature of thermal features in Jailolo are in the eastern part of the field with steaming ground inside the Idamdehe crater (97oC), on the south side of Manjonga hill (78oC) and springs (84oC) on the coast SW of Manjonga hill. The remaining 33 known springs are around the edges of G.Jailolo and at Todowangi to the NW of G.Toada, and have temperatures lower than 45oC and flows up to 10 l/s.
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The springs cover an area of about 75km2. It is considered that the eastern part of the field around Kawah Idamdehe is the most promising for obtaining a geothermal resource if one of significance exists (Fig. 3-17).
Geochemistry: There are a number of thermal features within this prospect. To the west of G.Jailolo at Idamdehe within a small collapsed structure and at 175 m.a.s.l. there is some very hot (97oC) steaming ground. A further piece of steaming ground (78oC) is located at 125 m.a.s.l., 3 km south-west of Idamdehe at Bukit Manjanga. Hot outflows occur at six locations but at sea level. Only one near-complete analysis is available, and the Ca/Mg ratio and elevated chloride sulphate and bicarbonate may indicate an influx of seawater rather than a diluted outflow from a cool source. Evidence of a possible high temperature (>180oC) resource is indicated by silica deposition at the two hottest seepages at Sorogogo (84oC) and Arugani (75oC) respectively and both have flows less than 0.5 l/second. Only two hot springs are recorded with flow rates greater than 6 l/second and these occur at Balesoan (50 l/sec) and Gamtala (10 l/sec). There are a number of wells around G.Jailolo flanks which have been sunk to supply hot water (based on description of VSI).
Geophysics: Approximately 75 Schlumberger traversing stations, and 14 soundings were carried out in the Jailolo prospect area during 1982 (Simanjuntak, 1982). The traversing measurements were at the standard AB/2 spacings of 500 m and 1000 m, and most of the soundings were up to AB/2=1000 m.
G.Jailolo is surrounded on its northwest, west and south sides by sea. On the north and east sides, there are broad areas of low-lying swamp which are likely to contain unknown thicknesses of conductive sediments and fluids. With the exception of the small Idamdehe kawah at an elevation of 205 m.a.s.l., the other thermal manifestations (springs) are at low elevations surrounding the flanks of G.Jailolo. Thus low resistivities are to be expected at low elevation around G.Jailolo, and the critical question is whether the low resistivity extends a significant distance beneath the higher parts of the mountain (peak elevation of 1130 m.a.s.l.). None of the soundings centered above 250 m.a.s.l. imply very low resistivity at depth (i.e. <10 ohm-m). However the upper parts of G.Jailolo have a very high resistivity, so most of the sounding curves are steeply descending, and there is some uncertainty about how low the resistivity is at great depth (>1 km depth). Despite this uncertainty, the relatively high apparent resistivity (>50 ohm-m) at AB/2=1000 on most traversing stations, and in all soundings at elevations above 250 m.a.s.l., suggests there is not an extensive geothermal system beneath G.Jailolo.
Low resistivities occur beneath the eastern flanks of G.Jailolo, especially along the survey line that is the closest to the Idamdehe kawah. In situ resistivities of <10 ohm-m are suggested here, and these extend sufficiently inland to be mostly likely caused by the presence of thermal fluids. With only one traversing survey line across this area, the boundaries of the low resistivity zone are poorly delineated. A circular area of radius 1 km
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(area 3 km2), centered near the Idamdehe kawah has been assumed (based on description of VSI).
Fig. 3-17 Geothermal model in Jailolo (after VSI)
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Chapter 4 Environmental and Social Aspect
4.1 Environmental Assessment System
The Ministry of Development and Environment (PPLH) was established in 1978 in Indonesia and takes charge of environmental administration. Act of the Republic of Indonesia concerning environmental management (act No.4/1982), which national environmental administration issues were described, was promulgated. PPLH transformed into the Ministry of Population and Environment (KLH) in 1982. For strengthening the function of KLH, the Environmental Management Agency (BAPEDAL) was established as an implementation agency for environmental administration based on Degree of President No.23/1990. KLH was demergered and LH was established in March 1993. BAPEDAL transformed its structure and strengthened the function by Degree of President No.77/ 1994, which brushed up the system on implementation of countermeasures for preservation of the environment and public hazards. According to central government policy, local government has right to act for preservation of the environment based on paragraph 3 article 18 of Act of the Republic of Indonesia concerning environmental management, and BLH of each province enforces the environmental issues. Authority concerned and provinces, which have jurisdiction over project, are capacitated enforcement of environmental impact assessment. They organize the “committee of environmental impact assessment” for prescreening and examining AMDAL report. ”General committee of environmental impact assessment” is organized for enforcing the environmental impact assessment of the project, which has not only one authority concerned. BEPEDAL administrates coordination of environmental impact assessment study. To reflect the article 16 of Act of the Republic of Indonesia concerning environmental management, the Government Regulation No. 29/1986 regarding the Environmental Impact Assessment was promulgated. Considering the results of many developments, “regulation regarding Environmental Impact Assessment” Government Regulation No. 51/1993 was enacted. In Indonesia Environmental Impact Assessment is called as Analysis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (hereafter AMDAL). AMDAL is categorized into three types according to the intensity and extent of the proposed development.