ISSN: 2347-3215 Volume 3 Number 8 (August-2015) pp. 73-80 www.ijcrar.com

Transmigrants living strategy in household Yosep Monim*, Darmawan Salman, Ramhan Mappangaja, and Mujahiddin Fahmid

Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Satya Wiyata Mandala University, Nabire 98801,

*Corresponding author

KEYWORDS A B S T R A C T

Households, This study aims to establish the typology of the vulnerability and the Migrants, vulnerability of the migrants are landless farmers and household income Living range of sustainability strategies in the context of institutional and local Strategy policy at various levels of livelihood. The method used is qualitative method, with a single case in UPT Transmigration Karadiri II or Wanggar Kampung Makmur District Wanggar Nabire district of Papua. The results showed that there was a peasant migrant who did not survive to vulnerability and should be returned to their hometown, which withstand the context of vulnerability and take the following strategies: In a crisis situation, which traveled household livelihood strategies farmers migrants are production strategies, debt strategies, strategy collective social and srabutan strategy. The strategies adopted are survival strategy means merely to survive. In normal circumstances, livelihood strategies pursued a strategy of collective social and srabutan strategy. This strategy is a strategy of consolidation, where the results of farming is able to reinvest either in the agricultural and non- agricultural-sector. Introduction Research on living patterns has been workers. Widiyanto (2009) search tobacco implemented in various commu-nities. use of agricultural resources in livelihood Among them, Rachmawati and Amir (2007) strategies in Merbabu Merapi volcano in examined patterns of living doubles in small Central Java with the finding that the farmer industry in Banyumas with the finding that has five major capitals interrelated i.e. the motivation, knowledge and skills that are natural capital, physical capital, financial lower than the employers so that workers are capital, human capital and social capital. not empowered in the double living pattern. Nurmalita (2013) examines the pattern of a Furthermore Susilowati et al. (2007) meniliti double living on the leather craftsmen in the engineering agricultural livelihood as a Middle Java Klaten district with the finding result of agro-industrial policy that can lead that the main obstacle leather craftsmen in to disparities in household income farm t h e d o u b l e living pattern is the initial capital

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to bring in raw materials. Furthermore This study aimed to analyze: the typology of Mukring (2015) examines the livelihood vulnerabilities that run and analyze the strategies of households coconut farmers workings of the vulnerability so that no and Ethnic Muna Bugis in South Konawe peasant migrants who survived and there are with the finding that households Muna farmers who leave the transmigration ethnic coconut farmers and coconut farmers transmigration sites in Nabire, the variety of based ethnic Bugis build a living farming sustainable house-hold livelihood strategies and fishing activities with different pursued by migrants farmer households in the characteristics of asset management. These face of vulnerability, and institutional context studies indicate the existence of and local policy in shaping the dynamics of vulnerabilities faced by the farming subsistence level (the level of income and community and there are efforts to make a social status) reached the farmers living pattern strategy in dealing with these homesteader. vulnerabilities. Research methods Research specifically related to the structure of household income on tranmigran done by This study used a qualitative approach to the Tulak et al. (2009) in the district of consideration that a qualitative approach Manokwari District Masni with the finding would better describe the phenomenon of that the socio-cultural characteristics of social reality in farm household migrants households migrants greatly influence the and more focused on describing the process extent to which the achievement level of of how farm household may be vulnerable economic welfare as measured from the migrants, migrants farmers how households level of household income. Javanese use the assets owned by the local household income levels are much higher institutional influences existing in a living than households of ethnic Papuans, because taking strategies (survival, consolidation and of differences in perspective in responding accumulation) in achieving livelihood to the economic challenges in the region. outcomes that include: greater revenue, improve well-being, reduced vulnerability From various studies that no one has been faced, better food security and sustainable reviewing strategies implemented farm use of natural resources. household income migrants in response to more complex vulnerabilities. This study The method used in this research is a case will focus on the complexity of the study, in the case of unit Transmigration vulnerabilities faced by migrants farmer Settlement Unit (UPT) Karadiri II or households as a result of the expiry of the Wanggar Kampung Makmur District government guarantee of life, social Wanggar Nabire Papua province vulnerability due to conflict between the with the case that the period since the migrants with the local population, as well termination of life assurance and guidance to as ecological vulnerability due to the the farm household transmingrant physical condition of the region as well as government in 2000 to 2014. This study is a the occurrence of disasters, associated with a qualitative research where data are collected response in the form of a living strategy mainly primary data, collected through key pursued households of various ethnic groups informants. Key informants are actors in the face of the complexity of these (actor) derived from farm household vulnerabilities. migrants and local institutions that are in the area of research.

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Informants in this study includes two levels, entry of new innovations is an effort to namely the level of farm household increase the income of farmers, namely: the transmigration and local institutional levels change of corn into chili, a change from the in the District Wanggar Nabire district of absence of the use of fertilizer to be at this Papua province. Primary data were collected stage of the use of fertilizers as well as the by observation and depth interviews with orientation of thought farmers are selected informants. With the method Focus increasingly aware of the importance of Group Discussion (FGD), indepth interview, maintaining the health and balance of the and Daily Activity Record (DAR). ecosystem by using organic fertilizers and organic pest control wherever possible. Results and Discussion The vulnerability context and in a crisis Approach the assets and activities of Ellis situation, the implementation of this strategy (1998), Meikle et al. (2001) and Chambers can be interpreted as a coping strategy. and Conway (1991) will be used to According to Davis, 1993 (in Suryadi et al. understand the strategy of households living 2013), shock and stress due to climate in Karadiri II. Livelihood strategies include change that causes crop failure and prices the ability to access resources and activities down or inadequate land resources will are built using living resources. Resource affect the basis of household livelihoods. livelihood (livelihood resources) by This condition will cause the emergence of Chambers and Conway (1991) consists of responses and efforts to adapt themselves to five important capital: (1) capital nature or the crisis. There are two important processes natural capital, (2) human capital or human that involve individual or household capital formed by the skill, capacity and response in response to any crisis, namely ability, (3) capital money or financial coping and adaptation. Coping refers to a capital, (4) physical capital or physical living strategy to overcome the crisis that capital, and (5) social capital or social was present. Adaptation is an equalization in capital. living systems respond to changes in the long term with regard to resources and Overall household income of farmers opportunities (factor structure). building activity can be classified into two strategies, namely: a strategy based living Livelihood strategies based non resource natural resources and livelihood strategies of non resource-based. Strategy owe

Livelihood strategies are based on natural Owe is an action that has become a habit of resources farmer households and almost all farmers have a feel for how the debt due. At times of Production strategy crisis, the debt is used to meet the needs of daily life and even to increase business This strategy is implemented by the farm capital. household, both in normal and crisis situation of conflict. In normal Strategy owes done in times of crisis circumstances, this strategy is an adaptation conditions, the stage they are doing is in to the ecological conditions and in an effort debt to the neighbors when they need money to increase revenue or reduce costs. urgently for school fees, food needs, and Strategies that open up opportunities for the agricultural materials. According Bomgaard

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in Li (2002) quoted Suryadi et al. (2013) strategy is to show how the financial capital that the mountain community there are five able to contribute greatly to the farm important combinations that creates a household income system. Farmer system that is sustainable for the life of households to invest to trade are to open a farmers, namely: (1) corn; (2) nuts; (3) kiosk that provides basic food commodities cattle; (4) Crop Forestry and Agriculture; and agricultural equipment. and (5) credits. Local institutions For small farmers not only financial capital but also natural capital alone is limited. Institutional economics Limitations of this financial capital "forcing" the farmers to "play" social capital Savings formal and informal to reproduce the financial capital. Owe is an action that has become a habit of farmer Borrowing money in the bank formally farm households, almost all farmers have a feel household ever did. Formal loans are not for how debt. In normal conditions, the debt much done by the farmer households in the is intended to carry out reproductive village Karadiri II. A lot of money needs activities or as capital crops farming met from informal loans, is the money from activities. At the level of relations with the informal loans using bonds within the fellow farmers who have an average of two community. In summary, the money earned hectares of land, farmers rely on household from informal and formal loan can be seen socio-collective strategy by utilizing the in table 1. splice system as an important part of the production activities of farm crops. Both in Household savings and loan activities of normal and crisis situations farmers use farmers and farm household in the village srabutan strategy (term Sajogyo as a living Wanggar Makmur Karadiri II is mostly done doubles) where more "play" good human informally. Borrowing and lending between capital as farm workers (laborers hoeing, relatives or neighbors is still possible for a picking, chopping, drying, etc.) as well as loan made small loans intended to meet construction workers, and others (Figure 1). daily needs. Borrow money from relatives and neighbors preferred because money can The accumulation strategy be available immediately and easily in return. You become the first choice to Farmer households invest the proceeds from borrow money. Loan amount ranges from farming to non-farming. White dan Benjamin Rp. 100,000 to Rp. 1.000.000. (1978) noted that households that cultivate land or farming area, which controls a Of circumstances and habits performed as surplus of agricultural products over their above, savings and loan on the basis of life needs. This surplus is often used to fund informal social relationships that are formed work outside the non-agricultural sector, in within the farming community Kampung return for a relatively high income as well. Makmur Wanggar Karadiri II. Relationships Farmer's livelihood strategies that and trust among relatives or neighbors is households employ a strategy of more reliable as a binding relationship accumulation where crops capable receivable. This is supported by the nature reinvested either in the agricultural and non- of the loan immediately and in limited agricultural sectors. This accumulation

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quantities or less and does not have binding Karadiri II is the bond of brotherhood, rules as well as collateral. bonding neighbors, commu-nity membership ties and ties outside the Gathering community. This social bond is built based on the proximity to the residence and family Gathering is a common way for saving or blood relationships. Social relations are movement in Kampung Makmur Wanggara built to ensure the life of the farmer Karadiri II. Gathering is a way to train and households and reduce the risk that cannot require participants to save money. be paid by the farm household itself. Determined by the needs of participants gathering organized by ethnic associations Trust is the basis of this social bond and groups within the Church. The type of formation. Trust itself is built on the belief social gathering organized can be goods, that every member of the community will do money and work. The type of social the same kindness with kindness is done gathering held can be seen in table 2. every individual. Bad taste, do not interfere with each other, jealous, hurt each other Gathering managed by the board committee should be abandoned. On the consideration set up under the agreement on the basis of that the same thing will happen to each trust. Board tasked to coordinate, record, individual is a fundamental principle that and arrange the withdrawal and distribution organizes social ties on farm household in of lottery proceeds to members who deserve the village homesteader Wanggar Makmur it on the basis of a lottery that have been Karadiri II. implemented. The draw is very simple and can also be tailored to the needs of the Community social structure participant members gathering, when this has been conveyed to the board. While Based on the information that is implied, gathering household goods or furniture is there are three things on which to base also tailored to the needs of members and awards in communities and households in participants are adjusted for the value of the the village farmers Wanggar Makmur money collected for the gathering of such Karadiri II, namely: (1) The award is given goods. If anyone asked you to other types of based on the ownership of goods, (2) the goods and cost no more than the value of the award is given based on the work, and (3) money collected, then the borrower who the award is given by formal or informal bear the residual or difference in price. education which the residents.

Other local institutional Residents will be considered capable if it has been able to replace the house with a The village is Wanggar Makmur farmer tiled floor, has extensive gardens and fields, groups, and Gapoktan Mina Group. Farm have motor vehicles, especially cars, possess household became a member of the Farmers a good house, especially equipped with Group in Kampung Makmur Wanggar electronic equipment. The ability to send Karadiri II eleven farmer groups. children to college or a position in the government and religious institutions in the Social ties village will show a person in a higher social class. Social ties that serve as social capital in farm household in the village Wanggar Makmur

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Table.1 Loans and debt obtained household farmers

Amount Of No. Loan Type Purposes Time Returns Money (Rp) 1. Formal Bank Investments to stall 50.000.000,- 5.000.000,-/month 2. In-Formal Through Celebration event 100.000,- Soon after having Your costs, medical 1.000.000,- money expenses, school fees at Neighbors The cost of school 500.000,- - Soon after having children 1.000.000,- money Broker Thanksgiving costs, 100.000,- At harvest the cost of school 1.000.000,- horticultural results children that have been promised Saving And The investment 1.000.000,- Every week. Loan costs to stall, the 10.000.000,- Cooperative cost of school children

Table.2 Type gathering Wanggar Kampung Makmur Karadiri II

Type Of Total Number Of Time No. Withdrawal / Person Gathering Fee/Week Members Withdrawal 1. Money Rp. 20 people Rp. 400.000,- 1 month 5.000.000,- 2. Goods / Rp. 20 people One dozen kitchen utensil 1 week Furniture 5.000.000,- according to agreement 3. Work Power 40 people Types of customized work 2 time one week

Table.3 Type and basic assets in the community award

Basic Owned assets Leave basis Status in the village Type, Position Home Sizes, models, materials maker vehicle The type, amount, use Formal Education level of education Work Position, revenue electronic goods The type, quantity Livestock The type, quantity home furnishings Model, price

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Figure.1 Strategy options Makmur Wanggar village community livelihoods (2015)

CONSOLIDATED STRATEGY

NORMAL 1. Collective Social Strategy 2. Strategy Srabutan

SITUATION 1. Production Strategy 2. Strategy Owe CRISIS 3. Social Strategies Collective 4. Strategy Srabutan

SURVIVAL STRATEGY

Table 3 shows the assets owned by the is the wild boar and deer pests influence of household and forming the basis of the surrounding environment transmigration stratification in society. areas is still a primary forest that is the habitat of wild boar and deer as well as Data in table 3 shows the sequence of assets epidemic malaria influence of that can increase the status in the society. transmigration area is a suitable Ownership of various assets improves one's environment for breeding mosquito larva social status. Two people who have the same anopheles which is factor malaria, and (b) asset do not always placed on class and The context of vulnerability based on the social status are the same. Basic social conditions that influence the life appreciation for determining the ownership assurance policies ration dismissal of the of an asset class and social status is the government that is attached to the policy of ability to send children considered to have transmigration program and the conflict value. Which is considered high school is between ethnic Papuans with ethnic college. This is what makes household migrants a more nuanced politics. farmers trying to get their children to school until college. Although in terms of revenue Sustainable Livelihood strategy pursued by and business managed by the average farm the farmer households in the face of the household is quite diverse and gives good vulnerability of migrants include (a) In crisis results, good social status and high but not situations, which traveled household as high as with people who are considered livelihood strategies farmers migrants are public figures within the ethnic community production strategies, debt strategies, of West Java. collective social strategy and the strategy srabutan. Strategy adopted-this is a survival Closing strategy means solely for mere survival, and (b) In normal circumstances, livelihood The process of vulnerability on the location / strategies are pursued by a social strategy UPT transmigration in Nabire include (a) collective and srabutan strategy. This The context of vulnerability based on the strategy is a strategy of consolidation, where ecological condition of the more influential the results of farming is able to reinvest

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