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Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources “A Leibniz Stepped Reckoner Calculator.” Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources “A Leibniz Stepped Reckoner Calculator.” Computer History Museum. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1/49/198. This webpage from the Computer History Museum contains an image of Leibniz’s Stepped Reckoner Calculator from the 1670s. "Commercium Epistolicum." Christie's. (2019). Retrieved February 2, 2021, from https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6216659. This auction listing contains a photograph of the front cover of the original Commercium Epistolicum. This photograph was included in the section regarding the omitted letters. Duillier, Nicolas Fatio de. "Lineæ brevissimæ descensus investigatio geometrica duplex, cui addita est investigatio geometrica solidi rotundi in quo minima fiat resistentia." 1699, pp. 18. This article by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier is historically significant because it is credited with sparking the dispute between Leibniz and Newton. Due to the importance of this publication, we included a quote from this article to show the inciting incident behind the calculus controversy. Francke, Christoph Bernhard. "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz." Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum. 1695. This is a portrait of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. This work was used on the home page and the background page to introduce Leibniz for the first time. Hecht, Hartmut. Der Junge Leibniz. Teubner-Archiv Zur Mathematik, 1992. This is a German book that contains a detailed biography of Leibniz. We used an English translation of this book during our research, and it allowed us to learn more about Leibniz’s early life as well as his time during university. From the first chapter, we took a quote that gave Leibniz’s birthday and birth location. This quote was originally from the personal diary of Leibniz’s father, Friedrich Leibniz. Kneller, Godfrey. "Sir Isaac Newton." National Portrait Gallery. 1702. This is a portrait of Sir Isaac Newton. This work was used on the home page to introduce Newton for the first time. Leibniz, Gottfried W. “Letter from M. Leibniz to M. Remond.” 1720. Retrieved February 12, 2021, from http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00380. This letter, in Latin, is sent by Leibniz in order to defend his claim to the creation of calculus. This primary source provided us a glimpse into Leibniz’s arguments against Newton, and it was very helpful in letting us understand his side of the dispute. We included a quote from this letter to better illustrate the argument between the two men. Leibniz, Gottfried W. "Nova Methodus Pro Maximis Et Minimis." Acta Eruditorum, No. 10, 1684, pp. 467-473. Nova Methodus Pro Maximis Et Minimis is the first published work that focused on calculus, and it compiled all of Leibniz’s work through the previous few years. This book is historically significant within our research, so we included the first two pages of this book on our project. Newton, Isaac. "Draft Letter from Sir Isaac Newton to Pierre des Maizeaux." 1716. Retrieved February 2, 2021 from http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00373. This letter from Newton to writer Pierre des Maizeaux was crucial in letting us understand the way the omitted letters impacted the Royal Society inquiry into the controversy. This letter contained both Leibniz’s and Newton’s arguments regarding the missing letters, and various quotes from this section were used to support our claim regarding the significance of the omitted letters. Newton, Isaac. Method of Fluxions. Henry Woodfall. 1736. pp. 1-2. This book is Newton’s famous publication that established Newtonian notation for calculus. Published in 1736, this book was released after the death of Leibniz, but it was actually finished in 1671, according to Newton. This book is a very important aspect of the calculus controversy, so images of the first two pages of this article were included on the website. Newton, Isaac. The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, Vol. 1: 1661-1675. H.W. Turnbull. Cambridge University Press. 1959. This book contains a compilation of Newton’s letters to various other mathematicians and scientists, which are important primary sources. From one letter by Newton addressed to French writer Pierre des Maizeaux, he makes his position regarding the controversy clear when he states that “Second inventors have no rights.” We included this famous quote in our project to convey the depth of the polarization that was occurring as the controversy unfolded. “Newton Papers : Newton's Waste Book.” Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved February 2, 2021, from cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-04004/. This section of the Cambridge digital library contains scans of the notebook that Newton used as a child. This primary source provides a glimpse into the mind of Isaac Newton at a younger age, and it helped show his mathematical curiosity and aptitude on the page regarding Newton’s early life. Whiteside, D.T. "Newton's Marvellous Year: 1666 and All That." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 21, No. 1, 1966, pp. 34. This article focuses on the important events that occurred in Newton’s life within the year 1666. One such event was Newton’s claimed discovery of calculus. This article contained a transcript of a letter sent by Newton regarding these claims, and we used an excerpt from this transcript to better show Newton’s claimed early discovery of calculus. Secondary Sources Alfred, Randy. “Oct. 29, 1675: Leibniz Sums it All Up, Seriesly.” Wired. 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2021, from https://www.wired.com/2009/10/1029leibniz-integral-sign/. This article by the Wired magazine was created on the anniversary of Leibniz’s creation of the integral notation. This article also focuses on a variety of Leibniz’s other mathematical achievements, and we used an excerpt to show Leibniz’s contribution to linear algebra. Ball, W. W. Rouse. A Short Account of the History of Mathematics . Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1908. pp. 319. This book contains a history of all major mathematical accomplishments throughout history. Within our research, we focused on chapter 16 of this book, which was entirely dedicated to the work of Newton. This chapter helped us understand the wide breadth of work that Newton completed during his lifetime, and we used a brief quote from this chapter to show this incredible intelligence during the section introducing Newton. Bechler, Zev. Contemporary Newtonian Research. D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982. This book contains a technical analysis on Newton’s mathematical research as well as a brief biology of his life. This book was useful in letting us understand Newton’s mathematical interests as a young child, and we used a quote from the book to display his incredible curiosity. Blank, Brian E. "The Calculus Wars, Reviewed by Brian E. Blank." Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 2009, pp. 602-610. This article is a review of the book “The Calculus Wars” by Jason Bardi. In addition to being an analysis of the book, this review also provides a broad overview of the calculus controversy itself. Within this analysis, Blank makes an interesting comment regarding the disregard for truth that occurred during the dispute. We included this quote to introduce the section related to letters. “Bonaventura Cavalieri.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021 from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bonaventura-Cavalieri. This webpage provides a biography of Bonaventura Cavalieri, who was an Italian mathematician from the 17th century. Cavalieri made several papers that used indivisibles to calculate the area of various geometric shapes. These concepts are related to calculus, so we included a description of these articles in the background section to provide further information regarding mathematical development prior to the dispute. Boyer, Carl B. The History of Calculus and Its Conceptual Development. Dover Publications. 1959. This book provides a detailed chronology of the development of calculus starting from the ancient Greeks all the way to the 20th century. This book is a frequently cited source when analyzing the history of calculus. We were able to use specific chapters in this book to deepen our understanding of calculus during the era of Newton and Leibniz. We also included a quote from this book in our project to show the timeline of Newton’s work on calculus. Broad, W. & Wade, N. Betrayers of the Truth, Fraud and Deceit in Science. Simon & Schuster. 1985, pp. 28. This book analyzes the times in history where science was not driven by objective observations or inquiry. One chapter in this book is dedicated to the Newton-Leibniz controversy and how emotions became an important factor during the dispute. This chapter was crucial in helping us understand more about the Royal Society inquiry, and it provided valuable insight into the biased nature of the findings from this study. Burnham, Douglas. "Gottfried Leibniz: Metaphysics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved on February 2, 2021 from https://iep.utm.edu/leib-met/. This web article provided a general overview of the life of Gottfried Leibniz. We used this article to discover other sources related to the man and his work. In addition, the section related to the historical effects of the controversy was especially helpful, and we included a quote from this portion within the page about the impacts of the dispute. Casadevall, Arturo & Fang, Ferric C. "Reforming Science: Methodological and Cultural Reforms." American Society for Microbiology Journals, Vol. 80, No. 3, 2012, pp. 891-896. This article provides an analysis into scientific priority within a modern context. This article did not directly relate to our project, but it did provide some interesting background information regarding scientific priority. A section of this paper was used to provide a definition for the idea of scientific priority. Cirillo, Michelle. “Humanizing Calculus.” The Mathematics Teacher, vol. 101, no.
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