A STUDY

IN

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT A STUDY

IN MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

THE CORPORATION OF BERLIN

BY J AMES POLLARD, C.A.

CBAIIWAlf 01' THE PUBLIC HEALTH COMllITl'EBJ AND SECRETARY 01" THE EDINBURGH CHAMBER OF COKHEBCE

SECOND EDITION, REVISED

WILLIAM BJ.ACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND MDCCCXCIV v{;S. C8/ ~ 1. C if '] L 0 f:;-- TO

IH. Jl. ~. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

To meet a continued demand, I am constrained to" offer a second edition of this little work. It has been gratifying to receive evidence from many quarters that the book has serve.d a use­ ful purpose. I cannot but express gratitude for the favour with which it has been received by local government bodies, for whom it was chiefly intended, and by the press. In all branches of civic administration I have found the Berlin Corporation eager to learn from other towns on the Continent and in "Great Britain, and to adopt whatever improvemenm they can apply to their own affairs. In many respecm I humbly think we in this country may in tum learn much from them, and I hope we shall be ready to follow their good e~ample. viii PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

In the following pages I have sought, with as ,little comment as possible, simply to record the actual condition of things as I found them, leaving those concerned to judge for themselves how far the facts suggest instruction which might lead to improvement at home. The figures given are taken chiefly from the municipal estimates for the year ending 31st March 1893. JAMES POLLARD.

EDINBURGH, .A.pril1894. CONTENTS.

CIl.&.P. PAGE L lll3ICIPAL DEPAllTllES'lS, 3

IL W An:B A...~ GAS, • 1;

m. SA..."'lYA.rIO:s"-DlUISAGK--SY1ll:II.'r-CLLU."BG, • 33

IV. DOllESTIC s.c."l'L\rI0:s"-llEA.]' n.sPJlCTIo:s", 51

l". Pl"IILlC HOSPlYA.LS-CO~'.AI..E.SCEST HOlIES, 69

n ADx::DI"ISTB.A.rlOY FOB IlELIl:I' OJ' !fIlE POOH, 8;

l"IL EDI."C.UIOS A...~ !fIlE COlDlOY SCHOOLS, 105 l"IIL Pl"IILlC 1r01lKS-J'BEB LlBlL\BY-FIBll-BBI-

GADE, li5

n. POLlCE-'DlEA.SI."BY-POlfEIlS OJ' CORPORA.- nos, 143

I:sDEX, • 161 INDEX.

PAGB PAGE Accounts, mnnicipal- Botanical gardens, _ 134, 135 Range of, _ _ _ _ 10 " specimens for schools, 135 Orderliness and clearness, 14 Brown-book, magisterial, 13, 80 Advertisements, how regu- Biirgermeister- lated, _ _ _ _ 147 A paid official, _ 7 Annual expenditure, _ 11 How chosen, 7 Arbitration trlbnna1s, _ _ 158 Authorities of State, when Canals, connecting Spree and required, _ _ 156, 157 Oder, _ _ _ _ 5 Cattle-market, _ 60, 61 Bathing estab1ishments, _ Sl CeUardweUings, _ _ 34,37 Baths in private dwellings, _ 25 Chairmen of Committees, _ 9 Benevolent fund (fire), _ _ 141 Charite Hospitsl, _ _ _ 71 Berlin- Cholera visitation, _ _ 45 Annual Civil expenditure, 16, 17 Cisterns, not required, _ _ 24 Capitsl of HohenzoUerns, _ 2 City Rail way, _ _ 60, 149 Historic interest less than Cleanliness of inhabitants, _ 46 other Getman towua, 2 Clock pillars, _ _ 147 Medical school, _ _ 69 Coa1s for gas-supply, _ 28 Present importance, _ 3 Company, gas, _ _ 27 Proposed en1argement of " old water, 19, 20 boundaries, _ 6 Continuation schools, _ 118 Rapid growth, _ _ _ 5 Convalescent homes- _ 82 How justified, _ _ _ 83 Within easy reach of Great 1 Britain, _ _ _ Conveyances, regulation of Blankenstein, Magistrate- public, _ _ 148 His services to market de- Corporation­ partment, _ _ _ 129 Constitution of, _ _ 7 Blind, school for, _ _120, 121 Control exercised by, 10,70 continuation school Powers of, _ _ 155,158 for, _ _ _ _ 121 Cramming avoided, _ 110 Book-keeping at Treasury _ 152 Botanising exClll'Sions, _ _ 116 Da11dorf Institution for idiots, 98 L 162 DTDEX.

Deaf-mutes, school for, _ 122 Gas-snpply, by Company, • 27 Debt of city- _ _ 11 by Corporation, . 28 How incurred,· • • 18 " cost of, . • 28 Reduction of,. • • 18 " profits on, . • 29 Departmental reports, annual, 13 Gill, Mr Henry, manager and " responsibility, 154 engineer of water depart- Destructors, absence of, • 42 ment, " • 21 Dirty inhabitants, treatment Griinewald Park, • • 133 of, • • . • 53,54 Gymnasia! schools, • 108 Disinfectants, nse of,. . 43 Gymnastics, • • 112 Disinfection estsblishment, 87, 88 Drainage districts, • • 36 Habitual offenders, _ 93, 94 Drunkenness, rarity of, • 148 Health of city, present, • 36 " public opinion Hobrecht, Stsdtbaurath- a"aainst. • . • . 148 His Scottish descent, • 126 Dwellings of the poor in Value of his service, _ 126, 130 former years.. • • 34 Holidays, school, • • 112 Hospital reports, • • 80 Edinburgh municipal rates,. 11 Hospitaliten, the • • 93 " poor-rates,. . 101 Hospitals, public, • • 70 " water-rate, • • 26 Houseless poor, shelters for, 90, 95 Education, free,. • . 108 Humboldthain, • 133 " compulsory, . 108. Elector, Great, and relief of Imbecile institution at Dall- poor,. 87, 88, 89 dorf, • • • • _ 98 Electric light. 30 Immunityfrom recent cholera Emperor-King- epidemic, _. 45 May disapprovJl election of Income, taxation on,. • 12 o ber - Biirgermeister or Infectious diseases, treatment Biirgermeister, • . 7 of, • _ • _ 71, 72 May veto lines of street, • 158 Insanitary state of Berlin in Estimat~s, municipal,. • 151 1872,. • • • • 35 Inspectors of schools,. . 106 Filthy dwellings, not toler- Insurance against gas ex- ated, • •• • 53 plosions' • • 29 Finance Committee- An advisory board,. • 140 Jewish scholars, • • 114 Their functions, • 141, 142 Jews. special treatment of Finance department- meat for, _ 62 Sections for different com- mittees,.. •• 152 Kanalisation, · 36 Fire-brigade, • • 139, 140 Korrigenden, the, 55,93 Forestry, school of, • • 134 Friedrichshain Hospital, • 76 Lavatories for males, • • 44 ". Park,.. 133 " for females, . • 44 Frugality of Corporation, 153, 154 Leakage of water and gas, • 127 Library, public, • • 135 Gas, waste by leakage, • • 29 II books in, • 136 INDEX. 163

Library, in districts, · 135 Orphan houses, • 96 Licensed houses, • • 147 Outdoor relief, 91,92 Literary cln b, • • 137 Lighting of city, • 27,28 Paid magistrates, . • 8 Lunatics, cost of, • 98,99 Parks,. • • • • 133 J,ymph Institute, • 83 Patients, cost of hospital~ 78, 79 Pauperisation, Union for ne- Magisterial report, 13 vention of, • 99, 100, 101 " supervision, 10 Police, maintained by State, Magistrates- 145,146 How chosen, •• 8 Poor administration, 90 Half paid, half nnpaid, 8 , " cost of, 92 Number of, • • • 8 aged,. . • • 95 Functions of,. • • 9 "childrenl . . • 96 Manholes for drain inspection, 43 " ooarding out of, 97 Manners of school children, • 113 " education of, • 97 Markets, public, 129, 130, 131 discrimination in relief of, 92 " district, • • • 131 " District Committees, • 91 " regulation of, • 132 medical relief, • 96, 98 Meat inspection, • 62, 63, 64, 65 " visitation of, • • 91 Medical officers in hospitals, Population, growth of, • • 5 how paid, 80 Poverty, sigus of, • • .' 56 for relief of Private schools,. 107, 108 poor, 91 Profits on gas, • • • 29 Meubrink, Magistrate-'- " water,. . 12, 26 His service to drainage Property for municipal pur- system,. • • 5, 129 poses, how acquired, ' • 159 On liberty of the subject,. 53 Public debt, • • • 11, 18 Microscopists, • • 63, 64 health, Corporation's Moabit Hospital, • 72, 73, 74, 75 zeal for, • . .'51 Mortality, former. • • 35 "schools, • 107, 108 "presellt, 36 Pumping.stations, 37 Miiggel Lake,. 19 Museum for teachers,. 117 Radial system of drainage,. 40 Museums, instruction in, 116 " cost of, • • • 41 Music, carefully cultivated, Rates, local, • • • 12 112,113 Registers at sewage tanks, 38, 39 Religious instruction,. . 114 Natural history excursion, • 116 Rental, taxation on, • • 12 Night shelters for houseless, 95 RieseifeldfJl', • • • • 37 " watchmen,. 146 Rohrbeck's meat - disinfec- Nurses, male, •• 81 tor, • 64,65 Nursing staff in hospitals, 81 Sanitary condition, former, Ober·Biirgermeister- 33,34,35 A paid official, 7 " "present, 36, 45 How chosen, . 7 Scavengers,. .. • 46, 47 Orl,hari depot, 96,97 School administration,. ] 05, 106 164 INDEX.

School, age of compulsory at- Trade, extent of, . • 3 tendance, • • 109 II schools, 118,119 attendance, 111, 114 Tramways,. . . 12 classes,. 109, 110 Traps in street draius, • 43 committees, • 106 Treasurer of city, _ 149 inspectors, • 106 Treasury bureau, . 150 "punishments, 115, 116 Trees in Berlin, 133 Schools, common, 107,109 Treptow Park, 133 cost of, • . 122 fees in higher, 108, 122 Urban Hospital,. . 77,78 higher for boys, . 107 Union for Prevention of higber for girls, . 107 Pauperisation, • 99,101 " modern for boys, • 108 Unter den Linden, 4 Self-government in Berlin, . 155 Sewage, fields for utilisatio:t Ventilation of drains,. • 43 of, • • • . 37 Veterinary staff for meat Sewa.,ue-fields, cost of, ; 41 inspection, • • • 63 " "three kinds, 39 Victoria Training Institution II II profits from, 40 for Nurses, 82 Sbelters for tbe bouseless, 54 Virchow- Siemens' meters, . .23 His service to Berlin, • 34 Slaugbter-bouses • 61,62 Pleads for improved sani- Slums, absence of, _ 52 tation,. _ • 35, 58 Sobriety, general, • • 148 Report to Town Council in n causes of, . 148 1872, •• 35 Socialism, centre of, . 56 Visitation of poor, 91 Spree connecting Elhe and Oder, •. 3 Waste -land reclaimed by Squalor, absence of, • 57 sewa.,ue, .. 37 State supervision, • 154, 155 Watering of streets, _ 45 Street-deaning,. • • 41 Water apparatus, • 23, 24 " refuse,bowdealtwith,42,43 cbannels,. _ . 43 repairs, • _ • 127 closets, general in pri- " "NItUlation of, 128 vate dwellings, • 25 Streets, asphalted, • . 41 engineer, . . 21 committee, • 125 meters, • _ 21, 22 profits on supply of, 12, 26 Tanks for collection of drain- supply per head, • 25 age, • 36 waste of, . 22 Taxation, • 12 " works, • • . 19 Tegel Lake, • 19 Water-supply by old com- Tbiergarten, • 133 pany, • • • 19,20 Town Council- " taken over by Committees of, . 7 Corporation, •• 19 Functions of, 8 Working-class population, 56 How elected, • 8 Number of members, 8 Zelle, Ober-Biirgermeister, 8 Catalogue

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