Regulations and Curriculum for Bachelor of Dental Surgery BDS (Amended upto 2018)
(Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956) (Placed under Category ‘A’ by MHRD, Govt. of India, Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC) University Enclave, Deralakatte, Mangaluru – 575 018 Tel: +91-824-2204300/01/02/03, Fax: 91-824-2204305 Website: www.nitte.edu.in E-mail: [email protected]
Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
VISION To build a humane society through excellence in education and healthcare
MISSION To develop Nitte (Deemed to be University) As a centre of excellence imparting quality education, generating competent, skilled manpower to face the scientific and social challenges with a high degree of credibility, integrity, ethical standards and social concern
Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
CONTENTS
Notification iii –v Regulations 1 –18 Introduction Definitions Duration of the program Medium of Instruction and Examinations Maximum Period for completion of the program Eligibility for Admissions Selection of eligible candidates Withdrawal -Temporary and Permanent Migration Conduct and discipline Graduation Requirements Convocation Academic Appeals Board (AAB) Subjects of Study and Training Internship Attendance Examinations: Scheme of Examination, Internal Assessment, University Examination, Criteria for Pass, Carry-over Benefit, Rules for Grace Marks, Re-totaling Supplementary Examinations Declaration of Results and Classification Award of Merit Certificates
i Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Programme outcomes 19 Curriculum Human Anatomy, Embryology, Histology and Medical Genetic 20 – 26 Human Physiology 27 – 33 Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics 34 – 41 Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral Histology 42 – 48 Pre- Clinical Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge 49 – 52 Pre-Clinical Conservative Dentistry 53 – 64 Skills and Personality Development 65 General Pathology 66 – 70 Microbiology 71 – 77 General and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics 78 – 82 Dental Materials 83 – 91 Constitution of India 92 – 93 General Medicine 94 – 98 General Surgery 99 – 105 Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology 106 – 114 Oral Medicine and Radiology 115 – 120 Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121 – 130 Public Health Dentistry 131 – 140 Periodontology 141 – 155 Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge 156 – 170 Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 171 – 185 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 186 – 198 Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry 199 – 207 Internship 208 – 213
ii
No. F.9-13/2007-U.3 (A) Government of India Ministry of Human Resource Development (Department of Higher Education) U.3 (A) Section
Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi, Dated the 4thJune, 2008
NOTIFICATION
1. Whereas the Central Government is empowered under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956 to declare, on the advice of the UGC, an institution of higher learning as adeemed-to-be-university; 2. And whereas, a proposal was received in February, 2007 from Nitte Education Trust, Mangalore, Karnataka seeking grant of status of deemedto-be university in the name of Nitte University under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956; 3. And whereas, the University Grants Commission has examined the said proposal and vide its communication bearing No. F.26-10/2007(CPP-I/ DU) dated the 10th March, 2008 has recommended conferment of status of ‘deemed-to-be-university’ in the name and style of Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, comprising A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore; 4. Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956, the central Government, on the advice of the University Grants Commission (UGC), hereby declare that Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, comprising A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, shall be deemed to be a University for the Purposes of the aforesaid Act.
Sd/ (SunilKumar) Joint Secretary to the Government of India
(True Extract of the Notification)
iii
University Grants Commission Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg New Delhi – 110002
No.F.26-10/2007(CPP-I) July, 2008
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
1. Whereas the Central Government is empowered under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956 to declare, on the advice of the UGC, an Institution of higher learning as a deemed-to-be-university. 2. And whereas, an application was received from Nitte Education Trust, Mangalore, Karnataka seeking grant of status of deemed-to-be-university in the name of Nitte University under section 3 of the UGC Act,1956. 3. And whereas, the University Grants Commission have examined the said proposal and vide their communication No.F.26-10/2007 (CPP-1) dated the 10th March, 2008 have recommended conferment of status of ‘deemed-to-be university’ in the name and style of Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka comprising A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore. 4. Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956 the Central Government, on the advice of the University Grants Commission (UGC), vide notification No.F.9-13/2007-U.3(A) dated 4thJune, 2008 declared that Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka comprising A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore shall be a Deemed to be University for the purposes of the aforesaid Act.
Sd/ (K.P.Singh) Joint Secretary University Grants Commission
(True Extract of the Notification)
iv
NitteUniversity
(Deemed University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956) (Placed under Category ‘A’ by MHRD, Govt. of India, Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC) University Enclave, Deralakatte, Mangalore – 575 018 Tel: +91-824-2204300/01/02/03 Fax: +91-824-2204305 Website:www.nitte.edu.in E-mail: [email protected]
Ref.No.NU/REG/2008-9/48 Date: 15-09-2008
NOTIFICATION
Subject: Regulations and Curriculum for Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Degree program Reference: Minutes of the Academic Council Meeting held on 13th May 2009
In exercise of the powers conferred under Rule R-05 (a) of the Memorandum of Association, the Academic Council has approved the Regulations and Curriculum pertaining to the Under Graduate Degree program in Dental Surgery (BDS) in the A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences.
The Regulations and curriculum shall come into force from the academic year 2008-09.
By Order,
REGISTRAR
v
Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
(Deemed to be University under section 3 of UGC Act 1956) Placed under Category ‘A’ by MHRD, Govt. of India Accredited as ‘A’ Grade University by NAAC Mangaluru, Karnataka, India Regulations and Curriculum for Bachelor of Dental Surgery BDS (Amended up to 2018)
Preamble: A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences established in 1985 has been imparting graduate (BDS), Post Graduate (MDS), Certificate in Oral Implantology, Fellowship in Craniofacial Surgery, Diploma in Dental Hygiene, and Diploma in Dental Mechanics education and training. From the academic year 2008-09, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences became a constituent college of Nitte (Deemed to be University). The Regulations for the Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Degree program are formulated as under:
1. Introduction: These regulations shall be called Nitte (Deemed to be University) Regulations for BDS Degree program and govern the policies and procedures including selection, admission, imparting of instructions, conduct of examinations, evaluation and certification of candidate’s performance and all amendments there to. The regulations shall come into effect for the batch admitted from the academic year 2017-2018 onwards. This set of regulations shall be binding on all the candidates undergoing the said Degree programmes. These regulations may be modified from time to time as mandated by the statutes of Nitte (Deemed to be University), and the Dental Council of India (DCI)/ Regulatory Authority of the Government/s. This set of regulations may evolve and get refined or updated or amended or modified or changed through appropriate approvals from the Academic Council and the Board of Management from time to time and shall be binding on all parties concerned including the Candidates, Faculty, Staff, Departments, and Institution Authorities.
All disputes arising from this set of regulations shall be addressed to the Board of Management. The decision of the Board of Management (BoM) is final and binding on all parties concerned. Further, any legal disputes arising out of this set of regulations shall be limited to jurisdiction of Courts of Mangalore only.
1 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
2. Definitions: Unless the context otherwise requires • BoM means Board of Management of Nitte (Deemed to be University) • BoS means Board of Studies (UG and PG) in Dental Sciences • College means A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences • He/him/his/himself includes all genders as the case may be • Head of the Institution means the Dean / Principal of the College (A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences) • Institution/College means A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences • Regulations means this set of academic regulations • Regulatory Authority - Authority appointed/constituted by the central/state government/s to regulate health Science education. • Teaching Hospital means the Hospital attached to the Dental College or any other Hospital owned by, or under the management of, the University • University means Nitte (Deemed to be University)
3. Duration of the program: Every candidate shall undergo a period of certified study extending over 4 academic years, from the date of commencement of study for the subjects comprising dental education curriculum to the date of completion of examination which shall be followed by one year of compulsory rotatory internship.
4. Medium of Instruction and Examinations: The medium of instruction and examination shall be English.
5. Maximum Period for completion of the program: A candidate who does not pass the BDS Course in all the subjects within a period of 9 years, including one year Compulsory Rotatory paid Internship from the date of admission shall be discharged from the program.
6. Eligibility for Admissions: No Candidate shall be allowed to be admitted to the Dental Curriculum of first Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) Course until: a. He/she shall complete the age of 17 years on or before 31st December, of the year of admission to the BDS course; b. He/she has passed qualifying examination as under: i. The higher secondary examination or the Indian School Certificate Examination which is equivalent to 10+2 Higher Secondary Examination after a period of 12 years study, the last two years of study comprising of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics or any other elective subjects with English at a level not less than the core course for English as prescribed by the National Council for Educational Research and Training after the introduction of the 10+2+3 years educational structure as recommended by the National Committee on Education;
2 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Note: Where the course content is not as prescribed for 10+2 education structure of the National Committee, the candidates will have to undergo a period of one year pre-professional training before admission to the course; OR ii. The intermediate examination in Science of an Indian University / Board or other recognized examining body with Physics, Chemistry and Biology which shall include a practical test in these subjects and also English as a compulsory subject; OR iii. The pre-professional/pre-medical examination with Physics, Chemistry and Biology, after passing either the higher secondary school examination, or the pre-university or an equivalent examination. The pre-professional / premedical examination shall include a practical test in Physics, Chemistry and Biology and also English as a compulsory subject; OR iv. The first year of the three years degree course of a recognized university, with Physics, Chemistry and Biology including a practical test in three subjects provided the examination is a “University Examination” and candidate has passed10+2 with English at a level not less than a core course; OR v. B.Sc examination of an Indian University, provided that he/she has passed the B.Sc examination with not less than two of the following subjects Physics, Chemistry, Biology (Botany, Zoology) and further that he/she has passed the earlier qualifying examination with the following subjects- Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English. OR vi. Any other examination which, in scope and standard is found to be equivalent to the intermediate Science examination of an Indian University/Board, taking Physics, Chemistry and Biology including practical test in each of these subjects and English. Note: Marks obtained in Mathematics are not to be considered for admission to BDS Course.
In case of admission on the basis of qualifying examination as in (b) (i) , in respect of SC/ST candidates the marks obtained in Physics, Chemistry and Biology taken together shall be 40% and must have passing marks in English. Foreign nationals and candidates who have qualified from a foreign university/Board should obtain permission from the Dental Council of India (DCI) and Nitte (Deemed to be University) prior to the admission for equivalence of the qualification
3 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
7. Admission: a. In case of admission on the basis of qualifying examination, a candidate must have passed in the subjects of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English individually and must have obtained a minimum of 50% marks taken together in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology at the qualifying examination. In respect of candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, the marks obtained in Physics, Chemistry and Biology taken together in qualifying examination be 40% instead of 50% as above and must have passing marks in English. Note: Any student securing admission under NRI/preferential quota, shall also secure the minimum of 50% in the relevant qualifying examination. Admissions under such category shall be made on the basis of a merit list prepared in that behalf.
8. Selection of eligible candidates: Selection to the BDS Course shall be based on the basis of merit obtained in the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) conducted by the Central government or its authorized agency
9. Withdrawal -Temporary and Permanent: Temporary withdrawal: A candidate who has been admitted to the course may be permitted to withdraw temporarily for a period of six months or more up to one year on the grounds of prolonged illness, grave calamity in the family etc., provided: a. He applies stating the reason of withdrawal with supporting documents and endorsement by parent/guardian. b. The University is satisfied that without counting the period of withdrawal candidate is likely to complete his requirement of the degree within the maximum time specified. c. There are no outstanding dues to or demands with the college, departments, library, hostel, etc. The tuition fee for the subsequent year may be collected in advance based on the severity of the case before giving approval for any such temporary withdrawal. Scholarship holders are bound by the applicable rules pertaining to the scholarship. The decision of the University regarding withdrawal of a candidate is final and binding.
Permanent withdrawal: A candidate who withdraws his admission before the closing date of admission for the academic session is eligible for the refund of the deposit only. The fees once paid will not be refunded under any circumstance. Once the admission for the year is closed, and if a candidate wants to leave the College he will be permitted to do so and take the Transfer Certificate from the College, if required, only after remitting all the tuition fees for the remaining years.
4 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Those candidates who have received any scholarship/stipend/other forms of assistance from the College and/or University shall repay all such amounts in addition to those mentioned in the clause above. The decision of the University regarding withdrawal of a candidate is final and binding.
10. Migration: Migration from one dental college to another is not a right of a student. However, Migration of students from one Dental College to another Dental College in India shall be granted only in exceptional cases to the most deserving among the applicants for good and sufficient reasons and not on routine grounds. There shall be no migration on any ground from a Dental College within the district of Dakshina Kannada. Only in exceptional cases on extreme compassionate grounds*, provided all the following criteria are fulfilled. Routine migrations on other ground shall not be allowed. Both the colleges, i.e. one at which the student is studying at present and one to which migration is sought, are recognized by the Dental Council of India. For the purpose of migration, an applicant candidate shall first obtain “No Objection Certificate” from the college where he is studying for the present, the university to which it is affiliated and also from the college to which the migration is sought and the university to which it is affiliated. He shall submit his application for migration within a period of one month of passing (declaration of results) of the first professional BDS examination along with the said “No Objection Certificate” to the Director, Medical Education of the particular state and the Dental Council of India. The Director, Medical Education of the State concerned and the Dental Council of India shall take the final decision and will communicate the same to the applicant student. The applicant candidate should have passed first professional BDS examination. The applicant candidate submits his application for migration, complete in all respects, to all authorities concerned within a period of one month of passing (declaration of results) the first professional Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) examination. The applicant candidate must submit an affidavit stating that he/she will pursue 240 days of prescribed study before appearing at II professional Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) examination at the transferee dental college (A. B. Shetty Memorial Institution of Dental Sciences), which should be duly certified by the Registrar of the University in which he/she is seeking transfer. The transfer will be applicable only after receipt of the affidavit by the DCI. A student who joins A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences on migration shall be eligible to appear in the II professional BDS examination only after attaining the minimum attendance in the subjects, lectures, seminars etc. required for appearing in the examination as stipulated by the regulations of Nitte (Deemed to be University).
5 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Note 1: (i) Migration is permitted only in the beginning of II year BDS Course in recognized Institutions (ii) All applications for migration shall be referred to Dental Council of India by the college authorities. No Institution/University shall allow migration directly without the prior approval of the Council. (iii) The Council reserves the right not to entertain any application which is not under the prescribed compassionate grounds and also to take independent decisions where applicant has been allowed to migrate without referring the same to the Council.
Note 2: *Compassionate ground criteria: (i) Death of supporting guardian. (ii) Disturbed conditions as declared by Government of India in the Dental College area.
11. Conduct and discipline: Candidates shall conduct themselves within and outside the premises of the Institution in a manner befitting a student of a professional Institution. As per the order of the Honourable Supreme Court of India, ragging in any form is considered as a criminal offence and is banned. Any form of ragging will be severely dealt with. The following act of omission and/or commission shall constitute gross violation of the code of conduct and are liable to invoke disciplinary measures: • Ragging as defined and described by the Supreme Court of India/ Government • Lack of courtesy and decorum; indecent behaviour anywhere within or outside the campus. • Willful damage or stealthy removal of any property/belongings of the Institute/Hostel or of fellow candidates/citizens. • Possession, consumption or distribution of alcoholic drinks or any kind of hallucinogenic drugs. • Mutilation or unauthorized possession of library books. • Noisy or unseemly behaviour, disturbing studies of fellow candidates. • Hacking in computer systems (such as entering into other person’s domain without prior permission, manipulation and/or damage to the computer hardware and software or any other cyber crime etc). • Plagiarism of any nature. • Any other act of gross indiscipline as decided by the Board of Management, from time to time. • Commensurate with the gravity of offense, the punishment may be: reprimand, fine, expulsion from the hostel, debarment from an examination, disallowing the use of certain facilities of the College, rustication for a specific period or even outright expulsion from the College, or even handing over the case to appropriate law enforcement authorities or the judiciary, as required by the circumstances.
6 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
• For any offence committed in (i) a hostel (ii) a department or in a classroom and (iii) elsewhere, the Chief Warden, the Head of the Department and/the Head of the Institution, respectively, shall have the authority to reprimand or impose fine. All cases involving punishment other than reprimand shall be reported to the Vice Chancellor. Cases of adoption of unfair means and/or any malpractice in an examination shall be reported to the Controller of Examinations for taking appropriate action.
12. Graduation Requirements: A Candidate shall be declared eligible for the award of the degree if he has: • Fulfilled all Degree Requirements. • No dues to the University, College, Departments, Hostels, Library etc. • No disciplinary action pending against him. The award of the degree must be recommended by the Academic Council and approved by the Board of Management.
13. Convocation: Degrees will be awarded in person for the candidates who have graduated during the preceding academic year. Degrees will be awarded in-absentia to such candidates who are unable to attend the convocation. Candidates are required to apply for the convocation along with prescribed fee within the specified date, after having satisfactorily completed all the requirements of the course. Provisional pass certificate will be issued by the University provided the candidate fulfils requirements mentioned in clause (9) above. The provisional certificate will be issued on submission of an application through the college and will be valid until the convocation.
14. Academic Appeals Board (AAB): There shall be an Academic Appeals Boards constituted by the University Constitution: • Head of the institution of a constituent college - Chairperson (By seniority) • A Professor from a constituent college - Member (Nominated by the Vice-Chancellor) • Three faculty members – Members (Nominated by the Vice- Chancellor) • The Controller of Examinations - Member Secretary
Note: i. The Chairman may co-opt and/or invite more members. ii. Depending on the prevailing circumstances, the senior most members in the Board shall act as Chairman instead of Chairperson. iii. The quorum of each meeting shall be a minimum of four, excluding invitees.
7 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Functions of the Board: • To receive grievance/ complaints in writing from the students regarding anomaly in award of marks due to bias, victimization, erratic evaluation, etc. and redress the complaints. • To interact with the concerned teacher and the student separately, before taking the decision. • The decision of the AAB will be based on simple majority.
15. Subjects of Study and Training: I Year BDS
Lecture Practical Total No. Subject Hours Hours Hours
General Human Anatomy including 1 100 175 275 Embryology, Osteology and Histology
General Human Physiology 120 60 180 2 Biochemistry 70 60 130
Dental Anatomy, Embryology and Oral 3 105 250 355 Histology
4 Dental Materials 20 40 60
Pre-clinical Prosthodontics and Crown & 5 10 100 110 Bridge
6 Pre-clinical Conservative Dentistry 10 50 60
7 Skills and Personality development 25 - 25
Total 460 735 1195
8 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
II Year BDS
Lecture Practical Total No. Subject Hours Hours Hours General Pathology 55 55 110 1 Microbiology 65 50 115 General and Dental Pharmacology & 2 70 20 90 Therapeutics 3 Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology 25 50 75 4 Dental Materials 60 200 260 Pre-clinical Prosthodontics and Crown & 5 25 200 225 Bridge 6 Pre clinical Conservative Dentistry 25 150 175 7 Constitution of India 40 - 40
Total 360 725 1090
III Year BDS
Lecture Practical Clinical Total No. Subject Hours Hours Hours Hours 1 General Medicine 60 - 90 150
2 General Surgery 60 - 90 150 Oral Pathology and Oral 3 120 80 - 200 Microbiology Conservative Dentistry and 4 30 - 80 110 Endodontics 5 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 20 - 80 100 6 Oral Medicine and Radiology 20 - 80 100 Orthodontics and Dentofacial 7 20 - 80 100 Orthopedics Pedodontics and Preventive 8 20 - 40 60 Dentistry 9 Periodontology 40 - 80 120
Prosthodontics and Crown & 10 30 - 80 110 Bridge
11 Public Health Dentistry 30 - 100 130 Total 450 80 800 1330
9 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IV Year BDS - Part I
Lecture Clinical Total No. Subject Hours Hours Hours 1 Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 30 90 120
2 Oral Medicine and Radiology 45 90 135
3 Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 15 40 55
4 Periodontology 40 90 130
5 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 20 70 90
6 Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 30 90 120
7 Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 30 90 120
8 Public Health Dentistry 30 100 130
Total 240 660 900
IV Year BDS – Part II
Lecture Clinical Total No. Subject Hours Hours Hours
1 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 30 120 150
2 Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge 40 200 240
3 Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 40 200 240
4 Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry 30 90 120
Total 140 610 750
16. Internship: Every candidate is required after passing the final year BDS examination to undergo compulsory rotational internship to the satisfaction of the College authorities and University for a period of 12 months so as to be eligible for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) and full registration. Every candidate on passing all subjects of final year BDS examinations should obtain provisional registration from the Karnataka Medical Council before the commencement of internship. The University shall issue a provisional BDS pass certificate on passing the final examination for the purpose of provisional registration.
10 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
The internship shall be completed within 2 years of the date of passing final year BDS examinations All parts of the internship shall be done in the teaching hospital of the College only. The State Dental Council will grant provisional registration to the candidate on production of the provisional BDS pass certificate. The provisional registration will be for a period of one year. In the event of the shortage or unsatisfactory work, the period of provisional registration and the compulsory rotating internship may be suitably extended by the appropriate authorities. Full registration shall only be given by the State Dental Council/Dental Council of India on the award of the BDS degree by the University or its declaration that the candidate is eligible for it.
Time distribution
No. Subject Duration
a. Compulsory
1 Oral Medicine and Radiology 1 month 2 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1½ months 3 Prosthodontics and Crown & bridge 1½ months 4 Periodontology 1month 5 Conservative Dentistry 1 month 6 Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 1 month 7 Oral Pathology and Microbiology 15 days 8 Orthodontics 1 month 9 Public Health Dentistry 3 months b Elective (in any one of the dental specialties) 15 days
Total 12 Months
Assessment of Internship: The intern shall maintain a record of work which is to be verified and certified by the Head of the respective Department. Apart from scrutiny of the record of work, assessment and evaluation of training shall be undertaken by an objective approach using situation tests in knowledge, skills and attitude during and at the end of the training. Based on the record of work and date of evaluation, the Head of the Institution will issue a certificate of satisfactory completion of training, following which the University will award the BDS degree or declare him eligible for it.
11 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Satisfactory completion shall be determined on the basis of the following:
No. Parameter Score
1 Proficiency of knowledge required for each case 0-5
2 The competency in skills expected to manage each case
a. competency for performance of self performance 0-5 b. of having assisted in procedures and c. of having observed 3 Responsibility, punctuality, work up of case, involvement in treatment, follow-up reports 0-5 4 Capacity to work in a team (Behaviour with colleagues, nursing staff and relationship with paramedics) 0-5 5 Initiative, participation in discussions, research aptitude 0-5
0: Extremely dissatisfied 3: Somewhat satisfied 1: Very dissatisfied 4: Very Satisfied 2: Somewhat dissatisfied 5: Extremely satisfied
Note: A Score of less than 3 in any of above items will represent unsatisfactory completion of internship
17. Attendance A candidate pursuing BDS course shall work in the concerned departments of the Institution for the entire period as a full time candidate. No candidate is permitted to run a clinic/laboratory/ work in any laboratory / institution / hospital / nursing home etc., during the period of study (including internship). No candidate should join any other course of study or appear for any other degree examination conducted by this university or any other university in India or abroad during the period of registration (including internship) Each academic year shall be taken as a unit for the purpose of calculating attendance in every subject, for I to III year. For the IV year each term shall be taken as a unit for the purpose of calculating attendance in every subject. 75% attendance separately in theory and 75% in Practical/Clinical in a subject is compulsory for appearing at the university examination.
12 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
In case of a subject in which there is no examination at the end of the academic year, the percentage of attendance shall not be less than 70%. However, at the time of appearing for the university examinations in the subject, the aggregate percentage of attendance in the subject should satisfy condition (17.3) above.
Note: A candidate who does not fulfill the attendance requirement will have to repeat the year to make up the attendance as required.
18. Examinations: There shall be University Examinations at the end of first academic year, second academic year, third academic year and first term and the second term of the fourth academic year. In addition there shall be periodical tests conducted by the College for Internal assessment.
Scheme of Examination: Evaluation is based on Formative Evaluation (Internal assessment) and Summative Evaluation I (University examinations)
I Year BDS
Theory (Marks) Practical (Marks) Subject Univ. Univ. Total No. Subjects Viva voce I.A Total I.A Total Exam Exam (Marks) Human Anatomy, 1 Embryology and 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200 Histology Human Physiology 2 Biochemistry, 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200 Nutrition and Dietetics Dental Anatomy, 3 Embryology and Oral 70 20 10 100 80 20 100 200 Histology Grand Total 300 300 600 Skills and Personality 4 ------100 development* *College exam only
13 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
II Year BDS
Theory Practical A + B
Written Viva Total Total Grand No. Subjects I.A Exercise I.A Record paper voce (A) (B) Total a) General 35 10 05 50 40 05 05 50 Pathology 1 200
35 10 05 50 40 05 05 50 b) Microbiology General and Dental 2 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Pharmacology and Therapeutics Dental 3 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Materials Pre-clinical 4 Conservative - 20 - 20 50 20 10 80 100 Dentistry Pre-clinical Prosthodontics 5 - 20 - 20 50 10 10 80 100 and Crown & Bridge Grand Total 340 Constitution of 6 ------100 India* *College exam only
III Year BDS
Theory (Marks) Practical (Marks) (A+B)
No. Subjects Univ. Total Univ. Total Grand Viva voce I.A I.A Record Exam (A) Exam (B) Total General 1 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Medicine General 2 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Surgery Oral Pathology and 3 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Oral Microbiology
Grand Total 300 300
14 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IV Year BDS- Part I
Theory (Marks) Practical (Marks) (A+B)
Univ. Viva Univ. Grand No. Subjects I.A Total I.A Record Total Exam voce Exam Total
Public Health 1 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Dentistry
2 Periodontology 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200
Orthodontics and 3 Dentofacial 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Orthopedics
Oral Medicine 4 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 and Radiology
Grand Total 400 400
IV Year BDS- Part II
Theory (Marks) Practical (Marks) (A+B) No. Subjects Univ. Viva Univ. Grand I.A Total I.A Record Total Exam voce Exam Total Prosthodontics and 1 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Crown & Bridge
Conservative 2 Dentistry and 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Endodontics
Oral and 3 Maxiofacial 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Surgery Pedodontics and 4 Preventive 70 20 10 100 80 10 10 100 200 Dentistry Grand Total 400 400
15 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Internal Assessment: A student should have scored minimum 35% marks in each subject to be eligible to appear for University examination. There shall be atleast three internal assessment examinations including practical examinations. The marks of the best two examinations along with marks obtained in seminars, end-of- posting examinations, case-study, small research projects and home /vacation assignments will be considered, to calculate the internal assessment. The average of the best two examinations will be considered provided he appears for all the three examinations. If he absents himself for any of the examinations, then the average of two will be considered. Ten percent of the total marks in each subject separately for theory and practical/clinical examinations shall be set aside for the internal assessment.
University Examination: A candidate who satisfies all the requirements of attendance, internal assessment progress and conduct shall be eligible to appear for the university examinations. There shall be a University Examination at the end of each academic year in the first three years of study and at the end of each term in the fourth year of study. To be eligible to appear for University examination a candidate should fulfill all the following conditions: a. Undergone satisfactorily the approved course of study in the subject/subjects for the prescribed duration; b. 75% attendance separately in theory and in practical/clinical, in each subject; c. Secure at least 35% of total marks fixed for internal assessment separately in theory and practical/clinical in a particular subject; and d. Fulfilled any other requirement that may be prescribed by the University from time to time.
Criteria for Pass: A candidate shall be declared as pass in a subject if he secures minimum of 50% of marks separately in theory and Practical / clinical examinations in that subject as stipulated below. a) For pass in Theory, a candidate shall secure 50% marks in aggregate in University theory examination i.e. marks obtained in University written examination, viva voce examination and internal assessment (theory) put together. b) For pass in Practical/Clinical exam, a candidate shall secure 50% in aggregate in University Practical / Clinical examination and internal assessment (practical/clinical) put together.
16 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Carry-over Benefit i. A candidate who fails in one subject of I year BDS examination is permitted to go to the second year class. However, he can appear for the Second year examination only after he passes all the First year subjects. ii. A candidate who fails in one subject of II year BDS examination is permitted to go to the third year class. However, he can appear for the third year examination only after he passes all the second year subjects. iii. A candidate who fails in one subject of III year BDS examination is permitted to go to the Fourth year class and is permitted to appear for the Fourth year Part-I examination along with Third year examination. However he shall be permitted to appear Fourth year Part-II examination only after he passes all the Third year subjects. iv. A candidate is permitted to go to the Fourth year Part-II irrespective of the numbers of subjects failed in Fourth year Part-I examination.
Rules for Grace Marks Grace marks up to a maximum of 5 will be awarded at the discretion of the University provided the candidate has failed in only one subject and passed in all other subjects. There shall be no provision to award grace marks for improvement of class.
Re-totaling: Re-totaling of marks is permitted for theory papers only. The university, on application within the stipulated time and remittance of a prescribed fee, shall permit a recounting of marks, for the subject (s) applied. The marks obtained after re-totaling will be the final marks awarded.
19. Supplementary Examinations: Supplementary examination shall be conducted by the university for the benefit of unsuccessful candidates. Supplementary examinations will be conducted within six weeks/six months from the date of announcement of results. A candidate detained for lack of attendance, internal assessment marks will be barred from appearing in any one or all course/s for the supplementary examination. A candidate dropping from appearance in any or all subjects /courses at regular examination is disallowed from taking dropped subject(s)/course(s) at the supplementary examinations. If a candidate submits application for appearing for the examination but does not appear for any of the subjects in the university examination, he can appear for supplementary examination provided other conditions such as attendance requirement, internal assessment marks, etc. are fulfilled. A candidate who is promoted to the next higher class as per carry over regulations (except where apex bodies do not permit), if he clears the lower year/semester/phase examinations in the main examination is allowed to appear for the higher class examination during supplementary examinations provided other conditions such as attendance requirement, internal assessment marks, etc. are fulfilled.
17 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
A candidate permitted to appear for the supplementary examination can improve his internal assessment marks before he takes the supplementary examination by subjecting himself to internal assessment procedure as practiced in the college.
20. Declaration of Results and Classification: Class will be awarded only to those candidates who pass the examination in the first attempt. Class shall be declared at the end of every year and will be on the basis of the aggregate of marks scored in that year. 75% and above - First Class with Distinction 65% and above but less than 75% - First class 50% and above but less than 65% - Second class Candidates who pass the examinations in more than one attempt shall be declared as passed in "Pass"class irrespective of the percentage of marks secured. An attempt means the appearance of a candidate for one or more courses either in part or full in a particular examination. A candidate who fails in main examination and passes one or more subjects or all subjects in the supplementary examination is not eligible for award of class or distinction. Passing in supplementary examination by such candidates shall be considered as attempt. If a candidate submits application for appearing for the regular examination but does not appear for any of the courses/subjects in the regular University examination, he can appear for supplementary examination provided other conditions such as attendance requirement, internal assessment marks, etc. are fulfilled and his appearing in the supplementary examination shall be considered as the first attempt. Candidates who pass the subjects in the supplementary examinations are not eligible for the award of Gold Medal or Merit Certificate.
21. Award of Merit Certificates: Merit Certificates shall be awarded on the basis of aggregate marks of I to IV Year examinations. Only those candidates who have completed the course and fulfilled all the requirements in the minimum number of years prescribed (4 years) and who have passed the examination each year in the first attempt are eligible for the award of merit certificates.
*****
18 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
PROGRAM OUTCOMES At the end of the program, graduates will be able to... 1. Describe normal and abnormal human structure, development, function and behaviour that are relevant to the practice of Dentistry. 2. Apply basic knowledge of biomedical, technical and clinical Sciences for the effective practice of Dentistry. 3. Elicit detailed Dental and relevant Medical history, perform an oral and general physical examination and choose relevant laboratory diagnostic tests for identification of oral disorders, prevention of oral disease and promotion of oral health. 4. Demonstrate the ability to interpret available clinical and laboratory data and effective clinical problem solving, in order to generate differential diagnoses and to manage oral health disorders. 5. Perform and interpret a basic oral radiological examination safely. 6. Plan and administer, safely, appropriate treatments, including surgical procedures, for common oral disorders in adults as well as children. 7. Identify and manage common medical emergencies encountered in general dental practice. 8. Identify and refer patients who may require specialist care. 9. Demonstrate knowledge of global and national needs, policies and regulatory frameworks relevant to oral health. 10. Function effectively as an oral health care team member in health care settings. 11. Communicate effectively and sensitively with patients, care-givers, colleagues and the public in a manner that will improve health care outcomes and patient / client satisfaction. 12. Demonstrate the ability to continue refining existing knowledge / skills and acquire new knowledge/skills. 13. Select and pursue an appropriate career pathway that is professionally rewarding and personally fulfilling. 14. Recognize and manage medico-legal, ethical and professional issues in dental practice. 15. Demonstrate and practice integrity, responsibility, respect and selflessness.
19 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
I. HUMAN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, HISTOLOGY AND MEDICAL GENETICS
Goals The goal is to provide undergraduate dental students comprehensive knowledge of the gross and microscopic structure and development pertaining to head & neck region in detail and rest of the body in brief. To provide basis for understanding clinical conditions and application of anatomical knowledge in clinical practice.
Objectives Knowledge At the end of the course, the students should be able to: 1. Comprehend the normal disposition, gross features, clinically relevant inter- relationship, functional and cross sectional anatomy of various structures in the head &neck. 2. Correlate the functions of basic tissues of the body and organs related to head and neck by identifying microscopic and ultra microscopic structure. 3. To understand the principles of sequential development of organs and systems related to head and neck and principals of karyotyping. 4. To understand the appearance of normal skiagrams of head and neck region and principles of newer imaging techniques.
Skills At the end of the course, the student should be able to: 1. Identify, dissect and locate structures of the head and neck region. 2. Identify the basic tissues of the body and organs related to head and neck under the microscope. 3. To interpret the normal skiagrams of head and neck region. 4. To mark the topography of living anatomy.
Integration From the integrated teaching of other basic Sciences, students shall be able to comprehend the regulations and integration of the functions of the organs and systems in the body and thus interpret the anatomical basis of disease process.
20 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1. Describe the normal disposition, functional and cross-sectional anatomy of various structures in the head and neck. CO2. Explain the microscopic structure of various tissues and organs related to head and neck. CO3. Describe the principles and sequential development of the organs and systems related to head and neck. CO4. Describe the appearance of normal skiagrams of head and neck region. CO5. Identify the various structures of the head and neck region. CO6. Identify the basic tissues of the body and organs related to head and neck under the microscope. CO7. Identify the features of normal skiagrams of head and neck region. CO8. Demonstrate the topography of various structures of head and neck on the surface of the body. CO9. Identify the embryology models
I BDS Theory - 100 Hrs. I. Introduction: 10 hrs. Scope, subdivisions, definitions and interpretation of anatomical terms, planes, anatomical positions, elements of anatomy including fascia, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, joints and lymph vessels.
II. Osteology of Head & Neck: 20 hrs. Skull - exterior - Norma and vault: Interior - Cranial fosse. Individual bones - mandible, maxilla, frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, zygomatic, ethmoid, sphenoid, vomer, palatine, nasal bones.Cervical vertebrae in general; C 1, C 2 & C 7 in particular Hyoid bone.
III. Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck: 30 hrs. a. Scalp - layers, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage. b. Face - Muscles, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, lacrimal apparatus. c. Neck - i. Cervical fascia ii. Posterior triangle iii. Anterior triangle - sub mental, digastric, carotid &muscular iv. Midline structures of neck d. Cranial cavity - meninges; dural folds and sinuses; Hypophysiscerebri. e. Orbit - nerves, vessels, extrinsic muscles of eyeball. f. Parotid region - parotid gland. g. Temporal and infra-temporal fossae - muscles of mastication, Maxillary artery, maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve. h. Temporo-mandibular joint. i. Submandibular region - submandibular salivary gland.
21 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
j. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. k. Vessels of head & neck-Carotid, subclavian arteries, internal jugular vein. l. Mouth, tongue and palate. m. Pharynx. n. Larynx. o. Cervical part of trachea and esophagus. p. Nasal cavity and para nasal air sinuses. q. Lymphatic drainage of head &neck. r. Joints of neck - atlanto-occipital, atlanto-axial.
IV. Neuro-anatomy: 12 hrs. a. Detailed description of cranial nerves - V, VII, IX, X (in the region of head and neck) XI, XII including their nuclei of origin, intra and extra cranial courses. b. Cervical spinal nerves and cervical plexus. c. Autonomic nervous system of head and neck.
V. Embryology: 12 hrs. a. Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis, fertilization implantation, germ layer formation, fetal membranes and placenta. b. Development of branchial apparatus, pharyngealarches, pouches and clefts. c. Development of face, jaws, oral cavity, tongue, palate, nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses, Salivary glands, thyroid gland, Hypophysis cerebri, Temporomandibular joint.
VI. Histology: 16 hrs. a. Introduction of cytology and histology. b. Basic tissues - epithelial - simple; compound c. Connective tissue - cells, fibers - collagen, elastic, reticular d. Cartilage - hyaline, elastic, white fibrocartilages, e. Spongy and compact bones f. Muscular tissue - skeletal, cardiac and smooth, g. Nervous tissue - peripheral nerve and ganglia. h. Blood vessels - Artery & vein. i. Glands - serous, mucous, mixed salivary glands. j. Lymph node tissue - lymph node, palatine tonsil, thymus &Spleen. k. Skin - hairy and non-hairy l. Endocrine gland - pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal & pancreas. m. Lip, tongue &esophagus n. Trachea and lungs.
22 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Practicals: 175 hrs The following topics are included for examination
Must Know Dissection Topics: 1. Scalp 2. Face including deeper dissection 3. Posterior triangle of neck. 4. Anterior triangles of neck - median region, digastric, carotid triangles. 5. Deep dissection of neck -Thyroid gland, Great vessels of neck. 6. Parotid region. 7. Infra- temporal fossa - Muscles of mastication, Mandibular nerve and its branches, Maxillary Artery and Temporo mandibular joint 8. Sub- mandibular region - gland, hyoglossus and its relations 9. Mouth, palate and pharynx. 10. Nasal cavity and paranasal air sinuses 11. Tongue 12. Larynx
Surface Anatomy: (to be included in Practicals only) Must Know Superior sagittal sinus; Middle meningeal artery; Pterion; Facial artery; Parotid gland and duct; Facial nerve on face; Common, External, Internal carotid arteries; Palatine tonsil; Vocal cords; Thyroid gland; Spinal accessory nerve.
Radiological Anatomy: (Practicals only) Must Know AP & Lateral views of head and neck. Interpretation of normal radiological anatomy.
Histology Slides: - for Practical exam as Spotters & for Discussion. 1. Epithelium - simple squamous (Mesentry) 2. Epithelium - simple cuboidal (Thyroid) 3. Epithelium - simple columnar (Gallbladder) 4. Epithelium - simple ciliated columnar 5. Epithelium - simple pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar (Trachea) 6. Epithelium - simple compound stratified squamous keratinized (Skin) 7. Epithelium - simple - non-keratinized (Esophagus) 8. Compound - transitional (Urinary bladder) 9. Areolar tissue. 10. Collagen fibres. 11. Elastic fibres. 12. Tendon. 13. Cartilage — hyaline, elastic, white fibrous. 14. Bone - T.S. &L.S. 15. Muscle - skeletal (LS/TS), cardiac, smooth. 16. Blood vessels-large sized artery,medium sized artery, large vein; medium vein 17. Peripheral nerve &ganglia
23 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
18. Serous salivary gland; Mucous Salivary Gland and Mixed Salivary Gland. 19. Lymph node. 20. Palatine tonsil. 21. Thymus 22. Spleen 23. Skin — hairy and non-hairy 24. Lip; Tooth; Tongue 25. Trachea; Esophagus 26. Lung 27. Thyroid & parathyroid 28. Pituitary 29. Suprarenal gland. 30. Pancreas.
Desirable to Know (to be demonstrated) 1. Ear - external, middle & internal. 2. Spinal cord 3. Brainstem 4. Cerebellum 5. Cerebral hemispheres-important gyri & sulci of supero-lateral, medial and inferior surfaces; functional areas - sensory, motor, auditory, visual, gustatory speech & splanchnic areas; blood supply of brain. 6. Cranial nerves in general with functions other than V, VII, IX, and XII. 7. Genetics - definitions, chromosomes, chromosomal aberrations. 8. Anthropology 9. Organs of thorax and abdomen. 10. Extremities - upper &lower limbs 11. Histology of a. Stomach - fundus and pylorus b. Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum & ileum c. Large intestine - colon and appendix d. Liver and gallbladder
Scheme of Examinations: Anatomy A. Theory Total Marks :100 I. University Written – 70 marks II. Viva Voce – 20 marks III. Internal assessment – 10 marks
24 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Distributions of topics and types of question
Type of Questions Contents Marks and Marks Long essay questions from all the chapters of Long essay Gross Anatomy including related Embryology and 20 2x10 marks clinical aspects. Short essay questions from all chapters including Short essay 30 Histology, Osteology & Embryology 10x3 marks MCQ MCQ Should be set from all the topics 20 20x1 mark
Total 70 Marks
B. Practical Total Marks-100 I. Practicals - 80 Marks II. Record - 10 Marks III. Internal Assessment – 10 Marks
Practicals 1. Gross Anatomy – 50 marks I. Spotters - 10x2 marks = 20 marks II. Discussion - 1x20 marks = 20 marks III. Surface Marking - 1x10 marks = 10 marks
2. Histology – 30 marks I. Spotters - 10 x 1 mark = 10 marks II. Slide Discussion - 2 x 10 marks = 20 marks
Recommended Books: 1. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy, l5thEd , C.J Romans , Oxford publishers 2. Hand book of General Anatomy, 3rd Edition, B.D.Chaurasia, CBS publishers 3. Human Osteology for Dental students, 1stEd, Inderbir Singh, Jaypee publishers.
Reference Books: 1. Gray’s Anatomy, 40th Ed, Susan Standring, Elsevier Publishers 2. Langman’s Medical Embryology, 1st Ed, Sadler T.W, Williams and Wilkins Publications 3. Junquira’s Basic Histology,Text and Atlas, 2ndEd, Anthony Mescher, McGraw Hill Publications 4. A color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2nd Ed, McMinn .R.M.H , Hutchins R.T, Elsevier Publications 5. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 9th Ed, Anne M.R Agur, Williams and Wilkins Publications
25 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
6. DiFore’s Atlas of Histology, 11th Ed, Victor P Eroschenko, Williams and Wilkins Publications 7. Principles of general Anatomy, 6th Ed, Datta.A.K, Basu K P publications 8. Essentials of Human Anatomy-Part II. 3rd Ed. Datta.A.K, Current Internationals 9. Essentials of Neuro anatomy, 2nd Ed, Datta.A.K, Current Internationals
26 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
II. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Goal: 1. To provide the first year BDS students comprehensive knowledge of normal functions of the organ systems of the body and their inter relationships. 2. To make them understand the physiological basis of health and disease.
Objectives: A. Knowledge: At the end of the course the student will be able to: 1. Explain the normal functioning of organs and systems. 2. Understand the interrelationships and interactions among various organs and systems for maintaining Homeostasis. 3. Assess the relative contribution of each organ system towards the maintenance of constant internal environment. 4. Differentiate between normal and abnormal functioning of organs and systems. 5. Understand physiological basis of pathogenesis and treatment of diseases and disorders. 6. Apply the physiological basis in the practice of Dentistry.
B. Skills: At the end of the course the student shall be able to: 1. Conduct experiments designed for the better understanding of physiological phenomenon. 2. Interpret experimental and investigative data. 3. Distinguish between normal and abnormal data derived during the practicals or observed at the laboratory.
C. Integration: At the end of the integrated teaching, the student shall acquire an integrated knowledge of organ structure and function and their regulatory mechanism for the maintenance of health.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1. Explain the normal functioning of organ systems. CO2. Describe the inter-relationships and interactions among various organs and systems for maintaining Homeostasis. CO3. Assess the relative contribution of each organ systems towards the maintenance of constant internal environment CO4. Differentiate between normal and abnormal functioning of organs and systems. CO5. Explain the physiological basis of pathogenesis and treatment of diseases and disorders. CO6. Apply the physiological basis in the practice of Dentistry. CO7. Perform experiments designed for the better understanding of physiological phenomenon. CO8. Interpret experimental and investigative data.
27 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
CO9. Distinguish between normal and abnormal data derived during the practicals or observed at the laboratory CO10. Apply ethical behavior to professional practice. CO11. Apply effective communication skills while interacting with patients.
I BDS THEORY - TOTAL HOURS-100 I. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY: Total Hours :04 1. Homeostasis - Basic concepts 2. Functions of cell organelles 3. Transport across cell membrane-Diffusion,Osmosis, Active transport - primary & secondary with examples 4. Distribution of total body water normal values.
II. MUSCLE NERVE PHYSIOLOGY: Total Hours: 05 1. Membrane potentials: Resting membrane Potential-definition, genesis, Action potential- phases, ionic basis, and properties. 2. Structure and function of nervous tissues; Neuron , Neuroglia. Nerve fiber — classification, properties and conduction of impulses in myelinated and non myelinated nerve fibers 3. Neuromuscular junction — definition, structure, sequences of events during transmission at NMJ, Myasthenia gravis. 4. Comparison between skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscles 5. Structure of skeletal muscle, Excitation contraction coupling, contraction and relaxation. Types of contraction.
III. BLOOD: Total Hours: 15 1. Composition and functions of blood. 2. Plasma proteins; Types and their functions. 3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate- definition, normal value, significance 4. RBC- Normal count, morphology, blood indices 5. Erythropoiesis- site, stages, factors essential , and regulation 6. Haemoglobin- Normal value, functions, types and fate 7. Anemias- grading, classification, iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency anemias 8. Leukocytes: Classification, functions, total count, DLC Terminologies - Leukocytosis, Leukopenia, Leukemia 9. Immunity — Basic mechanism of immunity with reference to lymphocytes T- and B lymphocytes 10. Blood platelets — Morphology, count, functions, thrombocytopenic purpura. 11. Haemostasis — Steps, Coagulation factors, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mechanisms, Haemorrhagic disorders - Haemophilia, purpura. Anticoagulants- Types, mechanism of action, uses 12. Blood groups- Basis of blood grouping, ABO system, Rh grouping. Rh incompatibility — Erythroblastosis foetalis- prevention and treatment
28 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
13. Blood transfusion- Indications, precautions, hazards of mismatched blood transfusion, blood bank
IV. CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM: Total Hours: 13 1. Physiological anatomy of heart, innervation of heart, circulation. 2. Junctional tissues of the heart ,origin and spread of cardiac impulses 3. Cardiac cycle- definition, events, heart sounds 4. Electro cardiogram - Normal ECG, different types of leads, characteristics of ECG waves. 5. Heart rate- Normal value- variations and regulation. 6. Cardiac output, cardiac index — Definition , normal value, physiological variations, factors influencing, regulation 7. Arterial blood pressure- definition, normal values, physiological variation, factors affecting BP, regulation of BP — short term regulation and long term regulation.
V. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Total Hours: 10 1. Physiological anatomy of respiratory system. Tracheo-bronchial tree respiratory and non- respiratory functions 2. Mechanism of breathing - Respiratory muscles and their actions, Intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure during respiratory cycle, Respiratory membrane, surfactant. 3. Lung volumes & Lung capacities, Normal valves, significance, alveolar ventilation. 4. Transportation of oxygen by blood. Oxygen-Hb dissociation curve and factors affecting it. 5. Transportation of carbon dioxide 6. Neural regulation of respiration- role of respiratory centers 7. Chemical regulation of respiration, Peripheral and central chemoreceptors. 8. Hypoxia, Cyanosis,Asphyxia
VI. EXCRETORY SYSTEM: Total Hours: 08 1. Functional anatomy of kidney, Kidney functions, Type of nephrons, Juxta glomerular apparatus. 2. Mechanism of urine formation: Glomerular filtration — GFR, value, determinants, auto regulation, Tubular function - Renal handling of glucose, renal threshold for glucose, Glycosuria, Renal handling of water, obligatory and facultative, role of ADH. 3. Micturition- Innervation of urinary bladder, micturition reflex. 4. Renal function tests- analysis of blood urea and serum creatinine as markers of renal function.
VII. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Total Hours: 08 1. Organization of gastro intestinal tract, innervation. 2. Physiology of salivary secretion glands, composition, functions and regulation of secretion.
29 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
3. Stomach-functions-Gastric juice—properties, composition, functions and regulation of secretion. 4. Exocrine pancreas — Pancreatic juice- properties, composition, functions and regulation of secretion. 5. Liver- functions of liver. Bile- properties, composition, functions and regulation of secretion. 6. Gall bladder — functions- Entero- hepatic circulation 7. Succus entericus — properties, composition, functions and regulation of secretion. 8. Motor functions of GTT — Mastication, Deglutition, Movements of small intestine.
VIII. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Total Hours: 13 1. Major endocrine glands-Hormone-Definition, classification of action and regulation of secretion of hormones. 2. Anterior pituitary- Hormones their functions and regulation of secretion. Disorders related to growth hormone; Dwarfism, Gigantism, Acromegaly 3. Posterior pituitary - Hormones, Actions and regulation of secretion, Milk letdown reflex. Diabetes insipidus. 4. Thyroid gland - Hormones, actions. Regulation of secretion. Disorders of thyroid gland - Goitre, Cretinism, myxoedema, Grave’s disease. 5. Adrenal cortex -Hormones Aldosterone - actions and regulation of secretion, Conn’s syndrome. Cortisol- Functions and regulation of secretion. Addison’s disease, Cushing’s Syndrome 6. Adrenal medulla - Hormones, actions and regulation of secretion. Pheochromocytoma. 7. Endocrine pancreas - Insulin, Glucogon, Functions and regulation of secretion, Hormonal regulation of blood glucose, Diabetes mellitus 8. Parathyroid gland- Functions, regulation of secretion, Tetany. 9. Regulation of blood calcium. Calcitonin, Calcitriol and Role of PTH.
IX. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Total Hours: 14 1. Organization of nervous system 2. Synapse - types, structure and transmission across synapse. 3. Sensory receptors and classification. 4. Sensory pathways - Dorsal column, lateral column, and anterior column. Pathway for fine touch, temperature, crude touch- Sensory homonculus 5. Physiology of pain. 6. Motor tracts- Pyramidal tracts, corticobulbar and cortico spinal tracts. Origin, course, termination and functions, Motorhormonculus 7. Reflex action, Reflex arc, Classification of reflexes, Stretch and withdrawal reflexes 8. Functions of Cerebellum and Basal ganglia 9. Functions of Thalamus. 10. Functions of Hypothalamus, Regulation of body temperature.
30 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
11. Cerebral cortex- lobes & functions 12. Cerebro spinal fluid- formation, circulation, composition and functions. Lumbar puncture. 13. Autonomic nervous system- organisation and functions.
X. SPECIAL SENSES: Total Hours: 05 1. Vision —Physiological anatomy of eye ball. Comparison of rods and cones. 2. Visual pathway, visual reflexes, errors of refraction 3. Color vision and colorblindness 4. Audition- Physiological anatomy, Auditory pathway, mechanism of hearing Deafness- Types and tests 5. Taste - Taste buds, taste pathway. 6. Olfaction - Receptors, olfactory pathway
XI. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Total Hours: 05 1. Puberty. 2. Male reproductive system, Spermatogenesis 3. Testosterone functions & regulation of secretion. 4. Female reproductive system- Menstrual cycle- ovarian & uterine changes, Hormonal influence of menstrual cycle. 5. Functions and regulation of secretion of oestrogen, progesterone. 6. Maternal changes during pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis test. 7. Physiology of parturition & lactation. 8. Family planning- Physiological basis
PRACTICALS: 60 HOURS Haematology (Procedures to be performed by the students) - 30 Hours 1. Study of microscope and its uses 2. Collection of blood sample and study of haemocytometer 3. Determination of RBC count 4. Haemoglobinometry 5. Calculation of blood indices 6. Determination of WBC count 7. Leishman’s staining and differential leucocyte count 8. Determination of blood groups 9. Determination of bleeding time 10. Determination of clotting time Human / Clinical Lab (Procedures to be performed on Human Subjects) 20 Hours 1. Clinical examination of radial pulse 2. Blood pressure recording 3. Auscultation of heart sounds 4. Spirometry 5. Examination of cranial nerves 6. Demonstration of superficial and deep reflexes
31 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Demonstrations only - 10 Hours 1. Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 2. Determination of packed cell volume (PCV) 3. Determination of specific gravity of blood 4. Fragility test forbs 5. Artificial respiration 6. Demonstration of ECG recording
NOTE: The practical listed as demonstrations are to be shown to the students. These practicals should not be given in the examinations, but questions based upon these may be given in the form of charts, graphs and calculations for interpretation by the students.
Scheme of Examination: Physiology A. Theory Total Marks 50 (i) University Written 35 (ii) Viva Voce 10 (iii) Internal Assessment 05
Distribution of topics and types of questions
Type of questions Contents Marks and marks Long essay questions preferably from 10 1. Blood 2. Cardio vascular system Long essay 3. Respiratory system 01 x 10 marks 4. Endocrine system 5. Nervous system Short essay questions should be set from all the Short essays chapters. (Except the chapter on which a long 15 5 x 3 marks essay question has been set) MCQ MCQ should be set from all the topics 10 10 x 1 mark Total 35 marks
B. Practical Total Marks 50 (i) Practicals 40 (ii) Record 05 (iii) Internal assessment 05
32 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Practicals I. Haematology experiments (Any one of the experiments) – 20 Marks 1. R.B.C. Count 2. W.B.C Count 3. Differential Leukocyte Count 4. Estimation of haemoglobin, Blood indices 5. Blood grouping, Clotting time, Bleeding time
II. Human physiology practicals (Any one of the experiments) – 20 Marks 1. Blood pressure recording 2. Spirometry 3. Examination of cranial nerves 4. Radial pulse examination 5. Demonstration of superficial and deep reflexes
Recommended Text Books (Latest Edition) 1. Text Book of Physiology Author- A.P.Krishna Publishers - Suman Publications, Mangalore. 2. Human Physiology for BDS Author - Prof.A.K.Jain Publishers - Avichal Publishing Company, New Delhi 3. Concise Text Book of Physiology for Dental Students Author- Yogesh Tripathi Publishers - Elsevier, India 4. Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students Authors- K. Sembulingam Prema Sembulingam Publishers - Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi
Reference Books: 1. Text Book of Medical Physiology Author - Hall & Guyton Publishers- Saunders, Philadelphia 2. Review of Medical Physiology Author - William F. Ganong Publishers- Mc GrawHill 3. Concise Medical Physiology Author - Chaudhuri Sujit K. Publishers- New Central Book Agency, Calcutta
Books for Practicals: 1. Manual of Practical Physiology for B.D.S Author -A.K.Jain Publishers- Arya Publication, New Delhi 2. Text Book of Practical Physiology Author - C.L.Ghai Publishers- Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi
33 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
III. BIOCHEMISTRY, NUTRITION AND DIETETICS
Goals & Objects The knowledge acquired in biochemistry should help the dental student to understand the biochemical basis of life of human system and it should enable the student to apply the knowledge in dental practice. Hence, the department would facilitate: 1. To enable students understand the chemistry and metabolism of food stuff and orient them to apply this knowledge to solve clinical problems. 2. To acquire basic skill for biochemical investigation which could aid them to come to a clinical diagnosis of common disorders. 3. To encourage research activities by allotting short term research problems to students.
Objectives: At the end of the course, the students shall be able to 1. Define the importance of various organic biomolecules, know their functions and consequences of deviation from the normal. 2. Describe digestion and assimilation of nutrients and consequences of malnutrition. 3. Describe metabolic pathways of various organic biomolecules. 4. Understand basic enzymology and relate enzymes for clinical application. 5. Describe hormones and their role in various metabolism 6. Describe the structural complements. 7. Highlight on clinical biochemistry and also make the students aware of functional test like LFT, TFT, Serum electrolytes etc. 8. Explain basis of genetics and a brief knowledge of Protein biosynthesis
The students shall acquire a useful core of information which can be retained for a long time:
Examples: 1. Basis of gum bleeding in scurvy. 2. Basis of internal bleeding arising due to vitamin K deficiency. 3. Basis of increase in Urea and Creatinine in renal disease 4. Reason for normal plasma insulin level in most cases of maturity onset diabetes 5. Knowledge of fluorosis. 6. Knowledge of Sialo chemistry, micronutrient level 7. Antioxidants status in oral cavity
34 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1. Enlist and describe the cell organelles with their molecular and functional organization CO2. Delineate structure, function and interrelationships of various biomolecules and consequences of deviation from the normal CO3. Understand basic enzymology and emphasize on its clinical applications where in regulation of enzymatic activity is disturbed CO4. Describe digestion and assimilation of nutrients and consequence of malnutrition CO5. Describe and integrate metabolic pathways of various biomolecules with their regulatory mechanisms CO6. Explain the biochemical basis of inherited disorders with their associated sequelae CO7. Describe mechanisms involved in maintenance of water, electrolyte and acid base balance and consequences of their imbalances CO8. Outline the molecular mechanisms of gene expression and regulation, basic principles of biotechnology and their applications in medicine CO9. Understand the basic immunology involving molecular concepts of body defense mechanisms and their applications in medicine CO10. Continue to learn advancements in biochemistry and apply the same in medical practice CO11. Understand different types of Bio –medical waste, their potential risks and their management
Theory Syllabus: Total Teaching 90 Hours
No. of SI No. Must Know Desirable Know Hours 1 Introduction to biochemistry and its scope 1 hr in Dentistry 2 Carbohydrates 4 hrs 1. Definition, Classification 2. Isomerism 3. Physiologically important Monosaccharides, Disaccharides & Polysaccharides 4. Homopolysaccharides — Starch, glycogen & cellulose 5. Hetero polysaccharides (Mucopolysaccharides) —Definition, examples and importance.
35 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
3 Chemistry of Amino Acids and 5 hrs Proteins: 1. Classification based on structure & nutritional importance 2. Isoelectric pH Structural Proteins: organization of 3. Definition proteins. 4. Classification Collagen - Structure 5. Functions and composition. 6. Denaturation of proteins Muscle protein - 7. Biologically important peptides, Plasma acting and myosin proteins and their separation by electrophoresis 8. Immunoglobulins —Structure and Functions. 9. Hemoglobin and its abnormal forms. 4 Chemistry of Lipids: 5 hrs 1. Definition 2. Classification 3. Functions 4. Fatty Acids 5. Neutral Fats –Triacylglycerols Glycolipids (structure and composition). 6. Phospholipids: composition, examples and functions. 7. Plasma lipoproteins, Classification & functions. 8. Cholesterol — structure &derivatives. 5 Chemistry of Nucleic Acids 4 hrs 1. Nucleosides and biologically important nucleotides. Catabolism of 2. DNA: Structure and functions. Purines & 3. RNA: Types of RNA, Structure and Pyrimidines functions.
6 Vitamins 8 hrs 1. Definition and classification 2. Chemistry, Sources, RDA, metabolic role and deficiency manifestations of
vitamin: A, D, E, K, C, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Biotin, Folic acid &Cyanocobalamin.
36 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
7 Enzymes and Clinical Enzymology: 6 hrs 1. Definition 2. Properties of Enzyme 3. Classification 4. Enzymes Specificity 5. Mechanism of enzyme action :Features and models of active site 6. Co-enzymes and Co-factors 7. Proenzymes ELIZA & RIA 8. Factors affecting enzyme activity 9. Km value and its importance. 10. Enzyme inhibition: Types and examples. 11. Isoenzymes - definition, examples &clinical importance 12. Clinical importance of enzymes, diagnostic, therapeutic & analytical. Glycolipids 8 Physiological Biochemistry Electron transport 6 hrs 1. Digestion and absorption of chain, Oxidative carbohydrates, proteins and lipids phosphorylation 2. Porphyrins respiratory poisons, 3. Bilirubin metabolism oxygen toxicity. 9 8 hrs Carbohydrate Metabolism: 1. Glycolysis : definition, reactions & energetics; Rapaport - Leubering Cycle, 2. Glycogenesis &Glycogenolysis 3. Glycogen storage diseases. 4. Citric Acid Cycle: Definition, reactions, Fermentation, energetics &significance. Biochemical 5. Pentose Phosphate Pathway: Definition, changes during reactions and significance. muscular 6. Gluconeogensis and Cori’scycle. contraction. 7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. 8. Regulation of Blood Glucose 9. Diabetes mellitus : Classification diagnosis, metabolic dearrangements and complications.
37 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
10 Lipid Metabolism 6 hrs 1. Beta-oxidation of fatty Acids. Synthesis of palmitic acid and 2. Disorders of fattyacid oxidation triglycerides. Risk 3. Formation and utilization of ketone factors for bodies. atherosclerosis 4. Causes and consequences of ketosis. (Lipid profile, 5.Fatty liver and lipotropic factors apolipoproteins, 6.Cholesterol : Normal value, causes of homocysteine and C- hyperand hypocholesterolemia reactive protein)
11 Protein and amino acid metabolism 6 hrs 1. Transamination and deamination Reactions. 2. Ammonia metabolism: Sources, Transport&Urea cycle. 3. Decarboxylation reactions. 4. Specialized products synthesized from glycine, methionine & aromatic amino acids. 5. Metabolic disorders of amino acids: phenyl ketonuria, albinism, Alkaptonuria and Hartnup’s disease
12 Nutrition and Dietics 4 hrs 1. Calorific value of food 2. Respiratory quotient 3. Basal metabolic rate(BMR) 4. Energy requirements of a normal person 5. Nutritional importance of carbohydrates, proteins &lipids. 6. Dietary fibers 7. Balanced diet 8. Prescribing of a normal diet and diet for diabetic patient. 9. Protein energy malnutrition 10. Biochemistry of starvation and obesity 13 Minerals 5 hrs A brief account of Sources, RDA, Biochemical functions & Deficiency manifestations of Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Iodine & Fluoride 14 Organ function test 3 hrs Thyroid function 1. Liver function tests, tests 2. Kidney function tests
38 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
15 Acid — Base balance 3 hrs 1. Normal pH of blood Interpretation 2. Role of buffers, lungs & kidney in acid Arterial blood gas — base balance. analysis 3. Acid — base disturbances – acidosis & alkalosis 16 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 8 hrs Brief account of Application of 1. DNA-replication, recombination and recombinant DNA repair technology. 2. Transcription and translation 3. Regulation of gene expression. 17 Current Topics 7 hrs 1 .Gene therapy Metabolism of 2. Free radicals and antioxidants xenobiotics 3. Importance of tumor markers — CEA, (detoxification) Alfa fetoprotein (AFP), Human Mutation and cancer chorionic gonadotrophins (HCG), development. Calcitonin and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). 18 Blood Constituents 2 hrs Clinical Chemistry: interpretation and reference levels of glucose, Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Cholesterol, Calcium, Bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, Acid phosphatase, Total Proteins, Albumin & A/G ratio.
PRACTICALS: Total hours: 60 hours Part I: Practicals to be performed by students 1. Reactions of Monosaccharide’s — Glucose and Fructose. 2. Reactions of Disaccharides — Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose. 3. Reactions of Polysaccharides —Starch. 4. Colour reactions of proteins: Albumin, casein. 5. Precipitation reactions of proteins 6. Reactions of urea ,uric acid and creatinine 7. Urine analysis —normal constituents, abnormal or pathological constituents 8. Determination of serum inorganic phosphate. 9. Determination of Creatinine content in urine and calculation of Creatinine clearance 10. Estimation of blood glucose.
Part II: Demonstration Practicals: 1. Colorimeter 2. Electrophoresis 3. Chromatography
39 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Part III: 1. Preparation of hemincrystals. 2. Discussion of clinical charts 3. Spotters
TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR UNDERGRADUATES: Theory classes: 70 hrs Practical/ Demonstration Classes: 60 hrs Tutorials: 10hrs
Scheme of the Examination for theory:
Types of Questions Contents Marks and Marks Metabolism of Carbohydrates, proteins, amino Long Essay 1x10 10 acids, lipids, vitamins, minerals and enzymes marks Chemistry of Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, nutrition and dietics, organ function test, acid base balance, Physiological Short Essay 3x5 15 Biochemistry, marks Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Current Topics.
Chemistry and metabolism of Carbohydrates lipids, proteins, minerals, enzymes, vitamins, nucleic acids chemistry, acid base balance, Multiple Choice 10 LFT and RFT
Total 35 marks
Viva voce 10 marks
Theory internal assessment 5 marks
40 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Scheme of the Examination for Practicals:
Types of Questions Contents Marks and Marks 1) Estimation of blood Glucose 2) Determination of Creatinine in urine One estimation 15 3) Determination of serum inorganic Phosphate 1) Colour reactions of Carbohydrates and proteins 15 2) Analysis of Urine - normal and pathological constituents.
1. Interpretation of clinical charts 10 2. Spotters Record 5 Total 45 marks Practical Internal Assessment 5 marks Grand Total 50 marks
Recommended Text Books: Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dieties: 1. Text Book of Biochemistry(2011) Vasudevan 2. Text Book of Biochemistry for Dental students Harper 3. Concise Clinical Medical Biochemistry(1993) Pattabhiraman 4. Fundamentals of Biochemistry A.C.Deb. 5. Text Book of Biochemistry(1997) A.V.S Rama RamaRao 6. Text Book of Medical Biochemistry K.G.Prasannan & Rajan 7. Review of Biochemistry Harper 8. Basic and Applied dental Biochemistry William R.D & ElliotJ.C 9. Principles of Biochemistry(2008) Albert Lehminger
41 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IV. DENTAL ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ORAL HISTOLOGY
Total number of Teaching hours: Theory: 105 Hours; Practical: 250 Hours
Skills: During the course the student is expected to understand and develop skills in: 1. Carving of permanent teeth in wax / Plaster of Paris 2. Microscopic study of oral tissues 3. Identification of Deciduous and Permanent teeth 4. Age estimation by patterns of teeth eruption from plaster casts
Objectives: After the course on Dental Anatomy including Embryology and Oral Histology the student should be able to recognize normal development, morphology, structure and functions of oral tissues and variations in different pathological/ non pathological states and understand the histological basis of various dental treatment procedures and physiologic ageing process in the dental tissues. The students should be aware of the basic knowledge of various research methodologies.
Theory: 105 Hours
I. Dental Anatomy:
1. Introduction, Dental Anthropology & Comparative Dental Anatomy
2. Functions of teeth 3 Hrs 3. Nomenclature
4. Tooth numbering systems -Different systems and Dental formula 5. Chronology of deciduous and permanent teeth (First evidence of calcification, crown completion, eruption and root 2 Hrs completion)
6. Deciduous teeth — a) Nomenclature, Importance of deciduous teeth Form 4 Hrs & function, comparative dental anatomy, fundamental curvature
7. Gross morphology of deciduous teeth 5 Hrs
8. General differences between deciduous and permanent teeth 3 Hrs
9. Morphology of permanent teeth- Chronology, measurements, description
of individual surfaces and variations of each tooth
42 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
10. Morphological differences between incisors, premolars & molars of the 9 Hrs same arch 11. Morphological differences between maxillary and mandibular incisors, 4 Hrs canines, premolars and molars of the opposite arch 12. Internal Anatomy of Pulp 1 Hr 13. Occlusion: • Definition, factors influencing occlusion — Basal bone, arch, individual teeth, external and internal forces and sequence of eruption • Inclination of individual teeth — Compensatory curves 4 Hrs • Centric relation and centric occlusion —protrusive, retrusive and lateral occlusion • Clinical significance of normal occlusion; Introduction to and Classification of Malocclusion 14. Temporo-Mandibular Joint (T.M.J.): Gross anatomy and Articulation, Muscles (Muscles of mastication) Mandibular position and movements; Histology; 2 Hrs Clinical considerations with special emphasis on Myofacial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome - (Desirable to Know) II. Oral Physiology:
1. Theories of mineralization
2. Mastication and deglutition 5 Hrs
3. Formation of saliva
4. Calcium metabolism, Physiology of speech
III. Oral Embryology and Histology:
1. Development and growth of face and jaws 2 Hrs
2. Development of tooth 6 Hrs
3. Cranial nerves with more emphasis on V, VII and IX nerves 1 Hr 4. Blood supply, nerve supply &lymphatic drainage of teeth & 1 Hr surrounding structure 5. Cell - structure and functions 1 Hr 6. Maxillary sinus - Structure, variations, histology, function and clinical 3 Hrs considerations 7. Salivary Glands - Classification, structure, function, histology, clinical 4 Hrs considerations and age changes
43 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
8. Oral Mucous membrane - Definition - General considerations: Functions and classification. - Structure and microscopic appearance of gingiva, palate, lips, alveolar 8 Hrs mucosa, tongue, floor of mouth. - Gingival sulcus and Dento-gingivaljunction - Clinical considerations and age changes 9. Enamel: - Physical characteristics, chemical properties and structure - Development - Life cycle of ameloblasts, Amelogenesis and Mineralisation 8 Hrs - Clinical considerations - Age changes 10. Dentin: - Physical characteristics, chemical properties, structure - Types of dentin - Dentin innervation and hypersensitivity 6 Hrs - Development - Dentinogenesis and mineralisation - Clinical considerations - Age Changes 11. Pulp: - Anatomy, structural features, functions, pulp organs - Development 4 Hrs - Clinical considerations - Age changes 12. Cementum: - Physical characteristics, chemical properties, structure - Cementogenesis 4 Hrs - Clinical considerations - Age changes 13. Periodontal ligament: - Cells and fibers - Functions 5 Hrs - Development - Clinical Considerations - Age Changes 14. Alveolar bone: - Physical characteristics, chemical properties - Structure 5 Hrs - Development - Internal reconstruction - Clinical considerations 15. Histochemistry of Oral Tissues (Tissue processing) 3 Hrs 16. Theories of eruption and shedding (Physiological tooth movement) 3 Hrs
44 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Practical: 250 Hours
Dental Anatomy: Carving on wax blocks:- a. Cube, rectangle, cone and cylinder b. Individual tooth - Only permanent teeth of both arches Central, Incisors, Lateral, Canines, Premolars and first molars
Histology: List of Histology slides: Development of tooth: 01. Bud stage of tooth development 02. Cap stage of tooth development 03. Early bell stage of tooth development 04. Late bell stage of tooth development 05. Root formation 06. Epithelial rests of Serres
Enamel: 01. Enamel rod 02. Hunter-Schreger Bands 03. Tufts, Lamellae, Spindles 04. Incremental lines of Retzius 05. Neonatal line 06. Gnarled Enamel Dentin: 01. Dentino - Enamel junction 02. Dentinal Tubules/ Primary curvature 03. Incremental lines of Von Ebner 04. Contour lines of Owen 05. Neonatal line 06. Tomes granular layer 07. Interglobular Dentin 08. Secondary Dentin 09. Intra-tubular Dentin 10. Inter-tubular Dentin 11. Dead tracts Cementum: 01. Cellular cementum 02. Acellular cementum 03. Cemento-enamel junction 04. Sharpey’s fibers
45 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Pulp: 01. Zones of Pulp 02. Pulp stones Periodontal Ligament: 01. Principle Fibers of Periodontal Ligament Alveolar Bone: 01. Haversian System 02. Trabeculated Bone 03. Mature And Immature Bone Salivary Glands: 01. Mucous Gland 02. Serous Gland 03. Mixed Gland
Maxillary Sinus: Sinus Lining (Pseudo stratified Ciliated Columnar) (Desirable To Know)
Oral Mucous Membrane: 01. Para-Keratinised Epithelium 02. Ortho-Keratinised Epithelium 03. Non Keratinised Epithelium 04. Palate - Posterolateral Zone 05. Tongue - - Circumvallate Papillae - Fungiform Papillae - Filiform Papillae 06. Dento-Gingival Junction 07. Skin
Temporo-Mandibular Joint (T.M.J.): Histological Section (Desirable To Know)
Desirable to know: Preparation of ground sections, haematoxylin & eosin sections & decalcified section.
Lecture Demonstrations: 01. Identification of Individual teeth - Deciduous - Permanent 02. Mixed dentition using study models 03. Cross-section & T.S. of mandible and maxilla with teeth present using study models - Demonstration of preparation of ground section, decalcification - Paraffin section and H &E Staining
46 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Scheme of Examination: I. Theory : 70 Marks Distribution of topics and type of questions
Types of Questions Contents Marks and Marks
A. Dental anatomy - one question Long essays 20 B. Oral histology - one question 2 x 10 marks
A. Oral histology - four questions – 20 Marks Short essays B. Dental anatomy - one question – 05 Marks 30 06 x 5 marks C. Oral physiology - one question – 05 Marks
A. Multiple choice questions 1 x 20 Marks 20
Total 70
II. Viva Voce : 20Marks
III. Internal Assessment – Theory : 10 Marks Practical : 10Marks
IV. Practicals: 90Marks 1. Carving:35marks 1 hour 15min 2. Spotters: 45 marks (15 x 3 marks) 1 hour 15min - Histology and ground section slides - Tooth identification - Casts for identification of teeth, numbering system and age assessment 3. Record book: 10 marks (2 records- Dental Anatomy & Dental Histology)
47 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Text books recommended:
Edition & Year of SI. No. Title of the book Author Publishers publication Orban’s Oral American 1 Histology and Orban 13th Ed. 2013 Publication Ontario, Embryology Canada
Oral Histology Mosby A. Harcourt - Development 2 A.R.Tencate 7th Ed. 1998 Health Science Structure and Company Functions
Dental Anatomy 1st South Asian Ed. Prism Book Pvt. 3 Physiology and Wheeler’s 2015 Ltd., Bangalore Occlusion
Reference Books: - Dental Anatomy by Scoot &Simon - Oral Physiology by Lavelle - Oral Physiology by Jenkins - Dental Anatomy by Krauss
Questions and terminologies will be taken from recommended text books only.
48 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
V. PRE- CLINICAL PROSTHODONTICS, CROWN & BRIDGE
Theory 25 Hours [II BDS]
No. of Topics Hours. I. Introduction to Prosthodontics – Scope and Definition A. Masticatory apparatus and function 1. Maxilla and mandible 2. Muscles of mastication and accessory muscles of mastication 1 3. Brief anatomy of TMJ 4. Mandibular movements 5. Functions of teeth B. Various branches of Prosthodontics and Prosthesis 1. Scope and limitations 1 2. Appliances v/s prosthesis 3. Dental prosthesis v/s non-dental appliances C. Effect of loss of teeth 1. On general health 1 2. On masticator apparatus 3. Need to replace lost teeth D. Outline of Prosthodontics 1 Types of prosthesis; Requirements of prosthesis II. Introduction to Components of Prosthesis Complete denture prosthesis
A. 1. Various surfaces and Components 1
B. Removable partial denture 1. Classification 2. Major and minor connectors 3. Direct retainers and Indirect retainers 2 4. Rests 5. Denture base 6. Artificial teeth C. Fixed partial denture 1. Classification 2. Retainers 1 3. Pontics 4. connectors
49 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
III. All Essential Definition and Terminologies from Glossary 1. Model 2. Cast 3. Impression 4. Occlusion rims 5. Temporary denture base 6. Permanent denture base 1 7. Occlusion 8. Jaw relation — orientation, vertical and centric 9. Christensten’sphenomenon 10. Key of occlusion 11. Balanced occlusion 12. Abutment IV. Introduction to Mouth Preparation A. Complete dentures 1. General considerations 1 2. Pre-prosthetic surgery B. Removable partial dentures 1. General considerations 2. Occlusal rest preparation 1 3. Modifying contours of the abutments 4. Guide planes 5. Elimination of undercuts C. Fixed partial dentures 1. Principles of tooth preparation 1 2. Retainers in brief V. Introduction to all Steps involved in Fabrication of Prosthesis A. Impression making 1. Definition, requirements and types of impressions 2. Various materials used for making different 1 impressions 3. Different theories of impression making B. Impression trays Definition, classification, materials, advantages and disadvantages 1 1. Selection of trays 2. Special trays 3. Spacer design
50 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
C. Introduction to jaw relation record 1. Definition and type 2. Temporary denture base — indications, advantages, 2 disadvantages, materials used 3. Occlusion rims — materials, shape, dimensions 4. Clinical procedures of jaw relation recording D. Articulators and face bow 1. Basic outline 2. Need for Articulators 3. Definition, classification, parts, advantages, disadvantages of Articulators 2 4. Definition, classification, parts, advantages, disadvantages of face bow transfer 5. Demonstration of face bow transfer to an Articulator on a dummy E. Selection of teeth 1. Various guidelines for selection of teeth including dentogenic concept 1 2. Arrangement of teeth in detail with various factors of esthetics, overjet, overbite etc F. Occlusion 1. Balanced occlusion — need and advantages 1 2. Various factors of balanced occlusion G. Try-in procedures Anterior try-in, Posterior try-in, Waxing, carving, 1 polishing & final try-in H. Processing procedures 1. Flasking 2. Dewaxing Packing 1 3. Curing 4. Finishing and polishing of acrylic dentures
VI. Casting procedures 1. Die preparation 2. Wax pattern 3. Investing 3 4. Burnout 5. Casting 6. Finishing and polishing
Practicals: 300 Hours [I BDS-100 Hours, II BDS-200 Hours]
51 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
I BDS: (Must Know) 1. Coloring the anatomic landmarks (maxillary/mandibular edentulous casts) - 1 pair 2. Preparation of special trays - Self cured acrylic (Maxillary/ mandibular) - 1 pair Shellac Special trays (Maxillary/Mandibular) - 1pair 3. Preparation of temporary, Shellac and permanent denture bases - 1 pair each 4. Preparation of occlusion rims 5. Orientation of occlusion rims on Articulator 6. Repair of broken denture -1 7. Beading and boxing and preparation of cast - 1 pair
II BDS Pre-Clinical Prosthodontics: 1. Arrangement of teeth for - Class I situation -10 Class II situation and Class III Situation -1each 2. Surveying of partially edentulous models and preparing modified master cast, designing with color pencils - desirable to know. 3. Preparing of wax patterns, spruing, casting and finishing(Demonstration) 4. Preparation of plaster models of various preparation of teeth to receive retainers for FPD 5. Preparation of wax patterns for minimum of 3 unit FPDS and investing, casting and porcelain facing (Demonstration)
Note: Student shall submit one processed denture to present on university practical exam
Scheme of Examination (Practical Exam only): Total 100 Marks A. Practical Exercise: [3 hours]: 50 marks Arrangement of teeth in class I relation, waxing, carving and polishing B. University viva voce : 20 marks C. Internal assessment : 20 marks D. Record book : 10 marks
Recommended text books:
Sl. No. Title of the book/edition Author Publisher Dental Laboratory Procedures Morrow, Rudd, 1 Elsevier (Volume1,2,3) Rhoads Prosthodontic Treatment for Zarb, Hobkirk, Elsevier 2 edentulous patients Eckert, Jacob. (13thedition) McCracken’s Removable Partial Alan B.Carr, Elsevier 3 Prosthodontics David T.Brozon (12th edition) 4 Preclinical manual of Prosthodontics S. Lakshmi Elsevier Herbert T. Quintessence 5 Fundamentals of Fixed Prosthodontics Shilling burg (4th edition)
52 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
VI. PRE-CLINICAL CONSERVATIVEDENTISTRY
Aim: The Dental Graduates during training should acquire adequate knowledge necessary skills and attitudes which are required for carrying out all the activities appropriate to dental practice involving the prevention diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues
Essential Knowledge: Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics covers basic knowledge of all restorative materials and materials associated with Endodontics. It includes the knowledge of dental caries and treatment modalities associated with management of dental caries. Basic knowledge of non- carious and carious lesions of mineralized tissues is essential. Basic knowledge of biological basis of endodontics and management of all endodontic situations, which includes all aspect of diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment modalities are also mandatory. An individual specializing in the restorative Dentistry should also have knowledge of allied specialties like Periodontic, Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Oral Pathology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics, Oral Medicine and Radiology and Orthodontics.
Distribution of Teaching Hours
Year Lecture hours Practical hours Total hours
I BDS 5 50 55
II BDS 20 150 170
53 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Theory Class for I BDS
Reference SI. No Title of The Topic Contents of The Topic Duration Books 1 Introduction Must Know: History of 5 hours Textbook of to Conservative Dentistry, Scope of Operative Dentistry Conservative Dentistry. Dentistry Human dentition — Sturdevant Incisors, canines, premolars, molar, permanent and deciduous dentition, tooth identification and numbering system. Must Know: Textbook of Dental Caries, need for Operative restoration, G.V. Black Dentistry classification, G.J. Sturdevant mount classification. Desirable To Know: Indications and contra- indications of direct and indirect. Esthetic and metallic restorative materials.
Practical demonstration for I BDS (50 hrs) • Identification of Dental Equipments , Dental materials and Armamentarium • Manipulations of Dental Cements
54 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Theory Topics for II BDS: (20 hrs)
SI. No. Theory Topics Hours Reference
1 Equipment & Armamentarium in the 1hour The Art and Operatory Hand Instruments in Operative Science of Dentistry Operative Terminology Dentistry-C.M. Materials, Parts, Nomenclature, Classification 1hour Sturdevant Description & Application Hand Instrumentation techniques, Sharpening, Maintenance, Principles & Sterilization & Storage, Rest, Grasp & Guards Practice of Operative Speeds in Dentistry- Historical Evolution and Dentistry development Charbeneau Classification Speed Ranges: indications, The Art and Advantages/ disadvantages Science of Operative Rotary Instruments Dentistry-C.M. Hand pieces: Types, Parts & Design Micromotor Sturdevant Airotor Maintenance / Sterilization and Disinfection
Burs & Diamond Points : Types, shapes, Uses Other abrasives Cutting mechanism Hazards with cutting instruments
Miscellaneous Equipments Dental Chair : Types, parts, Accessories & Attachments
Phantom Head Work station and Accessories. Phantom Jaw — Types Teeth 1. Extracted natural intact teeth 2. Typhodont teeth
55 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
2 Preliminary considerations in Operative 2 hours The Art and Dentistry Science of Pre-op patient & Dental Team Operative considerations: Dentistry- Dental Team Personnel C.M. - Dental Auxiliary, Dental Nurse, Dental Sturdevant Hygienist, Dental technician. Principles & Chair side : Position for patient and operator Practice of Instrument exchange (Zones) Operative Magnification &Illumination Pain control: Dentistry Local anesthesia, Analgesia, Sedation, Charbeneau Hypnosis.
Isolation of Operating Field. Goal and elements - Moisture control, retraction and access, tissue protection and harm prevention
Types - isolation from moisture Isolation from soft tissues.
Moisture control and Isolation techniques: a. Direct Method - Intra oral devices : Rubber dam, cotton rolls, cellulose wafers, - Extra oral devices : Evacuation systems and Saliva Ejectors b. Indirect methods : Patient’s position Pharmacological agents: Local anesthetics, Anti- sialagogues
56 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Rubber dam : Armamentarium, advantages, disadvantages, indication, contra- indication, techniques Other Isolation Technique: Cotton Roll Isolation, Cellulose Wafer, Saliva Ejectors, Throat Shields. Isolation from soft tissues: Soft tissue management in Operative Dentistry Cross infection control - Introduction, principles of cross infection control. - Infectious disease of concern - HIV, HBV, TB etc. - Classification of infection control techniques - Sterilization Vs disinfection; Terminology and definition. Methods of sterilization of instruments, equipments and materials Personal protective barriers. Waste Management : Infectious & Toxic Wastes; Incineration, Dental unit Water Lines Contact dermatitis for dental materials Latex Allergy - Glove, rubber dam Mercury Toxicity : Forms of mercury, mercury toxicity, hygiene recommendations for - usage, storage and disposal 3 Tooth Preparation 2 hours The Art and Terminology - cavity preparation / Tooth Science of preparation, definition, objectives Operative Various concepts in tooth preparation Dentistry-C.M. : Extension for prevention (G.V.Black) Sturdevant Prevention of Extension, extension with conviction, Minimal Intervention Principles & Types of Tooth Preparation Intra - coronal / extra - coronal Practice of Operative Biological considerations of tooth preparation, Dentistry Methods of tooth preparation and Newer Charbeneau methods of tooth preparation: Mechanical : - Hand & rotary
57 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Chemo -mechanical Other: Air abrasion, ultrasonics & Lasers Restoration in OperativeDentistry: Definition, objectives, classification Restorative Materials : Direct & Indirect Additional concepts in Operative Dentistry Preventive and interceptive Operative Dentistry - pit and fissure sealants, preventive restorations and role of fluorides Newer concepts in Operative Dentistry Minimal intervention Dentistry : Introduction to minimal intervention Dentistry Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) : Concept, materials and
technique
Tooth Preparation To Receive Silver Amalgam Principles of cavity preparation for silver amalgam Steps: 1. Initial stage 2. Final stage Factors affecting tooth preparation
Class I preparation for silver amalgam Nomenclature & Terminology Conservative / Conventional Modification — Occluso-lingual, Occluso-facial Extensive 4 Silver Amalgam : Material and technical 2 hours considerations Introduction, definition, terminology Historical Perspective and role of Dr. G.V. Black Classification Material aspect: Composition, manufacture, properties.
Technical consideration Dispensing &Proportioning : Minimal Mercury Technique (Eames technique) Trituration, condensation, carving, burnishing, finishing and Polishing. - Low Copper Vs High Copper amalgam (Gamma 2 phase)
58 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
- Creep & Delayed expansion: Zinc Free - Amalgam - Tarnish & Corrosion, Electro-galvanism Clinical Considerations : Failure, report & replacement - Failure of silver amalgam : Marginal ditching, Amalgam blue, Amalgam tattoo - Controversy : Amalgam wars, mercury concerns - Amalgam subsitute & alternatives Mercury: Material Aspects : ADA specification, ideal requirements, toxicity, Precautionand Hygiene. Recommendations. 5 Dental Caries 1 hour The Art and Definition, Classification & Terminology Science of (Rampant caries, root caries etc) Operative Dentistry- Etiology (Keyes Triad & its modifications), C.M. microbiology, Histopathology (Zones of caries), Sturdevant
Diagnosis :Techniques & Diagnostic Aids Principles & Practice of Management : Concepts & Techniques - caries Operative activity/susceptibility tests, role of fluoride Dentistry Charbeneau Cariology by Newbrun 6 Management of Dental Caries Concepts 2 hours The Art and & Techniques. Science of Various methods of caries removal Operative DentistryC. Deep Caries management M. Vital pulp therapy &Non vital pulp therapy, Sturdevant Infected and affected dentin,
Remaining Dentinal Thickness (RDT) Principles & Provisional & Intermediate restorations Practice of Other indications for Operative treatment Operative Dentistry Charbeneau
59 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Non-carious destruction and disfigurement of teeth and their management Attrition, Abrasion, Erosion, Abfraction, Developmental defects. Hypoplasias, Traumatic injury, Discoloration. 7 Class II Preparation for silver amalgam. 2 hours The Art and Simple : Conservative, conventional Science of Complex : Modifications of class II : MOD, Operative Box, Tunnel, slot Dentistry C.M. Modified amalgam restorations Sturdevant and techniques – pin retained and bonded
amalgam. Principles Quadrant Dentistry & Practice Difference between class II silver amalgam & of Operative Class II composite preparation Dentistry Charbeneau 8 Contours and Contacts: 1 hour The Art and Tooth form, marginal ridges and embrasures Science of Significance of Contours and Contacts in Operative
Operative Dentistry Dentistry C.M. Occlusion in Operative Dentistry Sturdevant Ideal occlusion Malocclusion: Classification - Class I, II, III Significance of Occlusion in Operative Dentistry : Principles & Practice Prematurity, Trauma from Occlusion, surface texture and marginal finish of Operative Dentistry Charbeneau 9 Procedures for formulation of contours 1 hour The Art and and contacts in Operative Dentistry Science of Separators and methods of separation Operative Wedges : Description, classification, Dentistry requirements, types, techniques. C.M. Sturdevant
Matricing :Retainers and Bands for silver amalgam and tooth colored restorative material Principles & Technique Practice of Operative Dentistry Charbeneau
60 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
10 Tooth colored restorative materials (TCRM) 1 hour The Art and Classification Science of Types : Direct & Indirect Operative Dentistry Direct tooth colored restorative materials C.M. Composite resin: Definition, composition, classification Sturdevant Terminology: Bonding adhesion, Etching, conditioning, smear layer, hybrid layer Principles & Newer formulations and their indications Pre- Practice of Operative considerations in cavity Operative preparation: Dentistry a. shade selection :Colour Charbeneau b. Surface pretreatment : Acid etching, dentin bonding Bonding agents :Composition, classification Phillips Science of Glass lonomer cements dental Material aspects: Composition & Setting materials reaction Classification, advantage / anusavice disadvantages, beneficial properties, clinical techniques, newer formulations and their indications 11 Cavity preparation for tooth colored 1 hour restorative material (TCRM) Pre-Operative considerations: Shade selection & Isolation etching and bonding. Principles of cavity preparation i. For composite resins ii. For glass ionomer cements Anterior teeth - Class III, IV, V, VI. Posterior teeth - Class I, & II,VI Matricing, Restoration including Finishing and Polishing 12 Indirect restorations Types, steps in 1 hour The Art and fabrication Science of Inlays and onlays: Definition, indication/ contra Operative indication, types: metal - casting alloys Dentistry classification, Properties, composite and ceramic. C.M. Sturdevant
61 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Cavity preparation for Cast inlay - class I, class Principles & II Practice of Armamentarium, technique, modifications Operative (eg. Slice preparation) Dentistry Bevels: Definition, classification, indication Charbeneau Flares: Definition, types, indication Circumferential Tie. Phillips Difference between class II silver amalgam and Science of class II inlay preparation. dental materials anusavice 13 Finishing and Polishing of Restoration 1 hour The Art and Definition, objectives, Benefits, Principles Science of Materials, types of abrasives Operative Procedures for - amalgam, composite, GIC Dentistry Ceramic, cast metal restorations. C.M. Sturdevant
Phillips Sciences of dental materials anusavice 14 Endodontics : 1 hour The Art and Introduction, Classification of instruments, Science of Materials used in endodontics - sealers, obturation Operative materials, Gutta Percha, Access cavity Dentistry preparation, Biomechanical preparation and C.M. Obturation in brief. Sturdevant
Pre-Clinical Exercise: For II B.D.S (150 hrs) I) Preparation of Tooth models in plaster and preparation of cavities and restoration with modeling wax. a. Incisors – 4 Nos. b. Pre-Molars -2Nos. c. Molars - 8 Nos. (Upper & Lower) II) Preparation of Cavities on Typhodont and / or Extracted Natural Teeth
62 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Cavities Cavity Preparation Restoration Classification: Class I 6 with 2 extensions 4 Class II 5 DO; 5 MO Conventional 8 5 Conservative 4 2 MOD (I Upper molar) 1 (I Lower molar) Class III 3 All Class IV 3 All 3 on Anteriors All Class V 2 on Posteriors Demonstration of Inlay Preparation Class I To prepare Wax 1 patterns Class II To prepare wax 2+1 MOD patterns and one to be casted
III. Cuspal Preparation :(Demonstration) IV. Endodontic Exercises: a. Pulp capping: Direct / Indirect on extracted teeth b. Pulpotomy on extracted posterior teeth c. Root Canal access cavity opening on Upper Central incisor.(Extracted Tooth) V. Demonstration of Light cure composite and Glass lonomer Restorations. VI. Demonstration of Instrumentation and Obturation of rootcanal. VII. Demonstration — Wax pattern, investing, casting, polishing and cementation of cast restoration. VIII. Demonstration of Rubber dam armamentarium and placement
Scheme of Examination for II B.D.S (only Practical Exam) I. University Practicals: 100Marks A) Practical Exercise No.1: 10Marks Spotters: 10 Nos. (Marks: 01 Each, Time: 02 Minutes Each) a. Hand instruments used to prepare cavity and restoration b. Identification of Root Canal Instruments
63 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
B) Practical Exercise No.2: 40 Marks Preparation of Class II conventional Cavity for Silver Amalgam in Maxillary or Mandibular I or II Molar tooth (Typhodont / Natural Tooth)
• Cavity Preparation 45 Minutes 20 Marks • Lining andMatrix 15 Minutes 10 Marks • Filling andcarving 5 Minutes 10 Marks
C) University Viva –Voce: 20 Marks D) Internal Assessment: 20 Marks E) Record book: 10 Marks Total (A + B + C + D + E): 100 Marks
Text Books Recommended
Place of Pubi’s SI. No. Name of the Book & Title Author Pubi. Name
Phillips Science of Dental 1 Anusavice USA Elsevier Materials
The Art and Science of 2 Sturdevant USA Mosby Operative Dentistry
Principles & Practice of Varghese 3 Charbeneau Bombay Operative Dentistry Publication
Stephen 4 Pathways of the Pulp USA Mosby Cohen
Mithra N EMMEES 5 Text Book of Endodontics Bangalore Hegde Publication
64 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
VII: SKILLS AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Personality Development (25 Hours) Objectives: To help the learner to understand and apply empathy and other human values to the care of patients To help the learner to translate learning to further his professional and personal growth
Topics 1. Introduction to ethics in health-care professionals (2Hours) 2. Self-awareness and Empathy (3 Hours) 3. Anger management (2 Hours) 4. Stress Management (4 Hours) 5. Mind Mapping (2 Hours) 6. Emotional Intelligence and life skills (4 Hours) 7. Building self-confidence ,esteem and positive attitude and Personal effectiveness (6 Hours) 8. Patient-Doctor relationship and Dealing with patient’s anxiety and stress (2 Hours)
Assessment: Written Examination for 3 Hours at the end of the Academic Year Examination Conducting Authority: College Marks: 100 Marks (no internal assessment).Marks to be submitted to the University and to be noted in the marks card
Books for Reference: 1. First Things First by Stephen R.Covey, A.Roger Merrill, RebeccaR.Merrill, Free Press, USA1994 2. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People:Powerful Lessons in Personal Change by Stephen R. Covey , Free Press, USA 1999 3. How to Win Friends & Influence People, by Dale Carnegie Simon and Schuster, USA1936 4. Wayne Froggratt (1993, 2003) Choose to be happy: Your step-by-step guide, Harper Collins, Auckland. 5. James W. Kalat (2007) Introduction to Psychology: Eighth edition, Wadworth Publishing. 6. Mayer et al. (2004) Emotional Intelligence: Findings and Implications, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. 7. Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of psychiatry: Tenth Edition 8. Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry: Ninth Edition. 9. Medical Ethics for students & Doctors D.J. Borah, Ahuja Publishing House (2014) 10. Medical Ethics and Law: Tony Hope et al: Churchill Livingstone. 11. Mind Mapping; Scientific Research and Studies,Think Buzan Ltd. URL:http:// b701d59276e9340c5b4dba88e5c92710a8d62fc2e3a3b5f53bbb.r7.cf2.rackcdn. com/docs/Mind%20Mapping%20Evidence%20Report.pdf
65 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
VIII. GENERAL PATHOLOGY
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Describe the normal homeostatic mechanisms and the pathological process in their derangement and the effects on human systems. CO2: Discuss the concepts of cell injury and pathological and immunological responses produced thereby in different tissues and organs and the body's capacity for healing. CO3: Demonstrate basic Knowledge and understanding of the immune system in health and disease. CO4: Explain the etiology, pathogenesis, pathological effects and clinicopathological correlation of common infectious and non-infectious diseases. CO5: Describe the concept of hemodynamic disorders, thromboembolic disease and shock and their clinical application. CO6: Describe the concept of neoplasia with reference to the etiology, morphological features, diagnosis and prognosis in different tissues and organs of the body. CO7: Discuss the epidemiology, gross and microscopic features, clinical presentation and diagnostic techniques associated with different diseases in different organ systems to the extent needed for the understanding of disease processes and their clinical significance. CO8: Recognise and interpret the common hematological disorders and the investigations, blood banking as well as cytological procedures. CO9: Perform and interpret the basic bed-side clinical pathology procedures on blood and urine samples.
Total Theory: 55 hrs General Pathology (40 hours) 1. Introduction to pathology, concept of disease, classification of disease, subdivisions, techniques and advances in pathology. 2. Cellular structure and functions 3. Cell injury- Injured cell / Tissues; Types of injuries and mechanism and cell responses to injury 4. Reversible — Intracellular changes / degeneration / fatty change, Protein and Glycogen accumulations, hyaline change, mucoid change, hydropic change. 5. Disorders of pigmentation. Pathologic calcification. 6. Irreversible changes — Necrosis, Apoptosis, gangrene, Cancrum oris 7. Inflammation — Definition, Classification, etiology, cardinal signs. Pathogenesis — Vascular and Cellular events. Exudates. Chemical mediators of Inflammation and Outcomes of Inflammation 8. Healing of wounds. Fracture healing. Factors affecting wound healing, Fracture healing and complications. 9. Immunity and hypersensitivity- definition, types, mechanisms of immunologically mediated tissue injury with examples.
66 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
10. Chronic granulomatous diseases. Granulomas- definition, classification, pathogenesis. TB, leprosy, syphilis, actinomycosis and fungal granulomas 11. Infection and infestation–Bacterial-pyogenic infections,typhoid fever.Viral - AIDS, Hepatotropic viruses. 12. Circulatory disturbances - Hyperemia, congestion, haemorrhage, shock, oedema, thrombosis, embolism and infarction. Hypertension 13. Disturbances of Nutrition; Pathogenesis of deficiency diseases with special reference to disorders of vitamins like A, C, D, K and Vitamin B complex 14. DM — etiology, types, pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Complications and pathogenesis. 15. Cellular growth and differentiation, Regulation. Adaptive disorders of growth- Atrophy, Hypertrophy Hyperplasia, metaplasia. Types and pathologic changes of dysplasia and premalignant lesions 16. Neoplasia — Definition, Nomenclature, classification and characters, spread. Difference between benign and malignant tumors. Aetiology (Carcinogens), Pathogenesis. Molecular basis of Carcinogenesis. Clinical features and laboratory diagnosis. Staging and grading 17. Bone diseases — Osteomyelitis, definition, classification, causes, clinical, radiological and laboratory diagnosis of Acute osteomyelitis. Complications of Chronic Osteomyelitis, TB, Osteoporosis, Hyperparathyroidism, Paget’s disease. Tumors of bone and mandible
Haematology and Clinical Pathology (15 classes) 1. Diseases of blood Investigations on blood - Blood collection, Anticoagulants 2. Haemoglobin, Cell counts and indices 3. Peripheral blood smear - Staining. Differential counting, Interpretation and Reporting 4. Anaemias -Laboratory diagnosis, Investigations or Tests for diagnosis 5. Leukemias, Lymphoma - Laboratory diagnosis, Investigations or Tests for diagnosis 6. Haemorrhagic disorders - Laboratory diagnosis, Investigations or Tests for diagnosis 7. Blood Banking - Blood groups, Cross matching, serologic tests, components service, complications of blood transfusion 8. Urine analysis complete 9. PCV, ESR, reticulocyte count 10. Diseases of oral cavity and salivary gland. Inflammatory conditions, Infection, Premalignant conditions, oral cancer - squamous cell carcinoma, sialadenitis. Tumors - Pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin tumor, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoidcarcinoma
67 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Practicals: Total 55 hrs General Pathology Practicals 1. Introduction and Microscope and Techniques in Pathology, Histopathology, Cytology, FNAC/ Imprint, Frozen section 2. Histopathology Slides - Fatty liver - Acute Appendicitis - Granulation tissue - Tuberculous Lymphadenitis - Actinomycosis - Rhinosporidiosis - CVC Liver - CVC Spleen - CVC Lung - Neoplasms ▪ Squamous Papilloma ▪ Pleomorphic Adenoma ▪ Capillary haemangioma ▪ Cavernous haemangioma ▪ Lipoma ▪ Neurilemmoma(Schwannoma) ▪ Osteochondroma ▪ Osteoclastoma ▪ Osteosarcoma ▪ Squamous cell carcinoma ▪ Basal cell carcinoma ▪ Malignant Melanoma ▪ Adenocarcinorna Colon/ Stomach
Haematology - Microcytic Hypochromic - Dimorphic - Eosinophilia - Acute Myeloid Leukemia - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
1. Urine Examination Physical Examination Chemical examination - Reducing sugar - Ketone bodies - Protein - Blood
68 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
2. Haemoglobin estimation, Blood grouping 3. Blood smear staining and Differential cell count, Interpretation and Reporting 4. Instruments 5. Gross Specimens
Scheme of Examination I. Theory : 50Marks A. Written Paper : 35 Marks B. VivaVoce : 10 Marks C. Internal Assessment : 05 Marks
Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions:
Type of Questions and Contents Marks Marks Question from General Pathology Inflammation, Long answer 10 Healing and Repair, Hemodynamic disturbances, 1x 10 marks Neoplasia, Haematology Two or three questions from General Pathology Short answer 15 Intracellular accumulations, Necrosis, Gangrene, 3x 5 marks Apoptosis, Amyloidosis, Pathologic calcification, hypersensitivity reactions, infections, Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Syphilis, Shock, Oedema, infarction, Congestion, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Premalignant Conditions, Neoplasia, Osteomyelitis, Anaemias, Neoplastic Proliferation of WBCs — Leukaemias and Lymphomas, Haemorrhagic disorders, Erythrocyte Sedimentations Rate (ESR), Urine sediment. Two from Haematology; One from Clinical Pathology MCQ’s10 questions (any of the above topics) 10 x1mark 10 Total 35
II Practical: 50 Marks A. Practicals Exercise : 40marks B. Internal Assessment : 05marks C. Record : 05marks
Practical Examination Exercises: - Spotters - Urine Examination - Peripheral smear —DC - Blood grouping/ Hb %
69 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Text Books Recommended:
Name of the Year. of Sl No Author Edn. Publ.’s Name Book & Title Publ.
Cotran & Robbin’s pathologic Prism & 1. Kumar, 10th 2017 basis of disease Saunders Robins Frank Firskin Cohn De. Gruchy Clinical Chesterman Oxford 2. Haematology in 6th 2013 David University Press Medical Practice Penington Bryan Rush
Pathology for dental 3. Harsh Mohan 4th 2011 -- Students
Medical Laboratory Technology Dr. Ramnik 4. 6th 2009 Jaypee Brothers (Methods and Sood Interpretation)
Reference Books Clinical Todd, Veerendar Diagnosis and Sanford, Kumar Arya for 1. Management by 20th 2001 John Bernard AITBS with Laboratory Davidson Saunders Methods
Haematology an Martin R. Churchill 2. illustrated colour Howard Peter 4th 2013 Livingston text J Hamilton USA
Y.M. Bhende Popular General Pathology 3. and S.G. 5th edn. 2007 Prakashan Vol. I & II Deodhare Bombay
Colour Atlas of 4th 4. R. C. Curran 2000 Harvey Miller Histopathology (Revised)
70 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IX. MICROBIOLOGY
Aim: • To introduce the students to the exciting world of microbes. • To make the students aware of various branches of microbiology, importance, significance and contribution of each branch to mankind and other fields of medicine. The objectives of teaching microbiology can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as: a) Lectures, Assignments (MCQs & Topic discussion), Audiovisual aids. b) Practical exercises- Demonstrations; Small group discussions. c) Role play d) Seminar Presentation
Objectives: At the end of the Microbiology course the student is expected to: 1. Understand the basics of various branches of microbiology and be able to apply the knowledge relevantly. 2. Apply the knowledge gained in related medical subjects like General Medicine and General Surgery and Dental subjects like Oral Pathology, Community Dentistry, Periodontics, Oral Surgery, Pedodontics, Conservative Dentistry and Oral Medicine in higher classes. 3. Understand and practice various methods of sterilization and disinfection in Dental clinics. 4. Have a sound understanding of various infectious diseases and lesions in the oral cavity.
A. Skills: 1. Student should have acquired the skill to diagnose and differentiate variousoral lesions. 2. Should be able to select, collect and transport clinical specimens to the laboratory. 3. Should be able to carry out proper aseptic procedures in the dental clinic.
A brief syllabus of microbiology is given as follows.
Theory- 65 Hours
1 General Microbiology 16 Hours
2 Immunology 15 Hours
3 Bacteriology 16 Hours
4 Virology 8 Hours
5 Mycology 6 Hours
6 Parasitology 4 Hours
71 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
A. General Microbiology: (16 Hours). 1. History: (2 Hours) a. Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, Alexander Fleming, Joseph Lister. b. Introduction- Classification, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes c. Microscopy- Light, Electron, Dark field, Fluorescent 2. Morphology and Physiology of bacteria: (3hours) a. Bacterial anatomy in detail- Specific to Cell wall, Cytoplasmic Membrane, Cytoplasm, Capsule, Flagella, Bacterial Spore, Pili. b. Bacterial Physiology—Generationtime, Total count, viable count, Growth requirements, Nutritional requirements, Environmental factors and Bacterial growth curve. 3. Detail account of Sterilization and Disinfection. (3Hours) a. Definition of sterilization, classification, physical agents- Heat-(dry heat and moist heat), Radiation-(ionizing and nonionising),Filteration-(Candle, Asbestos, Sintered, Membrane) b. Definition of disinfection, antiseptics - chemical agents with uses, mode of action, disadvantages, examples and Gaseous sterilants-(formal dehydegas, ethylene oxide gas, BPL (Betapropiolactone). 4. Culture Media & Culture techniques: (2 Hours) Culture Media - Classification, Definition Composition, sterilization and uses of following culture media: Nutrient Agar, MacConkey’s agar, Blood Agar, L.J Media, Cary Blair media, Liquid media: Robertson’s cooked meat broth, Thioglycolate broth. Culture techniques-Anaerobic culture methods-McIntosh Fildes Jar, Gaspak system, Anaerobic chamber. 5. Basic knowledge of selection, collection, transport, processing of clinical specimens and identification of bacteria. (1Hour) 6. Basic genetics and genetic transfer-Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation, Mutation, Sexduction, plasmids and Drug Resistance in bacteria with examples. (2Hours) 7. Nosocomial infection and hospital waste management. (2Hours)
B. Immunology: (15Hours). 1. Infection-Definition, Classification, Source, Mode of transmission and types of Infectious disease. (1Hour) 2. Immunity - Definition, Classification, Innate, Acquired, Herd Immunity, Local Immunity, Premunition, Adaptive immunity. (2Hours) 3. Cells of Immune Response - T & B lymphocytes, Natural killer cells, antigen presenting cells, interaction between the cells. 4. The Complement system. (1Hour) 5. Antigen. (1Hour)
72 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
6. Immunoglobulins-Antibodies-General structure and the role played in defense mechanism of the body. (1Hour) 7. Immune response. Hurnoral immune response, cellular immune response. (1Hour) 8. Antigen - Antibody reactions - with reference to clinical applications. Define ELISA Principle, procedures, Uses, Limitations. (2Hours) 9. Hypersensitivity reactions. (2Hours) 10. Autoimmune disorders-Basic mechanisms, Principles of autoimmune diseases with examples. (2 Hours) 11. Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy (HLA, MHC). (2Hours)
C. Systematic Bacteriology: (16Hours). General outline: Classification, antigenic structure, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis- (Specimen collection, Transportation, Wet mount, Staining & Culture, Treatment, Prevention and Immunoprophylaxis for Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridiumtetani, Clostridiumperfringens, Clostridiumbotulinum and Treponema pallidum, E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella,Vibriocholera. 1. Pyogenic cocci — Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Detailed account of Cariogenic Streptococci. Pneumococcus, Gonococcus, Meningococcus. (5 Hours) 2. Corynebacterium diphtheriae. (1Hour) 3. Mycobacteria - Tuberculosis and Leprosy. (2 Hours) 4. Clostridium — Gas gangrene, food poisoning and tetanus. (2Hours) 5. Non- sporing Anaerobes — in brief about classification and morphology, in detail about dental pathogens-mechanism of disease production and prevention and Actinomycetes. (1Hour) 6. Spirochaetes — Treponema pallidum a detailed account of Oral lesions in syphilis and Borrelia vincenti. (2Hours) 7. Enterobacteriaceae- E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella (2Hours) 8. Vibrio cholerae (lHour)
D. Virology: (8Hours) 1. Introduction: Terminologies, Viral classification, Viral cultivation, Detection of virus infected cells, Inclusion bodies, Quantification of viruses, Viral multiplication, Modes of transmission of viruses, host — Virus interaction special reference to Interferon. Brief account of Laboratory diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Immuno prophylaxis in general. (2hours) 2. A few viruses of relevance to Dentistry. (5hours) • Herpes Virus • Hepatitis B virus — brief about other types • Human Imniunodeficiency Virus(HIV) • Mumps Virus; Measles and Rubella Virus, OncogenicViruses
73 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
E. Mycology: (6hours) 1. Introduction—Classification of fungi based on morphology, sexual & a sexual reproduction, mycotic diseases. Cultivation of Fungi & general principles of laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. (1hour) 2. Candida albicans- Morphology, pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis. (1 hour) 3. Cryptococcusneoformans-Morphology,pathogenicity&laboratorydiagnosis. (1 hour) 4. Briefly on mycotic lesions of oral cavity - Rhinosporidiosis, Sporotrichosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycoses, Paracoccidioidomycoses Blastomycosis. (2hours)
F. Parasitology: (4hours) 1. Brief introduction- General Characteristics of protozoans and helminths. Diagnostic procedures: Collection of specimen, methods of examination- (Macroscopic and microscopic), Concentration methods for stool-(Flotation and sedimentation techniques), Demonstration of malarial and filarial parasites. (1 hours) 2. Mode of transmission and life cycle only of the following:(2hours) • Entamoeba histolytica • Plasmodium species • Oral protozoal parasites • Safaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Wuchereria bancrofti.
Practicals & Practical Demonstrations: 50 Hours Practical Demonstrations: (18 + 32 Hours) Must Know: 1. Sterilization and disinfection in detail 2. Culture media-Blood agar, chocolate agar, McConkey agar, Nutrient Agar, Antibiotic Sensitivity plate, L.J. Media, Nutrient Agar with pigmented colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Nutrient Agar with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, McConkey agar with LF and NLF colonies, Blood agar with beta haemolytic colonies. Liquid Media RCMB, Thioglycolate broth, BHI. 3. Culture methods &Anaerobic Methods 4. Identification of bacteria-Demonstration 5. Microscopy 6. Simple stain 7. Gram Stain 8. Ziehl Neelsen’s stain 9. Lecture Demonstrations- Small group discussions: 16 x 2 = 32Hours
(Each topic will be discussed through small group discussion followed by lecture demonstration of culture and relevant slides or tests) • Staphylococcus • Streptococcus • Corynebacteriurm diphtheriae • Treponema pallidum • Clostridium tetani
74 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Candida • HIV&HBV • Agglutination. • Precipitation. • ELISA. • Hypersensitivity • Sterilization- definition, classification, methods, physical, filtration, radiation, chemicals used in dental practice, hospital, practice. • Culture media and culture methods. • Microscopy. • Staining methods (Gram, Z-N Staining).
List of Practical Materials Slides for Demonstrations: 1. Staphylococcus 2. Streptococcus 3. P. vivax Schizont 4. P. falciparum Gametocyte 5. AFB 6. Microfilaria 7. Spirochaetes 8. Gram Negative Bacilli 9. Candida 10. Cryptococcus neoformans
Slides for Practical Exercises: (18 Hours) Gram stain -Gram positive cocci: 2 x 1 = 2Hours -Gram negative bacilli: 2 x 1 = 2Hours -Mixture of any two organisms 2 x 1 = 4Hours Gram stain of the oral cavity 2 x 1 = 2 Hours Ziehl —Neelson’s stain — Sputum positive for AFB 2 x 2 = 4 Hours Spotters: 2 x 1= 2 Hours
Media for Demonstration: Uninoculated Media: 1. Nutrient agar plate 2. Blood agar plate 3. Chocolate agar plate 4. Mac Conkey agar plate 5. Blood culture bottle 6. Lowenstein Jensen Media slope 7. Sabaraud’s agar slope
75 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
8. Robertson’s cooked meat broth 9. Thioglycolate broth 10. BHI
Inoculated Media: 1. Nutrient agar with Staphylococci 2. Alpha Haemolytic Streptococci 3. Blood agar with Beta Haemolytic Streptococci 4. Antibiotic sensitivity plate 5. Nutrient Agar with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6. MacConkey agar with LF and NLF colonies.
Instruments: 1. VDRL slide 2. Tuberculin syringe 3. Sterile swab 4. Seitz filter 5. Macintosh fildes jar 6. Widal rack with tubes 7. Microtitre plate 8. Disposable syringe; Surgical gloves 9. Pasteur pipette
Specimens: 1. Ascaris lumbricoides 2. Ancylostoma duodenale
Biochemical Reactions: 1. Indole 2. Citrate 3. Urease 4. Triple sugar iron agar 5. Tube Coagulase test
Scheme of Examinations: University theory exam: 50 Marks: • Written Exam - 35Marks (Long Question One 10 Marks, Short Note 5 x 3 marks = 15 Marks, MCQ 10 x 1 = 10 Marks) • Internal assessment - 05Marks • Viva voce -Microbiology -10Marks
76 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
University Practical exam: 50 Marks: • Microbiology Exercises 45Marks • Internal Assessment - 05Marks
Exercises: • Spotters • Gram staining • Acid Fast Staining
Recommended Books for Regular Reading: 1. Text book of Microbiology - R. Anantha Narayan & C.K. Jayaram Paniker. 7thedition, Year2005. 2. Medical Microbiology - David Greenwood et al.15th edition, Year1997 3. Medical Parasitology - D.R. Arora, B. Arora, 2nd edition. Year2005. 4. Medical Microbiology - Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg S. 22ndedition.
Books for Further Reading / Reference: 1. Microbiology - Prescott, et al. 2. Microbiology - Bernard D. Davis, et al. 3. Clinical & Pathogenic Microbiology - Barbara J Howard, et al. 4. Mechanisms of Microbial diseases - Moselio Schaechter, et al. 5. Immunology an introduction -Tizard. 6. Immunology 3rd edition - Evan Roitt, et al
77 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IX. GENERAL AND DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS
GOAL: The broad goal of teaching Pharmacology to undergraduate dental students is to inculcate rational and scientific basis of therapeutics.
OBJECTIVES: 1. KNOWLEDGE: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to: (1) Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of essential and commonly used drugs in dental practice. (2) List the indications, contraindications, interactions, and adverse reactions of commonly used drugs in dental practice.
2. SKILLS: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to: (1) Prescribe drug for common dental ailments. (2) Evaluate pharmacy exercises and drug formulations. (3) Identify and comment on certain photographs and pictures. (4) Analyze certain clinical problems and therapeutic exercises. (5) Solve dose and percentage calculation pertaining to dental practice.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of essential and commonly used drugs in dental practice. CO2: List the indications, contraindications, interactions, and adverse reactions of commonly used drugs in dental practice. CO3: Prescribe drug for common dental ailments. CO4: Evaluate pharmacy exercises and drug formulations. CO5: Identify and comment on certain photographs and pictures. CO6: Analyze certain clinical problems and therapeutic exercises. CO7: Solve dose and percentage calculation pertaining to dental practice.
78 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Theory class schedule: 90 hours Hours 1. General Pharmacology: 10 a. Definition of drug, pharmacology & other related terms 1 b. Nature and source of drugs, drug nomenclature & dosage forms 1 c. Routes of drug administration 2 d. Pharmacokinetics 3 e. Pharmacodynamics including factors affection drug action. 2 f. Adverse drug reactions 1 2. ANS Drugs: 8 a. Introduction to ANS 1 b. Cholinomimetics & anticholinergic drugs 2 c. Skeletal muscle relaxants 1 d. Sympathomimetics & sympathetic blockers 4
3. Drugs acting on CVS and Renal system: 9 a. Antihypertensive drugs 3 b. Antianginal drugs 1 c. Drug for heart failure 2 d. Treatment of shock 1 e. Diuretics and antidiuretics 2 4. Autacoids and drugs used in Respiratory disorders: 4 a. Autacoids – Histamine, prostaglandins, Leukotriene 1 b. Antihistaminics 1 c. Drugs used for cough, bronchial asthma 2
5. CNS drugs: 14 a. Introduction to CNS 1 b. General anaesthetics 2 c. Local anaesthetics 2 d. Sedatives & hypnotics 2 e. Antiepileptic drugs 1 f. Opioid analgesics 2 g. NSAIDs 2 h. Psychotropic drugs 2 6. Drugs acting on Blood: 5 a. Haematinics- Iron preparations, folic acid, vitamin B12 1 b. Coagulants & anticoagulants 2 c. Fibrinolytics, antifibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs 2
79 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
7. Drugs used in GIT disorders: 4 a. Drugs used in peptic ulcer 2 b. Antiematics & prokinetics 1 c. Drugs for constipation & diarrhoea 1 8. Hormones &related drugs: 9 a. Pituitary hormones 1 b. Adrenocorticosteroids and their analogues 2 c. Thyroid hormones & antithyroid drugs 1 d. Insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs 2 e. Hormones & drugs affecting calcium homeostasis 2 f. Anabolic steroids and sex steroids 1 9. Chemotherapy: 16 a. Introduction to chemotherapy– general aspects 1 b. Beta-lactamantibiotics 2 c. Aminoglycosides 1 d. Tetracyclines 1 e. Macrolides 1 f. Chloramphenicol and other miscellaneous drugs 1 g. Sulfonamides & quinolones 1 h. Tuberculosis and leprosy 2 i. Anti-malarial drugs 1 j. Anti-amoebic drugs 1 k. Anti-fungal drugs 1 l. Anti-viral drugs 1 m. Anti-helmintics 2 n. Cancer chemotherapy 10 Special Topics 5 a. Vitamins – Vitamin A, D, K and riboflavin, thiamine 3 b. Dental pharmacology – antiseptics, disinfectants, obtundents, 1 mummifying agents, dentifrices, bleaching agents, dental 1 desensitizers. c. Chelating agents
80 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Practical class schedule: 30 hours
Introduction - Common equipment used in dispensing pharmacy and their 2 hrs function. Compounding Exercises: - Mixtures 2 hrs - Emulsions 2 hrs - Solutions ( Mouth washes) 2 hrs - Powders 2 hrs - Paste 2 hrs Ratio calculations 2 hrs Dosage calculations 2 hrs
Prescription writing :- Introduction and medical prescription 4 hrs
Dental prescription with rational 4 hrs
Therapeutic / problem solving exercises 4 hrs
Spotters/ Photograph/ diagrams /Prescription writing 2 hrs
Scheme of Examination: Theory: (20 marks MCQs + 50 marks for Essay = 70 marks) i. General Pharmacology - 06marks ii. Autonomic drugs – 10marks iii. Drugs acting on CNS – 10marks iv. Cardiovascular drugs – 06marks v. Drugs used in respiratory disorders – 04marks vi. Autacoids and related drugs – 03marks vii. Haematinics and drugs affecting coagulation – 04marks viii. Drugs acting on GIT disorders – 04marks ix. Hormones and related drugs – 06marks x. Chemotherapy – 10marks xi. Chelating agents & immunosuppressant’s – 03marks xii. Dental Pharmacology – 04marks
Practical exercises: i. Pharmacy exercises –2 ii. Percentage & dose calculations -2 iii. Prescription writing –2 iv. Therapeutic problems -1 v. Spotters (photographs, drugs & diagrams) –6
81 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Text books recommended for reading and reference:
Author Name of the Book Edn. Publisher
1. R.S Satoskar and S.D Pharmacology & Revised Bombay Popular Bhandarkar Pharmacotherapeutics 24th Prakashan Essentials of Jaypee Bros. Medical 2. Tripati K.D Pharmacology for 3rd Publishers Dentistry New York Churchill 3. Lawrence D.R Clinical Pharmacology 11th Livingstone
Basic and clinical USA Lange Medical 4. Katzung Bertram G. 13th Pharmacology Books
Types of questions & marks allotted: Theory: total marks 100 i. MCQs - 20 x 1 = 20 marks ii. Longessays - 10 x 2 = 20 marks iii. Short essays - 3 x 10 = 30 marks iv. Viva voce = 20 marks v. Internal assessment = 10 marks
Practical: total marks 100 i. Pharmacy exercises (2) – 10marks ii. Percentage & dose calculations (2) – 20marks iii. Prescription writing (2) – 20marks iv. Therapeutic problems (1) – 10marks v. Spotters – 20marks vi. Record book – 10marks vii. Internal assessment – 10marks
************
82 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
XI. DENTAL MATERIALS
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Acquire knowledge of the composition, properties, manipulative variables, and uses of restorative, preventive, esthetic and surgical dental materials. CO2: Develop the ability to use dental materials which will include the manipulation through laboratory and clinical exercises. CO3: Interpret the Biocompatibility and type of biological responses that materials cause and the anatomic aspects of the oral cavity that influence or modify the biological response to materials
Theory - 80 Hours [I BDS -20 Hours + II BDS -60 Hours]
Topics Hours
1 Introduction Brief history of the development of the Science of 1 Dental materials, Aim of studying the subject of dental materials; Scope and requirements of dental materials, Classification of materials, their clinical and laboratory applications 2 Structure and behaviour of matter and principles of adhesion 3 Change of state, inter atomic primary bonds, inter atomic secondary bonds, inter atomic bond distance and bonding energy Crystalline and non crystalline structures Diffusion, adhesion and bonding, adhesion to tooth structure 3 Important physical properties applicable to dental materials 5 Thermal properties-thermal conductivity and co-efficient of thermal expansion. rheological properties-thixotropism, creep, dynamic creep, flow color-dimensions of color—hue, value, chroma, Munsell system, metamerism, fluorescence, light stress, strain, proportional limit, elastic limit, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, flexibility, resilience, impact, impact strength, permanent deformation, strength, flexure strength, fatigue, toughness, brittleness, ductility, malleability, hardness, abrasion resistance 4 Biological considerations in the use of dental materials 5 Requirements of materials with biological compatibility Classification of materials from perspective of biological compatibility Hazards associated with the materials: pH-affecting pulp, polymers causing chemical irritation, mercury toxicity Microleakage, thermal changes, galvanism, toxic effects of materials Biological evaluation for systemic toxicity, skin irritation, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity Disinfection of dental materials for infection control
83 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5 Gypsum and gypsum products 6 Gypsum-origin, chemical formula, products manufactured from gypsum Dental plaster, stone, die stone, high strength, high expansion stone Application and manufacturing procedure for each, microscopic and macroscopic structure of each Chemistry of setting, setting reaction, theories of setting, gauging water, microscopic structure of set material Setting time: working and setting time, measurement of setting time and factors controlling setting time Setting expansion, hygroscopic setting expansion - factors affecting each Wet strength, dry strength, factors affecting strength, tensile strength Slurry Care of cast; ADA classification of gypsum products Manipulation including recent methods or advanced methods Disinfection: infection control, methods of use of disinfectant Storage of material and Shelf life 6 IInd BDS 5 Impression materials Requirements, definition and classification Historical background and development of each impression material Purpose of making impression Desirable properties and application of material Composition Mode of supply,Chemistry of setting, setting time, control of setting time advantages, disadvantages, indications manipulation of material, instruments and equipment required- type of impression trays required, adhesion to tray Techniques of impression Storage of impression Recent advances in material and mixing devices Study of properties: working time, setting time, flow, accuracy, strength, flexibility, tear strength, dimensional stability, compatibility with cast and die material, biocompatibility Infection control
84 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
7 Synthetic resins used in Dentistry 8 Historical background and development of material, Denture base materials and their classification, Ideal requirements, Classification of resins Dental resins - requirements, applications, polymerization, polymerization mechanism, stages in addition polymerization, inhibition of polymerization, co- polymerization, cross linking, plasticizers, physical properties of polymers Acrylicresins:mode of polymerization-heat activated,chemically activated, light activated; mode of supply, application, composition, polymerization reaction of each, technical considerations, manipulation, physical properties Denture base resins: temporary denture base materials - contents, properties, manipulation, advantages and disadvantages; permanent denture bases - types, composition, properties, technical considerations (flasking, packing, curing, deflasking and processing errors) Miscellaneous resins and techniques: repair resins, relining and rebasing, Short term and long term soft liners, temporary crown and bridge resins, resin impression trays, tray materials, resin teeth, materials in maxillofacial prosthesis, infection control, biological properties and allergic reactions Restorative resins: historical background, resin based restorative materials, composite restorative materials - mode of supply, composition, polymerization mechanisms - light activated, chemically activated, dual cure, polymerization shrinkage, classification of composite resins - application, composition and properties of each, composites for posterior teeth, prosthodontic resins for veneering, biocompatibility - Microleakage, pulpal reaction, pulpal protection, manipulation of composites, techniques of insertion of chemically activated, light activated, dual cure, polymerization, finishing and polishing of restorations, repair of composites Bonding: direct bonding, need for bonding, acid-etch technique, enamel bonding, dentin bonding agents, mode of bonding, bond strength, sandwich technique - indication and procedure Extended applications for composites: resins for restoring eroded teeth, pit and fissure sealing, resin inlay system - direct and indirect, core build-up, orthodontic applications
85 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
8 Dental waxes including inlay casting wax 4 Introduction and importance of waxes Sources of natural waxes and their chemical nature and Classification Properties - melting range, thermal expansion, mechanical properties, flow and residual stresses, ductility, flow, wax distortion and its causes Manipulation of inlay wax: instruments and equipments required Preformed wax patterns Other waxes: casting wax, processing wax, boxing wax, utility wax, sticky wax, impression wax for corrective impressions, carding wax, bite registration wax - applications, mode of supply & properties 9 Metal and alloys 5 Structure and behaviour of metals, solidification and microstructure of metals, mechanism of crystallization, classification of alloys, solid solutions, relevant physical and mechanical properties, annealing, heat treatment, Tarnish and corrosion: definition, causes of corrosion, protection against corrosion, corrosion of dental restorations Dental amalgam: history, applications, alloy classification, manufacture of alloy powder, composition, amalgamation, setting reaction, resulting structure, properties, Microleakage, dimensional stability, strength, creep, clinical performance, manipulation, selection of alloy, proportioning, mechanism of trituration, condensation, carving, finishing & polishing, effects of dimensional changes, marginal deterioration, repair of amalgam, mercury toxicity, mercury hygiene Direct filling gold: properties of pure gold, mode of adhesion of gold, classification, manipulation, removal of surface impurities, compaction, physical properties of compacted gold, clinical performance
86 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
10 Dental casting alloys 6 Historical background, desirable properties of dental casting alloys Alternatives to cast metal technology: direct filling gold, amalgam, mercury free condensable intermetallic compound, CAD CAM process for metal and ceramic inlays, copy milling Classification of casting alloys - by function & description Alloys for crown and bridge, metal ceramic and removable partial dentures : composition, function, constituents, application of each alloy Properties of alloys: melting range, mechanical properties, hardness, elongation, modulus of elasticity, tarnish & corrosion, casting shrinkage compensation of casting shrinkage Biocompatibility: handling hazards, precautions of base metal alloys, casting investments used Heat treatment: softening and hardening heat treatment, recycling of metals, titanium alloys and their applications, properties and advantages, technical considerations in casting, heat sources and furnaces 11 Dental casting investments 5 Definition, requirements, classification Mode of supply, composition, application, setting mechanism, setting time & factors controlling it Setting expansion, hygroscopic setting expansion, thermal expansion & factors controlling it Technical considerations for casting procedures Preparation of die, wax pattern, spruing, investing, control of shrinkage, wax burn out, heating of invested casting ring Casting and casting defects
12 Soldering, welding and brazing 2 Need for joining dental appliances Terms and definitions Solders - definition, ideal requirement, types of solders & their fusion temperatures, applications, mode of supply, composition and selection, properties Fluxes and anti-fluxes - definitions, types, function, commonly used fluxes and their selection Techniques of soldering and brazing - free hand soldering and investment steps and procedure Welding: definition, application, requirements, procedure Laser welding
87 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
13 Wrought base metal alloys 2 Applications and different alloys used in mainly for orthodontic purpose - stainless steel, cobalt chromium nickel, nickel titanium and beta titanium properties required for orthodontic alloys, working range, springiness, stiffness, resilience, formability, ductility, ease of joining, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility Stainless steel - description, type, composition and properties of each type, sensitization and stabilization, mechanical properties- strength, tensile, yield strength, braided & twisted wires, their need cobalt chromium nickel - composition, allocation, properties, heat treatment, physical properties nickel titanium alloys- shape memory, super elasticity titanium alloys - applications, composition, properties, welding, corrosion resistance
14 Dental cements definitions and ideal requirements of base, liners 6 and looting cements composition, properties, chemistry of setting, manipulation and uses of silicate, silicophosphate, zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate, calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, modified glass ionomer and resin cements protection of cement, mode of adhesion agents for pulpal protection, modifications and recent advances principles of cementation 15 Dental ceramics 6 Historical background and general applications Dental ceramics - definition, classification, application, mode of supply, manufacturing procedure, methods of strengthening Properties of fused ceramics - strength & factors affecting it, modulus of elasticity, surface hardness, wear resistance, thermal properties, specific gravity, chemical stability, esthetic properties, biocompatibility, technical considerations Metal ceramics [PFM]: alloys- types and composition, ceramic - types and composition, metal ceramic bond , bonding using electro deposition, foil copings, bonded platinum foil, swaged gold alloy foil coping, technical considerations for porcelain and PFM restorations Recent advances- all ceramic restorations, manganese core, injection molded, castable ceramics, glass infiltrated alumina core ceramic, ceramic veneers, inlays, onlays and CAD CAM Chemical attack of ceramic by fluoride
88 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
16 Abrasive and polishing agents 2 Definition of abrasion and polishing agents Need for abrasion and polishing Types of abrasives — finishing, polishing and cleaning Types of abrasives — diamond, emery, aluminium oxide, garnet, pumice, kieselgurh, Tripoli, rouge, tin oxide, chalk, chromic oxide, sand, carbides, zinc oxide, zirconium silicate Desirable properties of an abrasive, rate of abrasion, size of particle, pressure and speed Grading of abrasive and polishing agents Binders Procedures of polishing Technical considerations — material and procedure used for abrasion and polishing Electrolytic polishing and burnishing 17 Dental implant materials 3 History Types, Different designs, Biologic properties 18 Miscellaneous 6 Infection control Separating media Artificial tooth material Die spacers Tray adhesives Dentifrices Burs Articulating paper Pressure indicating pastes
Recommended Text Books: 1. Science of Dental materials. Kenneth J. Anusavice. 11thedition 2. Textbook of Dental materials. Craig, O’Brien. 11thedition
Reference Books 1. Notes on dental materials. EC Coombe. 6th edition 2. Applied dental materials. John F Mc Cabe. 7th edition
Practical Exercises: Note: Demonstration of manipulation of all materials for a batch of not more than 10 students. Exercises to be done by each student:
89 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
I BDS Gypsum products - 40 hours Manipulation and pouring impressions - identifying setting time and working time and working time with reference to proportion, water temperature and spatulation time
II BDS a. Impression materials - 90hours Manipulation and making impression and identifying setting time and defects and preparation of casts, models etc. b. Self cure and heat cure acrylic resin manipulation and curing - 50hours c. Cements - manipulation and setting time and working time for luting, base and restoration consistency - 30hours d. Silver amalgam — manipulation, trituration, condensation & setting & working time — 30 hours
Scheme of Examinations A. Theory -Written Paper : 70 Marks Practicals : 80 Marks B. Internal Assessment : 10 Marks Internal Assessment : 10 Marks C. Viva- Voce Total : 20 Marks Record Book : 10 Marks Total : 100 Marks Total : 100 Marks
Theory: (70 Marks) Distribution of topics and type of questions
Contents Type of Questions Marks
Long answer questions ; one each from Long answer Prosthodontics & Conservative Dentistry 20 2x10 topics
Short answer, 3 questions each from Short answer Prosthodontics , Conservative & 2 from 30 10x3 Orthodontic topics & 2 from general topic
MCQ s ; 8 questions each from MCQs Prosthodontics and Conservative topics and 4 20 20x1 questions from Orthodontic topics
Total 70
90 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Practicals: (90 Marks): 1. Exercise No.1: Spotters - Identify and write the composition and two important uses 20 Numbers — 1 Minute Each-I Mark Each- 20Marks 2. Exercise No 2: Manipulation Of Impression Materials - 20 Marks Any one of the following exercise: a. Manipulation of impression compound and making impression of maxillary or mandibular arch dies and preparation of cast b. Manipulation of alginate impression material and making impression of maxillary or mandibular arch dies and preparation of cast c. Manipulation of ZOE impression material and making impression of thumb/forefinger and preparation of model with base d. Manipulation of rubber base impression material and making impression of single tooth die/thumb/forefinger and preparation of model with base. 3. Exercise No 3: Manipulation of Acrylic Resin -10Marks Mixing of heat cure acrylic resin and recording the time taken for all stages 4. Exercise No 4: Manipulation of Dental Cements -20Marks Manipulation of any one of the following dental cements a. ZOE [ and filling consistency] b. Zinc phosphate fluting and base consistency] c. Glass ionomer cement type I/II [ and filling consistency] d. Polycarboxylate cement [ luting consistency] 5. Exercise No 5: Manipulation of Silver Amalgam- 10Marks Trituration of silver amalgam Record: 10 marks
91 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
XII. CONSTITUTION OFINDIA
Total Hours: 40 Hours
SYLLABUS UNIT– I 14 hours 1. Constitution of India 8 hrs a. An Introduction to Indian Polity b. Meaning and importance of Constitution c. Making of the Indian constitution – The Constituent Assembly d. Salient features of the Indian Constitution e. Preamble of the Indian Constitution and its significance 2. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles 6hrs a. Fundamental Rights b. Directive Principles of the State Policy c. Fundamental Duties
UNIT– II 12 hours 1. Government of the Union. 6hrs a. The Union Executive- the President and the Vice-President- The Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister b. The Union Legislature - The Parliament- The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, Composition, Powers and Functions c. Important Committees-Privileges d. The Role of the Speaker 2. Government of the States. 5hrs a. The Governor- The Council of Ministers and the Chief Minister b. The State Legislature- composition powers and functions 3. Democratic decentralization or Panchayath Raj in India 1hr
UNIT– III 8 hours 1. Federalism in India 5 hrs a. Federal Features Indian federalism, Centre-State relations- distribution of legislative powers, Administrative and financial relations between the Union and the States b. The Finance Commission, The Planning Commission, National Development Council c. Military Features 2. The Judiciary 3 hrs a. The Supreme Court – Organization, Jurisdiction and Role b. The High Court – Organization, Jurisdiction and Role c. Judicial Review, Judicial activism, Independence of Judiciary in India
92 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
UNIT– IV 6 hours 1. Electoral Process in India–Election Commission, Organization and Functions. 3 hrs 2. Local Governments – Rural and Urban – Organization, Powers and Role. 3 hrs
Books for Reference: 1. D.D. Basu: Introduction to the Constitution of India, S C Sarkar & Sons, Kolkatta 2. M V Pylee: An Introduction to the Constitution of India, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd,2009 3. Granville Austin: The Indian Constitution. The Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford University Press, New Delhi,1966 4. C K Jain (ed): Constitution of India in Precept and Practice, Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi 5. V.N. Shukla: Constitution of India, Jain Book Depot, New Delhi 6. Granville Austin : The working of a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, New Delhi1999 7. J C Johari: Indian Politics, Vishal Publications, Jalandhar 8. A P Avasthi: Indian Government and Politics, Lakshmi Narain Agarwal, Agra 9. Anup Chand Kapur: Indian Government and Politics, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi 10. V D Mahajan: The Constitution of India. S. Chand and Company, New Delhi. 11. J N Pandey: Constitution Law of India, Allahabad, Central Law Agency, 1998 12. J C Johari: The Constitution of India – A Politico-Legal Study- Sterling Publication Pvt. Ltd, NewDelhi 13. RC Agrawal: Constitutional Development and national Movement of India, S Chand & Co., New Delhi 14. M Hidayatullah: Democracy in India and the Judicial Process, Metropolitan, New Delhi 15. K C Markandan: Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution, Allied Publishers, Mumbai 16. Bidyut Chakrabarty and Rajendra Kumar Pandey: Indian Government and Politics, SAGE Publications NewDelhi 17. India – A Politico-Legal Study- Sterling Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
93 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
XIII. GENERAL MEDICINE
Goal: The broad goal of teaching dental students in Medicine is to have the knowledge, skills and behavioural attributes to function effectively as a safe and a competent doctor in the out-patient and in-patient settings during dental practice.
Knowledge: At the end of general medicine postings, the student should 1. Have reasonable knowledge of clinical implications of applied basic Science, and knowledge of common medical diseases (general and oral manifestations in particular) of common medical emergencies encountered during dental practice. 2. Be able to translate the pathophysiology into symptoms and signs and carryout • symptom analysis to elicit relevant history, initiate and fine-tune • communication skills in the out patient and in patient settings and be competent to elicit signs on general examination and systemic examination as relevant to Dental practice. 3. Have knowledge of normal values of common basic lab investigations. 4. Have knowledge of uses and side effects of drugs that are relevant during Dental practice.
Skills: Should initiate and develop skills of effective communication, know about the bedside behaviour, hospital ethics, conduct oneself to the needs of professionalism as an evolving dentist.At the end of the general medicine postings the student shall acquire reasonable theory knowledge in basic clinical medicine to be acquainted with, and to recognize relevant medical problems such as Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, bleeding disorders, diseases of the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, thyroid, HIV disease, common psychiatric ailments, uncoOperative patient, precautions and contraindications for anaesthesia, anticoagulant and antithrombotic drugs, antidiabetic — antihypertensive drugs, analgesic drugs etc. The student should be made well aware of the pros and cons of unplanned dental procedures in such patients, and be trained to take appropriate precautions well in advance. The student must develop communication skills to elicit a simple medical history, drug history, drug allergy in areas relevant to dental practice and; acquire skills to elicit & analyse signs during general examination survey to recognize underlying medical diseases so as to refer the patient to the general medicine discipline for further evaluation. • Should be able to record the pulse, temperature, blood pressure, to suspect by sight and general examination the underlying diseases of the heart, lungs, blood, liver, kidneys etc. • Should imbibe the skills to be competent enough to handle medical emergencies encountered in dental practice such as anaphylaxis, syncope, seizures, hypotension, hypoglycaemia, cardiac arrest etc. before the arrival of emergency medical help.
94 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Guidelines: Special emphasis should be given throughout on the importance of various diseases as applicable to Dentistry. 1. Special precautions, Contra- indications of anaesthesia and various dental procedures in different systemic diseases. 2. Oral manifestations of systemic diseases 3. Medical emergencies in dental practice
A Dental student should be taught in such a manner that he/she is able to record the arterial pulse, blood pressure and be capable of suspecting by sight and superficial examination of the body - diseases of the heart, lungs, and kidneys blood etc. He should be capable of handling medical emergencies encountered in dental practice.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Perform and analyse medical history taking, general physical examination and systemic examination CO2: Diagnose and manage common infectious diseases with reference to oral and dental health. CO3: Diagnose and manage common Gastrointestinal (GIT) diseases with reference to oral and dental health. CO4: Diagnose and manage common cardiovascular diseases with reference to oral and dental health CO5: Diagnose and manage common respiratory diseases with reference to oral and dental health CO6: Diagnose and manage common hematological diseases with reference to oral and dental health CO7: Diagnose and manage common renal diseases with reference to oral and dental health CO8: Diagnose and manage common nutritional diseases with reference to oral and dental health CO9: Diagnose and manage common neurological diseases with reference to oral and dental health CO10: Diagnose and manage common endocrine diseases with reference to oral and dental health CO11: Recognize and differentiate common medical emergencies encountered in general dental practice CO12: Effectively manage common medical emergencies encountered in general dental practice.
95 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Total Theory: 60 hrs Syllabus: Core Topics (Must know) 1. Aims of medicine -Definitions of signs, symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis treatment & prognosis 2. Infections: Enteric fever, AIDS, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, syphilis, diphtheria 3. G.I.T Stomatitis, gingival hyperplasia, dysphagia, acid peptic disease, jaundice, acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver ascites. 4. C.V.S Acute rheumatic fever, rheumatic valvular heart disease, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, infective endocarditis, common arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, congestive cardiac failure 5. R.S. Pneumonia COPD, Pulmonary TB, Bronchial asthma 6. Haematology Anaemias, bleeding and clotting disorders, leukemias, lymphomas, agranulocytosis, splenomegaly, oral manifestations of haematologic disorders, generalized lymphadenopathy. 7. Renal System Acute nephritis Nephrotic syndrome 8. Nutrition Avitaminosis 9. C.N.S Facial palsy, facial pain including trigeminal neuralgia, epilepsy, headache including migraine 10. Endocrines Diabetes Mellitus, Acromegaly, Hypothyroidism, Thyrotoxicosis, Calcium metabolism and parathyroids 11. Critical Care Syncope cardiac arrest, CPR shock
Clinical Training: The student must be able to take history, do general physical examination (including build nourishment, pulse BP respiration, clubbing, cyanosis, jaundice, lymphadenopathy, oral cavity) and be able to examine C.V.S, R.S. and abdomen and facial nerve
Collateral Topics: (Desirable to know) Infectious mononucleosis, Mumps ,Measles, Rubella, Malaria, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Amoebiasis, Malabsorption, Lung Abscess, Pleural effusion, Pheumothorax, Bronchiectasis, Lung cancers, Renal failure, Balanced diet, PEM Avitaminosis - Meningitis - Examination of comatose patient
96 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
- Examination of cranial nerves Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, Acute LVF, ARDS
Clinical: 90 Hours (posting in a general hospital) 1. Five complete cases must be written in a record book before the student takes the final examination 2. The student must be able to take history, do general physical examination (including build, nourishment, pulse, BP, temperature, edema, cyanosis, clubbing, jaundice, lymphadenopathy, oral cavity) and be able to examine cardiovascular and respiratory systems, abdomen and the facial nerve and signs of meningeal irritation.
Scheme of Examination: I. Theory :100 Marks A. Written Paper: 70 marks
Distribution of Topics and Type of Question:
Content Type of Questions Marks
Essay questions ( structured ) 10 marks x 2 questions 10
Short answer questions 3 marks x 10 questions 30
MCQs 1 mark x 20 questions 20 Total 70
B. Viva Voce: 20 Marks C. Internal Assessment—Theory: 10 Marks
II. A. Clinicals: 90 Marks Case History: 30 Marks Clinical examination: 30 Marks Investigation: 10 Marks Diagnosis & D.D. : 10 Marks Management: 05 Marks Record book: 05 Marks B. Internal assessment: 10 Marks Total practical: 100 Marks
97 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Recommended Books.
Sl No Author Title Publisher Edition
Fauci, Harrison’s Principles of Internal McGraw 1 19th Braunwald Medicine Hill Davidson’s Principle and Practice Churchill 2 Colledge,Walker 22nd of Medicine Livingstone 3 Michael Glynn Hutchinson’s Clinical Methods Saunders 23rd Text book of Clinical Medicine for 4 S. N. Chugh Arya - Dental Students 5 Goldman Textbook of Medicine Elsevier 22nd
98 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
XIV. GENERAL SURGERY
Aims: To acquaint the students with various diseases, which may require surgical expertise and to train the students to analyze the history and be able to do a thorough physical examination of the patient.The diseases related to head and neck region are to be given due importance at the same time other relevant surgical problems are also to be addressed. At the end of one year of study the student should have a good theoretical knowledge of various ailments, and be practically trained to differentiate benign and malignant diseases and be able to decide which patient requires further evaluation.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Describe aetiology, pathophysiology, principles of diagnosis and management of common surgical problems including emergencies in adultsand children. CO2: Define indications and methods for fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy including blood transfusion CO3: Define asepsis, disinfection and sterilization and recommended judicious use of antibiotics CO4: Describe common malignancies in the country and their management including prevention CO5: Enumerate different types of anaesthetic agents, their indications, and mode of administration, contraindications and side effects. CO6: Diagnose common surgical conditions both acute and chronic, in adult and children CO7: Plan various laboratory tests for surgical conditions and interpret the results. CO8: Identify and manage patients of hemorrhagic, septicaemic and other types of shock CO9: Maintain patent air-way and resuscitate CO10: Manage a critically injured patient, Patient with cardio-respiratory failure, A drowning case CO11: Provide primary care for a patient of burns CO12: Acquire principles of Operative surgery, including pre-Operative, Operative and post- Operative care and monitoring CO13: Treat open wounds including preventive measures against tetanus and gas gangrene CO14: Diagnose neonatal and pediatric surgical emergencies and provide sound primary care before referring the patient to secondary/tertiary centers. CO15: Identify congenital anomalies and refer them for appropriate management.
Total teaching Hours Theory: 60 hrs History of Surgery: The development of surgery as a specialty over the years, will give the students an opportunity to know the contributions made by various scientists, teachers and investigators. It will also enable the student to understand the relations of various specialties in the practice of modern surgery.
99 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
General Principles of Surgery: Introduction to various aspects of surgical principles as related to ore-dental diseases, classification of diseases in general. This will help the student to understand the various diseases and their relevance to routine dental practice
Preparing a patient for Surgery: • To understand the principles involved in preparing a patient for theatre • To be aware of the common problems affecting a patient’s fitness for operation and the principles of management • To know the steps required when taking informed consent from an adult • To be able to prepare an operating list • To know the importance of an operation note
Anaesthesia and pain management: • To adequately prepare a patient for anaesthesia • To understand basic anaesthesia • To know and understand the importance of an airway • To be familiar with preOperative monitoring • To manage the post-anaesthetic patient • To understand the role of local and regional anaesthesia • To be able to manage the patient in pain
Acute life support and critical care: fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance and blood transfusion: • To appreciate the critical role of fluid balance in Surgery • To understand acid-base balance in relation Surgery • To manage blood loss and restoration of blood volume • To understand ‘shock’ and its management • To be able to resuscitate a hypovolaemic patient • To appreciate multiple organ failure syndrome and systems of organ failure, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Nutrition • To understand nutritional requirements in health and how they are influenced by disease • To recognize the consequences of malnutrition in surgical patients • To know how to assess nutritional status in surgical patients • To know the indications for an principles of nutritional support • To recognize potential complications of nutritional support
Wounds, tissue repair and scars: • To understand the process of primary wound healing and healing by secondary intention • To be able to explain the different management of a‘tidy’and‘untidy’wound • To understand the patho-physiology of acute and chronic wounds • To understand the nature of adverse scarring and its treatment
100 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Wound infection: • To know the definition of Koch’s postulates • To appreciate the importance of aseptic technique and of delayed closure in contaminated wounds • To be aware of the causes of reduced resistance to infection • To understand the factors that determine whether a wound will become infected • To know the definitions of infected states • To understand the classification of sources of infection and their severity • To be able to describe the management of abscesses • To be able to state the indications for and choice of prophylactic antibiotics • To know what basic precautions to take to avoid nosocomial infections • To understand the characteristics of the common pathogens and their sensitivities • To be able to describe the spectrum of commonly used antibiotics
Sterile precautions and theatre safety: • To understand the importance and current status of decontamination of surgical instruments and equipment in the context of safe surgery • To appreciate the necessity for strict adherence to operating theatre protocols in order to limit adverse events that are so costly in terms of patient morbidity and hospital medico- legal involvement • To recognize that satisfactory surgical outcomes after operation require training not only in the technique but also in the use of operating theatre equipment for example electro surgery • To realize that modern surgery is founded on the control of infection Surgical ethics • To introduce the moral importance of the concept of autonomy to good surgical practice • To evaluate the moral and legal boundaries of the doctrine of informed consent • To explain and illustrate some practical difficulties in implementing the doctrine of informed consent • To outline good surgical practice on withholding and withdrawing life saving treatment • To specify the importance and boundaries of confidentiality in good surgical practice • To indicate why surgical research should be subject to independent evaluation and how to differentiate between such research and minor surgical innovation • To assess the moral importance of rigorous surgical training and a willingness to criticize fellow surgeons in the face of bad practice
Burns: • To understand the methods for assessing area and depth of burns • To understand the methods for calculating rate and quantity of fluids to be given • To appreciate the techniques for treating burns and the patient • To understand the patho-physiology of electrical and chemical burns
Inflammation Soft and hard tissues.Causes of inflammation, varieties, treatment and sequelae.
101 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Infections: Acute and chronic abscess skin infections, cellulitis, carbuncle, and erysepelas.Specific infections such as tetanus, gangrene, syphilis, gonorrhoea, tubnerculosis, Actinomycosis, Vincent’s angina, cancrum oris.Pyaemia, toxaemia and septicaemia
Transmissible Viral Infections: HIV and Hepatitis B with special reference to their prevention and precautions to be taken in treating patients in a carrier state.
Shock and Hemorrhage: Classification, causes, clinical features and management of various types of shock, syncope, Circulatory collapse. Haemorrhage — different types, causes clinical features and management. Blood groups, blood transfusion, precautions and complications of blood and their products.Hemophilias, their transmission clinical features and management especially in relation to minor dental procedures.
Tumors, Ulcers, Cysts, Sinus and Fistulae: Classification, clinical examination and treatment principles in various types of benign and malignant tumours, ulcers, cysts sinus and fistulae.
Diseases of Lymphatic System: Especially those occurring in head and neck region, Special emphasis on identifying diseases such as tubercular infection, lymphomas, leukaemias, metastatic lymph node diseases.
Diseases of the Oral Cavity Infective and malignant diseases of the oral cavity and oropharynxincluding salivary glands with special emphasis on preventive aspects of premalignant and malignant diseases of the oral cavity.
Diseases of Larynx, Nasopharynx: Infections and tumoursaffecting these sites.Indications, procedure and complications of tracheostomy.
Nervous System: Surgical problems associated with nervous system with special reference to the principles of peripheral nerve injuries, their regeneration and principles of treatment. Detailed description of afflictions of facial nerve and its management.Trigeminal neuralgia, its presentation and treatment.
Fractures: General principles of fractures, clinical presentation and treatment with additional reference to newer methods of fracture treatment.Special emphasis on fracture healing and rehabilitation.
102 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Principles of Operative Surgery: Principles as applicable to minor surgical procedures including detailed description of asepsis, antiseptics, sterilization, principles of anaesthesia and principles of tissue replacement, knowledge of sutures, drains, diathermy, cryosurgery and use of Laser in surgery.
Anomalies of Development of Face: Surgical anatomy and development of face. Cleft lip and cleft palate-principles of management.
Diseases of Thyroid and Parathyroid: Surgical anatomy, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of dysfunction of thyroid and parathyroid glands. Malignant diseases of the thyroid-classification, clinical features and management.
Swellings of the Jaw: Differential diagnosis and management of different types of swellings of the jaw.
Biopsy: Different types of biopsies routinely used in surgical practice Skills to be developed by the end of teaching is to examine a routine swelling.Ulcer and other related diseases and to perform minor surgical procedures such as draining an abscess, taking a biopsy etc.
Clinical Training (90 hrs): At the end of III BDS course, student is expected to – 1. Diagnose and Understand the management of common surgical problems encountered in general Dental Practice 2. Acquire skills to examine the patient and know about the relevant investigations & procedures and facilitate the overall management of the case especially applied to the region of Head and Neck. 3. To acquire the knowledge and skills to provide emergency care and to manage surgical complications related to procedures especially of Head and Neck region
General Hospital Posting: 1. Recording of case History and General Physical examination of swellings, wounds, ulcers, Cellulitis/ abscess, Sinus and Fistulas and other common infectious lesions occurring especially in Head and Neck region 2. Recording of case History and General Physical examination of patients with Fracture of long bones and facilitate the management 3. Recording of case History and General Physical examination of patients with Tumours especially of Head and Neck region and the principles of management 4. Demonstration and understanding of various injection procedures and tissue suture techniques 5. Minor surgical procedures such as draining and abscess, taking a biopsy etc
103 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
6. Demonstration and Understanding of Operation Theatre Protocols for asepsis, instrumentation and other procedures such as scrubbing, Gloving and Draping 7. Demonstration and management of Tracheostomy and other emergency surgical procedures. 8. Demonstration of General Anaesthetic Protocols and Post-Operative care
Scheme of Examination I. Theory: 100 Marks A. Written Paper : 70marks B. Viva voce : 20Marks C. Internal Assessment : l0Marks
Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions:
Type of Topics Questions and Marks Marks • Principles of Surgery, Tissue care, Asepsis and Long answer 20 Antisepsis, Theatre Technique, Sterilization, Suture 2x10 Materials, Diathermy, Laser. • Wounds - Classification, Clinical Assessment,
• Treatment, Complications, Wound Healing
• Acute Infections-Non-specific and specific Aerobic and
Anaerobic abscess, Cellulitis, Carbuncle, Erysipelas,
Anthrax Gonorrhea, Gas Gangrene,
Tetanus, Cancrum Oris, Ludwig’s Angina
• Bacteraemia, Septicemia, Pyaemia,Toxaemia
• Hemorrhage - Classification, Emergency
• Management, Definitive Treatment, Assessment of
Blood Loss. Syncope, Shock, Cardiac Arrest - Causes, 30 clinical features, Haemodynamic Changes, Short answer Emergency Care, Monitoring, Definitive Treatment, 10x3 marks Septic Shock (Warm shock), Anaphylaxis. • Gangrene – Gas Gangrene, Dry Gangrene, Moist • Gangrene • Questions from any topic 20MCQ’s 20x1 marks 20 Total 70
104 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
II. Practical Exam: 100 marks. A. Clinicals : 90 Marks Long Case - One which includes • Case History 15 marks • Clinical Examination 25 marks • Suggested investigations 10 marks • Diagnosis, DD 20 marks • Management 10 marks • Record 10 marks B. Internal assessment: 10marks
Recommended Books:
SI. Year of Author Title Ed Publisher No. Pubin.
A Manual on Dr. S. Das 1 Somen Das 12th 2016 Clinical Surgery Calcutta
Bailey & Love’s Oxford Charles V. 2 Short Practice of 27th University 2018 Mann Surgery Press Hamilton Baileys Butterworth Hamilton Demonstrations of 3 19th Heinemann 2016 Bailey Physical signs in U.K. Clinical Surgery
Other Books for Reference: 1. Oxford Text Book of Surgery 2. Text Book of Surgery by Devita 3. Surgery by Sebastin 4. Surgery by Somalal 5. Text Book of Surgery by Chatterjee 6. Surgical Anatomy by Lee McGregor 7. Diseases of Eye by Parson 8. Text Book of Ophthalmology by Vasudev Anand Rao 9. E.N.T. Diseases by Mohammed Muqbool 10. E.N.T. Diseases by N.C.Day 11. E.N.T. Diseases by K. K.Ramalingam
105 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
XV. ORAL PATHOLOGY AND ORAL MICROBIOLOGY
Objectives: At the end of the Oral Pathology & Oral Microbiology course, the student should be able to comprehend - 1. The pathological processes that involve the oral cavity and the manifestations of common diseases, their diagnosis and correlation with other clinical pathological processes 2. The oral manifestations of systemic diseases to help in correlating with systemic physical signs and laboratory findings 3. The principles governing treatment of oral diseases 4. Basic aspects of Forensic Odontology
Skills: During the course the student is expected to understand and develop skills in: 1. Microscopic studies of common lesions affecting the oral tissues through microscopic slides & projection slides and study of disease processes with the help of surgical specimens 2. Study of teeth anomalies/polymorphisms with the help of specimens & plaster casts 3. Diagnosing the commonly occurring diseases in the oro-facial region on the basis of clinical, radiological and histological findings. 4. Basic exercises in Forensic odontology such as histological methods of age estimation and appearance of teeth in injuries
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Describe the pathological processes that involve the oral cavity and the manifestations of common diseases, their diagnosis and correlation with other clinical pathological processes CO2: Discuss the oral manifestations of systemic diseases to help in correlating with systemic physical signs and laboratory findings CO3: Determine the principles governing treatment of oral diseases CO4: Describe the basic aspect of Forensic Odontology CO5: Report microscopic studies of common lesions affecting the oral tissues through microscopic slides & projection slides and study of disease processes with the help of surgical specimens CO6: Discuss teeth anomalies, polymorphisms with the help of specimens & plaster casts. CO7: Diagnose the commonly occurring diseases in the oro-facial region on the basis of clinical, radiological and histological findings. CO8: Demonstrate basic exercises in Forensic Odontology such as histological methods of age estimation and appearance of teeth in injuries
106 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Total Teaching hours: II BDS - 25 Hours -Theory 50 Hours - Practical III BDS -120 Hours – Theory - 80 Hours – Practical
Classes to be taken in II BDS Syllabus: 1) Dental Caries (5hrs) - Theories - Clinical features - Classification - Histopathology - Immunology - Caries activity Tests - Factors Influencing Caries
2) Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues (4 hrs) a) Diseases of the Dental Pulp - Pulpitis, Focal reversible pulpitis, Chronic pulpitis, Pulp polyp b) Diseases of the Periapical tissues - Periapical granuloma, Periapical abscess, Periapical cyst c) Osteomyelitis - Acute suppurative osteomyelitis, Chronic focal and diffuse sclerosing Osteomyelitis, Garre’s Osteomyelitis
3) Regressive alterations of teeth (3 hrs) a) Attrition, Abrasion, Erosion b) Dentinal sclerosis, Dead tracts, Secondary dentin, Pulp calcifications c) Resorption of teeth (internal &external) d) Hypercementosis and Cementicles
4) Healing of Oral Wounds (4 hrs.) - Factors affecting the healing of wounds - Biopsy and healing of the biopsy wound, biopsy techniques, processing of tissues with a brief account of routine stains used - Basic aspects of cytology process-Indications, Staining of cytosmears, Interpretation of cytosmear - Healing of extraction wound and dry socket - Healing of fracture - Re-Implantation and transplantation of teeth
107 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5) Diseases of Periodontium (4hrs) - Stains, Calculus, Microbiology of Plaque - Gingivitis, ANUG, Gingival hyperplasia, Periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis
6) Normal Oral Microbial Flora (2hrs)
7) Defense Mechanisms of the Oral Cavity (2hrs)
Practicals: 50 hours a. Identification of Hard and Soft Tissue Specimens b. Demonstration of Cytosmear and bacteriology smear
Classes to be taken in III BDS Syllabus: Theory: 120 Hours Must Know 1. Developmental disturbances of oral and para-oral structures: (14 hrs) a) Developmental disturbances of Jaws - Agnathia, Micrognathia, Facial hemi hypertrophy, Facial hemiatrophy b) Development disturbances of lips and palate - Congenital lip pits and Commissural pits and fistulas - Double lip, Cleft lip, Cleft palate, Chelitis glandularis, Chelitis granulomatosa, Hereditary intestinal polyposis, Hereditary melanotic macule c) Developmental disturbances of Oral Mucosa - Fordyce’s granules - Focal epithelial hyperplasia d) Developmental disturbances of Gingiva - Fibromatosis gingiva, Retrocuspid papilla e) Developmental disturbances of Tongue - Macroglossia, Microglossia, Ankyloglossia, Cleft tongue, Fissured tongue, Median rhomboid glossitis, Benign migratory glossitis, Hairy tongue f) Development disturbances of Oral lymphoid tissue: - Reactive lymphoid aggregates - Lymphoid hamartoma - Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia - Lympho-epithelial cyst g) Developmental disturbances of Salivary glands: - Aplasia, Xerostomia, Hyperplasia of the palatal glands, Atresia, Abberrancy, Stafne’s cyst h) Developmental disturbances in Size of teeth: - Microdontia, Macrodontia
108 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
i) Developmental disturbances in the Shape of teeth: - Fusion, Gemination, Concrescence, Dilaceration, Talon’s cusp, Dens in Dente, Dens Evaginatus, Supernumerary roots, Enameloma j) Developmental disturbances in Number of teeth - Anodontia, Supernumerary teeth, pre-deciduous and post permanent dentition k) Developmental disturbances in Structure of teeth - Amelogenesis imperfecta, Enamel hypoplasia, Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Dentinal dysplasia, Regional Odontodysplasia, Shell Teeth l) Developmental disturbances in Eruption of teeth: - Premature eruptions, Eruption sequestrum, Delayed eruption, Multiple unerupted teeth, submerged teeth m) Developmental / Fissural cysts of the Oralcavity - Median palatal cyst, Naso-alveolar cyst, Palatal cyst of neonates, Thyroglossal duct cyst, Epidermoid and Dermoid cysts, Nasopalatine cyst
2) Benign and Malignant Tumours of the Oral Cavity (26 hrs) a) Benign tumours of epithelial tissue origin - Papilloma, Keratoacanthoma, Naevus b) Premalignant lesions and conditions c) Malignant tumours of epithelial tissue origin - Basal cell carcinoma, Epidermoid carcinoma (TN staging), Verrucous carcinoma, Malignant melanoma d) Benign tumours of connective tissue origin: - Fibroma, Giant cell fibroma, Peripheral and Central ossifying fibroma, Lipoma, Haemangioma(different types), Lymphangioma, Chondromyxoma, Osteoma, Osteoid Osteoma, Benign Osteoblastoma, Tori and multiple Exostoses e) Tumour-like lesions of connective tissue origin: - Peripheral and Central giant cell granuloma - Pyogenic granuloma f) Malignant Tumours of Connective tissue origin: - Fibro sarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, Hodgkin’s and Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Solitary plasma cell myeloma g) Benign Tumours of Muscle tissue origin: - Leiomyoma, Rhabdomyoma, Congenital epulis of newborn, Granular cell myoblastoma. h) Benign and malignant tumours of Nerve Tissue Origin: - Neurofibroma, Neurilemmoma, Traumatic neuroma, Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy, Malignant schwannoma. i) Metastatic tumours of Jaws and Soft Tissues of Oral Cavity
109 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
3) Disease of the salivary glands (8 hrs) Classification a) Benign tumours - Pleomorphic adenoma, - Monomorphic adenoma - Warthin’s tumor - Basal cell adenoma - Canalicular adenoma - Necrotizing sialometaplasia b) Malignant tumors of the salivary glands - Malignant pleomorphic adenoma - Adenoid cystic carcinoma - Acinic Cell carcinoma - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma - Clear cell carcinoma c) Non-neoplastic enlargement of Salivary glands: - Sjogren’s syndrome - Mikulicz’sdisease
4) Cysts and Tumours of Odontogenic Origin (7hrs) - Introduction and Classification - Primordial cyst, Odontogenic keratocyst, Dentigerous cyst, Dental lamina cyst of newborn, Gingival cyst of adults, Calcified odontogenic cyst, Radicular cyst
5) Tumours of Odontogenic Origin (l3 hrs) Classification a) Ectodermal tumours — Ameloblastoma, Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour, Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour b) Mesenchymal tumours — Peripheral and Central odontogenic fibroma, Odontogenic myxoma, Periapical cemental dentinoma c) Mixed tumours of odontogenic origin — Ameloblasatic fibroma, Ameloblastic fibro odontoma, Odontoma, Teratoma
6) Infections of the Oral cavity (13 hrs) a) Bacterial — Scarlet fever, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Actinomycosis, Tetanus, Noma b) Viral — Herpes Simplex, Recurrent Apthous Stomatitis, Bechet’s syndrome, Reiter’s syndrome, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Chicken Pox, Herpes Zoster, Cytomegalic inclusion disease, H.I.V. and oral manifestations of AIDS c) Fungal — Candidiasis, Histoplasmosis, Phycomycosis and Rhinosporidiosis
110 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
7) Spread of Oral Infection (3 hrs) a) Cellulitis, Ludwig’s angina, Intra-cranial complications of dental infection, Maxillary sinusitis, Focal infection and foci of infection (definition, mechanism and significance)
8) Physical and Chemical injuries of the Oral Cavity (6 hrs) a) Physical injuries of teeth - Bruxism, Ankylosis b) Physical injuries of bone - Traumatic cyst c) Physical injuries of soft tissues - Traumatic ulcer, Denture injuries of the mucosa, Mucous retention phenomena d) Chemical injuries of oral cavity - Aspirin Burn - Lead, Mercury and Bismuth Poisoning - Acrodynia - Silver - Dilantin sodium enlargement - Tetracycline - Angioneurotic edema - Stomatitis medicamentosa and Nicotina e) Effects for radiation of bone and oral mucosa
9) Disease of Bone (7hrs) - Osteogenesis imperfecta, Infantile cortical hyperostosis, Cleidocranial dysplasia, Craniofacial dysostosis, Mandibulofacial dysostosis, Pierre Robin syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, Down’s syndrome, Osteopetrosis, Achondroplasia, Paget’sdisease, Fibrous dysplasia, Cherubism, Histiocytosis-Xdisease
10) Blood Dyscrasias (5hrs) - Clinico-Pathological aspects of Anemias, Leukemias, Purpura, Polycythemia Leukopenia, Neutropenia, Agranulocytosis, Infectious Mononucleosis, Hemophilia
11) Diseases of Skin (12 hrs) - Hereditary ectodermal dysplasia, Chondroectodermal dysplasia, Lichen planus, Pemphigus, Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, Psoriasis, Erythema multiforme, Dyskeratosis congenita, White sponge naevus, Hereditary benign intra-epithelial dyskeratosis, Epidermolysis bullosa, Scleroderma, Lupus erythematoses
12) Forensic Odontology (6hrs) Principles of basic Forensic odontology (Pre-clinical Forensic odontology): 1. Introduction, definition, aims and scope 2. Sex and ethnic (racial) differences in tooth morphology and histological age estimation
111 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
3. Determination of sex and blood groups from buccal mucosa saliva 4. Dental DNA methods 5. Bite mark, rugae patterns and lip prints 6. Dental importance of poisons andcorrosives 7. Overview of forensic medicine andtoxicology
Practicals: I. Identification of Microscopic slides of various oral lesions 1. Pit &Fissure Caries 2. Smooth surface Caries 3. Dental caries - Liquefaction foci 4. Pulp polyp 5. Periapical granuloma - early cyst formation 6. Odontogenic keratocyst 7. Dentigerous cyst 8. Radicular cyst 9. Cholesterol clefts 10. Cholesterol crystals 11. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst 12. Mucocele 13. Hyperkeratosis 14. Leukoplakia 15. Carcinoma-in-Situ 16. Oral Submucous Fibrosis(H/E) 17. Oral Submucous Fibrosis(VG) 18. Papilloma 19. Fibroma 20. Lipoma 21. Capillary Hemangioma 22. Cavernous Hemangioma 23. Neurilemmoma 24. Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma 25. Moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma 26. Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma 27. Verrucous carcinoma 28. Malignant melanoma 29. Osteosarcoma 30. Pyogenic granuloma 31. Fibrous dysplasia 32. Ossifying fibroma 33. Osteomyelitis 34. Cancellous osteoma 35. Peripheral giant cell granuloma
112 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
36. Central giant cell granuloma 37. Ameloblastoma(follicular) 38. Ameloblastoma(plexiform) 39. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour 40. Cementifying fibroma 41. Cementoblastoma 42. Compound odontoma 43. Pleomorphic adenoma 44. Warthin’stumour 45. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 46. Adenoid cystic carcinoma(PAS) 47. Lichen planus 48. Pemphigus
Scheme of Examination
I. Theory : 100Marks
Contents Type of Questions and Marks Marks
I. Both questions from Oral Pathology Long answer (2 x 10 marks) 20 only
II. a) 4 questions on Oral Pathology Short answer (6 x 5 marks) 30 b) 2 questions on Oral Microbiology
A. Multiple choice questions (1 x 20 marks) 20
Total 70
II. Viva Voce : 20Marks
III. Internal Assessment : Theory - 10 Marks Practical – 10 Marks
IV. Practicals : 90 Marks Spotters (Total 15 spotters) 1. Specimen: Identification &Points in Support 5 x 6 = 30 Marks 2. Slides : Slides, diagrams, labeling & salient features (10 slides) 10 x 5 = 50 Marks 3. Record Book: 10 Marks
113 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Questions/terminologies in the question paper will be taken from recommended text books only.
Text Books Recommended:
Publ.’s Name Name of the Book Author Edn Yr of Publ. Place of Publ. 1. Oral pathology Regezi & W. B. Saunders clinical pathologic 2nd 1989 Scuba Co, USA correlation 2. Text book of Oral William G. S.B. Saunders Co. 8th 1993 pathology Shafer USA
Other suggested reading:
Publ.’s Name Name of the Book Author Edn Yr of Publ. Place of Publ. 1. Pathology of Churchill Tumors of the R.B.Lucas 3rd 1976 Livingstone, Oral tissues New York Blackwell 2. Immunology of Thomas 3rd 1980 Scientific Publ., Oral Disease Lehner Oxford
3. Oral & Nevill, Saunders, Maxillofacial Damm Allen, 2nd 2002 Pennsylvania Pathology Bouquot
4. Contemporary J. Philip Oral & Sapp Lewis 2nd 1997 Mosby, Missouri Maxillofacial R. Eversole Pathology
John Everson 5. Colour atlas of Mosby-Wolfe, & Crispian - 1995 Oral Pathology London Scully
S.R Prabhu 6. Oral Diseases in Oxford University Wilson, - 1993 the Tropics Press, Oxford Duftary
114 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
XVI. ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
Aims: 1. To train the students to diagnose the common disorders of oro-facial region by clinical examination and with the help of such investigations as may be required and medical management of oro-facial disorders with drugs and physical agents. 2. To train the students about the importance, role, use and techniques of radiographs/ digital radiograph and other imaging methods in diagnosis. 3. The principles of the clinical and radiographic aspects of Forensic Odontology.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of the applied anatomy of the face and oral cavity, the basic physiologic processes, pathologic processes and the basics of pharmacologic applications. CO2: Explain the etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation and management protocols of the common disorders of oral and para-oral structures. CO3: Explain the role of involvement of various systems in relation to Dentistry CO4: Discuss the diagnosis and diagnostic methods, its applications and limitations in Dentistry CO5: Explain the physics of dental radiology, biologic effects of radiation, radiation protection measures, principles of intra-oral and extra- oral radiography, imaging procedures and techniques, indications and limitations of dental radiography CO6: Outline the principles, clinical and radiographic aspects of Forensic odontology. CO7: Apply the knowledge of medico-legal aspects while handling patients in the dental clinic. CO8: Perform thorough physical examination of the various systems, including the stomatognathic system and identify its normal and abnormal functioning CO9: Diagnose and manage diseases affecting the oral and para-oral structures through evaluation of the patient’s dental and medical history, systemic examination and investigations of the oral and para-oral tissues. CO10: Explain the oral manifestations of systemic diseases. CO11: Communicate effectively and empathetically with patients and explain the disease process, treatment strategies and obtain informed consent. CO12: Illustrate the diagnostic basis for diseases and conditions in the oral and para-oral structures. CO13: Identify the normal conditions and pathologies on a dental radiograph CO14: Demonstrate a methodological approach and apply principles of radiographic interpretation in description of lesions. CO15: Operate imaging equipment, accessory devices and film processing equipments to produce quality intra-oral radiographs while incorporating appropriate radiation protection protocols. CO16: Manage patients with medically compromised conditions
115 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
CO17: Apply the principles of an evidence-based approach to learning, clinical and professional practice and decision making. CO18: Applying high moral and ethical standards while carrying out clinical and radiographic examinations CO19: Demonstrate clinical maturity with a professional attitude towards patients and colleagues CO20: Apply a research-oriented attitude through literature search and application of established evidence in management strategies
Total Teaching Hrs: Theory - 65 hrs The syllabus in Oral Medicine & Radiology is divided into two main parts. I). Diagnosis, Diagnostic methods and Oral Medicine and II) Oral Radiology. Again the part I) is subdivided into three sections. (A) Diagnostic methods (B) Diagnosis and differential diagnosis (C) Oral Medicine &Therapeutics.
Course Content 1. Emphasis should be laid on oral manifestations of systemic diseases and ill- effects of oral sepsis on general health. 2. To avoid confusion regarding which lesion and to what extent the student should learn and know, this elaborate syllabus is prepared. As certain lesions come under more than one group, there is repetition.
III BDS Oral Medicine:
Sl.No. Topic Hour
Introduction to oral medicine- Definition, Scope and Clinical 1 1 hr applications Principles of Oral diagnosis - Definitions. - Case history and components, Physical examination 2 methodologies 2 hrs - General - Extra oral and Neck - Intra oral Formulation of treatment plan Principles, Procedures, and Protocol for Asepsis, Sterilisation, 3 1 hr Infection control
4 Oral foci of infection and effects on general systemic health 1 hr
116 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5 Cervico-facial lymphadenopathy 1 hr
6 Teeth: Developmental abnormalities, discolouration of teeth 1 hr
7 Chair side investigations 1 hr
8 Pulp and periapical diseases and their sequelae 1 hr
9 Diagnosis of caries & periodontal disease 1 hr
III BDS Oral Radiology
1 Introduction to Oral Radiology, Definition and Scope 1 hr
2 Radiation physics - Production of x rays 1 hr
Radiographic equipment and accessories including image 1 hr 3 receptors
4 Properties of X rays and Electro physical factors 1 hr
5 Collimation and filtration 1 hr
6 Projection geometry 1 hr
7 Intraoral radiography-principle & technique 1 hr
8 Object localization 1 hr
9 Processing of X ray Films 1 hr
10 Radiographic artefact 1 hr
11 Normal radiographic anatomy of the jaws 1 hr
12 Principles of radiographic interpretation 1 hr
117 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IV BDS Oral Medicine
Investigations -Biopsy and Exfoliative cytology, 1 Hematological, 2 hrs Microbiological, Serological tests
2 White lesion of oral mucosa 2 hrs
3 Red lesions of oral mucosa 1 hr
4 Vesiculobullous lesions 2 hrs
5 Oral ulcers 1 hr
6 Disease of tongue 2 hrs
7 Oral manifestation of AIDS 1 hr
8 Orofacial pigmentation 1 hr
9 Disease of TMJ 2 hrs
10 Disease of salivary gland 2 hrs
11 Orofacial pain 2 hrs
12 Psychosomatic oral medicine 1 hr
13 Autoimmune diseases of oral cavity 1 hr
14 Oral precancerous lesion & condition 2 hrs
Oral Cancer- Etiology, epidemiology, screening, clinical 15 2 hrs features, staging, diagnosis, management
Forensic odontology-Medicolegal aspects of oro-facial 16 1 hr injuries
17 Age estimation 1 hr
Identification of cadavers by dental appliances, Restorations 18 1 hr and tissue remnants
19 Identification of bite marks, lip prints, palatal rugae 1 hr
20 Management of medical emergencies 2 hrs
21 Bleeding and clotting disorders 1 hr
118 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IV BDS Oral Radiology
Radiographic interpretation and diagnosis of caries & 1 1 hr periodontitis
2 Periapical radioopacities and Periapical radiolucency 2 hrs
3 Biologic effect of radiation 2 hrs
4 Radiation protection 1 hr
5 Fibro osseous disease 1 hr
6 Units of radiation & dosimetry 1 hr
7 Radiographic features of systemic diseases 1 hr
8 Radiographic features of osteodystrophies 1 hr
9 Extra oral radiography 1 hr
10 Imaging of Temporomandibular joint 1 hr
11 Imaging of paranasal sinuses 1 hr
12 Trauma radiology 1 hr
13 Digital radiography 1 hr
14 Basics of USG, CT, MRI 1 hr
15 Panoramic radiography 1 hr
16 Nuclear imaging, cephalometric radiography 1 hr
Practicals/Clinicals: Total hrs: 170 hrs 1. Student is trained to arrive at proper diagnosis by following a scientific and systematic procedure of history taking and examination of the orofacial region. Training is also imparted in management wherever possible.Training also shall be imparted on saliva diagnostic procedures. Training also shall be imparted in various radiographic procedures and interpretation of radiographs. 2. In view of the above each student shall maintain a record of work done, which shall be evaluated for marks at the time of university examination 3. The following is the minimum of prescribed work for recording (a) Recording of detailed case histories of 10 interesting cases and 30 routine cases (b) Intra-oral radiographs (Periapical, bitewing, occlusal):25 (c) Saliva diagnostic check as routine procedure
119 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
4. Discussion of Clinical and radiographic spotters 5. Demonstration of radiographic accessories 6. Demonstration of Cone Beam Computed Tomography will be given along with discussion of its applications in Dentistry
Scheme of Examination I. Theory : 100Marks A. Written Exam : 70marks B. Viva Voce : 20Marks C. Internal Assessment : 10 Marks
Types of Questions and marks
Type of Questions No. of questions and Marks Total Marks
I. Long answer questions 2 x 10 marks 20 II. Short answer 10 x 3 marks 30 III. Multiple choice questions 20 x 1 marks 20 (MCQ)
Total 70
II. Practical/Clinicals : 100Marks A. Case History and Chair side examination : 50Marks B. Radiology : 30Marks C. Record Book : 10Marks D. Internal Assessment : 10Marks
Books Recommended: A. Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine &Oral Pathology 1. Burkit - Oral Medicine - J.B. Lippincott Company 2. Coleman - Principles of Oral Diagnosis - Mosby Year Book 3. Oral Pathology -Shafers
B. Oral Radiology 1. White & Pharoah - Oral Radiology - Mosby yearBook 2. Wood and Goaz — Differential Diagnosis in Oral Medicine
C. Forensic Odontology 1. Derek H.Clark-Practical Forensic Odontology-Butterworth- Heinemann(1992) 2. C Michael Bowers, Gary Bell-Manual of Forensic Odontology- Forensic Pr(1995)
120 Regulations and Curriculum – BDS
XVII. ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
Course Objective Undergraduate Programme in Orthodontics is designed to enable the qualifying Dental Surgeon to diagnose, analyze and treat common orthodontic problems by preventive, interceptive and corrective orthodontic procedures. The training programme in Orthodontics is to structure and achieve the following objectives:
Knowledge: • The dynamic interaction of biologic processes and mechanical forces acting on the stomatognathic system during orthodontic treatment • The etiology, patho-physiology, diagnosis and treatment planning of various common Orthodontic problems • Various treatment modalities in Orthodontics: preventive, interceptive and corrective. • Basic Sciences relevant to the practice of Orthodontics. • Interaction of social, cultural, economic, genetic and environmental factors and their relevance to management of oro - facial deformities. • Factors affecting the long-range stability of orthodontic correction and their management • Personal hygiene and infection control, prevention of cross infection and safe disposal of hospital waste, keeping in view the high prevalence of Hepatitis and HIV and other highly contagious diseases.
Skills: • To obtain proper clinical history, methodical examination of the patient, perform essential diagnostic procedures, and interpret them and arrive at a reasonable diagnosis about the Dentofacial deformities. • To be competent to diagnose, analyze and treat common orthodontic problems by preventive, interceptive and corrective orthodontic procedures.
Attitudes: • Develop an attitude to adopt ethical principles in all aspects of Orthodontic practice. • Professional honesty and integrity are to be fostered • Treatment care is to be delivered irrespective of the social status, cast, creed or colleagues. • Willingness to share the knowledge and clinical experience with professional colleagues • Willingness to adopt, after a critical assessment, new methods and techniques of orthodontic management developed from time to time based on scientific research, which are in the best interest of the patient • Respect patients’ rights and privileges, including patients right to information and right to seek a second opinion • Develop attitude to seek opinion from allied medical and dental specialists as and when required
121 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Communication Skills: • Develop adequate communication skills particularly with the patients giving them the various options available to manage a particular Dentofacial problem and to obtain a true informed consent from them for the most appropriate treatment available at that point of time. • Develop the ability to communicate with professional colleagues, in Orthodontics or other specialties through various media like correspondence, Internet, e-video, conference, etc. To render the best possible treatment.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Explain the process of normal growth and development of dentition and associated craniofacial structures. CO2: Differentiate the abnormality /aberration in the growth process in dental, skeletal and soft tissues of the craniofacial region and discuss their clinical implications. CO3: Define Orthodontics and describe the development, etiology and progress of different types of malocclusions CO4: Diagnose the features and classify malocclusion through clinical examination and the use of appropriate diagnostic aids CO5: Explain different types of tooth movement, biological reactions involved and the Bio- mechanical principles of tooth movement CO6: Discuss the various materials and their uses in the fabrication of Orthodontic appliances. CO7: Describe the aims and objectives of Orthodontic treatment and design the treatment for various types of malocclusion including preventive, interceptive and corrective procedures. CO8: Identify and explain the concepts of growth modulation and appliances for correction of developing malocclusion CO9: Describe the principles of Surgical Orthodontics, Interdisciplinary Orthodontics. CO10: Recognise and recall the parameters involved in the treatment of adult orthodontic patients. CO11: Discuss the principles & guidelines for preventing the relapse of Orthodontic treatment and fabricate retention appliances CO12: Recognize the complexity of malocclusions and refer such cases to a specialist for higher level of care. CO13: Demonstrate the skills to make upper and lower dental arch impressions, prepare the study casts, perform model analyses and interpret the results. CO14: Demonstrate the skills to interpret the radiographic findings based on the appropriate analytical approach CO15: Design, fabricate and clinically manage different types of removable appliances for minor malocclusions. CO16: Demonstrate effective communication skills for interactions with patients as well as professional peers
122 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
CO17: Recognize the apprehension and psychological status of the patient/parents having Orthodontic problems CO18: Instill positive attitude and behavior in patients and parents regarding the need for Orthodontic intervention CO19: Employ cross-infection control measures in clinical practice. CO20: Practice the principles of Bio-ethics, Medico-legal aspects, public awareness and community health services. CO21: Demonstrate the application of recent advances in biomaterials, techniques and Technology CO22: Demonstrate the ability to acquire new knowledge/skills and upgrade existing knowledge/skills
The Orthodontic Curriculum (Theory, Clinicals and Practicals) will be spread over the III and the IV Year Part I of the BDS Course. Total Teaching Hrs -; Theory = 50hrs; Practicals/clinicals = l70 hrs The following basic instructional procedures will be adapted to achieve the above objectives. 1. Introduction, Definition, Historical Background, Aims and Objectives of Orthodontics and need for Orthodontic care.
2. Growth and Development: a. Definition b. Growth spurts and Differential growth c. Factors influencing growth and Development d. Methods of measuring growth e. Growth theories (Genetic, Sicher’s, Scott’s, Moss, Petrovic’s, Multifactorial) f. Genetic and epigenetic factors ingrowth g. Cephalo-caudal gradient ingrowth.
3. Morphologic Development of Craniofacial Structures a. Methods of bone growth b. Prenatal growth of craniofacial structures c. Postnatal growth and development of: cranial base, maxilla, mandible, dental arches and occlusion.
4. Functional Development of Dental Arches and Occlusion a. Factors influencing functional development of Dental arches and occlusion. b. Forces of occlusion c. Wolff’s law of transformation of bone d. Trajectories of forces
5. Clinical Application of Growth and Development
123 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
6. Malocclusion - In General a. Concept of normal occlusion b. Definition of malocclusion c. Description of different types of dental, skeletal and functional malocclusion.
7. Classification of Malocclusion Principle, description, advantages and disadvantages of classification of malocclusion by Angle, Simon, Lischer and Ackerman and Profit Systems
8. Normal and Abnormal Function of Stomatognathic System
9. Etiology of Malocclusion a. Definition, importance, classification, local and general etiological factors. b. Etiology of following types of malocclusion: 1) Midline diastema 2) Spacing 3) Crowding 4) Cross-Bite: Anterior/Posterior 5) Class III Malocclusion 6) Class II Malocclusion 7) Deep Bite 8) Open bite
10. Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids a. Definition, Importance and classification of diagnostic aids. b. Importance of case history and clinical examination in orthodontics c. Study Models: - Importance and uses - Preparation and preservation of study models. Model analysis: Pont’s, Ashley Howe’s, Bolton, Careys, Moyer’s Mixed Dentition Analysis d. Importance of intra-oral X-rays in orthodontics e. Panoramic radiographs: - Principles, Advantages, disadvantages and uses f. Cephalometrics: Its advantages, disadvantages, uses and limitations 1. Definition 2. Description and use of cephalostat 3. Description and uses of anatomical landmarks lines and angles used in cephalometric analysis 4. Analysis- Steiner’s, Down’s, Tweed’s, Ricket’s-E-line g. Electromyography and its use in orthodontics h. Hand-Wrist X-rays and its importance in Orthodontics
11. General Principles in Orthodontic Treatment Planning of Dental and Skeletal Malocciusions
124 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
12. Anchorage in Orthodontics-Definition, Classification, Types and Stability. Temporary anchorage devices. Introduction Classification Advantages and Disadvantages Indications and Contraindications Techniques
13. Biomechanical Principles in Orthodontic Tooth Movement a. Different types of tooth movements b. Tissue response to orthodontic force application c. Age factor in orthodontic tooth movement d. Methods of force application
14. Preventive Orthodontics Definition & Different procedures & limitations undertaken in preventive Orthodontics
15. Interceptive Orthodontics a. Definition b. Different procedures undertaken in interceptive orthodontics c. Serial extractions: Definition, indications, contra-indications, techniques, advantages and disadvantages. d. Role of muscle exercises as an interceptive procedure
16. Corrective Orthodontics a. Definition, factors to be considered during treatment planning b. Methods of gaining space in the arch:- Indications, relative merits and demerits of Proximal stripping, arch expansion and extractions c. Extractions in Orthodontics - indications and selection of teeth for extraction.
17. Orthodontic Appliances: General a. Requisites for Orthodontic appliances b. Classification, indications of Removable, Fixed and Functional Appliance c. Materials used in construction of various orthodontic appliances - use of stainless steel, technical considerations in curing of acrylic, Principles of welding and soldering, fluxes and anti-fluxes. d. Preliminary knowledge of acid etching and direct bonding.
I. Removable Orthodontic Appliances 1) Components of removable appliances 2) Different types of clasps and their uses 3) Different types of labial bows and their uses 4) Different types of springs and their uses
125 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5) Expansion appliances in orthodontics: i) Principles ii) Indications for arch expansion iii) Description of expansion appliances and different types and their uses. iv) Rapid maxillary expansion
II. Fixed Orthodontic Appliances 1) Definition, Indications & Contraindications 2) Component Parts and their Uses 3) Basic Principles of Different Techniques: Edgewise, Bag’s Straight Wire.
III. Extra-oral Appliances 1) Headgears 2) Chin cup 3) Reverse Pull Headgears
IV. Myofunctional Appliances 1) Definition and principles 2) Muscle exercises and their uses in orthodontics 3) Functional appliances: Activator, Oral screens, Frankel’s function regulator, Bionator, Twin block Appliance, Lip bumper and Inclined planes. 4) Fixed Functional Appliances Introduction Classification Advantages & Disadvantages Indications and Contra indications
18. Orthodontic Management of Cleft Lip and Palate
19. Principles of Surgical Orthodontics & Brief knowledge of correction of: a. Mandibular and Maxillary Prognathism and Retrognathism b. Skeletal anterior open bite and deep bite ; Cross bite, facial asymmetry
20. Adult Orthodontics Principles Indications and contraindications Treatment planning in Adult Orthodontics Retention in Adult Orthodontics
21. Principle, Differential Diagnosis & Methods of Treatment of: 1. Midline diastema, Crossbite; Openbite; Deepbite, Spacing, Crowding 2. Class II - Division 1, Division2 3. Class III Malocclusion - True and Pseudo ClassIII
126 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
22. Retention and Relapse Definition, Need for retention, Causes of relapse, Methods of retention, Different types of retention devices, Duration of retention, Theories of retention.
23. Ethics
Teaching Hours: Theory — Total 50 hours III BDS-20 Hours Introduction, definition, aims and objectives and scope of 1 1 hr orthodontics 2 Growth and Development 4 hrs
3 Development of dentition and occlusion 2 hrs
4 Diagnostic Aids 4 hrs
7 Habits 1 hr
8 Genetics 1 hr
9 Serial extraction and space maintainers and space regainers 1 hr
10 Materials used in Orthodontics 1 hr
11 Welding and Soldering 1 hr
IV BDS Part 1-30 Hours
12 Biomechanics 3 hrs
13 Anchorage 3 hrs
14 Retention and Relapse 3 hrs
15 Methods of gaining space and extraction in orthodontics 3 hrs
16 Cleft Lip and cleft palate 3 hrs
17 Functional Appliances 4 hrs
18 Introduction to fixed appliance 3 hrs
19 Surgical Orthodontics 3 hrs
20 Treatment Planning 3 hrs
21 Computers in Orthodontics 2 hrs
127 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
III BDS - 80 Hours 1. Basic wire bending exercises 2. Clasps- a. “C” Clasps on molars, (One with mesial tag, one with distal tag) b. Jackson’s clasps onmolar c. Triangular clasps d. Adam’s clasp on molar e. Adam’s clasp on incisor f. Adam’s clasp on premolar
3. Springs a. Finger spring b. Single cantilever spring c. Double cantilever spring d. Cantilever spring with guard (1Modification) e. Springs for mesial movement with guard f. Spring for distal movement g. Single closed loop spring h. Double closed loop spring
4. Canine retractor a. Helical canine retractor b. Buccal canine retractor c. U-loop canine retractor d. Palatal canine retractor
5. Bows a. Short labial bow b. Long labial bow c. Robert’s retractor d. Begg’stype e. Labial bow with reverse loops
Clinical Training during III BDS: • Making of U/L impressions and Study model preparations • Model Analysis • Pont’s Analysis • Ashley Howe’s Analysis • Carey’s Analysis • Bolton’s Analysis • Moyer’s Mixed Dentition Analysis
128 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Clinical Training during IV BDS Part I - 90 Hours: 1) Presentation of 5 Clinical Cases with 1. Detailed Case History 2. Clinical Examination 3. Model Analysis 4. Space Analysis 5. Diagnosis 6. Treatment Objectives 7. Treatment Plan 8. Design of Appliance
2) Cephalometric Tracing • Down’s Analysis • Tweed’s Analysis • Steiner’s Analysis
3) Demonstration of Soldering and welding 4) Appliance Design and fabrication 5) Group discussion of any one topic to be presented by each student on rotation
Overall distribution of marks for theory paper (Weightage)
Topic Type of questions Marks
Two questions as indicated in topic Long answer question (LAQ) 20 wise distribution 2 questions x 10 marks
Ten questions as indicated in topic Short answer question (SAQ) 30 wise distribution 10 questions x 3 marks
20 questions equally selected from Multiple choice questions 20 entire syllabus as indicated in topic (MCQ’s) wise distribution 20 questions x 1 mark
Scheme of Examination: I. Theory—100 Marks A. University Written Exam :70 Marks B. VivaVoce :20 Marks C. Internal Assessment :10 Marks
129 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Type of Questions No. of Questions and Marks Marks
Long answer 2 x 10 marks 20
Short answer 10 x 3 marks 30 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 20 x 1 mark 20
Total 70
II. Practicals / Clinicals -100Marks A. University Exam: 80Marks i. Clinical exam: 25marks ii. Spotters: 30marks iii. Wire bending Exercise: 25marks B. Internal Assessment : 10Marks C. Record book: 10marks
Recommended Text Books and Reference Books
SI. No Title of the Book Author Publication
Orthodontics: Current 1 Principles & T.M. Graber Mosby Techniques Year Book 2 Handbook of Orthodontics Robert E Moyers Medical Pub. Orthodontics for Dental T.C. White J.H. 3 Macmillan Ind. Students Gardiner Removable Orthodontic C. Philip Adams Varghese Pub. 4 Appliances W. John S. Kerr House.
5 Contemporary Orthodontics William R Proffit Elsevier
130 Regulations and Curriculum – BDS
XVIII. PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY
Total teaching Hrs; Theory: 60 hrs. Clinicals/Practicals: 200 hrs
Goal: To prevent and control Oral Diseases and promote Oral Health through organized community efforts.
Knowledge: At the conclusion of the course, the student shall have knowledge of the basics of Public Health, Preventive Dentistry, Public Health problems in India, Nutrition, Environment and their role in health, basics of Dental Statistics, Epidemiological Methods, National Oral Health policy.
Skill and Attitude: At the conclusion of the course, the students shall acquire the skill of identifying health problems affecting the society, conducting health surveys, conducting health education classes and deciding health strategies.Students should develop a positive attitude towards the problems of the society and must take responsibilities in providing health.
Communication abilities: At the conclusion of the course, the student should be able to communicate the needs of the community efficiently, inform the society of all the recent methodologies in preventing the disease.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course students will be able to... CO1: Elicit case history, perform Clinical Examination to arrive at a diagnosis using appropriate diagnostic aids and provide comprehensive Oral health care to the patients with strict adherence to the Infection control protocol. CO2: Identify Community health/ Oral Health Problems using the knowledge of Epidemiology and indices to arrive at Community Diagnosis and communicate the findings to the community. CO3: Plan, implement and evaluate appropriate Community Oral Health Programs for Promotion of Oral Health and Prevention of Oral disease at the Community level for various target groups including school children. CO4: Develop Health Education aids and impart Health Education using appropriate methods to various target groups. CO5: Identify health systems and health policies for delivery of health care services in India and advocate the need for Oral health policy. CO6: Develop communication and administration skills to coordinate between appropriate manpower and resources for delivery of Health/ Oral health care. CO7: Sensitize the community towards the various payment plans and Public Health/Oral Health Programs in place for availing health/Oral HealthServices.
131 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
CO8: Communicate Environmental Health Hazards and associated Health Outcomes to the Community, Stakeholders and Professional audience CO9: Adopt practices to prevent Occupational hazards associated with the practiceof Dentistry CO10: Identify and manage Medico legal issues in the practice of Dentistry CO11: Adopt and apply ethical and Moral Standards while carrying out Epidemiological Researches, Community Oral Health Activities CO12: Display competency and work efficiently in a 'Team Approach' CO13: Respect patient’s rights and Privileges including Patient’s right to information and right to seek a second opinion. CO14: Strive to maintain the highest professional dignity and honor by adhering to the guidelines and values setup by the governing bodies of the profession
1. Introduction to Dentistry: Definition of Dentistry, History of Dentistry, Scope, Aims and Objectives of Dentistry, Introduction to Public Health Dentistry.
2. Public Health: i) Health & Disease: - Concepts, Philosophy, Definition and Characteristics. ii) Public Health:-Definition & Concepts, History of Public Health. iii) General Epidemiology: - Definition, Objectives, Epidemiological Principles and methods. iv) Environmental Health:- Concepts, Principles, Protection, Sources, Purification of Water, Environmental Sanitation, Disposal of waste and role in mass disaster. v) Health Education:- Definition, Concepts, Principles, Methods, and Health Education Aids vi) Public Health Administration - Priority, Establishment, Manpower, Private practice management, Hospital management. vii) Ethics and Jurisprudence: Professional liabilities, negligence, malpractice, consents, evidence, contracts and method of identification in Forensic Dentistry. viii) Nutrition in Oral Health and Diseases ix) Behavioural Sciences: Definition of Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology and their relevance in dental practice and community, Child Psychology, Behaviour management. x) Health Care Delivery System: Centre and State, Oral Health Policy, Primary Health Care, National Health Programmes, Health Organizations.
3. Dental Public Health: a. Definition and difference between community and clinical practice. b. Epidemiology of dental diseases: - Dental Caries, Periodontal Diseases, Malocclusion, Dental Fluorosis and Oral Cancer. c. Survey Procedures: Planning, implementation and evaluation, WHO Oral Health Survey Methods 1997, Indices for dental diseases.
132 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
d. Delivery of Dental Care: Dental auxiliaries, operational and non- operational, Incremental and Comprehensive health care, School Dental Health. e. Payments for dental care: Methods of payments and dental insurance, government plans. f. Dentists Act 1948 with amendment, Dental Council of India and State Dental Councils, Composition and responsibilities, Indian Dental Association, Head Office, State and local branches. g. Preventive Dentistry: Definition, Levels, role of individual, community and professionals, fluorides in Dentistry, plaque control programmes. h. Pit & Fissure sealants, ART, Dental caries vaccine, Caries activity tests.
4. Research Methodology and Dental Statistics a. Health Information:- Basic knowledge of Computers, MS office, Window 2000, Statistical programmes. b. Research Methodology:-Definition, Types of research, Designing a written protocol. c. Bio-Statistics:- Introduction, collection of data, presentation of data, Measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion,Tests of significance, Sampling and sampling techniques-types, errors, bias, blind trials and calibration.
5. Dental Practice Management a. Place and locality b. Premises and layout c. Selection of equipments d. Maintenance of records/accounts/audit
Practicals/Clinical /Field Programme in Public Health Dentistry: These exercises are designed to help the IV year students to: 1. Understand the community aspects of Dentistry. 2. Take up leadership role in solving community oral health program.
Exercises: a) Collection of statistical data (demographic) on population in India, birth rates, morbidity and mortality, literacy, per capita income. b) Incidence and prevalence of common oral diseases like Dental Caries, Periodontal Disease, Oral Cancer, Fluorosis at National and International levels. c) Preparation of oral health education material- posters, models slides, lectures, plays, acting/ skits etc. d) Oral health status assessment of the community using indices and WHO basic oral health survey methods. e) Exploring and planning, setting of private dental clinics in rural, semi urban and urban locations, availment of finances for dental practicespreparing project report. f) Visit to primary health centre-to acquaint with activities and primary health care delivery. g) Visit to Water Purification Plant/Public Health Laboratory/ centre for treatment of waste and sewage water.
133 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS h) Visit to schools- To assess the Oral Health Status of School Children, emergency treatment and health education including possible preventive care at school (tooth brushing technique demonstration and oral rinse programetc) i) Visit to institution for the care of handicapped, physically, mentally, or medically, compromised patients. j) Preventive Dentistry: In the Department, application of pit and fissure sealants, Fluoride gel application procedure, A.R.T, Comprehensive health for 5 patients (at least 2 patients).
The college is encouraged to involve in the N.S.S. program for college students for carrying out social work in rural areas.
Programme in Public Health Dentistry: 1. At the college: Students are posted to the Department to get training in Dental Practice Management a) Total oral health care approach- In order to enhance the skills of the new graduates in diagnosis, treatment planning, cost of treatment, prevention of oral diseases providing treatment on schedule, recall, maintenance of records etc- at least 10 patients (both children and adults of all types, posting for at least one month). b) The practice of chair side Preventive Dentistry including Oral Health Education.
2. At the Community Oral Health Care Centre (Adopted by the Dental College in Rural Areas) Graduates are posted for at least one month to familiarize in: a) Survey methods, Analysis and presentation of Oral Health Assessment of school children and community independently using WHO basic Oral Health survey methods. b) Participation in rural Oral Health Education Programmes. c) Stay in the village to understand the problems and life in rural areas.
3. Desirable: Learning use of computers- at least basic program.
Examination pattern I. Case History with any relevant index a) Oral hygiene index simplified - Green and Vermillion b) Silness and Loe index for plaque c) Leo and Silness index for Gingiva d) CPI e) DMF: T and S, df: t ands f) Dean’s fluorosis index
II. Health Education 1. Make one — Audio visual aid 2. Deliver a health talk
134 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
III. Practical work 1. Pit and Fissure Sealant Application 2. Topical Fluoride Application
Teaching Programme - IVBDS Part I
Topics Hours
Introduction of Public Health Dentistry — Aims, Objectives & functions 1 hr
Man and Medicine 1 hr
Waste Disposal 1 hr
Public Health — Concept of Health & Diseases 2 hrs
Health Education and Health Promotion 2 hrs
Health Care Delivery System 2 hrs
Environment & Health 4 hrs
Voluntary Health Organization 1 hr
Social Science & Dentistry 1 hr
Health Agencies Around the World 1 hr
National Health Programmes 1 hr
Epidemiology — Principles & Methods, Emporiatrics 3 hrs
Research Methodology and Biostatistics 2 hrs
Epidemiology of Dental Caries 2 hrs
Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases 1 hr
Indices for periodontal diseases 1 hr
Dental Auxiliary 2 hrs
IDA & DCI 1 hr
Finance in Dentistry 2 hrs
Dental Ethics and Jurisprudence 1 hr
Survey Procedures 2 hrs
135 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Planning & Evaluation 2 hrs
COPRA 1 hr
Levels of Prevention 1 hr
Dentist Act of India 1 hr
Epidemiology of Oral Cancer 1 hr
Epidemiology of Malocclusion 1 hr
Occupational Hazards & Infection Control 2 hrs
Establishing & Managing Dental Office 1 hr
WHO Oral Health Assesment form 1 hr
Indices for Dental Fluorosis 1 hr
National Oral Health Policy 1 hr
Nutrition in Oral Health and Disease 1 hr
Pit and Fissure Sealants 1 hr
ART 1 hr
Fluorides 4 hrs
Dental Caries vaccine 1 hr
School Dental Health Programs 1 hr
Child Psychology 3 hrs
Behavior Management 2 hrs
Caries Activity Tests 1 hr
Plaque Control 2 hrs
Screening 1hr
Mechanical and Chemical Plaque Control 1hr
136 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Scheme of Examination - I. Theory: 100 marks A. Written Paper 70 marks B. Internal Assessment 10 marks C. Viva Voce 20 marks
Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions
Particulars No. of Questions Marks
Long answer 2 x 10 Marks 20
Short answer 10 x 3 Marks 30
MCQ’S (any Topic) 20 x 1 Mark 20
Total 70
Long answer type:
SI. No. Topics 1 Introduction of Public Health Dentistry
2 Man and Medicine
3 Waste Disposal
4 Public Health - Concept of Health & Diseases
5 Health Education
6 Health Care Delivery System
7 Environment & Health
8 Voluntary Health Organization
9 Social Science&Dentistry
10 Health Agencies around the World
11 National Health Programmes
12 Epidemiology - Principles & Methods
13 Research Methodology
137 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
14 Dental Auxiliary
15 Public Health - Concept of Health & Diseases
16 Finance in Dentistry
17 Health Education
18 Dental Ethics and Jurisprudence
19 Environment & Health
20 Survey Procedures
21 COPRA
22 Social Science &Dentistry
23 Levels of Prevention
24 Epidemiology of Oral Cancer
25 Epidemiology - Principles & Methods
26 National Oral Health Policy
27 Pit and Fissure Sealants
28 Fluorides
29 School Dental Health Programs
30 Behavior Management
31 Caries Activity Tests
32 Plaque Control
Short answer type:
SI. No. Topics
1 Introduction of Public Health Dentistry - Aims, Objectives & Functions 2 Man and Medicine
3 Indices for Periodontal Diseases
4 Waste Disposal
138 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5 IDA & DCI
6 Public Health — Concept of Health & Diseases
7 Finance in Dentistry
8 Health care delivery system
9 Voluntary Health Organization
10 Planning & Evaluation
11 COPRA
12 Health Agencies around the World
13 Dentists Act of India
14 National Health Programmes
15 Epidemiology of Malocclusion
16 Occupational Hazards & Infection Control
17 Establishing & Managing Dental Office
18 WHO Oral Health Assesment form
19 Indices for Dental Fluorosis
20 Nutrition in Oral Health and Disease
21 Research Methodology and Biostatistics
22 Pit and Fissure Sealants
23 ART
24 Fluorides
25 Dental Caries Vaccine
26 School Dental Health Programs
27 Child Psychology
28 Behavior Management
29 Caries Activity Tests
139 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
II. Practicals: Total marks:100 A. Clinical Exercises 80 marks B. Internal assessment 10 marks C. Record Book 10 marks
Practical Particulars Marks Case History 30 Index 1 15 Index 2 15 Preventive Procedure 10 Health Talk 10 Total 80
Books Recommended & Reference: 1. Dentistry Dental practice and Community by David F. Striffler and Brian A. Burt, Edn, - 1983, W.B. Saunders Company 2. Principles of Dental Public Health by James Morse Dunning, IV Edition, 1986, Harvard University press 3. Dental Public Health and Community Dentistry Ed by Anthony Jong, Publication by the C.V. Mosby company1981 4. Community Oral Health — A system approach by Patricia P. Cormier and Joyce I. Levy published by Appleton-Century- Crofts/New York,1981 5. Community Dentistry — A problem oriented approach by P.C. Dental Hand book seriesVol.8 by Stephen L.Silverman and Ames F.Tryon, Series editor —Alvin F. Gardner, PSG Publishing company Inc. Littleton Massachuseltts, 1980 6. Dental Public Health- An introduction to community Dentistry, Edited by GeoffreyL.slackand Brain Burt, Published by JohnWrigth and sons Bristol, 1980 7. Oral Health Surveys- Basic Methods, edition, 1997, published by WHO Geneva Available at the regional office New Delhi 8. Preventive Medicine and Hygiene — By Maxcy and Rosenau, Published by Appleton century crofts,1986 9. Preventive Dentistry —by J.O. Forrest published by John Wright and sons Bristol,1980 10. Preventive Dentistry by Murray,1997 11. Text book of Preventive and social Medicine by Park and Park, 24thedition 12. Essentials of Public Health Dentistry by Dr. Soben Peter, 6thedition 13. Introduction to Bio-statistics by B.K.Mahajan 14. Research methodology and Bio-Statistics 15. Introduction to statistical methods by Grewal 16. Textbook of Public Health Dentistry by S S Hremath. 3rd Edition 17. A textbook of Public health Dentistry by CM Marya, 1st Edition 18. A Practical Manual of Public Health Dentistry by CM Marya, 2nd Edition
140 Regulations and Curriculum – BDS
XIX. PERIODONTOLOGY
Knowledge: • To have adequate knowledge and understanding of the etiology, patho- physiology, diagnosis & treatment planning of various periodontal problems. • To have understood the periodontal surgical principles like pre and post surgical management of periodontal diseases. • Able to identify social, cultural, economic, genetic, environmental factors and their relevance to disease process management in the periodontal problems. • Essential knowledge of personal hygiene and infection control, prevention of cross infection and safe disposal of hospital waste keeping in view the high prevalence of infectious disease
Skills: • To obtain proper clinical history, examination of the patient, perform diagnostic procedures and order essential laboratory tests and interpret them and to arrive at a provisional diagnosis about the periodontal condition. • To perform with competence various periodontal surgical procedures. To treat both surgically and non- surgically the various periodontal diseases.
Attitude: • Periodontal surgical care is to be delivered irrespective of the social status, caste, creed or religion of the patient. • Willing to share the knowledge and clinical experience with professional colleagues. • Willing to adopt new techniques of periodontal surgical management developed from time to time, based on scientific research which is in the best interest of the patient. • Respect patient right and privileges, including patients right to information and right to seek a second opinion. • Develop attitude to seek opinion from an allied medical and dental specialists as and when required.
Communicative Skills and Ability: • Develop adequate communication skills particularly with the patients giving them the various options available to manage a particular periodontal surgical problem and obtain a true informed consent from them for the most appropriate treatment available at that point of time. • Develop the ability to communicate with professional colleagues. • Develop ability to teach undergraduates, present seminars and develop leadership skills.
141 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Describe the diverse anatomic and microscopic features of the periodontium and the interrelated functional aspects. CO1: Explain the etio-pathogenesis of periodontal/peri-implant diseases. CO2: Demonstrate the ability to recognise and diagnose the various forms of periodontal/peri- implant diseases. CO3: Apply the appropriate diagnostic technique to diagnose periodontal diseases. CO4: Identify, plan and execute non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment procedures based on current scientific evidence to treat systemically healthy and systemically compromised patients. CO5: Communicate and demonstrate appropriate measures in the prevention of periodontal diseases. CO6: Analyse the role of inter-disciplinary approaches in periodontal/peri-implant therapy. CO7: Inculcate a sense of social responsibility and capability to deliver periodontal healthcare to the underprivileged sections of the society
Teaching hours: Theory 80 hours
SI. No. Topic Expected to know Hours
01 Introduction Definition of Periodontology, Periodontics 1 Periodontia. Brief historical background and Scope of Periodontics 02 Normal In detail 4 Periodontium • Development of Periodontal tissue, • Micro-structural anatomy and biology of periodontal tissues, • Gingiva, periodontal ligament, Cementum and alveolar bone 03 Defense mechanism • Role of Epithelium 1 in the oral cavity • Gingival Crevicular fluid • Saliva • Other defense mechanisms in the oral environment 04 Age changes in teeth Age changes in periodontal structures & their 1 and Periodontium significance in periodontal diseases. Geriatric Dentistry
142 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
05 Classification of • Need for classification 1 Periodontal diseases • Scientific basis of classification. • Classification of gingival and Periodontal diseases as described in World Workshop1999 • Drawbacks of the earlier classification 06 Epidemiology of • Definition of index, Incidence, Prevalence, 2 Periodontal disease endemic, epidemic and pandemic. • Classification of indices. (Irreversible & reversible) • Deficiencies of earlier indices used in Periodontics detailed understanding of Sillness & Loe Plaque index, Loe and S illness gingival index, CPITN &CPI. • Prevalence of periodontal diseases in India and Other countries. Public Health significance 07 Diagnosis • Routine procedures, methods of probing 4 types of probes. (According to case history format) • Halitosis- Etiology and treatment. • Advanced Diagnostic Aids 08 Periodontal • Classification of periodontal instruments 2 instrumentation • principles of periodontal instrumentation • Sonic &ultrasonic instrumentation
143 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
09 Etiology • Dental Plaque (Bioflim) Definition, Types, 9 Periodontal composition; diseases • Formation: Bacterial colonization, Growth& maturation, • Role of dental plaque in Periodontal disease. Plaque microorganisms in detail Bacteria associated with periodontal diseases. Plaque retentive factors, Materia alba, Food debris, • Disclosing agents. • Calculus: Definition (Types, composition, attachment, theories of formation) Role of Dental calculus in disease. • Food impaction: Definition, Types, Etiology, Hirschfelds classification, Signs, symptoms and Treatment. • Trauma from occlusion-Definition, Types, Histo pathological changes. Role of trauma from occlusion in periodontal disease. Measures of Management, in brief. • Habits-their Periodontal significance. Bruxism & parafunctional habits, Tongue thrusting, mouth breathing, lipbiting, occupational habits. • Latrogenic factors. Conservative Dentistry- Restorations. Contact point, marginal ridge, surface roughness, overhanging restorations, interface between restoration and teeth. Prosthodontic Interrelationship-Bridges and other prosthesis, Pontics (types), surface contour, relationship of margins to the Periodontium
(Theories) Gingival protection theory, muscle action theory, theory of access to oral hygiene. Orthodontics - Interrelation removable appliance, fixed appliance Retention of plaque, bacterial changes. • Systemic diseases- Diabetes, Sex hormones, Nutrition (Vitamin C & Proteins) AIDS (HIV) and periodontium, Hemorrhagic disease, Leukemia, Clotting factor disorder. Platelet disorders. PMN disorders
144 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
10 Host Response • Mechanism of initiation & progression of 4 Periodontal disease, • Basic concepts of immunology and inflammation, Defense cells, Mast cells, Neutrophils, macrophages, Lymphocytes, Immunoglobulins, complement, Immune Mechanisms and Cytokines in brief. • Stages in gingivitis - Initial, early established, advanced Periodontal disease activity continuous paradigm, random burst and asynchronous multiple burst hypothesis
11 Gingival Diseases • Localized & generalized gingivitis. Papillary, 4 marginal and diffused gingivitis. • Etiology, pathogenesis clinical signs, symptoms and management of-Plaque- associated gingivitis. Systemically aggravated gingivitis (Sex hormones, Drugs and systemic diseases) Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis • Desquamative gingivitis associated with Lichen planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus and other Vesiculo-bullous lesions. • Allergic gingivitis • Infective gingivitis — Herpetic, bacterial and candidial and pericoronitis. • Gingival enlargement (Classification and differential diagnosis)
12 Extension of 1 • Mechanism of spread of Inflammation from inflammation from gingival area to deeper periodontal structures. gingiva • Factors that modify the spread
13 Periodontal Pocket Definition, signs & symptoms Classification, 2 Pathogenesis& histopathology, Root surface changes and contents of the pocket.
14 Risk Factors • Definition, Risk factors for 1 periodontal diseases, • Risk assessment, • Genetic & Environmental risk factors
145 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
15 Periodontitis • Etiology, Histopathology, Clinical signs & 6 symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of Chronic periodontitis • Periodontal abscess • Classification, Pathogenesis, Differential diagnosis and treatment of Furcation involvement Glickman‘s Classification, prognosis and management. • Aggressive Periodontitis associated with Systemic diseases, Refractory periodontitis.
16 Prognosis Definition, types, purpose and factors taken into 1 consideration
17 Treatment plan Factors to be considered 1
18 Periodontal treatment • Different systemic conditions and their effects 2 of medically on the periodontium. compromised • Management of patients with the various Patients systemic diseases/condition • Periodontal therapy in female patients (Pregnancy, Puberty, Menopause, Hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives
19 Periodontal therapy • General principles of periodontal therapy. 6 Phase I, II, III, IV therapy. • Definition of periodontal regeneration, repair, new attachment, re-attachment. Plaque control a) Mechanical - Tooth brushes, Inter-dental cleansing aids, Dentifrices
b) Chemical - Classification and Mechanism of action of each, Pocket irrigation. 20 Pocket eradication • Scaling and root planing procedures 6 Indications, Aims and Objectives. Armamentarium — and procedure, healing following root planing. • Curettage and present concepts- Definition, Indication Aims and Objectives Procedures and Healing • Gingivectomy, Gingivoplasty including crown lengthening procedure-Definition Indication and contra indication Armamentarium, Procedure and healing. • Flap Surgery Definition of flap; Types of flap (Design of flap— papilla preservation) Pocket eradication, Indications, armamentarium, surgical procedure and healing
146 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
21 Osseous surgery • Osseous defects in periodontal 3 disease Definition; Classification of osseous defect and surgery. Respective, additive osseous surgery (Osseous grafts, classification of grafts)healing; • Other regenerative procedures root conditioning. Guided tissue regeneration. 22 Mucogingival surgery • Definition; Mucogingival problems, 3 • Etiology & Classification of gingival recession (P.D.Miller Jr. and Sullivan and Atkins) • Indications, Objectives. • Gingival extension procedures lateral pedicle graft, free gingival graft, frenectomy and frenotomy, Crow lengthening procedures 23 Splints Periodontal splints - purpose, classification- 1 principles of splinting 24 Hypersensitivity 1 Causes, theories and management
25 Implants Definition, Types, Scope, biomaterials used. 1 • Periodontal considerations such as implant- tissue an implant-bone interface. • Implant failure • Peri-implantitis and management 26 Advanced Surgical 1 techniques Micro Surgery, Electro Surgery, Cryo Surgery, Laser
27 Pharmacotherapy • Periodontal dressing 2 • Antibiotic, anti inflammatory drug, local drug delivery 28 Supportive periodontal • Definition, Rationale. 1 therapy • Patient Classification • Factors affecting Supportive periodontal therapy • Implant maintenance 29 Endo Perio Lesions • Pulpo periodontal involvement 1 • Routes of Spread of infection • Simons Classification • Management 30 Periodontal Medicine Effect of Periodontal diseases on Cardiovascular 2 system, respiratory System, Diabetes mellitus, Pre-term low birth weight infants etc
147 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
31 Infection Control 1 Protocol Sterilization &various aseptic procedures
1 32 Ethics
33 Advanced treatment Lasers – Physics, types, applications in 1 Modalities in Periodontics Periodontal Therapy Photodynamic Therapy – Mechanism of action, Photosensitizers, Advantages and Disadvantages, Applications in treatment of Periodontal and Peri- implant therapy.
Tutorial (During Clinical Posting) 1. Infection control 2. Periodontal instruments 3. Chair position and principles of instrumentation, Maintenance of instruments 4. Diagnosis of periodontal disease and determination of prognosis 5. Radiographic interpretation and lab investigation 6. Motivation of patient — oral hygiene instructions
Desirable to Know 1. Histochemistry of periodontal tissues 2. Masticatory apparatus and functions 3. Immunology- current concepts of host response 4. Applied periodontal microbiology 5. Advanced diagnostic techniques 6. Regeneration
Clinical work and case discussion (III BDS & IV BDS Part I)
25 Detailed Case History And Discussion 50 Hours
50 Oral Prophylaxis 75 Hours
Demonstration of all Surgical Procedures 25 Hours
Maintenance Therapy 20 Hours
Total 170 Hours
Scheme of Examination I. Theory: 100Marks a. Written Paper : 70Marks b. VivaVoce: : 20Marks c. Internal Assessment : 10 marks
148 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
II. Practicals: : 100Marks a. Clinicals (Case history recording and scaling): 80Marks b. Record : 10marks c. Internal Assessment: 10 marks
Teaching hours: Theory 80 hours
Long Short Topic Expected to know MCQ answers answers Introduction Definition of Periodontology, No Yes Yes Periodontics Periodontia. Brief historical background and Scope of Periodontics Normal In detail Periodontium • Development of Periopdontal tissue, Yes Yes Yes • Microstructural anatomy and biologyof periodontal tissues, • Gingiva, periodontal ligament, Cementum and alveolar bone Defense • Role of Epithelium Yes Yes Yes mechanism in the • Gingival Crevicular fluid oral cavity • Saliva • Other defense mechanisms in the oral environment Age changes in Age changes in periodontal structures & Yes Yes Yes teeth and their significance in periodontal diseases. Periodontium geriatric Dentistry Classification of • Need for classification No Yes Yes Periodontal • Scientific basis of classification. diseases • Classification of gingival and Periodontal diseases as described in World Workshop 1999, • Drawbacks of the earlier classification Epidemiology of • Definition of index, Incidence, Yes Yes Yes Periodontal Prevalence, endemic, epidemic and disease pandemic. • Classification of indices. (Irreversible & reversible) • Deficiencies of earlier indices used in Periodontics Detailed understanding of Sillness & Loe Plaque index, Loe
149 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
and Sillness gingival index, CPITN &CPI. • Prevalence of periodontal diseases in India and Other countries. Public Health significance Diagnosis • Routine procedures, methods of Yes Yes Yes probing types of probes. (According to case history format) • Halitosis- Etiology and treatment. • Advanced Diagnostic Aids Periodontal • Classification of periodontal instruments Yes Yes Yes instrumentation • principles of periodontal instrumentation • Sonic &ultrasonic instrumentation Etiology of • Dental Plaque (Biofilm) Definition, Yes Yes Yes Periodontal diseases Types, composition; • Formation: Bacterial colonization, Growth & maturation, • Role of dental plaque in periodontal disease. Plaque microorganisms in detail Bacteria associated with periodontal diseases. Plaque retentive factors, Materia alba, Food debris, • Disclosing agents. • Calculus: Definition (Types, composition, attachment, theories of formation) Role of Dental calculus in disease. • Food impaction: Definition, Types, Etiology, Hirschfeld’s classification, Signs, symptoms &sequelae Treatment. • Trauma from occlusion-Definition, Types, Histopathological changes. Role of trauma from occlusion in periodontal disease. Measures of Management, in brief. • Habits -Their Periodontal significance. Bruxism & parafunctional habits, Tongue thrusting, mouth breathing, lip biting, occupational habits. • Iatrogenic factors. Conservative Dentistry- Restorations. Contact point, marginal ridge, surface roughness, overhanging restorations, interface between restoration and teeth. Prosthodontic Interrelationship-Bridges and other prosthesis, Pontics (types),surface contour, relationship of margins to the Periodontium (Theories) Gingival protection theory, muscle action theory, theory of access to oral hygiene. Orthodontics - Interrelation
150 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
removable appliance, fixed appliance Retention of plaque, bacterial changes. • Systemic diseases-Diabetes, Sex hormones, Nutrition (Vitamin C & Proteins) AIDS and periodontium, Hemorrhagic disease, Leukemia, Clotting factor disorder. Platelet disorders. PMN disorders Host Response • Mechanism of initiation & progression of Yes Yes Yes Periodontal disease, • Basic concepts of immunology and inflammation, Defense cells, Mast cells, Neutrophils, macrophages, Lymphocytes, Immunoglobulins, complement, Immune Mechanisms and Cytokines in brief. • Stages in gingivitis - Initial, early established, advanced Periodontal disease activity continuous paradigm, random burst and asynchronous multiple burst hypothesis. Gingival Diseases • Localised & generalized gingivitis. Yes Yes Yes Papillary, marginal and diffused gingivitis. • Etiology, pathogenesis clinical signs, symptoms and management of-Plaque- associated gingivitis. Systemically aggravated gingivitis (Sex hormones, Drugs and systemic diseases) Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis • Desquamative gingivitis associated with Lichen planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus and other Vesiculobullous lesions. • Allergic gingivitis • Infective gingivitis — Herpetic, bacterial and candidial and pericoronitis. • Gingival enlargement (Classification and differential diagnosis) Extension of • Mechanism of spread of Inflammation No Yes Yes inflammation from from gingival area to deeper periodontal gingiva structures. • Factors that modify the spread Periodontal Pocket Definition, signs & symptoms Yes Yes Yes Classification, Pathogenesis & histopathology, Root surface changes and contents of the pocket.
Risk Factors • Definition, Risk factors for periodontal Yes Yes Yes diseases, • Risk assessment, • Genetic & Environmental risk factors
151 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Periodontitis • Etiology, Histopathology, Clinical signs Yes Yes Yes & symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of Chronic periodontitis • Periodontal abscess • Classification, Pathogenesis, Differential diagnosis and treatment of Furcation involvement- Glickman’s Classification, prognosis and management. • Aggressive Periodontitis associated with Systemic diseases, Refractory periodontitis. Prognosis Definition, types, purpose and factors taken Yes Yes Yes into consideration Treatment plan Factors to be considered No Yes Yes
Periodontal • Different systemic conditions and their treatment of effects on the periodontium. medically • Management of patients with the various Yes Yes Yes compromised systemic diseases/condition Patients • Periodontal therapy in female patients (Pregnancy, Puberty, Menopause, Hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives Periodontal therapy • General principles of periodontal therapy. Phase I, II III, IV therapy. • Definition of periodontal regeneration, repair, new attachment, reattachment. Yes Yes Yes Plaque control • Mechanical - Tooth brushes, Inter- dental cleansing aids, Dentifrices • b) Chemical - Classification and Mechanism of action of each, Pocket irrigation. Pocket eradication • Scaling and root planing procedures Indications, Aims and Objectives. Armamentarium - and procedure healing following root planing. • Curettage and present concepts- Definition, Indication Aims and
Objectives Procedures and Healing Yes Yes Yes • Gingivectomy / Gingivoplasty including crown lengthening procedureDefinition Indication and contra indication Armamentarium, Procedure and healing. • Flap Surgery Definition of flap; Types of flap (Design of flap— papilla preservation) Pocket eradication, Indications, armamentarium, surgical procedure and healing
152 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Osseous surgery • Osseous defects in periodontal disease Definition; Classification of osseous defect and surgery. Resective, additive
osseous surgery (Osseous grafts, classification of grafts)-healing; Yes Yes Yes • Other regenerative procedures root conditioning. Guided tissue regeneration. Mucogingival • Definition; Mucogingival problems, surgery • Etiology & Classification of gingival recession (P.D.Miller Jr. and Sullivan Yes Yes Yes and Atkins) • Indications, Objectives. • Gingival extension procedures lateral pedicle graft, free gingival graft, frenectomy and frenotomy, Crown lengthening procedures Splints Periodontal splints - purpose, classification- principles of splinting No Yes Yes
Hyper sensitivity Causes, theories and management No Yes Yes
Implants • Definition, Types, Scope, biomaterials used. Yes Yes • Periodontal considerations such as implant-tissue and implant-bone interface. • Implant failure • Peri-implantitis and management Advanced Surgical Micro Surgery, Electro Surgery, Cryo techniques Surgery, Laser Yes Yes Yes
Pharmacotherapy • Periodontal dressing • Antibiotic, anti-inflammatory drug, Yes Yes Yes local drug delivery Supportive • Definition, Rationale. periodontal therapy • Patient Classification • Factors affecting Supportive Yes Yes Yes periodontal therapy • Implant maintenance Endo Perio Lesions • Pulpo periodontal involvement • Routes of Spread of infection • Simons Classification Yes Yes Yes • Management Periodontal Effect of Periodontal diseases on Medicine Cardiovascular system, respiratory System, Yes Yes Yes Diabetes mellitus, Pre-term low birth weight infants etc
153 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Infection Cont Sterilization & various aseptic procedures Protocol Yes Yes Yes
Ethics Dental Ethics No Yes Yes
Advanced Treatment Laser- Physics, types, applications in Modalities periodontics Yes Yes Yes
Type of Total Topics Questions Marks and Marks Gingiva, Periodontal ligament, Role of Occlusion and Periodontal Heath; Trauma from occlusion, Dental plaque & Calculus, Acute infections of Gingiva, Advanced diagnostic Aids, Prognosis & treatment plan, Periodontal Pockets, Long answer Classification of Periodontal Diseases, Diagnosis & 20 Prognosis, Surgical Periodontal Therapy 2 X 10 marks Gingivoplasty, Gingivectomy, Flap Surgeries, Resective & Regenerative Osseous surgery, Mucogingival surgery, Antibiotics and Anti- inflammatory Drugs.
Cementum , Alveolar Bone, Defense Mechanisms of Gingiva, Classification of Periodontal Disease, Plaque and its Hypothesis, Calculus , Plaque Control, Altered Leucocyte Function, Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis , Habits, Short answer AIDS and Periodontium, Mechanism of spread of infection , 30 Gingival and Periodontal indices 10 X 3 marks Furcation involvement , Gingival recession , Antibiotics in Periodontics, Host response , Rationale of periodontal Therapy, Implants, , Supportive Periodontal Therapy
Questions may be asked from all topics (MCQ) 20 X 1 mark 20 Total 70
Distribution of Topics and Type of questions:
Recommended Books
Year of SI. No Author Title Edition Publisher Publication
Standard Book Clinical Periodontology 1 3rd Elsevier 2019 Newman and South Asia Carranza Edition
154 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Reference Books
Newman and Clinical SB Saunders 1 13th 2018 Carranza Periodontology Company Clinical Jan Lindhe, Periodontology Munksgaurd 2 T.Karring, N.P. 6th 2015 & Implant Copenhagen Lang Dentistry Text Book of Dilip Nayak, Ashita Elsevier 3 Periodontology 2nd 2015 Upoor, Mahesh CP Publications & Implantology A All India Comprehensive Publishers 4 T R Gururaj Rao 3rd 2015 Textbook of and Periodontology Distributors Essentials of clinical Jaypee 5 Shantipriya Reddy 5th 2017 Periodontology Publishers & Periodontics
155 Regulations and Curriculum – BDS
XX. PROSTHODONTICS, CROWN & BRIDGE
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Apply basic and systemic medical Sciences on human anatomy, embryology, histology, applied in general and particularly to head and neck, Physiology & Biochemistry, Pathology and Microbiology, virology, health and diseases of various systems of the body (systemic) CO2: Apply basic and systemic medical Sciences in surgery and medicine, pharmacology, nutrition, behavioral Science, age changes, genetics, Immunology CO3: Apply basic and systemic medical Sciences in Congenital defects and syndrome and Anthropology, Bioengineering, Bio-medical and Biological Principle and applications to Dental material Science CO4: Diagnose and plan treatment for patients requiring a Prosthodontic therapy CO5: Interpret a radiograph and other investigations for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment plan CO6: Evaluate Tooth and tooth surface restorations, Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Removable partial denture Prosthodontics, Fixed Prosthodontics and maxillofacial and Craniofacial Prosthodontics, Implants and implant supported Prosthodontics, T.M.J, and Occlusion. Craniofacial esthetic, and biomaterials, craniofacial disorders, problems of psychogenic origin CO7: Revise on ethics, laws and Jurisprudence and forensic odontology in Prosthodontics CO8: Evaluate General health conditions and emergency as related to Prosthodontics treatment CO9: Identify social, cultural, economic, environmental, educational and emotional determinants of the patient and consider them in planning the treatment CO10: Identify cases, which are outside the area of his specialty/ competence and refer them to appropriate specialists. CO11: Analyse regarding case management involving surgical, interim treatment etc CO12: Acquire essential knowledge of personal hygiene, infection control, prevention of cross infection and safe disposal of waste, keeping in view the risks of transmission of Hepatitis and HIV CO13: Examine the patients requiring Prosthodontics therapy, investigate the patient systemically, analyze the investigation results, radiography, diagnose the ailment, plan a treatment, communicate it with the patient and execute it. CO14: Restore lost functions of Stomatognathic system namely mastication, speech, appearance and psychological comforts, by understanding biological, biomedical, bioengineering principles and systemic condition of the patient to provide a quality health care of the craniofacial region
156 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
CO15: Interact with other specialty including medical specialty for a planned team management of patients for a craniofacial and oral acquired and congenital defects, Temporomandibular joint syndromes, esthetics, Implant supported Prosthetics and problems of Psychogenic origin CO16: Perform clinical and Laboratory procedure with an understanding of biomaterials, tissue conditions related to the prosthesis and have competent dexterity and skill for performing clinical and laboratory procedures in fixed, removable, implant, maxillofacial, TMJ and esthetics Prosthodontics CO17: Perform Laboratory technique management based on skills and knowledge of Dental Materials and dental equipment and instrument management CO18: Adopt new methods and techniques in prosthodontics from time to time based on scientific research, which is in patient's best interest. CO19: Respect patient's rights and privileges including patient’s right to information and right to seek the second opinion CO20: Develop communication skills, in particular, to explain treatment option available in management CO21: Communicate in simple understandable language with the patient and explain the principles of Prosthodontics to the patient. He should be able to guide and counsel the patient with regard to various treatment modalities available CO22: Develop the ability to communicate with professional colleagues through various media like Internet, e-mail, video conference, and etc. to render the best possible treatment
It is suggested that the mentioned topics be dealt with whatever appropriate in the following order so as to cover — 1. Definition 2. Diagnosis [the particular situation, patient selection, treatment planning] 3. Types/classification 4. Materials 5. Methodology —lab/clinical 6. Advantages &disadvantages 7. Indications &contraindications 8. Maintenance phase
157 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Theory -110 Hours [III BDS -30 Hours, IVBDS Part I 20hrs; IV BDS Part II- 60 hrs] Complete Denture Prosthesis
SI. No. Topics Hours
1 Biomechanics of the edentulous state 2 • Mechanism of tooth support • Mechanism of complete denture support • Masticatory load • Mucosal support • Residual ridge • Psychological effects on retention • Functional and para-functional considerations • Occlusion • Functions — mastication &swallowing • Mandibular movements • Distribution of stresses to the denture supporting tissues • Changes on the morphological face height and the TMJ — face height centric relation • TMJ changes • Individual behavioural or adaptive response — cosmetic changes, dietary changes, adaptive & psychological changes, adaptive potential of the patient 2 Tissue response to complete denture prosthesis 1 • Soft tissue changes; Soft tissue hyperplasia • Denture stomatitis; Treatment of denture stomatitis; Denture sore 3 Effects of aging 1 • Oral changes • Mucosa and skin • Residual bone and the maxillo-mandibular relation • Disuse atrophy; Degenerative changes • Changes in the size of the basal seat • Tongue and taste • Salivary flow and nutritional impairment • Dietary problems • Psychological changes 4 Preparing the patient for complete denture prosthesis 1
158 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5 Diagnosis & treatment planning for patient with some 1 teeth remaining • Diagnostic procedures • History and records • Immediate complaints • Systemic evaluation • TMJ disorders • Intra-oral examination • Diagnostic cast • Inter-arch space problems • Radiographs &other investigations • Treatment plan - deciding whether to extract the remaining teeth, pre extraction record 6 Diagnosis of patient with no remaining teeth 1 • Examination charts and records • General observations affecting diagnosis - age, sex, occupation, ethnic, general health and nutrition, social training, patient complaints, gait, lip support, lip thickness, lip length, lip fullness, profile and contour of features, tone of the facial tissues, vertical face height • Radiographic examination - advantages of radiographic examination, and intra oral examination - color, resiliency and attachments of the mucosa, abrasions and ulcers, pathoses, maxillary basal seat, torus palatines, mandibular basal seat, arch size, ridge form, ridge relations , arch shape, sagittal profile of the residual ridge, shape of the palatal vault, relation of the hard and soft palate, muscular development, saliva, cheeks and lips, muscle tonus, muscular control, jaw movements, tongue size and position, throat form, gagging • Mental attitude and classification - House classification, application of House’s classification 7 Development of treatment plan 1 • Communication with the patient - nutrition care, nutritional needs and status of the elderly, impact of wearing dentures on dietary intake, calcium and bone health, vitamin supplementation, nutrition counseling 8 Identification and management of the patient with problems 1
159 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
9 Improving the patient’s denture foundation and ridge relations • Pre-Operative examination • Initial hard tissue and soft tissue procedure • Secondary hard tissue and soft tissue procedure • Non-surgical methods • Surgical methods • Congenital deformities • Post-Operative procedure 10 Articulators 1 • Articulators based on the theory of occlusion • Articulators based on the type of record used for their adjustments • Selection of Articulators for complete dentures 11 Principles of retention, support and stability 1 12 Impressions 2 • Muscles of facial expression • Biological considerations for maxillary and mandibular impression including anatomic landmarks and their interpretation • Objectives of impression making • Impression materials and Impression techniques • Maxillary and mandibular impression procedures— preliminary and final impressions • Laboratory steps involved with impression making [beading, boxing and cast preparation] 13 Record bases and occlusion rims 1 • Materials and techniques • Useful guidelines and ideal parameters • Recording and transferring bases and occlusion rims 14 Biological consideration in jaw relation and jaw movements 1 - craniomandibular relations • Mandibular movements • Maxillo-mandibular relation including vertical and horizontal jaw relations; Concept of occlusion 15 Relating the patient to the Articulator 1 • Face bow- types and uses • Face bow transfer procedure
160 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
16 Recording maxillomandibular relation 1 • Vertical relation • Centric relation records • Eccentric relation records • Lateral relation records 17 Tooth selection and arrangement 1 • Anterior teeth • Posterior teeth • Esthetic and functional harmony 18 Relating inclination of the teeth to concept of occlusion 1 • Neutro centric concept • Balanced occlusal concept 19 Trial dentures 1
20 Laboratory procedures 1 • Wax contouring • Investing of dentures • Preparation or mould • Preparing and packing acrylic resin • Processing of dentures • Recovery of dentures • Lab remount procedures • Finishing and polishing the complete dentures • Plaster cast for clinical denture remount procedure 21 Denture insertion 1 • Insertion procedures • Clinical errors • Correcting occlusal disharmony • Selective grinding procedures 22 Treating problems associated with denture use 1
23 Treating abused tissues 1
24 Relining and rebasing of dentures 1 • Treatment rationale • Diagnosis • Clinical procedure
161 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
25 Immediate complete denture construction procedure 1 • Indications & contraindications • Delayed and transitional dentures • Treatment planning • Clinical procedures • Subsequent service for immediate dentures 26 The single complete denture 1 • Maxillary single dentures • Clinical and laboratory procedure • Subsequent problems with single dentures against natural teeth • Mandibular single dentures • Supplemental prosthodontic procedures for the edentulous patient 27 Overdenture 1 • Indications & contraindications • Selection of abutment teeth • Clinical procedures 28 Dental implants in complete denture 1 • Maladaptive denture behaviour • Use of dental implants • Patient considerations • Tissue integration in the edentulous patient
Note: 3rd Year - Complete Denture Topics to be covered. 4th Year Part I - Basics of FPD/RPD Topics to be covered. 4th Year Part II - Remaining FPD/RPD Topics; Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Oral Implantalogy and Esthetics topics to be covered.
Removable Partial Denture Prosthesis
SI. No. Topics Hours
1 Introduction and scope 1 2 Classification 1 3 Examination, diagnosis and treatment planning 1 4 Components of removable partial denture 1 • Major connectors - Maxillary & Mandibular major connectors
162 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5 Minor connectors 1 • Functions; Form and location • Tissue stops 6 Rests and rest seats 1 • Interproximal occlusal rest seats • Internal rest seats • Incisal rests and rest seats • Lingual rests on canines and incisors • Possible movements of partial denture • Support for rests 7 Direct retainers 1 • Internal attachments • Extra-coronal direct retainers • Relative uniformity of retention • Criteria for selecting a given clasp design • Basic principles of clasp design • Designs of clasp 8 Indirect retainers 1 • Denture rotation about an axis • Factors influencing effectiveness of indirect retainers • Auxiliary functions of indirect retainers • Forms of indirect retainers • Auxiliary occlusal rests • Canine rests • Continuous bar retainers and linguo-plates • Modificationareas • Rugae support • Denture base considerations • Tooth supported partial denture base 9 Distal extension partial denture base 1 • Functions of denture bases • Methods of attaching denture bases • Ideal denture base material • Advantages of metal bases • Need for relining 10 Stress breakers 1 • Types of stress breakers • Advantages and disadvantages of stress breakers • Advantages and disadvantages of rigid design • Stress breaking principles
163 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
11 Principles of removable partial denture design 1 • Biomechanical considerations • Factors influencing design • Essentials of partial denture design • Components of partial denture design 12 Surveying 1 • Description of dental surveyor • Purposes of a surveyor • Factors that determine path of placement and removal • Surveying of diagnostic cast • Recording relation of cast to surveyor • Surveying of master cast • Measuring retention and balancing of retention • Influence of survey line in designing of clasps • Blocking out the master cast 13 Mouth preparation and master cast 1
14 Impression materials and procedures for removable partial 1 dentures • Rigid materials, Thermoplastic materials, elastic materials • Individual impression trays • Support for the distal extension denture base • Factors influencing the support of distal extension base • Methods for obtaining functional support for distal extension base 15 Preliminary jaw relation and esthetic try in for some anterior 1 replacement teeth
16 Laboratory procedures for framework construction 1
17 Fitting the framework 1
18 Completion of the partial denture 1
19 Try in of the partial denture 1
20 Completion of the partial denture 1
21 Inserting the removable partial denture 1
22 Post insertion observations 1
164 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
23 Temporary acrylic partial dentures 1 • Appearance • Space maintenance • Re-establishing occlusal relationships • Conditioning teeth and residual ridge • Conditioning the patient for wearing a prosthesis 24 Immediate removable partial denture 1
25 Removable partial dentures opposing complete dentures 1
26 Repair and additions to removable partial denture 1 • Broken clasp arms • Fractured occlusal rests • Distortion or breakage of other components • Loss of teeth not involved in the support or retention of the restoration • Other types of repair • Repair by soldering 27 Removable partial denture considerations in maxillofacial 2 • Prosthodontics • Maxillofacial Prosthodontics • Intraoral prosthesis design considerations • Maxillary prosthesis • Mandibular prosthesis • Treatment planning • Framework design • Class I resections • Class II resections • Mandibular flange prosthesis
Fixed Partial Denture Prosthodontics
Sl.No Topics Hrs
1 Introduction, definitions, terminologies, indications and 1 contraindications
2 Examination, diagnosis, treatment planning and radiological 1 interpretations
3 Fundamentals of occlusion 1
4 Treatment planning for single tooth restoration 1
165 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5 Treatment planning for the replacement of missing teeth 1
6 Selection and choice of abutment teeth 1
7 Fixed partial denture configuration 1
8 Biomechanical principles of tooth preparation 2 • Preservation of tooth structure • Retention and resistance form • Structural durability of the restoration • Marginal integrity • Preservation of the Periodontium 9 Preparation for full veneer crowns 2 • All ceramic crowns • Porcelain fused to metal crowns & Metal crowns 10 Preparation for partial veneer crowns 2 • Posterior and anterior three quarters crown • Pin modified three quarter crown • Seven eight crown • Proximal half-crowns • Inlay • MOD on-lay 11 Preparation modification for extensively damaged teeth 1
12 Endodontically treated teeth 1
13 Fluid control and soft tissue management 1
14 Demonstration and Hands on practicals in soft tissue 1 management of gingival retraction 15 Demonsration and Hands on practicals in making of fixed partial 1 denture impressions using elastomeric impression materials 16 Demonstration and Hands on practicals on making Provisional 1 restorations 17 Demonstration of die preparations 1
18 Wax patterns 1
19 Pontics and edentulous ridges 1
20 Esthetic considerations 1
21 Finishing and cementation 1
166 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
22 Miscellaneous 3 • Solder joints and other connectors • Preparations for intra-coronal restorations • Preparations for periodontally weakened teeth • The functionally generated path technique • Investing and casting • Resin bonded fixed partial denture • Demonstration and use of CAD/CAM technology in fixed partial denture
Recommended books: 1. Prosthodontic treatment of edentulous patients. Zarb 12th edition 2. Syllabus of complete denture. Heartwell 4th edition 3. Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics. SheldonWinkler.2nd Edition. 4. Complete denture prosthetics.Sharry 5. Complete denture. Grant. Heath. McCord 6. Contemporary fixed Prosthodontics. Rosenstiel. 3rd edition 7. Fundamentals of tooth preparation. Shillingburg. 1st edition 8. Theory and practice of fixed Prosthodontics. Tylman 8th edition 9. Modern practice in fixed Prosthodontics.Johnston 10. Fundamentals of fixed Prosthodontics. Shillingburg. 3rd edition 11. Dental crowns and bridges: design and preparation. Bernard GSmith 12. A clinical handbook inlays crowns and bridges. George FKantorowicz 13. Mc Crackens removable partial prosthodontics. Mc Giveney Glen P 14. Clinical removable partial prothodontics. Stewart 2nd edition 15. Removable denture prosthodontics. AA Grant, W Johnson, 2nd edition 16. Maxillofacial Prosthodontics. William R.Laney 17. Maxillofacial Prosthodontics. Beumer
Esthetic Dentistry
Sl.No Topics Hrs
1 Introduction and scope of aesthetic Dentistry 1 2 Anatomy and physiology of smile 1 3 Role of color in aesthetic Dentistry 1 4 Simple procedures [rounding of central incisors] 1 5 Bleaching of teeth 1 6 Veneers with various materials 1 7 Preventive and interceptive aesthetics 1
167 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
8 Ceramics 2 9 Simple gingival contouring to enhance appearance 1
Recommended books: 1. Esthetic guidelines for restorative Dentistry; Scharer &others 2. Esthetics of anterior fixed Prosthodontics; Chiche GJ &Pinault lain 3. Esthetic & the treatment of facial form, Vol 28; Mc Namara JA
Oral Implantology
SI. No. Topics Hours History of implants, their design and characteristics & Osseo 1 1 integration
2 Scope of oral & maxillofacial implantology, terminologies 1
3 A brief introduction to various implant systems in practice 1
Bone biology, morphology, classification of bone and its 4 1 relevance to implant treatment and bone augmentation materials
5 Soft tissue considerations in implant Dentistry 1
6 Diagnosis and treatment planning in implant Dentistry 1
7 Pre- surgical preparation of patient 1
8 Demonstration of implant placement in styloform jaws 1
9 First stage surgery — maxilla and mandible 1
10 Healing period and second stage surgery 1
11 Management of surgical complications and failures 1
General considerations in Prosthodontic reconstruction & 12 1 biomechanics
13 Prosthodontic components 1
14 Impression procedures and preparation of master cast 1
Jaw relation records and construction of supra-structure with 15 1 special emphasis on occlusion for osseo-integrated prosthesis
16 Management of Prosthodontic complications and failures 1
17 Recall and maintenance phase 1
168 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Recommended books: 1. Contemporary implant Dentistry. Carl Misch 2. Osseo-integration and occlusal rehabilitation. Hobo S, Ichida E, Garcia LT 3. Tissue integrated prosthesis. Branemark
Clinical Programs: 370 Hours [III BDS-80 Hours, IV BDS part I- 70 Hours, IV BDS part II 220 Hours]
1. Treatment for completely edentulous patients III year -1 IV year Part I - 1 IV year Part II - 2 2. Treatment for partially edentulous patients III year - provisional RPD -1 IV year Part I - RPD-1 IV year Part II - RPD -2 3. FPD - Teeth preparations to receive various types of crowns onTyphodont Teeth(10) 4. Relining, rebasing, repair — one each 5. Immediate denture -1; single denture-1 6. Obturator - I (On Model) 7. Demonstration of clinical and laboratory procedures for maxillofacial prosthesis and osseo integrated- supported prosthesis
Scheme of Examination: I. Theory – 100 Marks • Written Paper : 70Marks • Internal Assessment : 10Marks • Viva Voce : 20 Marks
II. Practicals : 100Marks
• Clinicals : 90 Marks • Internal Assessment : 10Marks
169 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Distribution of topics and type of questions
Type of Questions Topic Marks and Marks One question from Complete Denture, one Long answer question from Removable Partial Denture/ 20 2x10 Marks Fixed Partial Denture
3 questions from CD, 3 From RPD, 2from Short answer 30 FPD, 2 from MFP/Esthetics/Implants 10x3 Marks
MCQs - 8 from CD, 4 from RPD, 4 from MCQs 20 FPD, 4 from MFP/Esthetics/Implants 20x1 Mark
Total 70
II. Clinical Examination - 100 marks A. Practical / Clinical : 90 Marks B. Internal assessment :10 Marks
Exercise No 1: Marks: 10 Clinical Case as Spotters - 5 nos. Clinical patients treated with prostheses — complete denture, removable partial denture, fixed partial denture & maxillofacial prosthesis will be kept as spotters. The candidate will pick the lot and examine the patient for a given problem of the patient. The candidate shall examine the patient and identity the problem and treatment plan and methods. Evaluate all diagnosis of the problem and give the treatment plan Diagnosis - 5 marks and Treatment plan -5 marks
Exercise No 2: Marks: 40 Final impression for an edentulous patient — maxillary / mandibular Diagnosis and Treatment Plan — 10 marks Peripheral moulding — 15 marks Impression — 15 marks
Exercise No 3: Marks: 20 Preparation of the tooth to receive all porcelain or metal ceramic crown [on 11 or 21 on typhodont]
Exercise No 4: Marks: 10 Designing on the master cast for an RPD framework (preferably any one of Kennedy’s Classification with Modification)
Record Book - Marks: 10
170 Regulations and Curriculum – BDS
XXI. CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS
Aims and Objectives: The Dental Graduates during training should acquire adequate knowledge necessary skills and attitudes which are required for carrying out all the activities appropriate to dental practice involving the prevention diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues.
Essential Knowledge Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics covers basic knowledge of all restorative materials and materials associated with Endodontics. It is also recognized that the area of Conservative Dentistry includes knowledge of dental caries and treatment modalities associated with management of dental caries. Basic and advanced knowledge of non-carious lesions of mineralized tissues and of carious lesions is essential. Basic and advanced knowledge of biological basis of endodontics and management of all endodontic situations, which includes all aspect of diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment modalities are also mandatory. An individual specializing in the Restorative Dentistry should also have knowledge of allied specialities like Periodontics, Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Prosthodontics, Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Oral Pathology,Oral Medicine & Radiology and Orthodontics.
Skills Take proper chair side history, examine the patient and perform essential medical and dental diagnostic procedures and order as well as perform relevant test and interpret them to come to a reasonable diagnosis about the dental conditions in general and conservative Dentistry, Endodontics in particular and undertake complete patient monitoring including pre-Operative care of the patient. • Perform all levels of Restorative work both surgical & non-surgical Endodontics including Endodontics endosseous implants, as well as Endodontic- Periodontal surgical procedures as a part of multidisciplinary approach to clinical situation. • Provide basic lifesaving support services in emergency situations. • Manage acute pulpal & periradicular situations and emergency procedures. • Have a thorough knowledge of Infection Control Measures in dental clinical environment and laboratories. • Human Values — Ethical practice and communication abilities • Adopt ethical principles in all aspect of Restorative and contemporary Endodontics including Non-surgical and surgical Endodontics. • Professional discipline, honesty and integrity should be the top priority. • Dental care has to be provided regardless of social status, caste, creed, or religion of the patient. • Develop communication skills, in particular the skill to explain various options available in management and to obtain a true informed consent from the patient. • Apply high moral and ethical standards while carrying human or animal research.
171 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Acquire adequate knowledge, necessary skill and attitude to carry out dental practice involving prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of teeth and associated hard and soft tissues CO2: Apply basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology and biomechanical properties of teeth, biomaterials and associated tissues for effective practice of Dentistry CO3: Demonstrate understanding of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation of diseases of the teeth and adjacent hard and soft tissues. CO4: Acquire basic knowledge of etiology, biology, prevention, interception and management of carious and non carious lesion of teeth. CO5: Choose various methods to identify the disease process at different stages and determine the treatment modalities. CO6: Plan and administer caries prevention, interception and treatment modalities CO7: Understanding of the etiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of diseases of the teeth and adjacent hard and soft tissues CO8: Define and classify diseases of teeth and adjacent tissues and plan out the treatment preferences CO9: Communicate effectively and sensitively with patients and public to bring about satisfaction and trust CO10: Identify and manage common anomalies of shape, size and number of teeth CO11: Perform and interpret basic diagnostic procedures for teeth and perioral tissues CO12: Demonstrate basic knowledge of the biological basis of Endodontics and management of various Endodontic situations including diagnosis, treatment planning and treatment modalities CO13: Identify and refer patients requiring other specialist care CO14: Perform basic diagnostic procedure for caries assessment, prevention and treatment with the knowledge of physiological systems. CO15: Analyze occlusion, factors affecting and physiology of occlusion with emphasis on trauma from occlusion and occlusal correction. \
Distribution of Teaching hours
Lecture Practical Total Year hours Hours Hours I BDS Pre-clinical conservative 5 50 55 II BDS Pre-clinical conservative 20 150 170 III BDS 30 80 110 IV BDS Part I 20 80 100 IV BDS Part II 60 220 280 Total 135 580 715
172 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Allotment of Theory Topics for III BDS
SI. No. Topics Hours
1 Clinical Operative Dentistry & Endodontics:- Introduction, 4 Definition, Scope Diagnosis, Case Selection & Treatment Planning Case History & Patient assessment Diagnosis: Definition, Aim, and Types: Differential, Provisional & Final Diagnosis; Diagnostic Investigations: a) Clinical investigations: Objective & Subjective b) Radiographic Investigations: Indication, Types (IOPA, Bitewing, & OPG), Radiographic Techniques (Paralleling, Bisecting Angle,Clarks Rule), RVG(Radio-Visuo-Graphy) Diagnosis Of Dental Caries: Methods & Aids- Caries Detector Dyes Pulpal Diagnostic tests: a) Pulp Sensitivity Tests: Thermal tests: Hot & Cold Tests; their limitations Electric Pulp Test(EPT): Interpretation of Results b) Pulp Vitality Tests: Pulse Oximetry & Laser Doppler Flowmetry Other tests: Test Cavity , Trans Illumination Diagnosis of Emergencies:- Restorative & Endodontic Treatment Planning: Phases Informed Consent, Record Keeping, Medico Legal Considerations 2 Biological Considerations in OperativeDentistry: Dentin-Pulp 3 Complex Dental Pulp Biology: Development, Components, Physiology - Pulpal reaction / response to various materials and procedures. - Age Related Changes: Degeneration, Calcification Diseases of The Pulp: Causes, Differential Diagnosis, Management & prevention - Pulpitis: Acute/Chronic; Reversible/Irreversible, Dentin: Development, Composition, Microstructure, Properties, Function Types- Primary Secondary, Tertiary/Reparative, Reactionary, Sclerotic 3 Discoloration of teeth 2 - Etiology, Types / classification Management : Laminate Veneers, Bleaching (Vital & Non-vital ) & Crowns Tooth Whitening modalities Vital : Night Guard vital bleaching (NGVB) Non-vital: Walking bleach, superoxol, Carbamide Peroxide Inoffice bleaching /Power bleaching
173 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
4 Pulp Therapy: 3 Vital Pulp Therapy & Non-Vital Pulp therapy: Definition, Description & Classification Pulp Capping: Definition, Types: Direct & Indirect Indication, Contraindications, Limitations Factors Affecting Pulp Capping, Case Selection - Infected &Affected Dentin - Pulpotomy Vs Pulpectomy - Apexogenesis Vs Apexification Pulp Capping Agents: Calcium Hydroxide: Material / Technical &Clinical Considerations Zinc Oxide Eugenol, MTA & Other Pulp Capping Agents
5 Dentin Sensitivity & Hypersensitivity: 3 - Theories, Etio-Pathology, Management &Prevention - Hydrodynamic Theory (Short Note) - Management of oro-facial pain in endodontics 6 Infection Control — as related to Conservative Dentistry& 3 Endodontics - Introduction, Principles of Cross Infection Control, - Infectious disease Of Concern-HIV, HBV, TB etc - Classification Of Infection Control Techniques - Sterilization Vs Disinfection: Terminology & Definition Methods of Disinfection: For Operatory, Equipments & Materials Methods of Sterilization of instruments, Equipments &Materials. - Moist Heat Sterilization: Autoclaves - Chair-side Sterilizers: Hot Glass Bead Salt Sterilizer - Chemical Agents: Gluteraldehyde - Gas Sterilization: Ethylene Oxide - Personal Protective barriers Waste Management: Infectious & Toxic Wastes; Incineration, Dental Unit Water Lines Contact Dermatitis For Dental materials; Latex Allergy- Glove, Rubber Dam . Mercury Toxicity: Forms of Mercury, Mercury Toxicity, - Hygiene Recommendations For - Usage, Storage & Disposal 7 Glass lonomer Cement Based Restoratives 2 Technical Aspects: Dispensing & Manipulation, Matrices, Surface Protection, Finishing & Polishing procedures - Sandwich (Bilayered Restoration): Material &Technique - Modified Glass Ionomers: i) Metal modified Glass ionomer: Miracle Mix, Cermet ii) Light Cured Glass Ionomer: Material &Technical Aspects iii) Resin Modified Glass ionomer(RMGIC) iv) Compomer (PMCR -Polyacid Modified Composite Resins) Recent Advances & Newer Modifications in Glass lonomer Cements Type IX & Type VII
174 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
8 Adhesive Dentistry& Esthetic Tooth Colored Restoratives: 4 Introduction:- Terminology: Adhesion & Cohesion: Definition & Types, Esthetics: Definition, Principles, Golden proportion Properties - Indication & Contraindication; Advantages & Disadvantages Limitations & Drawbacks Pre-Operative Considerations: Isolation (Rubber Dam) - Shade Selection: Color matching, - Surface Pretreatment (Etching & Bonding)
Acid Etching: Definition, Purpose, Material & Techniques Used Etching Patterns , Etching Vs Conditioning (For GIC) Bonding Agents: Enamel / Dentin Bonding systems - Brief History of Development, Classification Material & Technical Aspects - Recent Advances & Newer Bonding Systems. Eg; Self Etching Primers Smear Layer: Definition, Description, Components & Clinical Significance Micro leakage: Definition, Causes, Methods to study/detect Micro leakage Composite Resin Systems: Definition, Brief History of Development, Material Aspects: Composition (Initiators, Activators, Photoinitiators) Fillers in Composite Resins: Type, Particle Size Properties: Abrasion/wear Resistance, Strength, Polymerization Shrinkage, Biocompatibility Posterior Composites: Material Aspects Recent Advances & Newer Composites - Packable , Micro-filled, Nano filled
9 Gingival Tissue Management in Operative Dentistry: 2 - Indication, Methods & Materials - Gingival Retraction Cords, - Merocel, Expasyl
10 Revision classes 6
175 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
III B.D.S. Clinical / Practical Work
Work to be done Minimum
I. Case History records 5 II. Deep caries management exercise : Pulp 20 capping III. Amalgam restorations 20 Class I a) Class I and Class II and (including Buccal & lingual extension) 5 Class II
Allotment of Theory Topics for IV BDS
SI. No. Topics Hours
1 Endodontics 1 Definition, Aim & Scope of Endodontics
2 Magnification and Illumination Definition Advantages of magnification and Illumination Parts of Loupes Uses of Loupes Misconception of Magnification Ergonomics 3 Rubber Dam in Dentistry Rubber Dam Isolation Advantages of isolation with rubber dam Parts of rubber dam Techniques of Rubber Dam application- -single tooth isolation - multiple teeth/ arch isolation 4 Diseases of Pulp & Periapical tissues and their management 3 Etiology & Patho-physiology Management Pulpal and Periapical Diseases Pulpitis : Reversible & Irreversible Pulp Necrosis Periradicular Periodontitis, Periradicular abscess Phoenix abscess, Periapical Granuloma & Cyst, Apical Periodontitis Calcification : Causes, Types-Dystropic, Pulp stones (True & False)
176 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
5 Rationale of Endodontics & Principles , Fish’s theory (Zones 2 of Infection) Kronfeld’s Mountain Pass Theory
6 Clinical Diagnostic methods: 3 Case history recording in endodontics Clinical examination using various diagnostic tools/aids Diagnostic Aids: Pulp Tests: Pulp Sensitivity : Thermal & Electric Pulp Test (EPT) Pulp Vitality Tests : Pulse Oximetry, Laser Doppler Flowmetry 7 Diagnosis & Management of Orofacial Pain in Endodontics 1 - Causes , Types Pharmacologic Management of Pulpal & Periapical Pain Management of Endodontic Pain Emergency Non-Odontogenic tooth pain; referred pain, Phantom Pain, MPDS 8 Case Selection & Treatment Planning in Endodontics: 2 Indications and contra indications of Endodontics therapy Factors influencing : Local & Systemic Factors, Treatment of vital / Non-vital pulp Inflamed pulp 9 Endodontic Pre-Operative 3 Considerations: a. Preparation of Operatory: Infection Control b. Patient Preparation Treatment Planning & Case Presentation Informed Consent Radiation Safety & ALARA Principles Pre-medication : Antibiotics, Analgesics, Anti-Anxiety Local Anesthesia: Agents, Techniques : Infiltration, Blocks, Supplemental c. Endodontic Radiography Principles, Techniques & Radiographic interpretation d. Preparation for Access: Tooth Isolation : Principles & Rationale, Armamentarium, Methods & Aids in Rubber Dam Placement
177 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
10 Armamentarium & Sterilization 3 Endodontic Instruments: General Classification-Hand, rotory, ultrasonic/sonic a) Hand Instruments: Standardization of hand / engine driven instruments, Broaches Reamers K-Files & H-Files Spreaders & Pluggers Gates-Glidden & Peeso Reamer Nickel Titanium b) Rotary Endodontic Systems: Profile, ProTaper Newer Rotary Endodontic Systems c) Ultrasonic (Endodontic) sonic instruments Maintenance: Sterilization & Storage of Endodontic Instruments Glass Bead / Hot Bead Sterilizer, Autoclave, Gluteraldehyde, Ethylene Oxide
11 Microbiology in Endodontics, Pathways of infection 3 Microbial flora of root canal (infected & Non-vital pulp) Various culture tests/techniques, culture media, interpretation Antibiotics in Endodontics; Selection of antibiotics in endodontics: Principles, antibiotic sensitivity Antibiotic Prophylaxis : AMA recommendations Complications: Abscess, space infection & Cellulitis; management
178 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
12 Tooth Morphology & Access cavity preparation: 3 a. Root canal anatomy: Components of the root canal system. - Applied anatomy of the pulp space (internal anatomy) - Variations in root canal configuration: Vertucci’s classification Lateral &Accessory Canals Apical Foramen, Apical Delta b. Access cavity preparation: - Objectives & Guidelines(Principles) - Isolation with rubber dam : Purpose &Advantage - Mechanical phase of access cavity preparation Armamentaria: Magnification & Illumination Endodontic Hand pieces& Access Burs Endodontic Explorers &Ultrasonic tips Access cavity preparations Anterior & Posterior Special / challenging cases : calcified, heavily restored teeth Errors in Access cavity preparation Morphology & Access cavity preparation for individual teeth outline
13 Preparation of Pulp space: 3 Shaping and Cleaning: Objectives : Biologic & Mechanical Principles, concept: Biomechanical Vs Chemo-mechanical Techniques : Apico-coronal, Corono-Apical Hybrid Techniques Step-Back & Crown — Down Technique Recapitulation, Apical matrix. Hand Instrumentation Vs Rotary Instrumentation Errors in Preparation of Pulp space: Types : Zipping, Ledging, Transportation of apical foramen, perforation Perforation : Causes, types, diagnosis, management Separation of Instruments: Cause, Management & Prevention
179 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
14 Intra canal irrigants and Medicaments in Endodontics. 3 Normal saline Hydrogen Peroxide Sodium Hypochlorite Chlorhexidine lodides Other irrigants : Mixture of tetracycline and Detergent (MTAD) Polyantibiotic Paste EDTA : RC-Prep./Glyde Calcium Hydroxide & Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) 15 Determination of Working Length / methods 3 Anatomy of Apical root Rationale of Determination of Working Length Radiographic methods : Various methods : Ingle’s, Grossmans Electronic methods : Apex Locators : Rationale, Principles, Types, Limitations, Newer Systems. 16 Root canal obturation 3 Coronal & Apical Seal Objectives & Ideal Root canal filling Obturation materials - Classification, Ideal requirements & Description Root canal sealers: Ideal requirements, composition and properties. Types: Zinc oxide & Eugenol, Glass lonomer, Calcium Hydroxide, Resin & Medicated Sealers. Core materials : Silver points, Gutta Percha: Materials aspects Resilion & Custom Cones Obturation systems: Carrier or Core based gutta percha Injectable Thermoplasticized Gutta Percha (ITGP) Thermafil, Obtura, Inject-R Various Techniques of root canal obturation Conventional : Lateral & Vertical, Sectional condensation Recent Techniques
180 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
17 Endodontic Emergencies 2 Definition, Classification, Etiology and Principles of management Pre-Operative Emergencies Operative Emergencies - Sodium Hypochlorite & Hydrogen Peroxide Accident - Cause, Management Prevention Post-Operative emergencies: Fracture of Tooth/ Root 18 Traumatic Injuries of Teeth - Causes 3 (Briefly) Ellis classification & Management Fracture of Teeth: Crown Fracture: Cause, Types, Management, Prevention Crown - Root Fracture Root fracture Cause, types, management, prevention Luxation Injuries Avulsed teeth : Cause, Management & Prevention Replantation : Indications / contra indications Extra oral time, Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution Splinting 19 Discoloration of teeth Etiology, Types /classification 3 Management : Laminate Veneers, Bleaching (Vital & Non- vital ) & Crowns, Tooth Whitening modalities , a. Vital : Night Guard vital bleaching (NGVB), b. Non-vital : Walking bleach, superoxol, Carbamide Peroxide, In-office bleaching /Power bleaching 20 Endodontics - Periodontics , Intercommunication pathways, 2 differential diagnosis , Interrelation – classification & Management 21 Pediatric Endodontics : - Primary & Young Permanent Teeth: 4 Anatomical considerations : Internal Anatomy - Open immature Apex, Blunderbuss Canals Pulp Therapy , Vital Pulp Therapy , Pulpotomy : Definition, Indication / Contraindication ,Types (Formocresol/Calcium Hydroxide/Gluteraldehyde) , Apexogenesis : Description, Rationale, Technique , Non-vital pulp therapy, Pulpectomy, Specification: Description, Rationale, Technique, Apexogenesis Vs. Apexification, Geriatric Endodontics: endodontics considerations in elderly patients
181 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
22 Resorption 2 Definition, types / classification Cervical resorption : Cause, diagnosis, management Root resorption - classification, etiology and management 23 Surgical endodontics 4 case selection - indication / contra indications factors affecting case selection : Local and systemic Incision and drainage, trephination Various flap designs for peri-radicular surgeries Leubke - Oschenbein, Semilunar Root End Surgeries - Apical curettage / apicoectomy Root end / retrograde filling - materials and techniques Root resection & Hemi section, Bicuspidization, re- implantation, Intentional reimplantation, transplantation Endodontic microsurgery : Principles, advantage, surgical Loupes and microscopes. Endodontic endosseous implants 24 Restoration of endodontically treated teeth 4 Changes in endodontically treated teeth Treatment planning for endodontically treated teeth Access restoration : Purpose, ideal requirements, types / classification Post & Core system : Post space preparation, Ferrule Basic components : Post : Custom made, Pre fabricated posts Core : Types and materials used Coronal coverage: Final & Provisional restoration 25 Success and Failure in endodontics 2 Factors affecting, causes of failure, management Retreatment in endodontics. i. Non-surgical retreatment: Material, methods and techniques Removal of: Gutta Percha: Solvents, techniques Silver points : Retrieval — aids and methods Separated instruments: Causes, techniques, masseran kit ii. Surgical retreatment : Indications, methods 26 Single visit Endodontics 2 Rationale, indications / contra indications Case selection : Factors affecting, treatment planning - Single visit Vs Multiple visit 27 Minimal Intervention Dentistry 2
28 Regenerative Endodontics 1
29 Saliva Check and its clinical importance 2
182 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
30 Esthetic Dentistry 2
31 Lasers in Restorative Dentistry 1
32 Microscopes in Restorative & Endodontics 2
33 Photography in Restorative Dentistry 1
34 Occlusal considerations in Operative Dentistry 2
35 Ergonomics 1
36 Practice Management 2
lV B.D.S. WORK DONE STATEMENT Clinical Demonstration 1. Diagnostic Aids — Vitality tests 2. Access opening and rubber dam applications 3. Working length estimation — Electronic apex locators 4. Endodontic Instruments 5. Biomechanical preparation including rotary endodontics 6. Obturation technique and materials 7. Endodontic surgery 8. Post endodontic restorations including post and core 9. Composite restorations —inlays 10. Laboratory fabrications of ceramic and metal ceramic crowns.
Clinical Section - Practical Work:
Work to be done Minimum I. Case history records
II. Deep caries management exercise : Pulp capping
III. Amalgam restorations a) Class I 20 (including Buccal & lingual extension) b) Class II 25 (MO/DO & MOD) IV Tooth Colored Restorations 15 a) Glass lonomer & Composite restorations V. Endodontic exercises Minimum one Root Canal Treatment case (Anterior tooth)
183 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Scheme of Examination: I. Theory examination : 100 Marks A. Written Paper : 70 marks B. Viva-Voce : 20 marks C. Internal Assessment : 10 marks
Distribution of Topics and Type of Questions
Total Type of Questions Marks allotted Marks Long answer type 1 x 10 = 10 marks 20 Marks One long Essay each from Conservative I x 10 = 10 marks Topic and from Endodontics topic Short answer type 5x3 marks = 15 marks 30 Marks Three questions each from 5x3 marks = 15 marks Conservative & Endodontics topics MCQ questions 10x1 mark = 10 marks 20 Marks From Conservative topics From 10x1 mark = 10 marks Endodontics topics
II. Practical: 100marks A. Clinicals : 80 marks B. Internal Assessment : 10marks C. Record book : 10marks
Details of marks distribution of the practical/clinical examination I. Case History: 10 marks II. Spotters : 20 marks III. Preparation of Class II cavity for amalgam Or Class II cavity preparation for composite in posterior teeth. Exercise 1: 50 marks • Class II Silver Amalgam cavity preparation 25 marks • Base and Matrix placement 10marks • Restoration and Polishing 15marks Or Exercise 2: • Class II composite cavity preparation 25 marks • Etching and Matrix placement 10 marks • Restoration and Polishing 15 marks
184 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Recommended Books:
Name of the Book & Title Author Publisher’s Name
1. Phillips Sciences of Dental Materials Anusavice Elsevier
2. The Art and Science of Operative Sturdevant Mosby Dentistry
3. Principles & Practice of Operative Varghese Charbeneau Dentistry Publication
Stephen 4. Pathways of the Pulp Mosby Cohen Varghese 5. Endodontic Practice Grossman Publication Mithra N EMMEES 6. Text Book of Endodontics Hegde Publication
185 Regulations and Curriculum – BDS
XXII. ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
Introduction Oral and Maxillofacial surgery is a specialty of Dentistry concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of congenital and acquired diseases, dysfunctions, defects or injuries of the mouth, jaws, face, neck and adjacent craniofacial regions. The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons lead the way for communication between Dentistry and Medicine that improved human health by attending facial trauma, Orthognathic surgery, craniofacial surgery and tumors in addition treating developmental deformities of the face and the jaws. Surgery of course is not merely about performing an operation; it is about careful history taking, meticulous examination and careful investigations to reach a diagnosis. Only then can the management strategies be discussed with the patient.
Scope The scope of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery depends on the qualifications and capabilities of the person. There is a definite distinction in the case selection for an undergraduate trained in Oral Surgery and a postgraduate trained in Oral and Maxillofacial surgery and for cases that require multidisciplinary approach. It deals with treatment of following conditions: • Simple and complicated cysts and tumors of the jaws. • Fractures of the facial bones • TMJ disorders • Dentofacial deformities • Salivary gland diseases • Oro-facial infections • Precancerous conditions and lesions • Detection and management of oral cancer.
Objectives 1. Knowledge &understanding: • Apply the knowledge gained in the related medical subjects like pathology, microbiology and general medicine in the management of patients with oral surgical problems. • Diagnose, manage and treat patients with oral surgical problems. • Gain knowledge of a range of surgical treatments. • Be able to decide the requirement of a patient to be referred to a specialist for an opinion or treatment. • Understand the principles of in-patient management. • Understand the management of major oral surgical procedures and principles involved in patient management. • Know the ethical issues and have communication ability.
186 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
2. Skills: • A graduate should have acquired the skill to examine any patient with an oral surgical problem in an orderly manner. • Should be competent in the extraction of teeth • Should be able to carry out certain minor oral surgical procedures under L.A. like frenectomy, alveolar procedures and biopsy etc. • Ability to assess, prevent and manage various complications during and after surgery. • Able to provide primary care and manage medical emergencies in the dental office. • Understand the management of major oral surgical problems and principles involved in inpatient management
Curriculum: The undergraduate curriculum in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery is designed on its objectives to expose students to the speciality and help them develop the knowledge, skills, and values to become competent in performing minor oral surgery. The educational programmes rest on 2 Central elements i. A rigorous didactic programme that combines lectures with small group learning ii. A clinical programme that imparts proficiency on the basis of oral surgical procedures. The curriculum provides the students with a solid foundation that they will use in the future clinical application.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Recognize the scientific principles needed for the provision of Oral & Maxillofacial surgical care and prevention of cross infection CO2: Provide appropriate knowledge, understanding, intellectual skills, practical skills and attitude to practice Oral Surgery in selected cases CO3: Differentiate between normal and abnormal oral and dental tissue CO4: Diagnose and differentiate diseases and pains of the oro facial complex and head and neck CO5: Elicit patient history and evaluate to determine the treatment plan and refer to appropriate specialists for opinion CO6: Perform competently Extraction of teeth with proper follow-up care, prescription of medications and recall CO7: Diagnose and provide treatment for basic minor oral surgical condition CO8: Provide Diagnosis and treatment competently to the medically compromised patient and manage medical emergency if any CO9: Apply didactic and clinical knowledge in diagnosis of major oral surgical situations
187 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Oral Surgery, Local Anesthesia and General Anesthesia Teaching hours Theory: 70 Hours (III BDS: 20 hours, IV BDS Part I: 20 Hours IV BDS Part II: 30 hrs)
III BDS I. Introduction -2Hours a) Definition, history, Introduction, Objectives and scope. b) History taking, examination of the patients, investigations & diagnosis.
II. Anesthesia Local Anesthesia (L.A.) - 4 Hours a) Neurology of facial pain b) Historical aspects, definition, types of L.A, indications and contraindication, advantage &disadvantage. c) Local anesthetic drugs, classification, ideal requirements of L.A, composition & action. d) Factors to be considered in the choice of particular mode of anesthesia. e) Complication of L.A, its prevention and management.
Anesthesia of mandible - 2 Hours a) Anatomical consideration, infiltration, mental nerve block, buccal & inferior dental nerve block.
Anesthesia of Maxilla - 2 Hours a) Anatomical considerations, infiltration, infra orbital, posterior superior alveolar, nasopalatine, greater palatine & maxillary nerve block. b) Extra oral blocks- Indications &Technique.
General Anesthesia (G.A.) -3 Hours a) History of G.A. b) Indications of G.A., in oral surgery c) Pre- anesthetic evaluation of the patient. d) Pre-medication. e) Types of G.A including I.V, Sedation; Stages of G.A; common G.Aagents. f) Complications during and after anesthesia. g) Post anesthetic care of the patients.
III. Asepsis, Sterilization, Cross Infection & Disinfection- 2Hours a) Definitions. b) Terminologies. c) General considerations. d) Effective measures in infection control. e) Problems encountered in asepsis and infection control.
188 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IV. Exodontia - 4 Hours a) General Considerations. b) Indications &Contraindications. c) Methods of Extractions: - Principles of forceps extraction. - Indications, principles and surgical procedure of trans- alveolar extraction. d) Principles and use of elevators. e) Complications of exodontia and management.
IV BDS I. Impacted teeth –2 Hours a) General factors, incidence, etiology, Classification, indication for removal of impacted molars b) Assessment: Clinical & radiological. c) Anesthetic considerations and surgical procedure. d) Maxillary third molar and canine impactions, incidence, indication for removal, classification, assessment & localization, surgical procedure. e) Complication of surgical removal of impacted teeth sent to Endodontics.
II. Endodontic surgery – 1 Hour a) Introduction b) Classification c) Apicoectomy d) Replantation.
III. Pre- Prosthetic surgery – 3 Hours a) Introduction, aims of pre-prosthetic surgery, classification. b) Corrective procedures- hard and soft tissues. c) Sulcus extension procedures. d) Ridge reconstruction or augmentation procedures.
IV. Principles of Implantology – 2 Hours
V. Infection of oral cavity- 5 Hours a) Introduction. b) Microbiology of odontogenic infections. c) Anatomical considerations and facial spaces. d) Spread of Infections. e) Acute dento-alveolar abscess. f) Acute& chronic infections of the jaws: Cellulitis, Ludwig’s angina, Actinomycosis, Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis. g) Management of infections: - Medical- Antibiotics, Analgesics, Anti- inflammatory drugs - Surgical. h) Hepatitis-B & H.I.V.infections.
189 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
VI. Maxillary Sinus diseases – 2 Hours a) Applied anatomy, acute and chronic sinusitis, surgical approach to sinus. b) Removal of tooth or root from the antrum. c) Oro- antral fistula and its management.
VII. Cystic lesion of the jaws –3 Hours a) General features, definition, classification. b) Pathogenesis, signs &symptoms. c) Clinical, radiological &other investigations. d) Surgical management and complication of each type of cyst.
VIII. Disorders of Temporo Mandibular Joint (TMJ)–4 Hours a) Applied anatomy. b) Sub-luxation & dislocation of theTMJ. c) Pain dysfunction syndrome. d) Ankylosis of the joints &management. e) Infections of theTMJ.
IX. Diseases of Salivary Glands –3 Hours a) General features, investigations in the diagnosis of salivary gland diseases. b) Acute and chronic infection. c) Salivary calculus & its management. d) Tumors of the salivary glands & its management.
X. Neurogenic Disorders – 2 Hours a) Nerve Injuries. b) Trigeminal neuralgia. c) Glossopharyngeal & facial paralysis. d) Facial nerve palsy
XI. Fractures of the jaws – 7 Hours a) Introduction, applied anatomy & types of Fractures. b) Dentoalveolar fractures. c) Mandibular fractures: - Classification. - Clinical features & diagnosis - Preliminary and definitive management. d) Zygomaticcomplex fractures e) MiddleThird fractures: - Classification. - Clinical features &diagnosis. - Outline of immediate and definitive treatment. f) Orbital fractures g) Nasal fractures h) Advances in Maxillofacial fracture fixation
190 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
XII. Developmental deformities –4 Hours a) Deformities of the jaws: - Basic forms of deformities, prognathism, retrognathism and apertognathia. - Reasons for surgical correction, Pre-Operative planning. - Outline of various surgical procedure in mandible and maxilla. b) Cleft Lip and Palate: - Etiology, Incidence, Timing of Repair. - Role of General dental practitioner.
XIII. Emergencies in Dental Practices – 3 Hours A) Primary care of Medical emergencies in Dental Practice a) Cardio- vascular disorders. b) Respiratory disorders. c) Endocrine disorders. d) Drug allergies and interactions. B) Simulation assisted Management of Medical emergencies – Introduction and Protocol C) Tracheostomy.
XIV. Oral surgical considerations – 4 Hours a) Systemic diseases and Patients with medically compromised conditions. b) Immuno compromised conditions, Geriatric patients. c) Pregnant woman.
XV. Tumors of the Oral Cavity – 4 Hours a) General considerations b) Non-odontogenic benign tumors (fibroma, papiloma, lipoma, ossifying fibroma, myxoma) c) Ameloblastoma d) Carcinoma of the oral cavity e) Biopsy f) TNM classification g) Outline of management of carcinoma h) Role of dental surgeons in early detection and prevention of oral cancer
XVI. Recent Advances – 2 hours a) Lasers b) Piezosurgery c) Cryosurgery d) Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration
191 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
CLINICALS : 270Hours III B.D.S Students are required to learn the following: 1. Case history taking. 2. Examination of the patient. 3. Recording blood pressure. 4. Various anesthetic injection techniques. 5. Use of different instrument in oral surgery. 6. Extraction of mobile teeth. 7. Wiring techniques on models- orange peel/glove.
IV BDS
Number of SI. No. Procedure Category cases
1 Closed methods of extractions 75 Must Do
2 Open method of extraction with suturing. 5 Must Do
3 Seminar presentation under Staff Guidance 1 Must Do
4 Major case history taking. Desirable to Do
5 Wiring and Arch bar fixation 1 Must Do
Posting in Rural Centre with Staff during dept. 6 Desirable to do posting
Assisting in major surgical procedures under 7 Desirable to Do GA
Handling medical emergencies, CPR training 8 Must Do and Basic life support demonstration
192 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
INTERNSHIP
15 days of night duty/ observation of major cases in operation theatre ( Elective) Student should undergo Training in Simulation assisted management of Medical Emergencies
CLINICAL DISCUSSION TOPICS: Principles of surgery 1. Developing a surgical diagnosis: It depends upon • Chief complaint • History of present illness • Identification of various signs and symptoms • Laboratory investigations and imaging examinations 2. Adequate visibility: • Adequate access and Adequate light • Clean surgical field 3. Aseptic techniques 4. Painless surgery 5. Incisions and flap designs 6. Tissue handling 7. Hemostasis 8. Drainage and debridement 9. Closure of wounds 10. PostOperative care
Surgical anatomy • Sensory innervations of head and neck • Arterial supply and venous drainage of head and neck • Lymphatics of head and neck • Fascial planes and spaces • Fascial layers • Fascial spaces • Maxillary sinus • Impacted maxillary, mandibular 3rd molar anatomy etc.
Diagnosis in oral surgery 1. History taking Personal details, History of present illness, Past medical history, Drug history, Family history, Past dental history, Social history 2. Clinical examination • Inspection • Palpation • Percussion • Auscultation
193 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
3. Provisional diagnosis 4. Investigations 5. Definitive diagnosis
Medical emergencies Hypersensitivity reactions Respiratory difficulties • Asthma • Hyperventilation • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Foreign body aspiration • Gastric contents aspiration Cardiovascular problems • Angina pectoris • Myocardial Infarction • Stroke • Coronary artery bypass grafting • Coronary angioplasty • Dysrrhythmias • Infective endocarditis • Congestive cardiac failure
Renal problems • Renal dialysis • Hypertension
Hepatic disorders • Impaired liver function
Endocrinal abnormalities • Diabetes Mellitus • Adrenal insufficiency • Hypothyroidism • Hyperthyroidism
Hematological problems • Hereditary coagulopathies • Therapeutic anticoagulants
Altered consciousness • Vasovagal syncope • Orthostatic hypotension • Seizures • LA toxicity • Pregnancy
194 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Anesthesia and pain control Local anesthesia • Introduction and Classification • Concept of LA and Ideal requirements; Mode of action of LA • Theories of LA ;Types of LA and Complications of LA • Methods of induction • Local infiltration, Field block, Nerve block • Factors in selecting the method of induction • Techniques of maxillary anesthesia- Local infiltration, Infra-orbital, Posterior superior alveolar, Greater palatine, Naso-palatine, Maxillary nerve blocks. • Techniques of mandibular anesthesia- Inferior alveolar nerve block, Gow-gates nerve block, Vazirani-Akinosi nerve block, Lingual, Long buccal, Mental, Incisive nerve blocks.
General anesthesia • Concept of GA • Indications • Pre anesthetic evaluation • Pre anesthetic medication • Commonly used agents • Complications during and after GA • IV sedation • Mode olfaction • Technique • Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation • Emergency drugs • Tracheostomy
Pain • Definition • Classification • Neurophysiology • Pain theories • Pain pathways • Biochemical mediators of pain • Dual nature of pain
Methods of pain control 1. Removing the cause 2. Blocking the pathway of painful impulses 3. Raising the pain threshold 4. Preventing pain reaction by cortical depression 5. Using psychosomatic methods
195 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Principles of exodontia • Pain and anxiety control • Presurgical medical assessment • Indications for removal of teeth • Contraindications for removal of teeth • Clinical evaluation of teeth for removal • Radiographic examination of teeth for removal • Patient and surgeon preparation • Chair position for forceps extraction • Mechanical principles involved in tooth extraction 1. Lever principle 2. Wedge principle 3. Wheel and axle principle • Principles of forceps use • Procedure for closed extraction • Specific technique for removal of each tooth • Post extraction care of tooth socket
Sutures and suturing techniques • Materials; Requisites for suture materials, Classification, Biological response of body to suture materials; Suture needles; Principles of suturing • Knot tying Square knot; Surgeon’s knot; Granny’s knot, Interrupted suture, Continuous suture, Horizontal mattress suture, Vertical mattress suture, Figure of eight suture • Suture removal
Impacted teeth • Incidence; Definition Etiology Indications Classification • Assessment- both clinical & radiological, Surgical procedures Complications during and after removal Prevention and management
Complications of exodontias: Fracture of Root tip, Alveolar bone, Maxillary tuberosity, Adjacent or opposing tooth, Dislocation of Adjacent tooth, TMJ, Root into maxillary antrum or soft tissues, Post Operative hemorrhage, Damage to Gums, Lower lip, Inferior alveolar nerve, Lingual nerve, Tongue & floor of mouth. Collapse in dental chair-Syncope, Respiratory arrest, Cardiac arrest.
Biopsy techniques (DEMONSTRATION / OBSERVATION OF PROCEDURE) Oral cytology- Exfoliative cytology; Oral brush biopsy Aspiration biopsy- FNAC; Punch biopsy Incision biopsy and Excision biopsy
196 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Procedure: Anesthesia and Tissue stabilization and Haemostasis Incision, Handling of tissue, Identification of surgical margins, Specimen care surgical closure, Biopsy data sheet
Cysts of jaws (DEMONSTRATION I OBSERVATION OF PROCEDURE) Definition, Classification, Pathogenesis, Clinical presentation, Radiographic examination, Aspiration Biopsy and histopathology, Use of contrast media Management, Type; Rationale; Indications; Procedures; Complications
Scheme of Examination I. Theory: 100 Marks A. WrittenPaper : 70Marks B. VivaVoce : 20Marks C. Internal Assessment : 10Marks
Distribution of Topics and Type of questions
Type of questions Contents Marks And Marks Long answer 1. One question from Local anaesthesia 10 1x10 Marks 2. One question from Oral surgery 10 1x10 Marks 8 questions from Oral surgery 01 question each Short answer from General anesthesia, and medically 30 10x3 Marks compromised patients MCQ’s any topic 20x1 20
Total 70
II. Practical Examination: 100Marks. A. Clinical Exercises : 80marks B. Internal assessment : 10marks C. Record Book : 10marks
1. Case history, examination of the patient, presentation of the case history: 30 Marks. 2. Local anaesthesia technique: 10Marks 3. Extraction of firm molar and management of patient: 40Marks
197 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Recommended Text Books:
Sl. No. Title of Book Author Edition/Year Publisher
Local anaesthesia & Pain 1 Monheim’s 1st / 1984 Mosby control in dental practice
Handbook of Local Stanley 2 5th / 2004 Mosby Anaesthesia Malamed
1st / 1980 & 3 Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Daniel Laskin Mosby 2nd volm
Principles of Oral & 4 Peterson 2nd / 2004 B C Decker Maxillofacial Surgery
5 Outline of Oral surgery Killey & Kay 2nd / 1992 Wright
6 Fractures of Mandible Killey & Kay 3rd / 1988 Wright
7 Extraction of Teeth Jeffrey Howe 3rd / 1990 Varghese
Recommended Text Books:
Textbook of Oral & 1 Kruger 6th Ed / 1984 Mosby Maxillofacial Surgery
Oral & Maxillofacial 2 Topazian 4th Ed / 2002 Saunders Infections
Principles of Oral & 3 U J Moore 5th Ed / 2001 Blackwell Maxillofacial Surgery
Textbook of Oral & 4 Neelima Malik 2nd / 2008 Jaypee Maxillofacial Surgery
198 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
XXIII. PEDIATRIC & PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY
Statement of Intent: The intent of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry course, as a part of the BDS curriculum at the faculty of Dentistry, Nitte (deemed to be university) is to educate and train students to adopt the principles of Paediatric Dentistry in providing oral health care for children from infancy to adolescence and special children with high degree of credibility, integrity, ethical standards and social concern.
Knowledge: At the end of the course, the students: Will be able to demonstrate the principles of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry right from birth to adolescence, including those with special health care needs. Shall be able to prevent and intercept developing dental health problems in the child, including malocclusions.
Skills: At the end of the course, the students: • Shall be able to obtain detailed case history, do a methodological examination of the child patient, perform essential diagnostic procedures and interpret them, arrive at a reasonable diagnosis and formulate a comprehensive treatment plan and treat appropriately. • Will be able to provide highest quality of dental care to all children, including those with special care needs • Will be able to manage the disabled children effectively and efficiently, tailored to the need of individual requirement and conditions • Will be able to prevent dental decay & restore the lost tooth structure to maintain harmony between both hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity • Shall be able to diagnose early developing malocclusion and prevent or intercept them. • Counsel the parents with regards to various treatment modalities available and apply the best suited option for the child, including different facets of preventive Dentistry.
Attitudes: At the end of the course, the students: • Will develop a positive attitude to adopt ethical principles in all aspects of Pediatric practice. • Will be able to provide good oral health care to the child and nurture them into good citizens for tomorrow. • Will develop a professional attitude and adopt ethical principles in all aspects of Pedodontic practice. • Will be able to deliver treatment without any prejudice and bias, irrespective of the social status, cast, creed, and religion of the patients. • Will be humble and be willing to share the knowledge and clinical experience with fellow professional colleagues. • Shall seek the kind opinion of allied medical and dental specialties, as and when required.
199 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
• Will adapt, after a critical assessment, advanced methods and techniques of Pediatric management developed based on scientific research, which are in the best interest of the dentist, child and parent. • Shall respect the child patients’ rights and privileges, including their right to information, right to seek a second opinion and confidentiality.
COURSE OUTCOMES At the end of the course, students will be able to... CO1: Demonstrate the principles of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry right from birth to adolescence, including those with special health care needs CO2: Elicit detailed case history, do a methodological examination of the child patient, perform essential diagnostic procedures and interpret them, arrive at a reasonable diagnosis and formulate a comprehensive treatment plan and treat appropriately. CO3: Identify a child’s developmental status through the understanding of the normal sequence of development and variations produced by intrinsic or extrinsic forces CO4: Relate the current concept of caries and its underlying causative factors in a child, and to implement timely, effective health care services. CO5: Prevent decay & restore the lost tooth structure to maintain harmony between both hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity CO6: Describe and manipulate various restorative materials used in children, semipermanent restorations, and esthetic crowns along with recent advances CO7: Counsel the parents with regards to various treatment modalities available and apply the best-suited option for the child, including different facets of preventive Dentistry. CO8: Recognize external anatomy, physiology and morphology of teeth and their dimensions to aid in the identification and treatment of primary and permanent dentition CO9: Diagnose, prevent and intercept developing dental health problems in the child, including malocclusions. CO10: Demonstrate various radiographic techniques used in children and recognize radiographic features of dental diseases CO11: Relate to the child’s development in terms of psychological, social, cognitive and physical parameters, and detect any deviation in these patterns that may interfere with the treatment process CO12: Display pharmacological and non-pharmacological management techniques, which can be in corporated in children while managing different conditions in order to train a child to accept Dentistry CO13: Identify morphology of primary and permanent root canal, pulpal and periapical diseases and perform pulp therapy techniques CO14: Apply anatomical, physiological, psychological factors specifically related to a child in the management of facial hard and soft tissue injuries CO15: Master asepsis and sterilization in dental procedures along with exodontia and LA techniques CO16: Explain minor oral surgical procedures commonly done in children.
200 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
CO17: Describe salient features of gingiva and periodontium in primary dentition and summarize management of common gingival and periodontal diseases in children CO18: Provide appropriate dental care to all children, including those with special care needs CO19: Demonstrate the management of disabled children effectively and efficiently, tailored to the need of individual requirement and conditions CO20: Manage any medical or dental emergencies and display the ability to handle them under unforeseen circumstances CO21: Identify victims of child abuse and neglect; document and report the same and help manage these patients and their families CO22: Explain the genetic basis of dental diseases CO23: Demonstrate a professional attitude and adopt ethical principles in all aspects of Pedodontic practice CO24: Deliver treatment without any prejudice and bias, irrespective of the social status, cast, creed, and religion of the patients CO25: Display humility and willingness to share knowledge and clinical experience with fellow professional colleagues. CO26: Seek the kind opinion of allied medical and dental specialties, as and when required. CO27: Employ, after a critical assessment, advanced methods and techniques of Pedodontic management developed based on scientific research, which are in the best interest of the dentist, child and parent CO28: Demonstrate respect for the child patients’ rights and privileges, including their right to information, right to seek a second opinion and confidentiality.
Teaching Hours: Theory classes: 65 hours (III year –20 hrs, IV year – 45 hrs) Clinical working hours – 170 (III year – 40 hrs, IV Year – 130 hrs)
Theory - Syllabus
No. III B.D.S. – 20 Hours Time
1. Introduction to Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry 1 hour - Definition, Scope, Objectives and Importance 2. Growth and Development of Craniofacial Structures 3 hours - Importance of study - Prenatal and Postnatal factors in growth and development - Theories of growth and development - Development of maxilla and mandible and related age changes 3. Development of Occlusion from Birth through adolescence 3 hours
201 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
4. Dental Anatomy and Histology 3 hours - Development of teeth and associated structures - Eruption and shedding of teeth; Teething disorders and its management - Chronology of Eruption of teeth - Differences between deciduous and permanent teeth - Development of dentitions from birth to adolescence - Importance of first permanent molar 5. Dental Radiology Related to Endodontics 1 hours 6. Dental Surgical Procedures in Children 2 hours - Indications and contraindications of extractions of primary and permanent teeth - Knowledge of local and general anesthesia - Minor surgical procedures 7. Dental Caries 3 hours - Historical Background - Definition, etiology and pathogenesis - Caries Pattern in primary, young permanent and permanent teeth in children - Rampant caries, early childhood caries and extensive caries Definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications and management - Role of diet and nutrition in dental caries - Dietary modification and diet counseling. - Caries activity tests, caries prediction, caries susceptibility and their clinical applications. 8. Gingival and Periodontal Diseases in Children 2 hours - Normal gingiva and periodontium in children - Definition, etiology, pathogenesis - Prevention and management of gingival and periodontal diseases
202 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
IV B.D.S. – 45 Hours
9. Child Psychology 3 hours - Definition - Theories of Child Psychology - Psychological development of child through adolescence - Principles of psychological growth and development while managing child patient - Dental fear and its management - Factors effecting child’s Psychology and its clinical application. 10. Behavior Management. 3 hours - Definition - Types of behavior encountered in the dental clinic - Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological methods of behavior management 11. Pediatric OperativeDentistry 3 hours - Principles of pediatric OperativeDentistry - Modifications required for cavity preparation in primary and young permanent teeth - Various Isolation Techniques - Restoration of primary and young permanent teeth. - Restorative materials used in pediatric Dentistry. 12. Pediatric Endodontics 3 hours - Principles and diagnosis - Classification of pulpal pathology in primary and permanent teeth - Management of pulpal pathology in primary and young permanent teeth 13. Traumatic Injuries in Children 3 hours - Classification and importance - Sequelae and reaction of teeth to trauma - Management of traumatized teeth 14. Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics. 3 hours - Definition - Problems encountered during primary & mixed dentition phases; their management - Serial extractions - Space Management 15. Oral Habits in Children 3 hours - Definition, Etiology and Classification - Clinical features; Management and prevention
203 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
16. Dental Care of Children with Special Care Needs 2 hours - Definition, Etiology, Classification, Behavioural and clinical features and Management of children with - Physically handicapping conditions - Mentally compromising conditions - Medically compromising conditions - Genetic disorders
17. Congenital Abnormalities in Children 2 hours - Definition, Classification and clinical features and Management
18. Dental Emergencies in Children and their Management 2 hours
19. Dental Materials used in Pediatric Dentistry 1 hours
20. Preventive Dentistry 1 hour - Definition - Principles and scope - Types of Prevention & Different Preventive measures
21. Dental Health Education and School Dental Health 2 hours Programme
22. Fluorides 2 hours - Historical background - Systemic and topical Fluorides & Mechanism olfaction - Toxicity and Management - Defluoridation Techniques
23. Case History Recording 3 hours - Outlines of Principles of examination, diagnosis and treatment planning
24. Setting up of Pediatric Clinic and Practice Management 1 hour 25. Medical Ethics 1 hour 26. Infant Oral Health care 1 hour 27. Sports Dentistry 1 hour 28. Forensic Dentistry 1 hour 29. Child Abuse 1 hour 30. Revision Classes 1 hour
204 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Clinical work for students: Quota (3rd year – 40 hours; 4th year – 130 hours) 170 hours 1. Fabrication of appliances • Hawley’s Appliance • Habit breaking appliance 1 each • Oral screen • Space maintainer 2. Presentation of minor seminar and major seminar 1 each 3. Participate in a school dental health programme 1 4. Case history recording and treatment planning 20 5 Oral prophylaxis 20 6 Restoration (silver amalgam, glass ionomer, composite restoration) 45 - Noninvasive 25 - Invasive 20 7 Topical fluoride application 10 8 Extraction 25 9 Clinical Demonstration 1. Pulp therapy and Stainless steel crown for primary teeth 2. Fixed space maintainers, regainers and eruption guiding 1 each appliance
Scheme of Examination: I. Theory: 100 Marks • Theory (Written)Examination: 70 Marks • VivaVoce: 20 Marks • Internal Assessment : 10 Marks Total: 100 Marks
II. Clinical Examination: 100Marks • Clinical Exercises : 80 Marks (Case Presentation – 30, Clinical work -50) • Internal assessment : 10 Marks • Record Book : 10 Marks
205 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Clinical Exercises with Mark Distribution Marks
Exercise I 1. Case Presentation 30 a. Clinical Examination and recording of Long 15 Case History 15 b. Diagnosis, Treatment planning &Management
2. Clinical Case with any one of the following exercises Oral Prophylaxis & Fluoride Application a. Management of child b. Oral Prophylaxis c. Topical Fluoride Application d. Post-Operative Instructions
Restoration of Tooth a. Management of child b. Cavity Preparation c. Isolation, lining, Matrix, Band Application d. Filling, Carving &Finishing e. Post-Operative Instructions
Extraction of tooth a. Management of child b. Local Anesthesia c. Extraction d. Prescription e. Post-Operative Instructions Exercise III Record Book presentation 10
206 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Text Books and Reference Books:
Sl No. Title Author Edn Year Publishers
Dentistry for the child and 1 McDonald IX 2011 Elsevier adolescence W.B Saunders 2 Clinical Pedodontics Finn IV 2003 company, USA W.B Saunders Pediatric Dentistry infancy 3 Pinkham IV 2005 company, through adolescence USA Textbook of pediatric CBS 4 Braham II 1990 Dentistry Publishers Stephen H Lea and 5 Clinical use of fluorides I 1985 Wei Febiger Understanding Dental 6 Niki foruk I 1985 Karger caries
7 Behaviour management Wright II 1987 Wright Bristol
8 Traumatic Injuries Andreason II 2000 Mosby
9 Pediatric dental medicine Forrester IV 1981 Elsevier
Pediatric D B 10 IV 1996 Wright OperativeDentistry Kennedy Pediatric Dentistry for Shobha Paras medical 11 II 2008 clinicians Tandon Publishers Arya medi 12 Pediatric Dentistry Damle II 2002 publishing house Jaypee Principles and practices of brothers 13 Arathi Rao II 2006 Pedodontics medical publishers Muthu & 14 Pediatric Dentistry I 2009 Elsevier Sivakumar
207 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
INTERNSHIP:
1. General Guidelines: Every candidate is required, after passing the final BDS examination to undergo compulsory rotational internship to the satisfaction of the College and University authorities for a period of 12 months so as to be eligible for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) and registration at the DCI.
It shall be task oriented training. The interns should participate in various Institutional and field programmes and be given due responsibility to perform the activities in all departments of the Dental College and associated institutions. To facilitate achievement of basic skills and attitude, training in following areas shall be provided to all dental graduates. i) History taking, examination, diagnosis, charting and recording treatment plan of cases. ii) Presentation cases in a group of seminar iii) Care and sterilization of instruments used. iv) Performance and interpretation of essential laboratory tests and other relevant investigations. v) Data analysis and inference vi) Proper use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and other drugs as well as other therapeutic modalities vii) Education of patients, their relatives and community on all aspects of dental health care while working in the institution as also in the field. viii) Communication aimed at inspiring hope, confidence and optimism. ix) Legal rights of patients and obligations of dental graduate under forensic jurisprudence x) Emphasis shall be on chair side teaching, small group teaching and discussions, tutorials, Seminars, ward posting, laboratory posting, field visits and self learning. The Internship shall be compulsory and rotating as per the regulations prescribed for the purpose
2. Curriculum for Internship Programme Time Schedule: The compulsory rotating Dental Internship shall include training in Oral Medicine & Radiology, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics, Periodontics, Conservative Dentistry, Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Orthodontics and Public Health Dentistry.
A. Oral Medicine & Radiology: (1 month) The interns shall perform the following: i. Standardized examination of patients -25cases ii. Exposure to clinical, pathological laboratory procedures and biopsy 5 cases iii. Effective training in taking of radiographs (Intra-oral, Extra oral, cephalogram) 1 iv. Effective management of cases in wards- 2cases
208 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
1 B. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (l /2months) i. The Intern shall perform the following procedures: a. Extractions -50 b. Surgical extractions -2 c. Impactions -2 d. Simple Intra Maxillary Fixation -1 e. Cysts enucleations -1 f. Incision and drainage -2 g. Alveoloplasty, Biopsies & Frenectomies etc. -3 ii. The Intern shall perform the following on Cancer Patients: 1. Maintain file work 2. Do extractions for radiotherapy cases 3. Perform biopsies 4. Observe varied causes of oral cancers iii. The Intern shall have 15 days posting in emergency services of a dental/ general hospital with extended responsibilities in emergency dental care in the wards. During this period he shall attend to all emergencies under the direct supervision of Oral surgeon during any operation.
Emergencies: Toothache; Trigeminal neuralgia; Bleeding from mouth due to trauma, post extraction, bleeding disorder or hemophilia; Airway obstruction due to fracture mandible and maxilla, dislocation of mandible, syncope vaso-vagal attacks. Ludwig’s angina, tooth fracture, post inter-Maxillary fixation under general Anesthesia. Work in I.C.U with particular reference to resuscitation procedures. Conduct tutorials on medico-legal aspects including reporting on actual cases coming to casualty. He should have visits to law courts.
C. Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge: (1 1/2months) The Intern shall make: Complete denture (upper & lower) 2 Removable partial denture 4 Fixed Partial denture I Planned Partial denture I Miscellaneous-like reline/over denture/repairs of maxillofacial Prosthesis I Learning use if face bow and Semi anatomic articulator technique I Crowns Introduction of implants
209 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
D. Periodontics: (1month) i. The Intern shall perform the following procedures: Prophylaxis 15 cases Flap Operation 2 cases Root Planning 1 case Curettage 1case Gingivectomy 1case Perio-Endocases 1 case
ii. During his one week posting in the community health centers, the intern shall educate the public on prevention of periodontal diseases.
E. Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics (1month) The intern shall perform the following procedure independently or under the guidance of supervisors. Restoration of extensively mutilated teeth 5 cases Inlay and Onlay preparations 1 case Use of tooth colored restorative materials 4 cases Treatment of discolored vital and non-vital teeth 1case Management of dento-alveolar fracture 1case Management of pulp-less, single-rooted teeth without pen-apical lesion 4 cases Management of acute dento-alveolar infections 2 cases Management of pulp-less, single rooted teeth with peripheral lesion 1 case Non-surgical management of traumatized teeth during formative period
F. Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry (1month) The intern shall perform the following: Topical application of fluorides including varnish 5 cases Restorative procedures on deciduous carious teeth 10cases Pulpotomy 2 cases Pulpectomy 2 cases Fabrication and insertion of space maintainers 1case Oral habit breaking appliances 1 case
G. Oral Pathology and Microbiology: (15days) The interns shall perform the following: History recording and clinical examination 5 cases Blood Urine and Sputum examination 5 cases Exfoliative cytology and smears study 2cases Biopsy laboratory procedure and reporting 1 cases
210 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
H. Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics :(1month) i. The interns shall observe the following procedures during their posting in Orthodontics: Detailed diagnostic procedures for 5 patients Laboratory techniques including wire bending for removable appliances, soldering and processing of myo-functional appliances. Treatment of plan options and decisions Making of bands, bonding procedures and wire insertions. Use of extra oral anchorage and observation of force values. Retainers Observe handling of patients with oral habits causing malocclusions
ii. He shall do the following laboratory work: 1. Wire bending for removable appliances and space maintainers including Welding and heat treatment procedures 5cases 2. Soldering exercises, banding and bonding procedures 2 cases 3. Cold cure and heat cure acrylisation of simple Orthodontic appliances 5cases
I. Public Health Dentistry:(3months) The Intern shall conduct health education session for individuals and groups on oral health, public health, nutrition, behavioural Sciences, environmental health, preventive Dentistry and epidemiology They shall conduct a short-term epidemiology survey in the community or in the alternate participate in the planning and methodology. They shall arrange effective demonstrations of • Preventive and interceptive procedures for prevalent dental diseases • Mouth rinsing and other oral hygiene demonstrations 5cases • Tooth bushing techniques
Conduction of oral health education programmes at • School setting 5 cases • Community Setting 5 cases • Adult education programmes 5cases • Preparation of Health Education materials 5 No.s • Exposure to team concept and National Health care systems • Observation of functioning of health infrastructure • Observation of functioning of health care team including multipurpose workers male and female, health educators and other workers. • Observation of at least one National Health programme. • Observation of interlinkages of delivery of oral health care with Primary Healthcare.
211 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
3. Elective Posting (15Days) The intern shall be posted for 15 days in any of the dental departments of their choice mentioned in the foregoing.
4. A Research oriented / epidemiological study guided by a PG teacher has to be carried out and the study report has to be submitted to the institution by every intern before the completion of the internship.
5. Assessment of Internship: The intern shall maintain a record of work which is to be verified and certified by the Head of Each department. Apart from scrutiny of the record of work, assessment and evaluation of training shall be undertaken by an objective approach using situation tests in knowledge, skills and attitude during and at the end of posting in each department. Based on the record of work and evaluation, the Head of the Institution shall issue a certificate of satisfactory completion of training, following which the University shall declare him eligible for the award of BDS degree.
Satisfactory completion shall be determined on the basis of the following:
No. Parameter Score
1 Proficiency of knowledge required for each case 1 - 4
The competency in skills expected to manage each case a. competency for performance of self performance, 2 1 - 4 b. of having assisted in procedures and c. of having observed
Responsibility, punctuality, work up of case, involvement in 3 1 - 4 treatment, follow-up reports
Capacity to work in a team (Behaviour with colleagues, 4 1 - 4 nursing staff and relationship with paramedics)
5 Initiative, participation in discussions, research aptitude 1 - 4
6 Participation in Community and Social service programmes 1 - 4
Score: 1: Very dissatisfied (less than 30%) 2: Dissatisfied (Between 30-50%) 3: Satisfied (Between 50-70%) 4: Very Satisfied (more than70%)
212 Regulations and Curriculum - BDS
Note: A Score of less than 3 in any of above items will represent unsatisfactory completion of internship
5. Rural Service: During the rural services, the internee shall participate in 1. Community Health Monitoring programmes and services which include Preventive. Diagnostic and corrective procedures to create educational awareness about dental hygiene and diseases 2. Conduction of Oral Health Education Programsat: (a) School Setting -5 (b) Community setting -5 (c) Adult Education Programme -5 3. Lectures to create awareness and education in public forums about the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and the predisposition to oral cancer – Two lectures per student.
*****
213