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M. Manolova, A. Nikolov, D.Tonev ,QVWLWXWHIRU1XFOHDU5HVHDUFKDQG1XFOHDU(QHUJ\%XOJDULDQ$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV6R¿D%XOJDULD

Abstract $Q DFFHOHUDWRU ODERUDWRU\ LV SUHVHQWO\ XQGHU FRQVWUXFWLRQLQ6R¿DDWWKH,151(%$67KHODE RUDWRU\ ZLOO XVH D 75 W\SH RI F\FORWURQ ZKLFK In the paper is presented a short historical over SURYLGHVDSRVVLELOLW\WRDFFHOHUDWHDSURWRQEHDP YLHZRIWKHEHJLQQLQJRIQXFOHDUWHFKQRORJ\LQ%XO ZLWKDQHQHUJ\RIWR0H9DQGFXUUHQWRIXS garia, namely the construction and operation of WR  P$$Q DFFHOHUDWRU ZLWK VXFK SDUDPHWHUV the IRT2000 research reactor and its role in sup DOORZVWRSURGXFHDODUJHYDULHW\RIUDGLRLVRWRSHV port of Bulgarian nuclear energy. Special attention for development of radiopharmaceuticals. The LVJLYHQWRWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRI,57LQKXPDQ PRVW FRPPRQ UDGLRLVRWRSHV WKDW FRXOG EH SUR resources development and national nuclear ca GXFHGZLWKVXFKDF\FORWURQDUH3(7LVRWRSHVOLNH SDFLW\EXLOGLQJDQGSUHVHUYDWLRQ 11 C, 13 N, 15 O,  F,  I,  Cu,  *H  *DDQG63(&7 $OVRDQXSGDWHRIWKHSURMHFWIRUHVWDEOLVKLQJ isotopes like: 123 I, 111 In, 67 *D 57 Co, 99 mTc. Our aim a national accelerator centre and highlighted the is to use the cyclotron facility for research in the REMHFWLYHVVHWIRU,151(&\FORWURQ/DERUDWRU\LV ¿HOGVRIUDGLRSKDUPDF\UDGLRFKHPLVWU\UDGLRELRO JLYHQ7KH75DFFHOHUDWRUDOORZVIRUWKHSURGXF ogy, nuclear physics, solid state physics, applied tion of a large variety of radioisotopes for medical UHVHDUFK QHZ PDWHULDOV DQG IRU HGXFDWLRQ LQ DOO applications and development of radiopharma WKHVH ¿HOGV LQFOXGLQJ QXFOHDU HQHUJ\ 7KH EXLOG FHXWLFDOV7KH QHZ F\FORWURQ IDFLOLW\ ZLOO EH XVHG LQJRIWKHODERUDWRU\ZLOOEHFRQVWUXFWHGQHDUE\WKH IRUERWKUHVHDUFKDQGHGXFDWLRQLQUDGLRSKDUPDF\ ,151(%$6DQGWKHF\FORWURQWRJHWKHUZLWKDOOWKH UDGLRFKHPLVWU\UDGLRELRORJ\QXFOHDUSK\VLFVHWF HTXLSPHQWQHHGHGZLOOEHLQVWDOOHGWKHUH Applied research and education especially for nu clear energy are also foreseen. Keywords: research reactor, nuclear re 2. IRT2000 research reactor VHDUFKWUDLQLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQF\FORWURQ3(7&7 radiopharmacy 7KH,57UHVHDUFKUHDFWRUZDVGHVLJQHGDQG EXLOWLQFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHZLGHO\DGRSWHGQRUPV DQGVWDQGDUGVLQIRUFHLQWKH¿IWLHVLQWKHIRUPHU 1. Introduction USSR [1]. The physical startup of the IRT2000 ZDVSHUIRUPHGRQ6HSWHPEHU7KHUHDF The Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear WRUWKHUPDOSRZHUDWWKHVWDUWRILWVRSHUDWLRQZDV Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (INRNE  N: DQG LQ  ZDV LQFUHDVHG WR  N: %$6  LV D QDWLRQDO RSHUDWRU RI WKH UHVHDUFK UH ,57  ZKLFK LV LWV GHVLJQ SRZHU OHYHO 7KH DFWRUZKLFKLVWKHRQO\QDWLRQDOVFLHQWL¿FQXFOHDU IDFLOLW\ LV D KHWHURJHQHRXV ZDWHUZDWHU SRROW\SH IDFLOLW\LQ%XOJDULD,151(LVWKHELJJHVWFRPSOH[ reactor operating on thermal . Distilled centre in for fundamental and applied ZDWHUXQGHUDWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUHLVXVHGDVQHX UHVHDUFKLQWKH¿HOGVRIQXFOHDUSK\VLFVQXFOHDU tron moderator, coolant and radiation protection HQHUJ\QXFOHDUPHWKRGVDQGWHFKQRORJLHVUDGLD over the reactor core. tion environment and ecology. The Institute has 7KH ,57 LV HTXLSSHG ZLWK  KRUL]RQWDO %DVLFHQYLURQPHQWDOREVHUYDWRU\DWSHDN0RXV DQGYHUWLFDOH[SHULPHQWDOFKDQQHOV )LJXUH  VDOD7KHQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVSRQVLELOL Measurements of the mixed and gamma WLHVRIWKH,QVWLWXWHLQYROYHDOVRVFLHQWL¿FVXSSRUW ¿HOGSDUDPHWHUV WKHUPDODQGIDVWÀX[HVVSHFWUD  of Kozloduy NPP, radiological monitoring and ZHUHFDUULHGRXWLQGLႇHUHQWSRLQWVRIWKHUHDFWRU PDQDJHPHQWRIHQYLURQPHQWDVZHOODVDQDO\VLV FRUHDQGLWVYLFLQLW\DVZHOODVLQWKHYHUWLFDODQG RI QXFOHDU PDWHULDOV RI DQ XQNQRZQ RULJLQ ,57 KRUL]RQWDOH[SHULPHQWDOFKDQQHOVE\PHDQVRIDF  UHVHDUFK UHDFWRU DQG UHODWHG ODERUDWRULHV tivation, ionization and other radiometric methods FRQVWLWXWHGDQDWLRQDOFHQWUHIRUVFLHQWL¿FDQGDS DQGGHYLFHVGHYHORSHGE\RXUVSHFLDOLVWV%DVHG SOLHGUHVHDUFKDVZHOODVIRUHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQ on these measurements, optimal conditions for LQJ RI VSHFLDOLVWV LQ WKH ¿HOG RI QXFOHDU VFLHQFH FDUU\LQJ RXW RI VFLHQWL¿F DQG DSSOLHG UHDFWRU H[ and technology. SHULPHQWVZHUHFKRVHQ>@

13 )LJXUH5HDFWRUKDOORI,57ZLWKVFLHQWL¿FHTXLSPHQWLQVWDOOHGDWWKHKRUL]RQWDOH[SHUL mental channels

&RQWLQXRXV UDGLDWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ ZDV SHU RWKHUEXLOGLQJVZDVSRVWSRQHG IRUPHG LQ WKH VDQLWDU\SURWHFWLYH ]RQH ZLWKLQ D )LUVW FULWLFDOLW\ RI ,57 ZDV UHDFKHG RQ radius of 500 m. Measurements of radioactivity in  6HSWHPEHU  'XULQJ WKH SHULRG RI  VRLOVSODQWVVHZHUDJHGUDLQDQGRSHQEDVLQZD years of the IRT2000 research reactor opera WHUVJURXQGDLUHWFZDVFDUULHGRXWSHUPDQHQWO\ WLRQWKHUHZHUHQRDFFLGHQWVDOORZHGE\LWVRS or periodically. HUDWLQJVWDႇ>@$IWHUWKH&KHUQRE\ODFFLGHQWLQ WKH%XOJDULDQ1XFOHDU5HJXODWRU\$JHQF\ +LVWRU\ %15$ RUGHUHGRQ-XO\DWHPSRUDU\ VKXWGRZQ RI WKH UHVHDUFK UHDFWRU LQ RUGHU WR A crucial role for the development of nuclear re meet the raised safety requirements. BNRA and search in Bulgaria had the decision of the Soviet INRNE proposed a program containing alterna government taken in January 1955 at the sugges tives for the future development of the IRT2000 tion of the great Soviet scientist I. V. Kurchatov to research reactor. The Council of Ministers issued KHOS%XOJDULDDQGRWKHUVRFLDOLVWFRXQWULHVWRHVWDE 5HVROXWLRQ1RHQDFWLQJWKHUH OLVKDVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKFHQWHUVIRUWKHSHDFHIXO construction of the IRT2000 research reactor XVHRIQXFOHDUSRZHU,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDOFRQWUDFW LQWRDORZSRZHUUHDFWRUXSWRN:6LQFHWKHQ ZDVVLJQHGRQ-XQHDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQG the nuclear research reactor is in a process of ing decision of the Bulgarian Council of Ministers reconstruction. ZDVLVVXHGRQ-XQHVRWKDWWKHFRXQWU\ The Reactor had an important role in gaining EHJDQWKHQHFHVVDU\LQYHVWLJDWLRQVWREXLOGD1X H[SHULHQFH DQG ZLGHQLQJ WKH NQRZOHGJH RI RXU clear Research Center at the Institute of Physics QXFOHDUVSHFLDOLVWVDQGFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHVPRRWK of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Figure 2, transition from research reactor operation to op DQG ,Q)HEUXDU\EHJDQFRQVWUXFWLRQRI HUDWLRQ RI SRZHU UHDFWRUV DW .R]ORGX\ 1XFOHDU WKH¿UVWVWDJHQXFOHDUUHVHDUFKUHDFWRU ZKLFK 3RZHU3ODQW .133 7KHPDQDJLQJWHDPWDNLQJ ZDVFRPSOHWHGLQ\HDUV The second stage part in the startup of the reactor and its operation supply of a cyclotron and construction of several included scientists and specialists in various areas

14 Figure 2. Before the Reactor construction, 1956 Figure 3. The Reactor under construction

Figure 4. Russian and Bulgarian specialists taking part in the IRT2000 startup

15 Figure 5. Group of Bulgarian scientists and engineers at the Kurchatov Institute,

RIQXFOHDUSK\VLFVDQGQXFOHDUPHWKRGVZKRWRRN HUSODQWZDVRIJUHDWVLJQL¿FDQFHIRURXUFRXQWU\ WKHLUSUDFWLFDOWUDLQLQJLQWKHIRUPHU8665 Ɏɢɝɭɪɟ  $IWHUVXFFHVVIXOO\RSHUDWLQJWKHUHVHDUFKUHDF WRUIRUDOPRVWWHQ\HDUVDQGSDVVLQJWKHLUNQRZO 2.3. Education and training edge to the next generation of nuclear specialists, almost all of the IRT2000 managing team trans ferred to the Kozloduy NPP in order to ensure the ,151( ZLWK WKH ,57 EHFDPH D SLOODU RI WKH VDIHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHQHZEXLOWFRPPHUFLDOSRZHU %XOJDULDQ QXFOHDU VFLHQFH ZKHUH PDQ\ \RXQJ reactors. VSHFLDOLVWVZRUNLQJDW.R]ORGX\133DQGRWKHULQ During the period of 19701973, the research stitutions, including the Bulgarian Nuclear Regula UHDFWRU IDFLOLWLHV ZHUH XVHG IRU WUDLQLQJ WKH ¿UVW WRU\$JHQF\VXFFHVVIXOO\GHIHQGHGWKHLU0DVWHU¶V specialists for Kozloduy NPP. DQG 'RFWRU¶V WKHVHV 7KH UHVHDUFK UHDFWRU ZDV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW EDVH IRU HGXFDWLRQ DQG WUDLQLQJ

RIKLJKO\TXDOL¿HGVFLHQWLVWVLQWKH¿HOGRIQXFOHDU 2.2. Activities energy and application of radiation methods and WHFKQRORJ\LQERWKVFLHQFHDQGSUDFWLFH 7KH ,57 DFWLYLWLHV KDYH EHHQ IRFXVHG RQ Presently INRNE has a programme accredita VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK LQ QHXWURQ SK\VLFV QXFOHDU tion from the National Evaluation and Accreditation spectroscopy, nuclear reactions, physics and en $JHQF\IRU'RFWRU¶VGHJUHHLQVL[VFLHQWL¿FGLVFL gineering of nuclear reactors, mainly focused on plines including: Neutron Physics and Physics of VROYLQJSUREOHPVRIRXUHYROYLQJQXFOHDUHQHUJ\ 1XFOHDU5HDFWRUV5DGLRFKHPLVWU\1XFOHDU5HDF LUUDGLDWLRQLQUHDFWRUQHXWURQDQGJDPPD¿HOGRI WRUV2WKHUHGXFDWLRQDODFWLYLW\LQFOXGHVVFLHQWL¿F ELRORJLFDOREMHFWVPDWHULDOVWRSURGXFHUDGLRDFWLYH consultation and supervision for students Bach LVRWRSHV DV ZHOO DV GLႇHUHQW VXEVWDQFHV IRU WKH HORUV¶DQG0DVWHUV¶GHJUHHRQWKHEDVLVRIFROODER SXUSRVHVRIERWKQHXWURQDFWLYDWLRQDQDO\VLVDQG UDWLRQ ZLWK 6R¿D 8QLYHUVLW\7HFKQLFDO 8QLYHUVLW\ UDGLRFKHPLVWU\ DVVLVWDQFH LQ WKH WUDLQLQJ RI VWDႇ 6R¿D3ORYGLY8QLYHUVLW\HWF IRURXUQHZO\GHYHORSHGQXFOHDUHQHUJ\ (GXFDWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV GXULQJ WKH UHIXUELVKPHQW The IRT2000 research reactor played a sig of the IRT2000 reactor include visits of students QL¿FDQWUROHIRUERRVWLQJWKHOHYHORIVFLHQWL¿FDQG IURP'HSDUWPHQW³1XFOHDU7HFKQRORJLHV´RI6R¿D WHFKQLFDONQRZOHGJHRI%XOJDULDQVSHFLDOLVWV7KH 8QLYHUVLW\'HSDUWPHQW³1XFOHDU3K\VLFV´RI6KX WUDQVLWLRQIURPDUHVHDUFKUHDFWRUWRDQXFOHDUSRZ PHQ9DUQDDQG3ORYGLY8QLYHUVLWLHV'HSDUWPHQW

16 )LJXUH9LVLWRIVWXGHQWVIURP6R¿D8QLYHUVLW\GXULQJWKHUHIXUELVKPHQWRIWKH,57 reactor

³1XFOHDU(QHUJ\´RIWKH7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\LQ6R WUDQVLHQWSURFHVVHVLQWKHUHDFWRUFRUHUHDFWRUGR ¿D1HZ%XOJDULDQ8QLYHUVLW\+LJKVFKRROV'XU VLPHWU\ IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ QHXWURQ HPEULWWOHPHQW RI LQJWKHYLVLWWKHVWXGHQWVDUHPDGHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKH WKHUHDFWRUYHVVHOPHWDOQXFOHDUIXHOSHUIRUPDQFH IRT reactor layout, IRT fuel, Radiation control and DQDO\VLV$ORWRIHႇRUWZDVVSHQWLQWKHGHYHORS 5DGLRFKHPLFDOODE )LJXUH  ment of methods and computer codes for predict LQJ WKH EDVLF QHXWURQSK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH .R]ORGX\ 133 99(5 DQG 99(5 UHDFWRUFRUHV9HUL¿FDWLRQDQGYDOLGDWLRQRIWKHVH 6FLHQWL¿FVXSSRUW FRPSXWHUFRGHVZDVSHUIRUPHG

The activities to support the nuclear energy devel RSPHQW LQ %XOJDULD KDYH EHHQ IRFXVHG RQ WKUHH 2.5. IRT utilization PDLQGLUHFWLRQV7KH¿UVWRIWKHPLVWKHVFLHQWL¿F research in neutron physics, nuclear spectrosco The utilization of IRT is aimed at: Development py, nuclear reactions, physics and engineering of and preservation of nuclear science, skills, and QXFOHDUUHDFWRUVPDLQO\IRFXVHGRQVROYLQJSURE lems of our evolving nuclear energy. The second NQRZOHGJH ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DSSOLHG PHWKRGV direction has more practical aspects irradiation in DQGUHVHDUFK(GXFDWLRQRIVWXGHQWVDQGWUDLQLQJ RIJUDGXDWHGSK\VLFLVWVDQGHQJLQHHUVLQWKH¿HOG WKHUHDFWRUQHXWURQDQGJDPPD¿HOGRIELRORJLFDO RIQXFOHDUVFLHQFHDQGQXFOHDUHQHUJ\(GXFDWLRQ REMHFWVPDWHULDOVWRSURGXFHUDGLRDFWLYHLVRWRSHV RIJHQHUDOSXEOLFE\OHFWXUHVDQGGHPRQVWUDWLRQV DVZHOODVGLႇHUHQWVXEVWDQFHVIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRI WRLQFUHDVHSXEOLFXQGHUVWDQGLQJFRQ¿GHQFHDQG ERWKQHXWURQDFWLYDWLRQDQDO\VLVDQGUDGLRFKHPLV support for nuclear energy. try. And the third direction is the training and edu cation of specialists. 7KH YDOXDEOH H[SHULHQFH JDLQHG E\ RXU VSH cialists at the research reactor helped in develop 2.6. Conclusions ing various methods, computer codes and mea suring instruments for control and evaluation of the 2Q WKH EDVLV RI SUHVHQWHG DFWLYLWLHV LW FRXOG EH .R]ORGX\133QXFOHDUVDIHW\7KHLUPDLQFRQWULEX concluded that the IRT2000 research reactor had WLRQZDVFRQFHQWUDWHGLQSDUWLFXODULQWKH¿HOGRI DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQJDLQLQJH[SHULHQFHDQGZLGHQ reactor physics analysis of the steadystate and LQJWKHNQRZOHGJHRIRXUQXFOHDUVSHFLDOLVWVDQG

17 FRQWULEXWHGWRVPRRWKWUDQVLWLRQIURPUHVHDUFKUH of domestic production of short lived medical cy DFWRURSHUDWLRQWRRSHUDWLRQRISRZHUUHDFWRUVDW FORWURQUDGLRLVRWRSHV7KLVSUREOHPKDVH[LVWHGIRU Kozloduy NPP. GHFDGHVGHVSLWHUHSHDWHGHႇRUWVRIVHYHUDOJHQ 7KHQRZDGD\V,151(DFWLYLWLHVLQVXSSRUWRI erations of researchers from INRNEBAS and the the nuclear energy in Bulgaria are aimed at: Re PHGLFDOFRPPXQLW\WRSHUVXDGHWKH*RYHUQPHQW DFWRU GRVLPHWU\ IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ QHXWURQ HPEULW WKDWVXFKDFHQWHUVKRXOGEHEXLOWLQ%XOJDULDDV WOHPHQW RI WKH UHDFWRU YHVVHO PHWDO 1XFOHDU IXHO ZDVGRQHDORQJWLPHDJRLQWKHRWKHU(DVWHUQ(X SHUIRUPDQFHDQDO\VLV6DIHW\RIQXFOHDUIDFLOLWLHV ropean countries. Development and preservation of nuclear science, ,W ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SUDFWLFDOO\ LPSRVVLEOH WR VNLOOV DQG NQRZOHGJH ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DSSOLHG VWDUWXS WKH SURMHFW ZLWKRXW WKH JHQHURXV FRQWUL PHWKRGVDQGUHVHDUFK(GXFDWLRQRIVWXGHQWVDQG EXWLRQV RI RXU ¿UVW ¿QDQFLDO GRQRUV )RU WKH SXU training of graduated physicists and engineers in chase of the cyclotron and construction of the WKH ¿HOG RI QXFOHDU VFLHQFH DQG QXFOHDU HQHUJ\ ODERUDWRU\86'ZHUHGRQDWHGIURPWKH (GXFDWLRQRIJHQHUDOSXEOLFE\OHFWXUHVDQGGHP 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'HSDUWPHQW RI (QHUJ\ '2(  DQG RQVWUDWLRQVWRLQFUHDVHSXEOLFXQGHUVWDQGLQJFRQ 86'IURP.R]ORGX\133,QWKH ¿GHQFHDQGVXSSRUWIRUQXFOHDUHQHUJ\ SURMHFWIRUDQHZF\FORWURQFHQWHUZDVLQFOXGHGLQ WKHXSGDWHG´1DWLRQDO5RDGPDSIRU6FLHQWL¿F,Q IUDVWUXFWXUH´RI%XOJDULD$WWKHEHJLQQLQJRI 3. Cyclotron laboratory of WKHSURMHFWZDVLGHQWL¿HGDVDSULRULW\RIWKH%XO the INRNE – BAS JDULDQ$PHULFDQ UHODWLRQV LQ WKH ¿HOG RI VFLHQFH and education. For several years the management RI ,151(%$6 KDV EHHQ DFWLYHO\ ZRUNLQJ WR LQ 3.1. Introduction sure further state support for the construction of WKHEXLOGLQJRIWKHF\FORWURQODERUDWRU\7KHSURMHFW ,151(%$6 KDV EHHQ ZRUNLQJ VLQFH  RQ HQYLVLRQVDQHZF\FORWURQODERUDWRU\DVDSDUWRI WKHSURMHFW´&\FORWURQODERUDWRU\RI,151(%$6´ ,151(%$6 FRQVLVWLQJ RI D VSHFLDOL]HG EXLOGLQJ 7KH SURMHFW ZDV ODXQFKHG LQ  DW WKH LQLWLD WKDWPHHWVWKHUHJXODWRU\UHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKH¿HOG WLYHRIWKH&RXQFLORI0LQLVWHUVRIWKH5HSXEOLFRI RIUDGLDWLRQVDIHW\DQG*03 JRRGPDQXIDFWXULQJ Bulgaria and the management of the Institute to SUDFWLFHV  LQ WKH SKDUPDFHXWLFDO LQGXVWU\ D EXQ VROYHDYHU\ROGSUREOHPRIWKHFRXQWU\WKHODFN NHU ZLWK D 75 F\FORWURQ D VHFWRU IRU DSSOLHG

Figure 7. A picture of INRNEBAS cyclotron TR24 during the test in Vancouver in August 2015

18 UHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWLQUDGLRSKDUPDF\ZLWK ZLWKDSSOLFDWLRQVLQPHGLFLQHZLWKDUHODWLYHO\ORZ HQKDQFHG HGXFDWLRQDO IXQFWLRQV D VHFWRU IRU WKH initial investment and moderate maintenance production of  ))'* FDOOHG )OXRURGHR[\JOX FRVWV $W WKHVH SURWRQ HQHUJLHV DQG EHDP FXU cose, and in future, of other radiopharmaceuticals. UHQW LW LV SRVVLEOH WR SURGXFH FRPPHUFLDO TXDQWL 7KHODERUDWRU\RI,151(%$6LVWKHQRYHOQXFOHDU WLHVRIUDGLRLVRWRSHVZLWKWUDGLWLRQDODQGH[SHFWHG research infrastructure in the country. Presently future applications in medicine as: PET radioiso Bulgaria has no research nuclear facility, neither a topes  F, 1  I,  Cu,  *H  *D63(&7UDGLRLVR UHVHDUFKUHDFWRUQRUDQDFFHOHUDWRU:LWKWKHQHZ topes 123 I, 111 In, 67 *D 99 P7F WKHUDSHXWLF DOSKD IDFLOLW\ ZH ZLOO UHVWDUW RXU H[SHULPHQWDO UHVHDUFK emitters 225 $F213 Bi, 230 8 226 Th. Some part of the SURJUDP QRW RQO\ LQ WKH ¿HOG RI QXFOHDU SK\VLFV HTXLSPHQWIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIUDGLRLVRWRSHVZLOO EXWDOVRLQPDQ\LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\¿HOGVUHODWHGWR EHGHVLJQHGDQGFRQVWUXFWHGLQ,151(%$6ZLWK nuclear physics. An excellent presentation of the the help of the Design and Production Workshop DFFHOHUDWRUSK\VLFVLVSUHVHQWLQWKHZRUN>@ 3K\VLFVDQGZLOOEHVROGRQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDU In Europe there are many academic institu NHWVXEVHTXHQWO\7KHUDGLRLVRWRSHVSURGXFHGE\ WLRQV ZKHUH QRYHO DFFHOHUDWRU FHQWHUV DUH XQGHU WKHF\FORWURQZLOOEHXVHGIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI GHYHORSPHQW7KH75F\FORWURQLVDQDFFHOHUD QHZ UDGLRODEHOOHG PROHFXOHV IRU GLDJQRVWLFV >@ WRUZKLFKKDVUHFHQWO\EHHQLQVWDOOHGDW&@ SRXU OD 5H&KHUFKH HW O(QVHLJQHPHQW &\UFHµ  RI 7KHDLPRIWKH,151(%$6F\FORWURQODERUD WKH,QVWLWXW3OXULGLVFLSOLQDLUH+XEHUW&XULHQ ,3+&  tory is to provide a high intensity and a high qual LQ6WUDVERXUJ)UDQFHRUZLOOEHRSHUDWHGVRRQDW LW\ SURWRQ EHDP WR SHUIRUP IRUHIURQW UHVHDUFK LQ at the Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\¿HOGVOLNHPHGLFDOFKHPLFDOELR Research of HelmholtzZentrum Dresden Rossen logical and material sciences, nuclear physics and GRUI +='5 *HUPDQ\5]H]&]HFK5HSXEOLFHWF applied research. The cyclotron can also produce 7KH/DERUDWRUL1D]LRQDOLGL/HJQDURDW,1)1XV YHU\ ORZ FXUUHQWV Q$  IRU UDGLRELRORJ\ DSSOL ing a 70 MeV cyclotron, plans to perform similar to FDWLRQV$ORQJHUWHUPJRDORIWKHODERUDWRU\LVWR our activities [6]. EHFRPHLQYROYHGLQSUHFOLQLFDOVWXGLHVDQGFOLQLFDO WULDOVWKURXJKFROODERUDWLRQVDQGUHVHDUFKSURMHFWV ZLWKDFDGHPLFSDUWQHUVDQGSULYDWHFRPSDQLHV 3.2. Challenges of the INRNEBAS cyclotron 7KHODERUDWRU\LQ6R¿DZLOORSHQDQHZSRV project VLELOLW\IRUH[SHULPHQWDOQXFOHDUVWUXFWXUHUHVHDUFK in Bulgaria. We plan to investigate levelschemes RIH[FLWHGQXFOHLDVZHOODVWRPHDVXUHOLIHWLPHVRI 2QHRIWKHPDLQREMHFWLYHVRIWKHSURMHFWLVZLWKLQ H[FLWHGQXFOHDUVWDWHV$SURWRQEHDPZLOOEHXVHG ¿YH \HDUV WR DOORZ IRU UHJXODU VXSSO\ RI  ))'* WRERPEDUGDWDUJHWDQGZLWKDPXOWLGHWHFWRUV\V WR  UHJLRQDO 3(7&7 FHQWUH DW D ORZ SULFH SUR tem to investigate the nuclear structure. Lifetimes YLGLQJ´IXOOFRVWUHFRYHU\´ZLWKDVPDOOSUR¿WPDU LQWKHIHPWRVHFRQGUHJLRQFDQEHPHDVXUHGXVLQJ JLQXVHGWRVXVWDLQWKHODERUDWRU\7KLVZLOOHQDEOH 'RSSOHUVKLIW DWWHQXDWLRQ PHWKRG '6$0  IROORZ PRUHKRVSLWDOVLQ%XOJDULDWRSXUFKDVHQHZ3(7 ing the inelastic proton scattering reaction. Such &7HTXLSPHQWDVZHOODVWRLQFUHDVHWKHWKURXJK put of the existing scanners. DQDSSURDFKLVSUHVHQWHGLQGHWDLOVLQWKHZRUNRI Hennig et al.[9]. 7KLVZLOODOORZWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRISD In the setup used in Cologne University, the WLHQWVD\HDULQWKHUHJLRQDO3(7&7FHQWUHV7KH ZLGHU DFFHVV WR 3(7&7 ZLOO LPSURYH WKH KHDOWK SURWRQLQWKHH[LWFKDQQHORIWKH SS¶Ȗ UHDFWLRQ DQGH[WHQGWKHOLIHRIWKHSDWLHQWVVXႇHULQJIURP LVGHWHFWHGZLWKFKDUJHGSDUWLFOHGHWHFWRUVSODFHG cancer. The revenue from the sale of radioisotopes close to the target. This approach uses the cen DQG UDGLRSKDUPDFHXWLFDOV ZLOO EH IXOO\ UHLQYHVWHG WURLGVKLIWYHUVLRQRIWKH'6$0PHWKRGDQGSUR¿WV in the research program and in the development of from the coincident detection of scattered protons WKHODERUDWRU\7KHDYDLODELOLW\RIDSURGXFWLRQVHF DQGGHH[FLWLQJȖUD\V WRU PHHWLQJ DOO PRGHUQ UHJXODWRU\ *03 UHTXLUH Utilizing this approach thirty lifetimes in 96 Ru PHQWVZLOOHQVXUHKLJKTXDOLW\WUDLQLQJRIQXFOHDU DUHGHWHUPLQHGLQWKHZRUNRI+HQQLJHWDO>@ SKDUPDFLVWVDQGZLOOFORVHWKHFKDLQIURPUHVHDUFK $Q DSSURDFK XVLQJ D VLPLODU VHWXS ZH SODQ WR WKURXJK5 'WRHQGSURGXFWVZLWKDSSOLFDWLRQVLQ PRXQW DW ,151( ODERUDWRU\ LQ RUGHU WR PHDVXUH PHGLFLQH7KHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKH75F\FORWURQ OLIHWLPHVIRUORZO\LQJVWDWHVLQQXFOHLZKLFKFRXOG VKRZQLQ)LJXUH KDYHEHHQVHOHFWHGLQVXFKD EHDSSURDFKHGE\ SS¶Ȗ UHDFWLRQ:HZRXOGOLNH ZD\WKDWLQWKHQH[WWZHQW\\HDUV,151(%$6ZLOO WRFRQWLQXHRXUUHVHDUFKLQWKH¿HOGVRILQYHVWLJD EHDEOHWRSURGXFHDZLGHUDQJHRIUDGLRLVRWRSHV tion of phase transitions in nuclear physics [11],

19 )LJXUH$<OLQHEHORQJLQJWRWKH6R¿DF\FORWURQ

Figure 9. Factory acceptance tests in Vancouver, in 2015

20 Figure 10. Delivery and storage of the cyclotron in INRNEBAS chirality in nuclei [12, 13] and nuclear structure of EHDPFXUUHQWRI—$XSJUDGHDEOHWR—$ OLJKWQXFOHL>@$SDUDOOHODFWLYLW\RI,151(ODERUD VLPXOWDQHRXVH[WUDFWLRQRIWZRSURWRQEHDPVH[ tory includes education and training of physicists, ternal CUSP ion source. With a very high current FKHPLVWVSKDUPDFLVWVDQGELRORJLVWVIRUUDGLRLVR RIXSWR—$XSJUDGHDEOHWRP$DQGSURWRQ topes production, radiochemistry, quality control HQHUJ\UDQJLQJIURPWR0H9WKHF\FORWURQ of radiopharmaceuticals and their uses in medical can produce commercial quantities of more than LPDJLQJDVZHOODVWUDLQLQJRIVSHFLDOLVWIRUQXFOHDU LVRWRSHVE\LUUDGLDWLQJVLPXOWDQHRXVO\WZRKLJK energy. More general practical topics like radiation current targets placed at the exit ports or along SURWHFWLRQDQGGRVLPHWU\ZLOODOVREHFRYHUHGE\ KLJKFXUUHQWEHDPOLQHV$WWKHEHJLQQLQJRQH< WKHWUDLQLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQSURJUDPRIWKHODERUD OLNHEHDPOLQHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHZLOOEHPRXQWHG tory. Most of the training and education activities at one of the exit ports of our cyclotron for greater ZLOOEHFDUULHGRXWE\LQYROYLQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKH ÀH[LELOLW\ 3UHVHQWO\ ZH KDYH WZR WDUJHW VWDWLRQV RQJRLQJUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVRIWKHODERUDWRU\6SH and three targets for the production of  ))'* FLDODWWHQWLRQZLOOEHSDLGWRWKHWUDQLQJRIVWXGHQWV ZKLFKSODQWRZRUNLQWKH¿HOGRIQXFOHDUHQHUJ\ 7KH HGXFDWLRQ RI WKHVH VWXGHQWV ZLOO JXDUDQWHH 3.4. Status of the Bulgarian National Cyclotron the high level of nuclear safety of the Bulgarian Center QXFOHDUSRZHUSODQW

,Q  ,151(%$6 FRPSOHWHG VXFFHVVIXOO\ WKH SXEOLF SURFXUHPHQW WHQGHU IRU WKH F\FORWURQ DQG 3.3. The accelerator TR24 VLJQHGDFRQWUDFWIRUWKHGHOLYHU\RID75F\ FORWURQPDQXIDFWXUHGE\WKH&DQDGLDQFRPSDQ\ 7KH75F\FORWURQLVSURGXFHGDQGFRPPHUFLDO $&6, 7KH F\FORWURQ SDVVHG ORZ HQHUJ\ WHVWV LQ L]HG E\$GYDQFHG &\FORWURQ 6\VWHPV ,QFRUSRUD the factory in August 2015. All the design param WLRQ ORFDWHG LQ 9DQFRXYHU &DQDGD 7KH 75 HWHUV RI WKH F\FORWURQ ZHUH VXFFHVVIXOO\ GHPRQ F\FORWURQRI,151(%$6KDVWKHIROORZLQJFKDUDF strated during the tests. An illustration for the tests teristics: accelerates negatively charged hydrogen LVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH$OOWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHF\ LRQV YDULDEOH HQHUJ\ RI WKH SURWRQ EHDP PLQL FORWURQZHUHGHOLYHUHGDQGVWRUHGDW,151(%$6 PXPHQHUJ\RIWKHSURWRQEHDPRI0H9PD[L RQ -DQXDU\ WK  )LJXUH  7KH EXLOGLQJ PXPHQHUJ\RIWKHSURWRQEHDPRI0H9SURWRQ IRUWKHF\FORWURQDQGWKHKRWFHOOVZLOOEHFRQVWUXFW

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