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I N E STIT U T TRANSFORMING MOBILITY IN INDIAN CITIES INSIGHTS FROM INDIA‘S FIRST URBAN MOBILITY LAB IN PUNE M OUN KY T C A I O N
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ABOUT PUNE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION (PMC) The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) is the civic body that governs Pune, the second largest city in Maharashtra. It is responsible for the civic needs and infrastructure of the metropolis, which covers an area of over 330 square kilometers and has 3.4 million residents. The PMC has been administering Pune and serving its citizens since 1950.
ABOUT ROCKY MOUNTAIN INSTITUTE (RMI) Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)—an independent nonprofit founded in 1982—transforms global energy use to create a clean, prosperous, and secure low-carbon future. It engages businesses, communities, institutions, and entrepreneurs to accelerate the adoption of market-based solutions that cost-effectively shift from fossil fuels to efficiency and renewables. RMI has offices in Basalt and Boulder, Colorado; New York City; Washington, D.C.; and Beijing. RMI has been supporting India's mobility and energy transformation since 2016. TRANSFORMING MOBILITY IN INDIAN CITIES INSIGHTS FROM INDIA‘S FIRST URBAN MOBILITY LAB IN PUNE AUTHORS & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Pune Municipal Corporation The authors would like to thank the ClimateWorks Rocky Mountain Institute Foundation, the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, George Krumme, the Swedish Postcode Foundation, and the John D. and CONTACTS Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for their generous For more information, please contact: support that made the Urban Mobility Lab and this [email protected] report possible. [email protected]
SUGGESTED CITATION Pune Municipal Corporation and Rocky Mountain Institute. Transforming Mobility in Indian Cities: Insights from India’s First Urban Mobility Lab in Pune—2018. https://rmi.org/insight/urban-mobility-lab-pune/
EDITORIAL AND DESIGN Art Director: Vindhya Tripathi Design: Antima Nahar Editor: Lisha Mansukhani
Images courtesy of iStock / Shutterstock unless otherwise noted.
01 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS REPORT...... 04 01. OPPORTUNITY AND NEED...... 05 02. OVERVIEW OF THE URBAN MOBILITY LAB...... 11 Background and Context Change Model Process > City Selection > City Needs Assessment > Team Recruitment and Engagement Vision for Scaling 03. PUNE: INDIA’S FIRST URBAN MOBILITY LAB...... 19 04. THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS...... 21 Introduction Thematic Summaries > Traffic Management > Parking Management > Urban Freight > Non-motorized Transport > Public Transport > Transportation Data for Seamless Multimodal Routing, Booking, and Payment > Shared, Electric Mobility for First and Last Mile Connectivity System-level Insights
05. PATH FORWARD...... 43 06. END NOTES...... 44
TABLE OF CONTENTS | 02 “India is poised to lead the world in advanced passenger mobility. It can leapfrog the traditional paradigm of privately-owned, underutilized, fossil fuel-powered vehicles to a future of shared, clean, connected mobility. We at Rocky Mountain Institute are honored to support India’s mobility transformation through testing and scaling mobility solutions in cities. Pune can set the pace for cities across India and around the world to shift to clean mobility—thus accelerating the global energy transition.”
— Jules Kortenhorst, Chief Executive Officer, Rocky Mountain Institute ABOUT THIS REPORT
Pune, Maharashtra was selected in June 2018 “Whatever solutions have come out of as India’s first Lighthouse City for mobility this lab should move forward to create a solutions in response to NITI Aayog and proper ecosystem that the whole country Rocky Mountain Institute’s “Grand Challenge.” can follow. We are coming up with a NITI Aayog and RMI developed the concept Urban Green Mobility Scheme—where we of Lighthouse Cities in their May 2017 report, look at solutions for cities. We will have India Leaps Ahead: Transformative Mobility more Grand Challenges and we will use Solutions for All, with the idea of creating the inputs from the Urban Mobility Lab to several leading geographies to serve as inform our urban planning solutions. We test-beds for the implementation of new, look to create more Lighthouse Cities in innovative, and integrated urban mobility Maharashtra and beyond.” solutions. The Pune Municipal Corporation — Durga Shanker Mishra, Secretary, Ministry of Housing and and Rocky Mountain Institute hosted India’s Urban Affairs, Government of India first Urban Mobility Lab 15–17 October 2018 to work with government, industry, and civil- Although this report focuses on Pune, many society leaders to collaboratively design such of the insights contained within are applicable mobility solutions for implementation in Pune. to other Indian cities and relevant to India’s broader mobility system. By sharing this information, we aim to foster further dialogue on key challenges and opportunities in India’s urban mobility transformation, inspire new collaborations within and across government and industry to design and implement solutions, and generate greater alignment among all stakeholders on key opportunity areas to accelerate India’s shift to a shared, clean, and people-centric mobility future. This report is a reflection of the discussions and work that took place at the Urban Mobility Lab in Pune. It aims to share experiences, key insights, and valuable lessons learned from the Urban Mobility Lab in order to support the adoption and scaling of mobility solutions that were developed in Pune, both in India and around the world.
ABOUT THIS REPORT | 04 OPPORTUNITY AND NEED
An urban transformation is underway in India at an cities’ contribution to the national GDP is projected unprecedented scale. Estimates suggest that the to increase from 60 percent to 75 percent by 2030.³ urban population could grow to 600 million people by Cities are becoming hubs of job creation, innovation, 2030, compared to 450 million today.¹ This projected and entrepreneurship. They generate revenue for growth represents a unique opportunity for India to governments that can be fed back into the economy, fuel social and economic progress in the coming fueling growth and development. While urban decades. As inferred by the World Bank, “No country transformation may be an engine of economic growth, has grown to middle income without industrializing it has come with many challenges. Increasing pressure and urbanizing. None has grown to high income on basic infrastructure and services, in particular in without vibrant cities. The rush to cities in developing the transportation sector, has led to issues such as countries seems chaotic, but it is necessary.”² A high increasing congestion and vehicular emissions. As urban-growth trajectory for India, hence, seems critical mobility demand in cities continues to grow, these for transitioning to higher levels of socio-economic challenges could worsen, especially considering a development. number of current trends that are dominated by the increasing use of private vehicles, declining shares of The urban transition in the last two decades has public and non-motorized transport (NMT) systems, already started showing the benefits of economies of and unplanned growth in goods movement. agglomeration in concentrated geographies. Indian
05 FIGURE 1A
Two-wheelers and cars have experienced 3x growth in million-plus cities over the past decade
FIGURE 1B
City bus fleets have been experiencing slow or negative growth since 2010
OPPORTUNITY & NEED | 06 FIGURE 1C
Motorized vehicles dominate the mode share in Indian cities, while cycles make up a small fraction
FIGURE 1D
More than two dozen Indian cities exceed the World Health Organization’s standard for PM2.5
07 Figure 1A–D: Trends in urban mobility. Figure 1A shows that two-wheelers and cars have experienced 3x growth in Indian cities over the past decade, whereas Figure 1B shows that city bus fleets have been experiencing slow or negative growth since 2010. These two trends and cycles’ small fraction of Indian cities’ mode share compared to the high share of motorized vehicles
(Figure 1C) have social, economic, and environmental impacts on Indian cities, such as high levels of PM2.5 (Figure 1D) and the fact that about 20 percent of road and traffic related accidents occur in India’s million-plus cities. Sources: Figure 1A-Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH; various years); 1B-Data compiled from MoRTH and State Road Transport Undertakings websites; 1C-Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and Wilbur Smith Associates (2018); 1D-World Health Organization (2018)”
The current trends in mobility suggest a growing analysis estimates that such a transition could result in need for urgent action to shift from: cumulative potential fuel savings of 876 million tonnes of oil equivalent (worth US$330 billion) and > Private-vehicle ownership to shared usership; 1 gigatonne of potential carbon dioxide (CO ) emissions > Internal combustion engine vehicles to electric 2 in India’s passenger transportation sector by 2030.⁴ vehicles; and Significant portions of these savings can come from > Cities designed for motor vehicles to cities cities. International Transport Forum estimates that designed for humans. a scenario which emphasizes public transport and shared mobility has the potential to reduce the total Such a transition can lead to a series of positive mobility demand and CO2 emissions in Indian cities impacts, including reduced fossil fuel dependence by 29 percent and 37 percent, respectively. Vehicle and vehicular emissions, improved public health, activity and local emissions (i.e., NO and PM ) also strengthened energy security, and the development x 2.5 decline by nearly 90 percent. In this scenario if India of innovative business models. NITI Aayog and RMI’s adopts world-class emission-control standards.⁵ FIGURE 2
Projections of growth in urban mobility demand
This chart shows an index of total mobility demand in passenger-kilometers in Indian cities under three scenarios, where 2010 is equal to 100. The public-oriented low road scenario lowers India’s urban mobility demand in 2050 by about 30 percent from the baseline scenario, whereas the private-oriented high road scenario would lead to an increase of about 25 percent. Source: OECD (2015), “Evolution of urban mobility in Indian cities under different scenarios: 2010 = 100”, in ITF Transport Outlook 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789282107782-graph69-en.
OPPORTUNITY & NEED | 08 FIGURE 3
Changes in vehicle activity, emissions, and premature mortality relative to a baseline scenario (Figure 2) in Indian Cities in 2050
PRIVATEORIENTED HIGH ROADS
PUBLICORIENTED LOW ROADS
Vehicle activity and outcomes associated with Figure 2’s projections. The upper charts show changes in vehicle
activity, CO2 emissions, NOx, PM, and health impacts in urban India in 2050 for the private-oriented high roads scenario relative to the baseline scenario (Figure 2). The lower charts show the same measures for the public- oriented low roads scenario relative to the baseline scenario (Figure 2). For the charts on the right, the Reference scenario assumes that India makes no additional progress beyond current vehicle emission standards. The Accelerated scenario assumes that world-class standards equivalent to Euro 6/VI are implemented based on a policy roadmap established by the International Council on Clean Transportation (Chambliss et al., 2013). Source: OECD (2015), “Changes in activity, emissions, and health impacts from baseline scenario in Indian cities, 2050”, in ITF Transport Outlook 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/9789282107782-graph77-en
09 Shared, clean, and people-centric are foundational elements of India’s new mobility paradigm
Widespread adoption of a shared, clean, and people- to realize the cumulative impact of synchronized centric mobility paradigm in Indian cities will require efforts. These urban geographies can become new approaches for planning and implementation. ‘lighthouse’ regions and early leading examples that These approaches will have to harness the help India learn what it takes to test, validate, and opportunities being created by the convergence of assemble components of a new mobility system. new technologies and business models to implement The strategies that develop and the insights that innovative mobility solutions. Solutions that support come from an integrated portfolio of pilot projects can Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) offerings; the adoption accelerate the learning curve for other cities and inform of clean vehicles such as electric buses, taxis, and both state and national policy processes on scaling auto rickshaws for both main-haul and first and last the deployment of new, advanced mobility solutions. mile public transport connectivity; and the sharing and The Urban Mobility Lab initiative is working to establish use of data to enhance public transit ridership are Lighthouse Cities and Regions in India in order to examples of solutions that Indian cities must seek to demonstrate the way forward for a shared, clean, and develop and implement in order to make a transition people-centric mobility future for Indian cities. towards a new mobility future.
While several examples of early adoption are emerging across a number of Indian cities, there is a need to concentrate these efforts in a few select urban geographies to harness the integration potential and
OPPORTUNITY & NEED | 10 OVERVIEW OF THE URBAN MOBILITY LAB
BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
The Urban Mobility Lab is a platform that supports transformative solutions to India’s mobility challenges. a replicable process for identifying, integrating, One solution that emerged from this charrette was the implementing, and scaling mobility solutions to idea of developing “Lighthouse Cities” as test-beds for transform how people and goods move in Indian integrated pilot projects in the mobility sector. While cities. It engages cities to develop and implement Indian cities and companies have launched a number shared, clean, and people-centric mobility solutions of individual pilot projects, few players are exploring suited to local needs. The experiences and lessons how these projects could integrate to create additional from the Urban Mobility Lab aim to guide and value. Designing pilots with the whole system in mind accelerate the scaling of mobility solutions, both can result in solutions that are more efficient and nationally and globally. effective than pilots that develop in isolation.
NITI Aayog and RMI developed the concept of To this end, in November 2017 the CEO of NITI Aayog, Lighthouse Cities in their report India Leaps Ahead: Mr. Amitabh Kant, announced a “Grand Challenge” to Transformative Mobility Solutions for All6 published in select India’s first Lighthouse City for mobility solutions. May 2017. In February of 2017, NITI Aayog and RMI co- Following an independent and rigorous selection hosted a charrette convening 75 leaders from India’s process, Pune, Maharashtra was selected as India’s first public and private sectors to identify and develop Lighthouse City for mobility solutions.
11 The implementing agency for the Urban Mobility Lab Recent progress in Pune is the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC)—the civic body that governs Pune, the second-largest city NOVEMBER 2018 in Maharashtra. The PMC is responsible for the civic Ongoing implementation support for PMC, needs and infrastructure of the city, which covers an the project teams, and the working groups area of over 330 square kilometers and is home to 3.4 million residents. The PMC and RMI work together OCTOBER 2018 to design and implement the Urban Mobility Lab PMC and RMI convened India’s first Urban in Pune. Mobility Lab in Pune with participants from over 75 organizations “As India’s ‘most livable’ city, Pune is progressing towards becoming India’s SEPTEMBER 2018 premiere place to work and live. We are Nine project teams and four working groups were working diligently to drive this progress. selected for the Solutions Workshop However, rapid urbanization poses challenges to the mobility of our citizens. AUGUST 2018 As we pave the way to the future of mobility, PMC and RMI engaged city stakeholders through from our urban street design guidelines to a needs assessment process our BRT system, much work remains to make life easier for the people of Pune. We look JULY 2018 forward to supporting the mobility solutions Application was opened for project teams to coming out of the Urban Mobility Lab and propose mobility solution for Pune continuing to establish Pune as a leading example of the future of mobility in JUNE 2018 Pune was announced as the first Lighthouse City Indian cities.” and the initial host of the Urban Mobility Lab – Saurabh Rao, Municipal Commissioner, Pune Municipal Corporation NOVEMBER 2017 NITI Aayog and RMI announced a Grand The PMC and RMI are also engaging with NITI Aayog, Challenge to select the first Lighthouse City the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, and a network of five Scaling Partner cities to share lessons from the Urban Mobility Lab and to scale the process and viable projects to other cities across India. These Scaling Partner cities are: Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Bangalore (Karnataka), Kochi (Kerala), Mumbai (Maharashtra), and Hyderabad (Telangana), all of which applied for the Lighthouse City Grand Challenge. Together, the five states involved in the Urban Mobility Lab’s network represent 20 percent of India’s population and 30 percent of India’s economic output.
OVERVIEW OF THE URBAN MOBILITY LAB | 12 India’s first Lighthouse City, Pune, and the Urban Mobility Lab’s five Scaling Partner cities Pune Mumbai Hyderabad Visakhapatnam Bangalore Kochi
CHANGE MODEL
The Urban Mobility Lab’s replicable process for a resource of best practices and emerging solutions identifying, integrating, implementing, and scaling in urban mobility, the Urban Mobility Lab equips public mobility solutions adopts RMI’s “think-do-scale” and private sectors actors with a common knowledge strategy through five components: knowledge building, base. This shared knowledge base fosters alignment city analysis, solution development, implementation and supports collaboration and peer-learning. and evaluation, and learning and scaling. These five components address both local needs and conditions Do: and support the rapid deployment of new mobility The do component of the Urban Mobility Lab’s process solutions. The process is replicable and flexible, involves city analysis and solution development. allowing each city to customize the Urban Mobility Lab By working with city stakeholders to create a set of to meet its unique mobility needs. resources that assess the needs and goals of a city, the Urban Mobility Lab supports cities in identifying Think: key points of leverage in their mobility systems. The think component of the Urban Mobility Lab’s Understanding the priority, feasibility, and impact of process centers on knowledge building. By serving as a portfolio of mobility solutions helps cities work with
13 the private sector through a facilitated process to Scale: conceive and implement viable projects. To support The scale component of the Urban Mobility Lab’s this collaborative design process, RMI works with each process focuses on supporting the implementation Lighthouse City to conduct a Solutions Workshop. After of pilot projects beyond the Lighthouse City and the completion of a Solutions Workshop, the Urban informing the development of smart mobility policies Mobility Lab supports the integration and implementation and initiatives through key partners, including the five of pilot projects in the Lighthouse City. Scaling Partner cities, state governments, NITI Aayog, and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
CORE COMPONENTS OF THE URBAN MOBILITY LAB
THINK DO SCALE
KNOWLEDGE CITY SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTATION & LEARNING & BUILDING ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION SCALING
Tools: Tools: Tools: Tools: Tools: • Interactive • City needs • Team recruitment • Implementation • Follow-up online forum assessment and engagement support convenings • Insight briefs • Solutions Workshop • Follow-up • Scaling Partner and other reports • Follow-up convenings cities network convenings • Reports for government, business, and civil-society leaders
Partners: Partners: Partners: Partners: Partners: • Interactive • City government • City government • City government • City government online forum • State government • State government • State government • State government • Insight briefs • Civil-society • Private-sector • Private-sector • Private-sector and other reports groups companies companies companies • Civil-society groups • Civil-society groups • Civil-society groups
In Pune, through the Urban Mobility Lab’s process, The Urban Mobility Lab supports the PMC and the PMC and RMI have: the solutions providers in their collective effort to accelerate the implementation of new mobility > Conducted a city needs assessment to identify solutions in Pune by serving as an ongoing platform key opportunity areas for new mobility solutions for for coordination and guidance related to project 7 Pune City; selection, financing, evaluation, learning, and scaling. > Run a team recruitment and engagement process to To accelerate India’s broader mobility transition, the select and prepare solutions providers to offer such Urban Mobility Lab will also document key insights from solutions; and the process and support the scaling of viable solutions through partners across the private sector and city, > Convened a multi-day Solutions Workshop to discuss state, and central government. and advance these solutions in a collaborative, facilitated environment.
OVERVIEW OF THE URBAN MOBILITY LAB | 14 PROCESS
Quick facts on the mobility scenario in Pune: City selection Pune was selected as India’s first Lighthouse City for With a population of 3.1 million, Pune is India’s ninth- mobility solutions out of a competitive applicant pool largest Municipal Corporation and has the fourth- of cities that responded to NITI Aayog and RMI’s Grand highest per capita income among Indian cities.8 Challenge. Pune stood out for its strong government It has one of the highest rates of two-wheeler and car support and leadership; its demonstrated action on key ownership—400 two-wheelers per 1,000 people and aspects of urban mobility, in particular non-motorized 124 cars per 1,000 people among Indian cities.⁹ The transport; and its progress on India’s Smart Cities city has about a half million registered cars and 1.9 Mission—an urban renewal and retrofitting program by million two-wheelers.10 The mode share of work trips in the Government of India with the mission to develop the city indicates high dependence of Pune citizens on 100 sustainable, citizen-friendly cities across the two-wheelers; two-wheelers serve 35 percent of the country. In June 2018, Pune was announced as India’s city’s work trips.11 The city’s non-motorized mode share first Lighthouse City for mobility solutions and the initial (31 percent for walking and cycling) has been declining, host of the Urban Mobility Lab. and its public-transport mode share (19 percent) is relatively low among India’s most-populous cities.
FIGURE 4A and 4B
Quick facts on the mobility scenario in Pune
Source: Car and two-wheeler ownership estimated based on household two-wheeler and car ownership published by Census of India (2011).
15 FIGURE 4C
Pune’s work-trip mode share
Bus Train 19.0% 2.0%
Moped, Scooter Car, Jeep, Van 35.0% 7.0% Tempo, Autorickshaw 5.0%
Cycle 9.0% Walk 23.0% Source: Census of India (2011) data on Mode of Travel to Work
Pune mobility statistics. Figure 4A and 4B show Pune’s relatively high rate of car ownership and two-wheeler ownership, respectively. Figure 4C shows the mode share of work trips in Pune. Source: same as Figures 4A and 4B.
City needs assessment In preparation for the Urban Mobility Lab, the PMC offers an overview of mobility plans, policies, and and RMI conducted research and interviews to review, projects within and around Pune. In doing so, it aims understand, and document aspects of Pune’s mobility to support a shared awareness and understanding of ecosystem. This process is known as a city needs Pune’s mobility ecosystem across the participants and assessment. The summary document, An Introduction projects involved in the Urban Mobility Lab. to Pune City’s Mobility Ecosystem (August 2018),12
FIGURE 5 City needs assessment process
The city needs assessment for Pune consisted of four parts: a literature review of key planning and policy documents, a multi-stakeholder workshop, an ecosystem mapping exercise to understand the players across all levels of Pune’s mobility system, and expert interviews with local government officials and civil society groups.
OVERVIEW OF THE URBAN MOBILITY LAB | 16 Key insights from the needs assessment include: and integration of these items both within and across each level. > Public transport and non-motorized transport have been identified as a strong backbone of Pune’s transportation system and represent a significant The city needs assessment also helped identify the opportunity for continued improvement and potential key opportunity areas that the PMC and RMI used to integration with new mobility solutions. seek solutions providers to participate in the Urban Mobility Lab. These included seven themes: traffic > Pune has a portfolio of thoughtfully designed and management; parking management; urban freight; detailed policies and plans. There is an opportunity non-motorized transport; public transport; to support the timely implementation of proposed transportation data for seamless multimodal routing, solutions through a structured and purposeful booking, and payment; and shared electric mobility for integration framework. first and last mile connectivity. While this collection of > With policies, plans, and funding existing at all levels themes is a product of the city needs assessment for of governance (i.e., city, state, center), there is an Pune, they are relevant to many Indian cities. opportunity to improve the alignment, coordination,
FIGURE 6 Key themes identified through the city needs assessment in Pune.
TRAFFIC PARKING NON-MOTORIZED URBAN FREIGHT MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT TRANSPORT
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SHARED ELECTRIC TRANSPORT DATA FOR SEAMLESS MOBILITY FOR FIRST MULTIMODAL ROUTING, AND LAST MILE BOOKING, AND CONNECTIVITY PAYMENT
These seven themes were identified as key opportunity areas for accelerating Pune’s transition to shared, clean, and people-centric mobility.
17 Team recruitment and engagement Representatives from a number of these Scaling Partners participated in the 15–17 October 2018 The PMC and RMI recruited solutions providers to Solutions Workshop in Pune to learn from the process participate in the Urban Mobility Lab in Pune and advance and cultivate new relationships and partnerships. mobility solutions related to the seven themes identified During the Solutions Workshop, they exchanged through the needs assessment process. Eight leading experiences and best practices among city leaders, solutions providers from across India were confirmed global experts, and solutions providers. as participants to develop innovative mobility solutions for Pune City through the Urban Mobility Lab. The eight Beyond establishing the first Lighthouse City, the solutions providers that participated in the Urban Mobility engagement with the state government, NITI Aayog, Lab were: Ashok Leyland, Lithium Urban Technologies, and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Mahindra & Mahindra, Ola Cabs, Ridlr, SUN Mobility, Tata represents a scaling pathway that can enable solutions Motors, and Transit Intelligence. In addition to the eight to scale from the first Lighthouse City to the Scaling solutions providers, the PMC and RMI assembled four Partner cities over time. Based on lessons learned in multi-stakeholder working groups to develop solutions for the initial iteration of the Urban Mobility Lab, RMI will traffic management, parking management, non-motorized review and refine the Urban Mobility Lab’s replicable transport, and urban freight. process as it expands to other cities. Viable solutions and insights from the Urban Mobility Lab’s work with Solutions providers that participated in the Urban Mobility the Scaling Partners will inform plans within state Lab made a commitment to actively engage before, governments and at the center, in particular through during, and after the Solutions Workshop in order to drive the policy frameworks developed by NITI Aayog and projects from idea to implementation. They also committed the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. to collaborate with other solutions providers to share knowledge and provide support where appropriate. This active and collaborative style of engagement supports the Urban Mobility Lab’s goal of encouraging the integration and implementation of pilot projects over a period of six to 18 months.
VISION FOR SCALING In addition to Pune serving as the first Lighthouse City, the Urban Mobility Lab is engaging additional cities as Scaling Partners. The goal of the Scaling Partner model is to accelerate the ability of projects to scale to new regions, and to increase the impact of the Urban Mobility Lab by extending its benefits and support to more cities sooner.
OVERVIEW OF THE URBAN MOBILITY LAB | 18 PUNE: INDIA’S FIRST URBAN MOBILITY LAB
The Urban Mobility Lab in Pune convened the eight The Solutions Workshop used a collaborative selected solutions providers, four multi-stakeholder approach to work towards achieving these objectives. working groups, and over 75 organizations through The process involved four key components: 15–17 October 2018 for a Solutions Workshop. The aim > Solution development: Project teams and working of the Solutions Workshop was to advance a portfolio groups advanced their solutions from ideas to of mobility solutions through a collaborative, facilitated implementable projects through a pre-designed, process led by the PMC and RMI. facilitated process. The objectives of the Pune Solutions Workshop > Coaching and feedback through ‘coaching clinics’: were to: City and state level public agencies and industry > Build alignment and shared understanding among experts provided coaching and feedback to the key stakeholders and solution providers in Pune’s project teams and working groups on how to make mobility ecosystem; their solutions relevant to the city’s needs and how to > Advance pilot projects to test new mobility solutions address the barriers and challenges expected during on the ground; implementation. > Explore new solutions in areas where collaborative > Peer-to-peer learning and collaboration through action is needed; and ‘integration clinics’: Project teams and working groups engaged with each other to provide feedback, explore > Generate insights to inform state and national policy frameworks.
19 integration potential across mobility solutions, and > Promote integration and collaboration for addressing identify system-level barriers that can benefit from common barriers and achieving common objectives, collaborative action. beyond creating new partnerships; > Vision setting: Policymakers at the state and central > Engage the private sector in the design of urban level of government provided a vision and a call for mobility solutions; and action for transformative mobility solutions that could > Create momentum to address mobility challenges by accelerate the deployment of shared, clean, and acting as a catalyst for existing and new initiatives. people-centric mobility solutions for urban India.
Moving forward, the mobility solutions that were The Solutions Workshop helped the project teams developed through the Solutions Workshop will be and working groups advance their projects to the cultivated to support their on-ground implementation. next level by identifying and discussing key barriers; The lessons learned from Pune are expected to engaging with critical stakeholders, especially help similar efforts with the Scaling Partner cities and relevant government agencies; and exploring ways to accelerate national level efforts to implement shared, move their projects work forward. It also created an clean, and people-centric mobility solutions in environment to: Indian cities. > Foster joint ownership of solutions between public and private stakeholders;
Honorable dignitaries and participants working together at India’s first Urban Mobilty Lab through 15–17 October 2018 in Pune, including the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Pune Municipal Corporation and Rocky Mountain Institute.
PUNE: INDIA’S FIRST URBAN MOBILITY LAB | 20 THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS
INTRODUCTION
The Urban Mobility Lab convened leaders from across Planning and implementation is underway for many of Pune’s and India’s mobility ecosystem for the 15–17 the solutions and opportunities described below. October 2018 Solutions Workshop. Given the diversity and depth of the participants, their perspectives offer Thematic summaries valuable insights into the rapidly evolving nature of India’s mobility system. What follows is a summary The nine project teams and four working groups that of the key discussions and work that took place at participated in the Urban Mobility Lab developed the Solutions Workshop across the themes identified mobility solutions across seven themes: traffic during the city needs assessment. management; parking management; urban freight; non-motorized transport; public transport; transportation While the insights generated at the Urban Mobility Lab data for seamless multimodal routing, booking, and are specific to Pune, they contain valuable lessons payment; and shared electric mobility for first and last for cities across India. Each summary provides an mile connectivity. Table 1 offers an abbreviated summary overview of the opportunities, solutions, and ideas of the solutions discussed and developed through the that were developed at the Solutions Workshop. They Urban Mobility Lab. Following this summary table are intend to serve as entry points for further discussion detailed overviews of the discussions and solutions for and action across these themes in Pune and beyond. each of the seven themes.
21 TABLE 1 Summary table of proposed solutions by thematic area
THEME PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
Traffic Management • Improve the collection, aggregation, and analysis of traffic data to aid city-wide network design through an assessment of data needs and the establishment of a traffic data consortium. • Improve traffic efficiency with effective signal management systems while also creating systems that encourage non-motorized transport, access to public transport, and safety. • Increase engagement and coordination among stakeholders to design better junctions, educate users of traffic etiquette and laws, and improve enforcement of laws.
Parking Management • Improve street design for parking and the use of other modes, including allocating and clearly marking parking spaces and placing parking spaces in proximity to other modes of transportation (e.g., parking at a public transport station). • Develop new solutions that support parking management, including fee collection, real-time tracking of available parking, trip planning, and data analytics. • Enhance enforcement capabilities through capacity building (e.g., training and personnel) of enforcement agencies and distribution of responsibilities.
Urban Freight • Design and manufacture fit-for-purpose electric vehicles (EVs) for urban final-mile delivery. • Explore new fleet-as-a-service business models in which system components (i.e., driver, vehicle, charging/swapping infrastructure, etc.) are packaged as a pay-per-use model. • Create a multi-stakeholder body (e.g., the Freight Steering-to-Action Committee, F-STAC), to help inform policy makers at central, state, and city levels and bridge the gap between policy formulation and on- ground implementation. • Aggregate data from vehicles and supporting infrastructure on an open-source data platform.
Non-motorized Transport • Develop a three-part public engagement strategy for NMT planning and design, involving a guidelines document, facilitated convenings, and demonstration projects. • Form a steering committee, with a nominated coordinating officer, for coordinating all city-level agencies and activities related to NMT and its connection to public transport.
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 22 THEME PROPOSED SOLUTIONS (Continued)
Non-motorized Transport • Create a process for allocating a fixed budget and timeline for implementing NMT projects.
Public Transport • Pilot a data-driven analytics approach to optimize bus route and service operations on selected city routes. • Pilot electric buses on selected city routes to help inform electric bus development, acquisition, deployment, and operations.
Transportation Data for • Host a workshop to identify available data and align on procedures Seamless Multimodal Routing, and best practices for data collection and sharing. Booking, and Payment • Develop a multimodal transit app that integrates various modes of transport and provides real-time information to commuters. • Enable booking and payment functionality on the multimodal app to create a one-stop resource for commuters to plan their journeys.
Shared, Electric Mobility for • Update policy to support shared, electric mobility and explore First and Last Mile Connectivity opportunities to simplify registration/permits and financing for EVs. • Develop infrastructure to support EV charging, including renewable energy supply. • Engage and educate critical stakeholders on the benefits of shared, electric mobility.
Traffic Management
manage heterogeneous traffic (e.g., issues with lane Objective discipline, a diversity of vehicle sizes and types) in To identify opportunities and real-time (i.e., adaptive). Yet even as advanced traffic explore next steps for management solutions deploy at city junctions, implementing traffic management congestion continues to grow—estimated at about solutions to improve traffic flow. 1.5 lakh crore per year in just four Indian cities (Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata),13 creating a need for a more holistic approach to traffic management. Such Overview holistic solutions could lead to lower congestion and accidents by improving traffic flow at a city level. Many Indian cities are upgrading their traffic management systems. With new analytical techniques, software, and hardware, these systems can better
23 TABLE 2 Traffic Management
CHALLENGES PRESENT IN THE CURRENT SYSTEM
Data and technology Junction management Public awareness and stakeholder • Insufficient data collection • Traffic junctions do not favor all engagement and use of data analytics to modes of transport; they • Coordinated action is difficult make informed decisions in are designed from a vehicle- due to the siloed nature of various planning and management of centric perspective. agencies and players. traffic management systems. • Limited coordination between • There is a disconnect between junctions disrupts network flow. planning and enforcement agencies. • In some cases, citizens are not engaged in traffic planning, potentially leading to systems that do not adequately consider the interests and needs of a wide range of users.
SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES
Data and technology Junction management Public awareness and stakeholder Improve the collection, Improve traffic efficiency with engagement aggregation, and analysis of traffic effective signal management while Increase engagement and data to aid city-wide network creating systems that encourage coordination among stakeholders design through an assessment of non-motorized transport, access to to design better junctions, educate data needs and the establishment public transport, and safety. users of traffic etiquette and laws, of a traffic data consortium. and improve enforcement of laws.
IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
Implementation considerations Implementation considerations Implementation considerations
• Assess data needs for traffic • Retrofit pre-timed traffic-controller • City governments could form management, collaborate with systems with adaptive systems. multi-stakeholder working groups other mobility actors to • Retrofit and install new hardware comprised of all agencies involved understand their data needs, in traffic management to improve and identify common data where appropriate, at traffic junctions to: communication and coordination collection points. of efforts, including citizens and • Assess current gaps in available ◦ Increase the safety of non- local NGOs focused on sustainable data relative to traffic management motorized traffic (e.g., walk/do transport issues. needs. not walk signals, audio signals for visually impaired); and
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 24 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES (Continued)
• Identify new sources of data (e.g., ◦ Build enforcement capability • Create educational campaigns to electronic fare data from public through remote and automatic increase citizen awareness. transit, surveys, Transportation monitoring and enforcement Network Companies, parcel systems. delivery services, etc.) and install • Research global best practices infrastructure (e.g., cameras, and examples set by other Indian counters, others) to collect these cities (e.g., Bangalore’s B-TRAC) data. in traffic management system • Aggregate data in a central deployment. database and/or portal that is managed by a coordinating agency or a consortium of stakeholders. • The coordinating agency or consortium of stakeholders could also be responsible for: ◦ Suggesting data standardization formats; ◦ Assisting in the collection of data from public and private sources; ◦ Verifying if the data are of good quality and anonymous; and ◦ Identifying potential business models to generate revenue to support the program.
Potential outcomes Potential outcomes Potential outcomes • Comprehensive datasets • Improved traffic efficiency • Coordinated efforts across with accurate and up-to-date and reductions in congestion, agencies. information. accidents, and emissions. • Services that are more • Improved analytics to help • Improved safety for non- comprehensive and meet the city officials make informed motorized transport modes. diverse needs of citizens. decisions regarding short- • Adaptive, centralized control and long-term traffic planning systems. and management.
25 Parking Management
Objective a parking policy to charge for on-street parking with To develop a cost-effective the intent of improving traffic flow. Implementation of action plan for implementing the policy remains a challenge and is still in progress, Pune’s recently released creating a need for solutions that help accelerate parking policy. the cost-effective implementation of this policy. Such solutions could support efforts to encourage citizens to follow parking laws, help the city collect parking fees, and decrease congestion on city streets. Overview Many cities are in the process of implementing parking management policies. In March of 2018, Pune approved
TABLE 3 Parking Management
CHALLENGES PRESENT IN THE CURRENT SYSTEM
Infrastructure Management Adherence to laws and • Limited signage and markings • Different agencies manage rates in enforcement on streets to identify parking different areas, leading to variable • There is limited enforcement zones, spaces, and other rates and potential confusion. capacity to increase adherence important information. • Limited data collection limits to parking laws (e.g., no double • There is a mismatch of knowledge of parking space parking, or parking on footpaths) demand for and supply of availability and the ability to and fee collection. parking spaces. conduct analysis that supports • Parking locations do not in planning and the evaluation of support public transport or system performance. first and last mile solutions. • Limited electric vehicle (EV) charging at parking spaces hinders EV adoption. • There is limited infrastructure for collecting parking fees.
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 26 SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES
Infrastructure Management Adherence to laws and Improve street design for parking Develop new solutions that support enforcement and the use of other modes, parking management, including Enhance enforcement capabilities including allocating and clearly fee collection, real-time tracking of through capacity building marking parking spaces and placing available parking, trip planning, and (e.g., training and personnel) parking spaces in proximity to data analytics. of enforcement agencies and other modes of transportation (e.g., distribution of responsibilities. parking at a public transport station).
IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
Implementation considerations Implementation considerations Implementation considerations • Deploy “on-the-fly” guidance • Develop tools (e.g., phone • Parking management contractors through such methods as digital application and/or database) should be empowered, with signage; these signs can be low- that help: appropriate authorization, to cost and both quick and easy to immobilize or tow offending ◦ The city tracks various parking deploy in the near-term. parameters, including space vehicles and collect payment to • Capture on-street parking data availability, violations, payment release vehicles. for better decision making, first systems, etc.; and • Utilize field staff to “soft manage” with field staff and eventually violations. ◦ Users identify real-time parking with technology-based solutions space availability near their trip that interface with databases destinations. and applications. • This system can also be a centralized payment system to collect parking fees and/or fines, simplifying payment and revenue collection. • Use field staff to help with managing parking, including tasks such as: ◦ Collecting data (e.g., parking space availability, infractions); ◦ Enforcement, as appropriate; and ◦ Collecting payment.
27 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
Potential outcomes Potential outcomes Potential outcomes • More informed use of • Real-time availability and tracking • Better adherence to parking laws. available parking spaces by of parking spaces. • Collection of revenue, both from drivers. • Improved park-and-pay systems parking fees and fines. • Improved data collection (cash and cashless) that are easier to inform additional parking for customers to use. management or enforcement • Revenue collection for the city. related decisions. • Improved end-to-end trip planning (i.e., knowing available parking spaces near destination).
Urban Freight
Objective delivery (i.e., the last step in the shipping process To identify opportunities and when the parcel is delivered to the consumer). Given system requirements and the short haul lengths and lower speeds and power explore next steps for the duty cycles of final-mile delivery, purpose-built electric electrification of cycles and vehicles (EVs) (e.g., pedal-assist cycles, two and three wheelers) offer an alternative to polluting internal two-, three-, and four-wheel vehicles (inclusive of light-duty combustion engine (ICE) delivery trucks. Yet, there are vehicles) for last-mile urban few designs for purpose-built vehicles and a limited delivery (i.e., deliveries within the city core). ecosystem to support electrification, creating a need for solutions that accommodate the needs of electric Overview final-mile delivery providers, shippers, consumers, and city officials. Such solutions could support a shift to Urban freight is an important aspect of the mobility EVs in the freight segment, while ensuring final-mile ecosystem in Indian cities as it boosts economic growth, delivery remains economic and reduces both pollution social development, and employment. As e-commerce and congestion. grows, so too will demand for urban final-mile parcel
TABLE 4 Urban Freight
CHALLENGES PRESENT IN THE CURRENT SYSTEM
Electric Vehicles Business models Policy Infrastructure • Limited purchase • Required charging and/ • Policies do not set a • Limited charging and options exist for EVs or battery swapping clear long-term vision battery swapping specifically designed for infrastructure is an for the electrification of infrastructure standards. urban final-mile delivery; additional asset that urban freight, including
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 28 CHALLENGES PRESENT IN THE CURRENT SYSTEM (Continued)
current vehicles do not companies may need the final-mile delivery • Intermittent power meet the requisite to invest in to operate component. outages. design specifications of EV fleets; this investment • Current regulations • Limited real-estate for solution providers. is particularly challenging prevent companies charging stations. to take on during pilots, • EVs have high upfront from using the same when companies are • Low penetration of costs and there is vehicles in multiple testing new business renewably sourced limited access to applications (e.g., freight energy. financing. models. and passenger pick-up), • EVs are viewed as a thereby decreasing • There are compliance new technology; fleet utilization. issues with state or city operators may be vehicle regulations (e.g., • The current policy some electric hesitant to or not want ecosystem offers limited to assume risk in two-wheelers cannot supply and demand operating EV fleets. reach posted speed side incentives, phase- limits; as a result, they out strategies for ICEs have issues with and lead-acid batteries, certification). and supportive electricity tariffs for EVs and charging and/or swapping infrastructure.
IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
Electric Vehicles Business models Policy Infrastructure Design and manufacture Explore new fleet-as- Create a multi- Aggregate data from fit-for-purpose EVs for a-service business stakeholder body (e.g., vehicles and supporting urban final-mile delivery. models in which system the Freight Steering- infrastructure on an components (i.e., driver, to-Action Committee, open-source data vehicle, charging/ F-STAC), to help inform platform. swapping infrastructure, policy makers at central, etc.) are packaged as a state, and city levels and pay-per-use model. bridge the gap between policy formulation and on-ground implementation.
29 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES (Continued)
Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation considerations considerations considerations considerations • Explore and pilot the • Parking, operation, and • Create the F-STAC; • City governments can following fit-for- maintenance can all be this committee could aggregate and host purpose vehicles: provided in the pay- help support and/or vehicle data (e.g., vehicle per-use model. be responsible for the specifications, location) ◦ Two-wheelers with swappable batteries • Assess the demand for following: and infrastructure data (e.g., type, location, (desired packaged fleet ◦ Developing strategy availability, power specifications— management and identify and roadmaps to supply) on an open- range of ~60 km and service providers that achieve 100 percent source platform. average speed of can supply services. electrification of final- ~25 km/h); and • Bring in clients through mile urban logistics; • Analyzing the data and can help: ◦ Electric three- innovative business wheelers with models. ◦ On-the-ground ◦ Inform urban planners pedal-assist systems • Explore incentives to implementation of and policymakers and modular freight support early providers policy through such on routes and required storage (desired of EV infrastructure. actions as goal setting, infrastructure to specifications—range identifying key develop; and of ~100 km and performance metrics, ◦ Optimize vehicle average speed of and monitoring and movement and 50 km/h). evaluating infrastructure siting • In designing fit-for- performance. and use. purpose vehicles: • In creating the F-STAC, • To aggregate and start by creating the ◦ End users and host data: vehicle charter (roles and responsibilities, ◦ Coordinate with manufacturers Chief Data Officer should co-develop a objectives, governance, participation, etc.), and other city-level design concept and local bodies; prototype; and identifying an oversight organization, and ◦ Employ data privacy ◦ Incorporate the recruiting members. protocols as needed; following and considerations: duty-cycle ◦ Follow accepted requirements, standard formats. deployment geography and climate, and government vehicle requirements.
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 30 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES (Continued)
Potential outcomes Potential outcomes Potential outcomes • More efficient urban delivery due to purpose- • Improved • Improved data analytics designed vehicles that are designed for last mile communication and and more optimized delivery on urban roads (i.e., small, maneuverable, coordination across system. low fuel consumption vehicles). many agencies, • Information for the • Reduced delivery costs. including among private F-STAC to make data- and public entities • Accelerated electrification of vehicles. driven recommendations and city, state, and for execution of an central-level electrification roadmap. government agencies. • Informed policymaking. • Accelerated electrification of vehicles.
Non-motorized Transport
Objective to date, Pune has allocated about 300 km of dedicated To identify and prioritize cycle track in the city. Yet, as with many cities in India, impactful opportunities the mode share of non-motorized transport has been and explore next steps for declining, as has the size of the public bus fleet, implementing solutions that creating a need for non-motorized transport solutions improve non-motorized that bolster access to public transport, decrease transport (NMT). congestion, encourage safety, and promote health and well-being. Such solutions could support efforts Overview to increase the mode share of both non-motorized transport and public transit in Pune. Pune has historically been known as the cycling capital of India. The current mode share of non-motorized transport (walking and cycling) in Pune is 31 percent and
31 TABLE 5 Non-motorized Transport
CHALLENGES PRESENT IN THE CURRENT SYSTEM
Public awareness and stakeholder Interagency capacity and Financial engagement coordination • There is a lack of adequate, • The existing mindset of the public • There is lack of intra and inter- sustained funding for NMT does not prioritize NMT options; agency capacity and coordination. projects. it prioritizes car ownership. • Oversight, monitoring, and • NMT-related departments within • Misconceptions exist about evaluation are consistent the Municipal Corporation (e.g., public engagement (i.e., in some challenges in implementation of Cycle Department) have been cases, past efforts have not met NMT projects. charged with ambitious plans yet expectations) and whether cities • There is a need for more sometimes lack the resources to have the capacity to conduct opportunities (e.g., literature operationalize those plans. effective engagement. review, visiting and/or • There is a lack of structured, communicating with other cities) inclusive, transparent, effective, to learn from global best practices. and consistent ways of engaging people in NMT planning and design. • The public needs are not fully understood or adequately represented in NMT planning and design, leading to suboptimal awareness and sense of ownership in the outcomes.
SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES
Public awareness and stakeholder Interagency capacity and Financial engagement coordination Create a process for allocating Develop a three-part public Form a steering committee, with a a fixed budget and timeline for engagement strategy for NMT nominated coordinating officer, for implementing NMT projects. planning and design, involving a coordinating all city-level agencies guidelines document, facilitated and activities related to NMT and its convenings, and demonstration connection to public transport. projects.
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 32 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
Implementation considerations Implementation considerations Implementation considerations • Part 1: Guidelines document • Form a steering committee for • Create a process for allocating a – A compendium of global best agencies and activities related to fixed budget and timeline for practices for public engagement NMT and its connection to public implementing NMT projects. related to NMT infrastructure transport, headed by the • Add a Budget Head (i.e., line item) buildout and use, including how Municipal Commissioner; the role for NMT in the PMC Budget Book. to conduct design workshops, of the steering committee would public outreach, media focus on policy advisory, • Determine an appropriate annual campaigns, and demonstration department coordination, budget based on existing and projects, as well as examples of oversight, monitoring, and future NMT project plans. key performance indicators, evaluation • In general, cities should also: survey forms, etc. • The steering committee could ◦ Work with local officials to • Part 2: Facilitated convenings – also prepare a Standard dedicate funding for NMT Training for local officials and Operating Procedure (SOP) projects on a regular basis; other players to conduct for NMT planning, design, and Make funding available to facilitated design workshops and implementation to offer a step- ◦ prioritize NMT as the first and public outreach efforts related to by-step manual that supports last mile of commuting NMT projects. rapid implementation. journeys; and • Part 3: Demonstration projects • Conduct a steering committee Explore whether private-sector – Coordinated demonstrations meeting every three months, ◦ companies have interest in in the city (e.g., tactical-urbanism with a monthly review meeting contributing to the city’s interventions, odd-even scheme, in the nodal department to review NMT projects. no car day, cycle to office/school plans, incorporate suggestions, day, etc.). Identify and prioritize and prepare an implementation interventions based on feasibility, and monitoring schedule impact, and scalability. • Continue to strengthen NMT- related departments • Nominate a coordinating officer in PMC for NMT to support the steering committee and its work.
Potential outcomes Potential outcomes Potential outcomes • Higher awareness and public • More coordinated action planning • Predictable, sustained funding acceptance of NMT projects and accountability for NMT for NMT-related projects. • Interest in NMT as a preferred planning, design, and mode of transport. implementation. • NMT infrastructure that suits the needs of citizens. • Increased mode share of NMT.
33 Public Transport
Objective affordable mobility for urban citizens. Yet, the mode To refine, contextualize, share of public transport is declining in many Indian and explore pathways to cities due to a number of factors, including increasing operationalize (1) analytical wealth, aging bus fleets, and a mismatch between approaches to system bus supply and citizen demand for mobility. A need optimization (i.e., routes and exists for public transport solutions that both optimize service) and (2) deployment the operation and use of the public transport system and promote the adoption of clean-fuel vehicles. Such of electric mobility pilots for public transport. solutions can make the system more efficient, more reliable, and less polluting, which in turn will make Overview public transport a more attractive mobility option, Public transport is an important mode of transportation potentially leading to an increase in mode share. in Indian cities. It provides efficient, accessible, and
TABLE 6 Public Transport
CHALLENGES PRESENT IN THE CURRENT SYSTEM
Public transport route and service optimization Adoption of electric buses • Limited data availability, inconsistent reporting • There are limited electric bus pilots due to such standards, and lack of data in electronic form are challenges as limited charging infrastructure and hindering advanced analytics. reliable power, limited financing options for buses • Many actors in the system create challenges in and ancillary infrastructure, and limited availability implementing recommendations of pilot studies/ of operation and planning data from existing fleet. projects, reducing impact. • Policy and regulatory support is limited to full- scale electric bus deployment (i.e., all city routes). Such support mechanisms could include restrictions on private ICE registrations, dedicated bus lanes, restrictions on entry for private internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in certain zones, etc.).
SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES
Public transport route and service optimization Adoption of electric buses Pilot a data-driven analytics approach to optimize Pilot electric buses on selected city routes to bus route and service operations on selected help inform electric bus development, acquisition, city routes. deployment, and operations.
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 34 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
Implementation considerations Implementation considerations • Coordinate with the public transport agency to • Coordinate with public transport agencies and acquire available data (e.g., static and real-time appropriate city government officials to develop a data for routes, schedules, bus locations via GPS, pilot that will provide valuable information for both ticketing/occupancy), etc.). Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and • Assess data quality to help inform the scope of the the city. pilot (i.e., understand which routes have available ◦ Some factors to consider/discuss for a data to perform analytics). pilot include: route selection, pilot duration, • Coordinate with the public transport agency to number of electric buses to operate, availability identify a select number of routes on which to test/ of land (i.e., for parking and charging perform analytics. infrastructure) and supporting infrastructure (e.g., charging infrastructure, power), and • Explore and test methods (e.g., training manuals, financing mechanisms. standard operating procedures, workshops, etc.) to build capacity of system players, such that • Leverage existing data to help inform planning and on-ground implementation of recommendations evaluate the performance of the pilot. occurs. • Identify and share best practices, based on the pilot, to support/inform: • Additional electric bus procurement in the city and also for other cities; and • Policy development and long-term vision setting for electric bus adoption in India.
Potential outcomes Potential outcomes • Data-based recommendations for public transport • Lesson learned (i.e., a set of best practices) agencies to make adjustments/improvements to from the pilots can inform electric vehicle tenders bus routes and operation. and large-scale electric vehicle and charging • Additional revenue and lower operating costs for infrastructure deployment in Indian cities. public transport agencies. • Lower local emissions as electric buses are • More efficient and reliable public transport that deployed along more routes. matches ever-changing travel patterns of citizens.
35 Transportation Data for Seamless Multimodal Routing, Booking, and Payment
Objective a more efficient, interconnected transport system is To explore opportunities in by aggregating information from various modes of which aggregating open transport onto a single application. This solution is mobility data can enable being piloted to varying degrees in several locations seamless multimodal routing, around the world, yet no solution has yet integrated booking, and payment. multimodal routing, booking, and payment components in a single application. Such a solution could make multimodal transit more attainable and promote the use Overview of public transport and shared vehicles, a multimodal transit application could help to alleviate congestion in The use of data in the mobility sector can increase the cities by reducing travelers’ dependency on efficiency, ease, and interconnectedness of travel. One private vehicles. way of unlocking the benefits of data and creating
TABLE 7 Transportation Data for Seamless Multimodal Routing, Booking, and Payment
CHALLENGES PRESENT IN THE CURRENT SYSTEM
Data availability and quality Information available to commuters Booking and payment • Limited availability of data, • Limited discoverability of modes • Lack of integration between especially real-time. of transport. modes of transport. • Poor quality and incomplete data. • Difficulty in accessing and using • Limited convenience and • Inconsistent reporting standards real-time information. efficiency in the current system and lack of electronic records. • Lack of reliability in current (e.g. needing change for fares, transport system. waiting for each passenger to provide the right amount, etc.).
SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES
Data availability and quality Information available to commuters Booking and payment Host a workshop to identify Develop a multimodal transport Enable booking and payment available data and align on app that integrates various modes functionality on the multimodal procedures and best practices of transport and provides real-time app to create a one-stop for data collection and sharing. information to commuters. resource for commuters to plan their journeys.
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 36 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
Implementation considerations Implementation considerations Implementation considerations • Data is a key enabler of many • Start with a pilot with a clearly • Integrate booking and payment mobility solutions (beyond just defined scope (e.g., location, in a second phase after building the multimodal app). Building duration, phasing). the foundation of the multimodal a strong data collection and • Begin by integrating public app with real-time data. sharing ecosystem is critical to transport data; start with static • This phase of the app can be a city’s success in implementing data, then move to real-time data. launched initially as a pilot on innovative mobility solutions. • Consider focusing on public a limited set of public transport • Include all critical stakeholders transport as the core, and then routes. in the mobility data ecosystem ensuring adequate first and • Transit agencies and app (e.g. city government, transit last mile connectivity. developers will need to work agencies, private companies, together to integrate necessary app developers, etc.). • May require investment in additional infrastructure by the hardware to implement this • Clarify current data available and city government or transit solution. work collaboratively to determine agencies, such as GPS tracking in • Once public transport payment how to obtain missing data. buses or non-motorized transport has been integrated, the next • Align on data structures/formats. options for last-mile connectivity step can be integrating payment • Clarify rules and protocols for (e.g., public bike share). for non-motorized transport and data access. private transport.
Potential outcomes Potential outcomes Potential outcomes • Improved data collection and • Better predictability/ • Integrated booking and payment sharing practices across key dependability of public transport in the multimodal transport app, stakeholders. through availability of real-time resulting in a comprehensive, • Increased access to data to information, leading to increased easy-to-use resource for enable innovations like the use of public transport and commuters to plan, book, and multimodal app. reduced congestion. pay for a journey. • Better alignment and • Easier, more reliable, more communication across efficient transport experience. stakeholders in the ecosystem. • The data collected by the application can be used to provide insights to the city government and transit agencies about transport patterns and trends, to inform planning.
37 Shared, Electric Mobility for First and Last Mile Connectivity
Objective solar electricity tariffs), and supportive conditions (e.g., To identify system requirements an increasingly younger population). In a high-mileage, and pathways to electrify shared operating paradigm (i.e., mobility-as-a-service two, three, and four-wheel applications), vehicle electrification is beginning to vehicles operating in a shared make economic sense. Today, drivers can already paradigm (i.e., mobility-as-a- benefit from the lower operating costs of electric service applications) for first vehicles. Yet, many barriers still exist to the widespread and last mile mobility. adoption of shared and electric mobility, creating Overview a need for solutions to help inform policy, develop infrastructure, power EVs with renewable energy, and Both globally and in India, shared mobility is on the rise increase access to financing. Such solutions could given a convergence of new business models, new develop a supportive ecosystem for shared and technologies (e.g., deeper penetration of smartphones electric mobility in Indian cities, leading to accelerated, and phone applications, rapidly falling battery costs and full-scale adoption.
TABLE 8 Shared, Electric Mobility for First and Last Mile Connectivity
CHALLENGES PRESENT IN THE CURRENT SYSTEM
Policy/regulatory and finance Supporting infrastructure Public awareness and stakeholder engagement • In some cases, private players • Limited providers of EV services cannot own vehicle fleets—a (e.g., charging and maintenance) • There is limited public knowledge challenge in piloting early stage exist in Pune and other cities. on the benefits of shared and solutions for companies. • There is limited availability and electric mobility. • Policies do not clearly articulate quality of power from the grid. • Some players may find the the sourcing of renewable • There is limited availability of conversion to electric (either power for EV charging. affordable land for charging through retrofits or the • EVs have high upfront costs infrastructure. procurement of new EVs) and there is limited access to burdensome, especially if they financing which makes purchasing have recently made conversions a challenge for individual drivers/ from diesel to compressed owners (i.e., to work for a natural gas (CNG). Transportation Network Company such as Uber or Ola).
THEMATIC SUMMARIES AND SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 38 SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES
Policy/regulatory and finance Supporting infrastructure Public awareness and Update policy to support Develop infrastructure to support stakeholder engagement shared, electric mobility and EV charging, including renewable Engage and educate critical explore opportunities to simplify energy supply. stakeholders on the benefits of registration/permits and financing shared, electric mobility. for EVs.
IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
Implementation considerations Implementation considerations Implementation considerations • Review and update policy to • Develop physical infrastructure to • Create awareness campaigns clarify licensing and regulation support 100 percent renewably (e.g., road shows, signage) to of shared vehicles operating on powered charging stations. educate consumers, drivers, fixed and dynamic routes. corporations, and government • Build infrastructure (e.g., charging officials on the benefits of • Streamline process with single- and swapping stations) at EV shared and electric mobility. window registration for shared specific pickup and drop-off and electric mobility. locations in major transit hubs (e.g., • Engage with critical stakeholders, • Explore and institute exemptions bus and metro stations). including unions, to ensure that their interests and needs are met. from local permitting requirements. • Identify and set aside public and • Build on current incentives for private land for EV parking and EVs and charging and/or battery publicly accessible charging swapping infrastructure infrastructure. deployment. • Create a city-level capacity- • Cities may be able to offer short- building program (e.g., training to term preferential electricity tariffs ensure best practices followed for to drivers operating EVs to charging infrastructure siting and support technology adoption. grid integration). • Develop regulations to support 100 percent renewably powered charging stations.
Potential outcomes • Reduced congestion and local air pollution • Positive impact on employment opportunities and earning potential for drivers, charging infrastructure business providers, and maintenance services • Increase in adoption of public transport because of better integration with first and last mile connectivity
39 SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS
By convening government, business, and civil-society implementation, and enforcement. Many of the leaders to collaboratively design actionable solutions, solutions developed at the Urban Mobility Lab the Urban Mobility Lab provides a lens into system- identified the need for institutional frameworks level opportunities for implementation. These insights that promote such cross-disciplinary collaboration. can help guide the work of stakeholders, in particular Interdepartmental committees and working groups city governments, in planning and implementing can be institutionalized on specific topics such as shared, clean, and people-centric mobility solutions. non-motorized transport, parking management, traffic management, and urban freight. These committees Key system-level insights from the Urban Mobility Lab and working groups can benefit from the involvement in Pune highlight the importance of following areas of local NGOs and citizen engagement. for adopting shared, clean and people-centric mobility solutions. INDUSTRY COLLABORATION INTER-AGENCY COLLABORATION AND > Many opportunities exist for industry to collaboratively advance urban mobility solutions. COORDINATION The ‘integration clinics’ at the Solutions Workshop > Successful implementation of new mobility highlighted that a number of opportunities for solutions requires collaboration across collaboration exist among industry players. Several government agencies responsible for planning, industry-level barriers—for example, access to open
SYSTEM-LEVEL INSIGHTS | 40 transportation data or the investment in and siting of needs. Effective public engagement strategies and charging and/or battery swapping infrastructure can be training, as well as regular citizen awareness and addressed by industry consortiums coming together engagement activities are an essential part of designing to work with government agencies to create change and implementing new mobility solutions. that benefits all parties. Mobility-as-a-Service providers, public bike share providers, and app developers UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF working together to create seamless multimodal routing, booking, and payment options for cities and MOBILITY DATA e-commerce companies, OEMs, charging infrastructure > Data is emerging as the key integrator and enabler providers, and Mobility-as-a-Service providers in the shift to shared and connected mobility. working together to electrify final-mile delivery are There are many types of players generating and examples of potential opportunities emerging from collecting diverse types of data in urban mobility the Urban Mobility Lab that can benefit from industry ecosystems. Standardizing, aggregating, and sharing collaboration. open data will create many benefits for cities and their citizens. City governments have the opportunity to PEOPLE-CENTRIC SOLUTIONS make data more interoperable by establishing clear policies for data standards, aggregation, and sharing > In their efforts to adopt new mobility solutions, transit data. cities should prioritize solutions that cater to the mobility needs of people. Solutions for promoting Engaging public and private players will be critical to non-motorized transport such as improving access unlocking the potential of mobility data. Harnessing to public-transport stations or enhancing the safety the power of data will require cities to: of all road users, including pedestrians and cyclists, should be prioritized at a micro level (e.g., junction > Identify new sources of data: Data being generated improvement) and a macro level (e.g., mobility by mobile phones, electronic fare-collection systems, planning). When it comes to motorized transport, Transportation Network Companies, e-commerce solutions should keep all end-users in mind. For deliveries, etc., has the potential to revolutionize example, discussions at the Urban Mobility Lab the way cities and businesses plan and provide highlighted that parking solutions not only offer mobility services. valuable parking options to drivers, but also play a > Build capacity to be able to generate and use critical role in traffic demand management—making data effectively: Cities should identify a coordinating streets safer for pedestrians, cyclists, drivers, and agency to serve as a data champion and create an passengers. Keeping customer experience at the institutional framework at the city level to prioritize and center of the stage in the shift to sustainable modes of work on various mobility use cases. Discussions at the transport (i.e., non-motorized transport, public transport, Urban Mobility Lab in Pune suggested that creating a and shared mobility) will be critical to a city that works consortium of stakeholders may be an effective way to for all citizens. operationalize this idea. > Establish policy frameworks: These policy CITIZEN AWARENESS AND frameworks should address barriers related to data use ENGAGEMENT and sharing and encourage the adoption of an open data policy. > Citizens are critical stakeholders to engage at all stages of the design and implementation process. Their aspirations, behaviors, expectations, perceptions ELECTRIFYING URBAN FREIGHT and their abilities to modify each of those aspects should be considered in order to achieve the desired > Cities should explore opportunities to electrify transition. For example, engaging with citizens to final mile delivery and invest in the planning and understand their preferences for non-motorized vs. management of urban freight systems. In particular, motorized and private vs. shared mobility options is solutions for improving last mile urban freight delivery an important part of planning for a city’s future mobility need to be focused upon with an objective to reduce congestion, freight-related emissions and cost to users.
41 Electrification of last mile delivery in urban freight collection of parking fees, and managing network needs to be promoted along with new solutions and flows. Cities should experiment with and adopt these business models like fleet-as-a-service to enhance new technologies and business models to meet urban freight efficiency. As e-commerce continues existing and future mobility needs. to grow, electrifying urban final-mile parcel delivery could support a shift to electric vehicles in the freight segment, providing economic and environmental REVIEW AND REVISION OF benefits. Cities can start planning for and supporting REGULATORY AND POLICY this shift by acting as testing grounds for electric FRAMEWORKS freight solutions. > Existing regulatory and policy frameworks will have to adapt to meet the rapidly evolving system NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT AND requirements that come with new mobility solutions. PUBLIC TRANSPORT State and central governments should engage > Walking, cycling, and public transport should city government officials, industry players, and continue to be a priority for cities and their mobility civil-society groups to inform the modification of plans. As cities look to adopt new business models existing frameworks and the creation of new ones. and technologies to support their mobility goals, it will For example, there may be opportunities to clarify be important to maintain a focus on prioritizing non- permit system and related regulations for shared motorized transport and public transport. Continued vehicles operating on fixed and dynamic routes and to investment in and optimization of existing and new address compliance issues with state and city vehicle walking, cycling, and public transport assets will be regulations that prevent some electric two-wheelers critical to cost-effectively decarbonize the mobility from achieving certification for freight applications. sector in cities while ensuring they remain accessible, livable, and safe for all citizens.
ENHANCED USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN CITIES > New technologies and business models can help to address critical mobility challenges in Indian cities. These challenges include enforcement of traffic rules,
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India’s first Urban Mobility Lab was launched in Pune RMI will continue to collect these insights, as well as with the October 2018 Solutions Workshop. Since the lessons that will be learned through the process of Solutions Workshop, the Urban Mobility Lab has been implementing solutions on the ground in Pune, in order serving as a platform for providing post-workshop to support public and private sector efforts to foster implementation support for Pune City, as well as the integration of systems, alignment of policies, project teams and working groups. Moving forward, it and coordination of decision makers. will also support the collection and sharing of lessons learned related to system-level challenges and > Hosting the Urban Mobility Lab in more cities: In opportunities. In addition to this support, the Urban the coming year, RMI will host the Urban Mobility Lab Mobility Lab will apply its approach in more Indian cities in additional cities. RMI is also expanding the change over the next several years. model of the Urban Mobility Lab by convening cohorts of cities in order to support the identification, integration, “I am delighted to participate in India’s first implementation, and scaling of new mobility solutions more quickly. Urban Mobility Lab in Pune. The Government of Maharashtra is playing a leading role As India continues to urbanize and its cities continue in the transition to shared, connected, to establish themselves as economic growth drivers, and electric mobility. It is our consistent players across the ecosystem must recognize the critical endeavour to improve access, affordability, role that mobility systems play in sustaining cities. They congestion, pollution, and safety. I look are the hearts of cities—moving the people and goods forward to the outcomes of the Pune Urban that serve as the building blocks of India’s economy Mobility Lab, and to seeing how solutions can and society. For India to leapfrog the Western mobility be scaled up across the state.” paradigm and become a global leader in shared, clean, and people-centric mobility, its cities, policymakers, and – Ashish Kumar Singh, Principal Secretary, (Transport & Ports), business leaders must experiment with, learn from, and Home Department, Govt. of Maharashtra scale new, innovative, and integrated mobility solutions— and they must do so quickly. By offering a process for > Supporting the implementation of mobility working collaboratively across India’s public and private solutions: Moving forward, the PMC and RMI will sectors to rapidly identify, integrate, implement, and continue working together in support of the mobility scale mobility solutions that transform how people and solutions developed through the Urban Mobility Lab by goods move in Indian cities, the Urban Mobility Lab can coordinating the implementation of select new mobility accelerate India’s mobility transformation—and build a solutions, working with and facilitating partnerships replicable model for other countries to follow. among a diverse set of stakeholders across the private and public sectors, and collaborating across the Urban Mobility Lab’s network to scale mobility solutions beyond Pune.
> Supporting the collection and sharing of lessons learned: The Urban Mobility Lab convened a microcosm of Pune’s mobility ecosystem for the Solutions Workshop. The perspectives of the participants offer valuable insights into the rapidly evolving nature of India’s mobility system. The work that the participants intend to carry forward also represents a number of key opportunities for accelerating the country’s mobility transformation.
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1 United Nations. “World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division.” https://population.un.org/wup/Country- Profiles/. ² World Bank. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. World Bank Publications, 2008. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/730971468139804495/pdf/437380REVISED01BLIC1097808213760720. pdf. ³ Ministry of Urban Development. “Smart Cities - Mission Statement and Guidelines.” June 2015. http://smartcities.gov. in/upload/uploadfiles/files/SmartCityGuidelines(1).pdf. ⁴ NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain Institute. India Leaps Ahead: Transformative mobility solutions for all. May 2017. http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/RMI_India_Report_web.pdf. ⁵ OECD. International Transport Forum. ITF Transport Outlook 2015. Chapter 4, “Urban Passenger Transport Scenarios for Latin America, China and India.” OECD Publishing, 2015. https://www.itf-oecd.org/urban-passenger- transport-scenarios-latin-america-china-and-india ⁶ NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain Institute. India Leaps Ahead: Transformative mobility solutions for all. May 2017. http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/RMI_India_Report_web.pdf. ⁷ Pune Municipal Corporation and Rocky Mountain Institute. An Introduction to Pune City’s Mobility Ecosystem. August 2018. https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Introduction-to-Pune-Mobility-Ecosystem.pdf. ⁸ Per capita income data based on district-level urban Net District Domestic Product (NDDP). ⁹ Estimated based on data on household two-wheeler and car ownership published by Census of India (2011). 10 Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Road Transport Yearbook, 2015. 11 Census of India (2011). Data on “Mode of Travel to Work.” 12 Pune Municipal Corporation and Rocky Mountain Institute. An Introduction to Pune City’s Mobility Ecosystem. August 2018. https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Introduction-to-Pune-Mobility-Ecosystem.pdf. 13 Dash, Dipak K. “Traffic congestion costs four major Indian cities Rs 1.5 lakh crore a year.” Times of India. 26 April 2018. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/traffic-congestion-costs-four-major-indian-cities-rs-1-5-lakh-crore-a- year/articleshow/63918040.cms.
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