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Detecting and Tracing Copyright Infringements in P2P Networks John Mee and Paul A

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Detecting and Tracing Copyright Infringements in P2P Networks John Mee and Paul A Detecting and Tracing Copyright Infringements in P2P Networks John Mee and Paul A. Watters Postgraduate Professional Development Program, Division of Information and Communication Sciences,, Macquarie University NSW 2109, AUSTRALIA <[email protected]> Abstract of the United States Code, and the Copyright Act of 1968 in Australia). Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file trading is a popular Rights are granted over reproduction of works “in medium for copyright infringement. There exists a any form”. The treaty grants any work, by its very misconception in legal and executive circles that this existence, first rights to its author, and as negotiated form of copyright infringement is undetectable and between the subsequent owners thereafter. As such any untraceable. This paper demonstrates how we can file transmitted over a peer-to-peer network has rights detect the majority of copyrighted material for existing applicable to its reproduction. However, there does not P2P networks (FastTrack and Gnutella) using a exist a technical means to determine whether a specific scalable algorithm. instance of reproduction is authorized. Consequently, it is impossible to determine whether 1. Introduction a reproduction (such as a file transfer in a P2P The goal of this study is to provide a technical network) automatically manifests a copyright rebuttal to the legal perception that P2P file sharing is infringement. The burden lies on the copyright holder not traceable or detectable. We hope this assists to identify each specific form of the work (such as a lawmakers, copyright holders and Internet service file), and to assert their exclusive authority to providers to develop technically sound strategies to reproduce it. Thus, a file or its verified identifier of the prevent copyright theft, without undue burden. file (such as a message digest), is considered available The focus of this paper is solely upon detecting the to those charged with the detection of unauthorized act of transferring a specific file and identifying the reproduction, or copyright infringement. parties involved, with selecting or locating a file to Two more recent treaties (WIPO Copyright Treaty, transfer considered peripheral. The specific P2P and WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty) networks examined are restricted to four which supplement the provisions of the Berne and Rome accounted for over most P2P traffic in the USA and Conventions by providing expanded rights for Europe in 2003 [18]: FastTrack and Gnutella. copyright owners, performers, and phonogram There are commercial efforts toward identifying producers. They include a right of communication to P2P traffic characteristics, such as numerous brief the public which covers on-line transmissions of connections to many hosts, or lengthy data intensive copyright material, such as over the Internet, and a connections to many hosts. This study differs from right of ‘distribution’. Both treaties are now in force. these efforts and products by seeking to detect specific The USA has signed and ratified through the Digital instances of P2P file transfers which could be used as Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Australia has not evidence in court. Thus, we seek to (1) detect the signed or ratified either treaty, but the Digital Agenda transfer of a known file; (2) identify the end-points of amendments to the Copyright Act (March 2001), the transfer; (3) detect more than one file; and (4) brought Australian law into line with a number of their detect multiple P2P file networks. requirements [4]. The new Free Trade Agreement with the USA is conditional upon Australia becoming a signatory [3]. 2. Copyright Law WIPO provides for liability exemptions afforded to The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary carriers, specifically Internet Service Providers (ISPs). and Artistic Works is a treaty between 155 countries Secondary infringement occurs when one party assists [1] whose signatories pledge to protect copyrighted another to conduct an infringement, such as the works [2]. Article 9.1 of the convention grants carriage of an unauthorized reproduction over a “exclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of computer network. The communications industry has these works, in any form” to the copyright owner. The successfully lobbied for special exemptions against signatories implement the treaty through legislation secondary infringement liability in the DMCA of the enacted by their individual states (such as US Title 17 Proceedings of the International Conference on Networking, International Conference on Systems and International Conference on Mobile Communications and Learning Technologies (ICNICONSMCL’06) 0-7695-2552-0/06 $20.00 © 2006 IEEE Authorized licensed use limited to: MACQUARIE UNIV. Downloaded on November 20, 2008 at 00:23 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. USA and the Digital Agenda of Australia. These packet of passing traffic can be monitored at this level, exemptions are granted in exchange for a spirit of and the simple routine shown below can be used to cooperation with copyright owners. That spirit is capture live packets. already being tested in RIAA vs. Verizon. Under this legal umbrella ISP’s are bound to implement ‘standard my $pcap_obj; # a pcap object my $err; # an error message technical measures’ without ‘requirement to monitor or # open live packet capture seek facts about an infringing activity’ [3]. ISP’s are $pcap_obj = Net::Pcap::open_live($device, specifically excused the undertaking of a burden to 1500, 1, 0, \$err); (defined $pcap_obj and print "Listening on seek out infringing activity. “Standard technical $device\n") or die 'Unable to create packet measures” are deemed those which are developed with capture on device ', $device, ' - ', $err; # inspect packets consensus between copyright holders and service Net::Pcap::loop($pcap_obj, -1, providers and ‘do not impose substantial costs or \&inspect_packets, ''); burdens on service providers or their networks’ [5]. # close Verizon interprets this to mean a Digital Rights Net::Pcap::close($pcap_obj); Management (DRM) approach [6], whereas – perhaps In this fragment a packet capture object, $pcap_obj, depending on the spirit of co-operation - copyright is associated with a network device, $device, by the owners, such as the RIAA, may seek more immediate call Net::Pcap::open_live. Then the call to and effective technical measures. Net::Pcap::loop conducts a loop indefinitely (-1). The The question is, can we implement such loop calls a user defined subroutine, &inspect_packets, technical measures easily? We suggest that the answer with each individual packet. An additional routine is “yes”, based on the experimental results presented in Net::Pcap::setfilter, not shown, may restrict the loop to the following sections. packets meeting specific criteria – such as belonging to a specific TCP connection between two hosts. 3. Methods Thus, the user defined routine is passed a single P2P networks transmit files operate by opening a packet, the packet header, and a user definable item of TCP connection between two nodes (peers), and data. In the following example, the programmer passing the whole or part of a file in accordance with chooses to extract the IP addresses from the IP header, the P2P protocol being used. TCP then breaks these the port numbers from the TCP header and then call long data sequences into packets, which are then subroutines which inspect the packet for signs of P2P reassembled into a complete file after transmission. activity and display the packet details to the console: To overcome scalability issues, P2P networks use a two-tier architecture, incorporating an upper tier of sub inspect_packets { nodes, called "supernodes" in addition to clients. These my ($user_data, $header, $packet) = @_; my $file_id; # message digest found clients form leaf nodes which are clustered around the my $proto; # notes about detection supernodes, which provide cache and proxy operations # extract tcp packet data for their leaf nodes. The supernodes act as an my $ether = NetPacket::Ethernet::strip($packet); aggregation point between separate clusters of nodes, my $ip = NetPacket::IP->decode($ether); and maintain close connections with other supernodes, my $tcp = NetPacket::TCP->decode($ip- thus forming a virtual backbone for the network. >{'data'}); if ( length($tcp->{'data'}) and Supernodes greatly assist in search operations for # $proto = detect_binary($tcp->{'data'}, works, and for identifying nodes holding works. Once \$file_id) ) ( $proto = detect_kazaa($tcp- found, file reproduction is always performed by a >{'data'}, \$file_id) or direct TCP connection between peers without further $proto = detect_ed2k($tcp- participation of supernodes. >{'data'}, \$file_id) )) { A typical conceptual P2P network structure has print scalar localtime $header- each node in the network directly connected to every >{'tv_sec'}," ", other node, without the involvement of any other party. $ip->{'src_ip'}, ":", $tcp- >{'src_port'}, " -> ", This ignores one important and obvious detail about IP $ip->{'dest_ip'}, ":", $tcp- – the role of routers, which provide an ideal >{'dest_port'}, " ", opportunity for detecting a file transfer between two $proto," ",$file_id," ", "\n"; parties. } We used Perl and libcap [7] to capture and analyze } every packet and its contents at the router. Every Proceedings of the International Conference on Networking, International Conference on Systems and International Conference on Mobile Communications and Learning Technologies (ICNICONSMCL’06)
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