Articulatory 98-348: Lecture 1 Extending this to an 80-minute class?

• We probably won’t need the full 80 minutes most of the weeks, but we might need more than 50 minutes Course website

• http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/sozaki/98348.html • Enjoy the reading list! Goals

• What’s OI? • How do we characterize the sounds of a ? • What are the sounds of OI? • How was OI written? Feel free to interrupt and ask questions!!!

• If you didn’t understand something, or need me to repeat a previous point, or anything, ask away! The sounds of OI

• 9 , long and short a-á, e-é, i-í, o-ó, u-ú, -ý, -æ, ø-œ, ö- • 3 diphthongs au, ei, ey • 19 b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, þ, ð, x, z Done See y’all next week The sounds of OI

• 9 vowels, long and short a-á, e-é, i-í, o-ó, u-ú, y-ý, -æ, ø-œ, ö- • 3 diphthongs au, ei, ey • 19 consonants b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, þ, ð, x, z

• What is a ??? ??? Diphthongs????????? • The title says “sounds”, but aren’t these just letters????? Sounds

• Produced with a combination of • Particular shapes of the vocal tract • Vibration produced at the vocal folds/stream of air • Technically, change any of the above and you get a different sound • Does the difference always matter? • Vowels: vocal tract relatively open Consonants: vocal tract relatively closed

a as in father r as in curly zz as in dazzle t as in cut

More vowel-like More consonant-like “Vowel letters” vs. vowel sounds

• English might have just 5 vowel letters (a, e, i, o, u), but it has more than 5 vowels! • English uses an alphabetical writing system where symbols represent sounds. • But there isn’t a one-to-one correspondence between symbols and sounds… • Any examples? • Need a better system to represent sounds IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)

• One sound, one letter • English thanks /θæŋks/ • No context-dependence • English c: cat /kæt/ but reduce /ɹɪˈduːs/ • IPA /k/: /kæt/, /skul/, /ˈsaʊɚˌkɹaʊt/ • You can transcribe expressions from any language into the IPA. • English: /taɪm flaɪz/ time flies • Swedish: /ˈtiːdɛn ɡɔːr ˈfʊʈ/ tiden går fort • Mandarin Chinese: /kwɑŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕjɛn⁵¹/ 光陰似箭 • Japanese: [ko̞ːĩɴ ja̠no̞ ɡo̞to̞ɕi] 光陰矢の如し Is sound discrete? The great words of great Morris Halle

Tongue raised and advanced

meet Mott

• Not cutting up the spectrogram, Tongue lowered and retracted but still identifying “targets” Categorical perception

• Fun, but come back to this after we are done with everything else Features of sound

• For vowels Tongue backness, tongue height, roundedness • For consonants (PoA), (MoA), voicing • Some other qualifiers , palatalization, etc.

• Why not by, for example, volume? Vowels of

beep boop • How are backness, height and bit roundedness represented? better • Feel the difference: bet bull • Beep vs. Boop bun • Boop vs. bought bad

bot bought Vowels

• Examples of non-English vowels: • /y/ German Bücher • /ɯ/ Japanese uta • /e/ French été

• Describe them with articulatory terms! Practice! Front Back

Close

Open

Manner and place of articulation

Where they go Some examples Alveolar ridge = ridge behind the upper teeth

• Close front unrounded vowel? Bilabial = Uvula = the thing hanging down • Open back rounded vowel? at the somewhere around here • Voiced bilabial stop? • Voiceless alveolar ? • (Voiced) uvular trill? Practice!

• Knowing IPA and helps you learn any language! • They help you understand sound changes in OI:

English: cat /kæt/ + /s/ → cats /kæts/ dog /dɔɡ/ + /s/ → dogs /dɔɡz/

OI: konung /konuŋg/ + /um/ → konungum /konuŋgum/ barn /bɑrn/ + /um/ → börnum /bɒrnum/

ber (indicative) vs. bar (subjunctive) sé (indicative) vs. sá (subjunctive) Key concepts before we move on

• Letters from the English alphabet and IPA: orthography • Sounds of English: phonology/phonetics • We characterize sounds with articulatory features • How else can we characterize sounds?

• Example: the English letter c represents: • In cake, the sound represented by /k/ in the IPA • In face, the sound represented by /s/ in the IPA • Convention: /k/ = the sound represented by /k/ in the IPA Back to the sounds of OI

• OI had a standardized-ish alphabetical writing system too • Not the best one • One sound, not always one letter: diphthongs • Lots of context-dependence with the consonants OI: Vowels Not bit, that’s a different vowel /ɪ/

Short vowels Long vowels Vowel IPA Equivalent Vowel IPA Equivalent a /ɑ/ father but short á /ɑː/ father e /e/ French été é /eː/ French été but long i /i/ eat but short í /iː/ eat o /o/ French eau ó /oː/ French eau but long u /u/ boot but short ú /uː/ boot y /y/ French rue ý /yː/ French rue but long (does not exist, coalesced with e) æ /æː/ pat but long ø /ø/ French feu œ /øː/ French feu but long ö /ɒ/ hot (does not exist, coalesced with á)

Not foot, that’s a different vowel /ʊ/ OI: Diphthongs

• Vowel sounds whose quality Diphthong IPA Equivalent changes within a single syllable au /aʊ/ now ei /eɪ/ bay ey /ey/ OI e + y

l ə → ʊ OI: Consonants – the easy ones

• b /b/, d /d/, h /h/, k /k/, l /l/, m /m/, p /p/, s /s/, t /t/ • Be careful: s is always voiceless! OI: Consonants – not like English

• j /j/ is like year /jɪɹ/, not John /dʒɑn/ • r /r/ is like Spanish perro /ˈpero/, not right /ˈɹaɪt/ You could make it dental (“hard r”), as in Russian ряный [ˈr̪ʲän̪ɨ̞j] • v /w/ is like win /wɪn/, not vine /vaɪn/ But this is so counterintuitive, I might use /v/ instead of /w/ • þ /θ/ is like think /θɪŋk/, ð /ð/ is like that /ˈðæt/ • x /x/ is like German Buch /buːx/, not axe /æks/ • z /ts/ is like bits /bɪts/, not lazy /ˈleɪzi/ OI: Consonants – context-dependent

• Single f Examples of occurrences • Word-initially: /f/ as in far fagna, fádœmis-heimska, félag • Elsewhere: /v/ as in every hafa, sefaðr, klaufir • Single g • Word-initially or after n: /g/ as in go gemlingr, gljúfróttr, nœring • Elsewhere before s or t: /x/ bágt, plógs-land as in German Buch • Elsewhere: /ɣ/ riga, baglaðr, váveif-liga as in German damalige, Russian угу • Single n • Before g or k, /ŋ/ as in think tengdr, tólf-eyringr, einkum • Elsewhere, /n/ as in thin nauð, mánaðr, tjasna Gemination (consonant lengthening)

• bana vs. banna • Happens only in compounds in English: bookkeeper /..kk../, lake-country /..kk../, pen-knife /..nn../ • Examples: snimma, nökkurr, hestrinn, hitti, spilla

• ff, gg and nn have different rules from f, g and n! • ff is always /ff/ offr • gg is /x/ before s or t, /gg/ elsewhere þiggja, gløggt • nn is always /nn/ sannr Other stuff

• Vowel length: how long are long vowels? Just pronounce them longer than short vowels… • Stress is always on the first syllable of the word • Syllabic boundary usually occurs right before a vowel

far-a, kall-a, görð-um, gam-all-a, kall-að-ar • Also between elements of compounds

spá-maðr “prophet”, vápn-lauss ”weaponless”, vík-ing-a-höfð-ing-i “Viking chieftain” Let’s practice!

• fé, haf • gefa, lágt, eiga • hrinda, hringr • Þat var snimma í ǫndverða bygð goðanna, þá er goðin hǫfðu sett Miðgarð ok gǫrt Valhǫ́ll, þá kom þar smiðr nǫkkurr ok bauð at gøra þeim borg á þrim misserum svá góða at trú ok ørugg væri fyrir bergrisum ok hrímþursum, þótt þeir kœmi inn um Miðgarð; en hann mælti sér þat til kaups, at hann skyldi eignask Freyju, ok hafa vildi hann sól ok mána.

The lesson

• OI is not spoken anymore, pronunciation isn’t really important…