Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Scott D

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08435-3 — Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Scott D. Slotnick Frontmatter More Information

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory

Within the last two decades, the field of cognitive neuroscience has begun to thrive with technological advances that non-invasively measure human brain activity. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment on the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Topics include cognitive neuroscience techniques and human brain mechanisms underlying long-term memory success, long-term memory failure, working memory, implicit memory, and memory and disease. Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory highlights both spatial and temporal aspects of the functioning human brain during memory.Eachchapteriswritteninanaccessiblestyleandincludesbackground information and many figures. In his analysis, Scott Slotnick questions popular views, rather than simply assuming they are correct. In this way, science is depicted as open to question, evolving, and exciting.

Scott D. Slotnick is an Associate Professor of Psychology at Boston College, Editor-in-Chief of the journal Cognitive Neuroscience, and author of the book Controversies in Cognitive Neuroscience. He employs multiple cognitive neuroscience techniques to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying memory including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electro- encephalography (EEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

Cambridge Fundamentals of Neuroscience in Psychology Developed in response to a growing need to make neuroscience accessible to students and other non-specialist readers, the Cambridge Fundamentals of Neuroscience in Psychology series provides brief intro- ductions to key areas of neuroscience research across major domains of psychology. Written by experts in cognitive, social, affective, develop- mental, clinical, and applied neuroscience, these books will serve as ideal primers for students and other readers seeking an entry point to the challenging world of neuroscience.

Forthcoming Titles in the Series The Neuroscience of Intelligence, by Richard J. Haier The Neuroscience of Expertise, by Merim Bilalić The Neuroscience of Adolescence, by Adriana Galván The Neuroscience of Aging, by Angela Gutchess The Neuroscience of Addiction, by Francesca Filbey

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory

Scott D. Slotnick Boston College

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www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107084353 10.1017/9781316026687 © Scott D. Slotnick 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2017 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Slotnick, Scott D. Title: Cognitive neuroscience of memory / Scott D. Slotnick, Boston College. Description: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2016. | Includes index. Identiﬁers: LCCN 2016049342 | ISBN 9781107084353 Subjects: LCSH: Memory. | Memory – Physiological aspects. | Cognitive neuroscience. Classiﬁcation: LCC QP406 .S5945 2016 | DDC 612.8/23312–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016049342 ISBN 978-1-107-08435-3 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-44626-7 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

This book is dedicated to my incredible daughter Sonya, for dominating my hippocampal sharp-wave ripples these past twelve years

As regards the question ...what memory or remembering is ...it is the state of a presentation, related as a likeness to that of which it is a presentation; and as to the question of which of the faculties within us memory is a function ...it is a function of the primary faculty of sense-perception, i.e. of that faculty whereby we perceive time. (Aristotle, [350 BCE] 1941, p. 611)

Contents

List of Figures page x Preface xxi

1 Types of Memory and Brain Regions of Interest 1 1.1 Cognitive Neuroscience 2 1.2 Memory Types 3 1.3 Brain Anatomy 8 1.4 The Hippocampus and Long-Term Memory 12 1.5 Sensory Regions 13 1.6 Control Regions 18 1.7 The Organization of This Book 21

2 The Tools of Cognitive Neuroscience 24 2.1 Behavioral Measures 25 2.2 High Spatial Resolution Techniques 25 2.3 High Temporal Resolution Techniques 30 2.4 High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Techniques 34 2.5 Lesions and Temporary Cortical Disruption Techniques 37 2.6 Method Comparisons 43

3 Brain Regions Associated with Long-Term Memory 46 3.1 Episodic Memory 47 3.2 Semantic Memory 51 3.3 Memory Consolidation 53 3.4 Consolidation and Sleep 56 3.5 Memory Encoding 59 3.6 Sex Differences 61 3.7 Superior Memory 64

4 Brain Timing Associated with Long-Term Memory 71 4.1 Timing of Activity 72 4.2 The FN400 Debate 76 4.3 Phase and Frequency of Activity 79

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5 Long-Term Memory Failure 88 5.1 Typical Forgetting 89 5.2 Retrieval-Induced Forgetting 92 5.3 Motivated Forgetting 96 5.4 False Memories 97 5.5 Flashbulb Memories 103

6 Working Memory 108 6.1 The Contents of Working Memory 109 6.2 Working Memory and the Hippocampus 114 6.3 Working Memory and Brain Frequencies 119 6.4 Brain Plasticity and Working Memory Training 122

7 Implicit Memory 129 7.1 Brain Regions Associated with Implicit Memory 130 7.2 Brain Timing Associated with Implicit Memory 135 7.3 Models of Implicit Memory 138 7.4 Implicit Memory and the Hippocampus 141 7.5 Skill Learning 146

8 Memory and Other Cognitive Processes 150 8.1 Attention and Memory 151 8.2 Imagery and Memory 159 8.3 Language and Memory 164 8.4 Emotion and Memory 166

9 Explicit Memory and Disease 171 9.1 Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment 172 9.2 Alzheimer’s Disease 177 9.3 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury 179 9.4 Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 186 9.5 Transient Global Amnesia 190

10 Long-Term Memory in Animals 196 10.1 The Medial Temporal Lobe 197 10.2 Long-Term Potentiation 200 10.3 Memory Replay 203 10.4 Time Cells 205 10.5 Episodic Memory 210

Contents ix

11 The Future of Memory Research 219 11.1 Phrenology and fMRI 220 11.2 fMRI versus ERPs 225 11.3 Brain Region Interactions 227 11.4 The Future of Cognitive Neuroscience 232 11.5 A Spotlight on the Fourth Dimension 234

Glossary 238 References 248 Author Index 270 Subject Index 276

Color plates are to be found between pp. 170 and 171

Figures

1.1 The relationships between the ﬁelds of cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience. page 2 1.2 Organization of memory types. 3 1.3 Probability of “remember” or “know” responses as a function of conﬁdence judgments. 8 1.4 Brain regions associated with memory. 9 1.5 Gyri and sulci in brain regions of interest. 10 1.6 Brodmann map. 11 1.7 Depiction of medial temporal lobe resection in patient H. M. Reproduced from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions, William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner, Volume 20, Pages 11–21, Copyright (1957), with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. 13 1.8 Sensory brain regions of interest. 14 1.9 Sensory fMRI activity associated with perception and memory. 17 1.10 Item memory and source memory paradigm and fMRI results. Reprinted from Cognitive Brain Research, Volume 17, Scott D. Slotnick, Lauren R. Moo, Jessica B. Segal, and John Hart, Jr., Distinct prefrontal cortex activity associated with item memory and source memory for visual shapes, Pages 75–82, Copyright (2003), with permission from Elsevier. 19 2.1 MRI scanner and fMRI results. (A) Photo courtesy of Preston Thakral. (B, C) Reprinted from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 93, Randy L. Buckner, Peter A. Bandettini, Kathleen M. O’Craven, Robert L. Savoy, Steven E. Petersen, Marcus E. Raichle, and Bruce R. Rosen, Detection of cortical activation during averaged single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging, Pages 14878–14883, Copyright (1996) National Academy of Sciences, USA. 27 2.2 ERP setup and results. (A) Photo courtesy of Scott Slotnick. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 39, Jeffrey D. Johnson, Brian R. Minton, and Michael D. Rugg, Content dependence

List of Figures xi

of the electrophysiological correlates of recollection, Pages 406–416, Copyright (2008), with permission from Elsevier. 31 2.3 MEG setup. Photo courtesy of CTFMEG/MEG International Services Ltd., Canada. 33 2.4 Hippocampal depth electrode placement and results. Reprinted from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 112, Nanthia A. Suthana, Neelroop N. Parikshak, Arne D. Ekstrom, Matias J. Ison, Barbara J. Knowlton, Susan Y. Bookheimer, and Itzhak Fried, Speciﬁc responses of human hippocampal neurons are associated with better memory, Pages 10503–10508, Copyright (2015) National Academy of Sciences, USA. 36 2.5 Hippocampal lesion and recognition memory results. Reprinted from Neuron, Volume 37, Joseph R. Manns, Ramona O. Hopkins, Jonathan M. Reed, Erin G. Kitchener, and Larry R. Squire, Recognition memory and the human hippocampus, Pages 171–180, Copyright (2003), with permission from Elsevier. 38 2.6 TMS setup and fMRI guided TMS results. (A, B) Photos courtesy of Scott Slotnick. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 55, Scott D. Slotnick and Preston P. Thakral, Memory for motion and spatial location is mediated by contralateral and ipsiliateral motion processing cortex, Pages 794–800, Copyright (2011), with permission from Elsevier. 40 2.7 tDCS setup. Photo courtesy of Bryan Coppede. 42 2.8 Spatial resolution and temporal resolution for different methods. 43 3.1 Regions of the brain associated with episodic memory. Reprinted from Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 23(2), Michael D. Rugg and Kaia L. Vilberg, Brain networks underlying episodic memory retrieval, Pages 255–260, Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier. 48 3.2 Model of medial temporal lobe sub-region function. Reprinted from NeuroReport, Volume 24(12), Scott D. Slotnick, The nature of recollection in behavior and the brain, Pages 663–670, Copyright (2013), with permission from Wolters Kluwer. 49 3.3 Regions of the brain associated with semantic memory. Reprinted from Neuroimage, Volume 63(1), Kimiko Domoto-Reilly, Daisy Sapolsky, Michael Brickhouse, and Bradford C. Dickerson,

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Naming Impairment in Alzheimer’s disease is associated with left anterior temporal lobe atrophy, Pages 348–355, Copyright (2012), with permission from Elsevier. 52 3.4 Autobiographical memory disruption for recent and remote events in patients with hippocampal lesions. Reprinted from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 108, Thorsten Bartsch, Juliane Döhring, Axel Rohr, Olav Jansen, and Günther Deuschl, CA1 neurons in the human hippocampus are critical for autobiographical memory, mental time travel, and autonoetic consciousness, Pages 17562–17567, Copyright (2011) National Academy of Sciences, USA. 55 3.5 Sleep stages and brain oscillations associated with slow wave sleep and long-term memory consolidation. (A) Reprinted from Trends in Neurosciences, Volume 28(8), Robert Stickgold and Matthew P. Walker, Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: What is the role of sleep, Pages 408–415, Copyright (2005), with permission from Elsevier. (B) Reprinted from Psychological Research, Volume 76(2), Jan Born and Ines Wilhelm, System consolidation of memory during sleep, Pages 192–203, Copyright (2012), with permission from Springer. 57 3.6 Regions of the brain associated with subsequent memory effects. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 54(3), Hongkeun Kim, Neural activity that predicts subsequent memory and forgetting: A meta-analysis of 74 fMRI studies, Pages 2446–2461, Copyright (2011), with permission from Elsevier. 60 3.7 Object–location virtual environment and hippocampal laterality results. Reprinted from NeuroReport, Volume 17(4), Lars Frings, Kathrin Wagner, Josef Unterrainer, Joachim Spreer, Ulrike Halsband, and Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Gender-related differences in lateralization of hippocampal activation and cognitive strategy, Pages 417–421, Copyright (2006), with permission from Wolters Kluwer. 63 3.8 Change in the size of the posterior hippocampus as a function of time as a London taxi driver. Reprinted from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 97, Eleanor A. Maguire, David G. Gadian, Ingrid S. Johnsrude, Catriona D. Good, John Ashburner, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, and Christopher D. Frith,

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Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers, Pages 4398–4403, Copyright (2000) National Academy of Sciences, USA. 65 4.1 ERP activity associated with recollection and familiarity. Reprinted from Brain Research, Volume 1122(1), Kaia L. Vilberg, Rana F. Moosavi, and Michael D. Rugg, The relationship between electrophysiological correlates of recollection and amount of information retrieved, Pages 161–170, Copyright (2006), with permission from Elsevier. 73 4.2 ERP activity associated with conceptual repetition priming. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 49(3), Joel L. Voss, Haline E. Schendan, and Ken A. Paller, Finding meaning in novel geometric shapes inﬂuences electrophysiological correlates of repetition and dissociates perceptual and conceptual priming, Pages 2879–2889, Copyright (2010), with permission from Elsevier. 77 4.3 Topographic maps illustrating the conceptual priming effect and the mid-frontal old–new effect. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 63(3), Emma K. Bridger, Regine Bader, Olga Kriukova, Kerstin Unger, and Axel Mecklinger, The FN400 is functionally distinct from the N400, Pages 1334–1342, Copyright (2012), with permission from Elsevier. 78 4.4 Topographic maps and activation timecourses illustrating spatial memory effects. Reprinted from Brain Research, Volume 1330, Scott D. Slotnick, Synchronous retinotopic frontal-temporal activity during long-term memory for spatial location, Pages 89–100, Copyright (2010), with permission from Elsevier. 81 4.5 EEG frequency band activity associated with subsequently remembered and forgotten items. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 66, Uwe Friese, Moritz Köster, Uwe Hassler, Ulla Martens, Nelson Trujillo-Barreto, and Thomas Gruber, Successful memory encoding is associated with increased cross- frequency coupling between frontal theta and posterior gamma oscillations in human scalp-recorded EEG, Pages 642–647, Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier. 83 5.1 Subsequent forgetting fMRI activity and default network fMRI activity. (A) Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 54(3), Hongkeun Kim, Neural activity that predicts subsequent memory and forgetting: A meta-analysis of 74 fMRI studies, Pages 2446–2461, Copyright (2011), with permission from

xiv List of Figures

Elsevier. (B) Reprinted from Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 1124, Randy L. Buckner, Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna, and Daniel L. Schacter, The Brain’s Default Network, Pages 1–38, Copyright (2008), with permission from John Wiley and Sons. 91 5.2 Retrieval-inducted forgetting paradigm, behavioral performance, and fMRI activity. Reprinted from Wimber et al., The Journal of Neuroscience: The ofﬁcial journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Copyright (2008), Reproduced with permission of the Society for Neuroscience. 93 5.3 Retrieval-induced forgetting EEG activity. Reprinted from Staudigl et al., The Journal of Neuroscience: The ofﬁcial journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Copyright (2010), Reproduced with permission of the Society for Neuroscience. 95 5.4 Regions of the brain commonly and differentially associated with true memory and related false memory. Reprinted from Nature Neuroscience, Volume 7(6), Scott D. Slotnick and Daniel L. Schacter, A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories, Pages 664–672, Copyright (2004). 99 5.5 Brain activity associated with unrelated false memory. Rachel J. Garoff-Eaton, Scott D. Slotnick, and Daniel L. Schacter, Not all false memories are created equal: The neural basis of false recognition, Cerebral Cortex, 2006, 16(11), 1645–1652, by permission of Oxford University Press. 102 6.1 Object or location working memory paradigm and fMRI results. Reprinted from Neuropsychologia, Volume 41(3), Joseph B. Sala, Pia Rämä, and Susan M. Courtney, Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory, Pages 341–356, Copyright (2003), with permission from Elsevier. 110 6.2 Sustained working memory fMRI activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Reprinted from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 7(9), Clayton E. Curtis and Mark D’Esposito, Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory, Pages 415–423, Copyright (2003), with permission from Elsevier. 111 6.3 Color and/or location working memory paradigms and medial temporal lobe lesion results. Reprinted from Neuropsychologia, Volume 46(2), Carsten Finke, Mischa Braun, Florian Ostendorf, Thomas-Nicolas Lehmann, Karl-

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Titus Hoffiman, Ute Kopp, and Christoph J. Ploner, The human hippocampal formation mediates short-term memory of colour-location associations, Pages 614–623, Copyright (2008), with permission from Elsevier. 118 6.4 Color working memory paradigm and EEG results. Reprinted from Current Biology, Volume 19(21), Paul Sauseng, Wolfgang Klimesch, Kirstin F. Heise, Walter R. Gruber, Elisa Holz, Ahmed A. Karim, Mark Glennon, Christian Gerloff, Niels Birbaumer, and Friedhelm C. Hummel, Brain oscillatory substrates of visual short-term memory capacity, Pages 1846–1852, Copyright (2009), with permission from Elsevier. 120 6.5 Behavioral effects and brain effects of working memory training. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 52(2), Dietsje D. Jolles, Meike J. Grol, Mark A. Van Buchem, Serge A. R. B. Rombouts, and Eveline A. Crone, Practice effects in the brain: Changes in cerebral activation after working memory practice depends on task demands, Pages 658–668, Copyright (2010), with permission from Elsevier. 124 7.1 Repetition priming paradigm and fMRI results. Reprinted from Neuropsychologia, Volume 39(2), Wilma Koutstaal, Anthony D. Wagner, Michael Rotte, Anat Maril, Randy L. Buckner, and Daniel L. Schacter, Perceptual specificity in visual object priming: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a laterality difference in fusiform cortex, Pages 184–199, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier. 132 7.2 Review of cortical repetition priming effects. Reprinted from Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 17(2), Daniel L. Schacter, Gagan S. Wig, and W. Dale Stevens, Reductions in cortical activity during priming, Pages 171–176, Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier. 134 7.3 Repetition priming EEG and MEG results. (A) Reprinted from Fiebach et al., The Journal of Neuroscience: The official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Copyright (2005), Reproduced with permission of the Society for Neuroscience. (B) Reprinted from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2010, Volume 4, Article 30, Jessica R. Gilbert, Stephen J. Gotts, Frederick W. Carver, and Alex Martin, Object repetition leads to local increases in the temporal coordination of neural responses. 137 7.4 Models of repetition priming. Reprinted from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 10(1), Kalanit Grill-Spector,

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Richard Henson, and Alex Martin, Repetition and the brain: Neural models of stimulus-speciﬁc effects, Pages 14–23, Copyright (2006), with permission from Elsevier. 139 7.5 Contextual cuing stimulus display. 143 7.6 Skill learning behavioral results and fMRI results. Reprinted from Brain Research, Volume 1318, Liangsuo Ma, Binquan Wang, Shalini Narayana, Eliot Hazeltine, Xiying Chen, Donald A. Robin, Peter T. Fox, Jinhu Xiong, Changes in regional activity are accompanied with changes in inter-regional connectivity during 4 weeks motor learning, Pages 64–76, Copyright (2010), with permission from Elsevier. 146 8.1 Spatial attention paradigm and fMRI results. (B) Reprinted from Neuropsychologia, Volume 39(12), Joseph B. Hopﬁnger, Marty G. Woldorff, Evan M. Fletcher, and George R. Mangun, Dissociating top-down attentional control from selective perception and action, Pages 1277–1291, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier. (C) Reprinted from Brain Research, Volume 1302, Preston P. Thakral and Scott D. Slotnick, The role of parietal cortex during sustained visual spatial attention, Pages 157–166, Copyright (2009), with permission from Elsevier. 153 8.2 Spatial memory fMRI and ERP results. Reprinted from Brain Research, Volume 1268, Scott D. Slotnick, Rapid retinotopic reactivation during spatial memory, Pages 97–111, Copyright (2009), with permission from Elsevier. 156 8.3 Meta-analysis of control region activity associated with attention, working memory, and episodic memory retrieval. Reprinted from Consciousness and Cognition, Volume 14(2), Hamid R. Naghavi and Lars Nyberg, Common fronto-parietal activity in attention, memory, and consciousness: Shared demands on integration? Pages 390–425, Copyright (2005), with permission from Elsevier. 158 8.4 Visual perception, imagery, and attention paradigms and fMRI results. Scott D. Slotnick, William L. Thompson, and Stephen M. Kosslyn, Visual mental imagery induces retinotopically organized activation of early visual areas, Cerebral Cortex, 2005, 15(10), 1570–1583, by permission of Oxford University Press. 160 8.5 Language processing regions. Reprinted from Journal of Anatomy, Volume 197, Cathy J. Price, The anatomy of language: Contributions from functional neuroimaging, Pages

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335–359, Copyright (2000), with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 164 8.6 The amygdala and the hippocampus. Reprinted from Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 14(2), Elizabeth A. Phelps, Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex, Pages 198–202, Copyright (2004), with permission from Elsevier. 167 9.1 Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex segmentation and volumes of these regions in control participants and amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients. Reprinted from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 103, Travis R. Stoub, Leyla deToledo-Morrell, Glenn T. Stebbins, Sue Leurgans, David A. Bennett, and Raj C. Shah, Hippocampal disconnection contributes to memory dysfunction in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease, Pages 10041–10045, Copyright (2006) National Academy of Sciences, USA. 173 9.2 Pattern separation paradigm, behavioral results, and fMRI results for control participants and aMCI patients. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 51(3), Michael A. Yassa, Shauna M. Stark, Arnold Bakker, Marilyn S. Albert, Michela Gallagher, and Craig E. L. Stark, High-resolution structural and functional MRI of hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, Pages 1242–1252, Copyright (2010), with permission from Elsevier. 175 9.3 Relationship between exercise engagement and Alzeimer’s disease biomarkers in older adults. Reprinted from Annals of Neurology, Volume 68, Kelvin Y. Liang, Mark A. Mintun, Anne M. Fagan, Alison M. Goate, Julie M. Bugg, David M. Holtzman, John C. Morris, and Denise Head, Exercise and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in cognitive normal older adults, Pages 311–318, Copyright (2010), with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 180 9.4 N-back paradigm, behavioral results, and fMRI results for mild traumatic brain injury patients and control participants. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 14(5), Thomas W. McAllister, Molly B. Sparling, Laura A. Flashman, Stephen J. Guerin, Alexander C. Mamourian, and Andrew J. Saykin, Differential working memory load effects after mild traumatic brain injury, Pages 1004–1012, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier. 182

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9.5 Stimuli and behavioral results for control participants and medial temporal lobe epilepsy patients following removal of left or right medial temporal lobe regions. Reprinted from Neuropsychologia, Volume 24(5), Marilyn Jones-Gotman, Right hippocampal excision impairs learning and recall of a list of abstract designs, Pages 659–670, Copyright (1986), with permission from Elsevier. 188 9.6 Brain images of transient global amnesia patients. Reprinted from the Journal of Clinical Neurology,Volume4(2), YoungSoon Yang, SangYun Kim, and Jae Hyoung Kim, Ischemic evidence of transient global amnesia: Location of the lesion in the hippocampus, Pages 59–66, Copyright (2008). 192 10.1 Spontaneous object recognition task. Reprinted from Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, Volume 32, Boyer D. Winters, Lisa M. Saksida, and Timothy J. Bussey, Object recognition memory: Neurobiological mechanisms of encoding, consolidation and retrieval, Pages 1055–1070, Copyright (2008), with permission from Elsevier. 198 10.2 Medial temporal lobe organization and phylogenic tree of mammals. Reprinted from Hippocampus, Volume 16, Joseph R. Manns and Howard Eichenbaum, Evolution of declarative memory, Pages 795–808, Copyright (2006), with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 200 10.3 Long-term potentiation experimental setup and results. Reprinted from The Journal of Physiology, Volume 232, T. V. P. Bliss and T. Lømo, Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path, Pages 331–356, Copyright (1973), with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 202 10.4 Memory replay in the rat. Reprinted from Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 21, Gabrielle Girardeau and Michaël Zugaro, Hippocampal ripples and memory consolidation, Pages 452–459, Copyright (2011), with permission from Elsevier. 204 10.5 Time cell behavioral apparatus and neural activity. Reprinted from Neuron, Volume 78, Benjamin J. Kraus, Robert J. Robinson II, John A. White, Howard Eichenbaum, and Michael E. Hasselmo, Hippocampal “time cells”: Time versus path integration, Pages 1090–1101, Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier. 207

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10.6 Time delay memory task and behavioral results. Reprinted from Current Biology, Volume 16, Stephanie J. Babb and Jonathan D. Crystal, Episodic-like memory in the rat, Pages 1317–1321, Copyright (2006), with permission from Elsevier. 211 10.7 Hippocampal anatomy in mammals. (A) Reprinted from Hippocampus, Volume 16, J. R. Manns and H. Eichenbaum, Evolution of declarative memory, Pages 795–808, Copyright (2006), with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (B) With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Brain Structure and Function, Organization and chemical neuroanatomy of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) hippocampus, 219(5), 2014, 1587–1601, Nina Patzke, Olatunbosun Olaleye, Mark Haagensen, Patrick R. Hof, Amadi O. Ihunwo, and Paul R. Manger, Figure 2. 214 11.1 Past phrenology map and present brain map. Reprinted from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 107, Nancy Kanwisher, Functional specificity in the human brain: A window into the functional architecture of the mind, Pages 11163–11170, Copyright (2010) National Academy of Sciences, USA. 221 11.2 Face processing and shape processing fMRI activity. Reprinted from NeuroImage, Volume 83, Scott D. Slotnick and Rachel C. White, The fusiform face area responds equivalently to faces and abstract shapes in the left and central visual fields, Pages 408–417, Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier. 223 11.3 Number of fMRI and ERP articles in the highest-impact cognitive neuroscience journals. 225 11.4 Brain region interaction TMS target sites and fMRI visual sensory effects during perception. Reprinted from Current Biology, Volume 16, Christian C. Ruff, Felix Blankenburg, Otto Bjoertomt, Sven Bestmann, Elliot Freeman, John-Dylan Haynes, Geraint Rees, Oliver Josephs, Ralf Deichmann, and John Driver, Concurrent TMS-fMRI and psychophysics reveal frontal influences on human retinotopic visual cortex, Pages 1479–1488, Copyright (2006), with permission from Elsevier. 228 11.5 Brain region interaction TMS target site, visual sensory regions of interest, and fMRI effects during working memory. Reprinted from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 108, Eva

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Feredoes, Klaartje Heinen, Nikolaus Weiskopf, Christian Ruff, and John Driver, Causal evidence for frontal involvement in memory target maintenance by posterior brain areas during distractor interference of visual working memory, Pages 17510–17515, Copyright (2011) National Academy of Sciences, USA. 230 11.6 The relationships between the ﬁelds of cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience in the past and in the future. 233

Preface

The human brain and memory are two of the most complex and fascinating systems in existence. Within the last two decades, the cognitive neuroscience of memory has begun to thrive with the advent of techniques that can non-invasively measure human brain activity with high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive treatment of the cognitive neuroscience of memory. It is related to three classes of other books. First, textbooks on cognitive psychology or cognition provide broad overviews of the cognitive psychology of memory and therefore only consider a small fraction of the work on the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Second, textbooks on cognitive neuroscience provide broad overviews of the entire field and also consider only a small fraction of the work on memory. Third, more specialized books on memory focus on the cognitive psychology, the behavioral neuroscience, or the computational modeling of memory rather than the cognitive neuroscience of memory. This book highlights temporal processing in the brain. Cognitive neuroscientists predominantly use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the brain regions associated with a cognitive process. Although fMRI has excellent spatial resolution, this method provides little if any information about the time at which brain regions are active or the way in which different brain regions interact. By emphasizing both spatial and temporal aspects of brain processing, this book provides a complete overview of the cognitive neuroscience of memory and aims to guide the future of memory research. Each chapter is written in an accessible style and includes background information and many figures. Debated topics are discussed throughout the text. The most popular view is routinely questioned rather than simply assumed to be correct, as is done in the vast majority of textbooks. In this way, science is depicted as open to question, evolving, and exciting. The audience for this book is educated lay people interested in the cognitive neuroscience of memory and undergraduate students, graduate students, and scientists who are interested in a comprehensive up-to-date treatment of this topic. Each chapter includes learning objectives, an introduction, sections on key topics, a summary, review questions, and

xxii Preface

recommended scientific articles. At a college or university, this book could serve as a supplemental textbook in lower-level courses (for instructors who desire a comprehensive treatment on this topic) or as a main text in an intermediate-level undergraduate course, an advanced- level undergraduate course, or a graduate seminar (with instructor lectures, student presentations, and discussions of the recommended scientific articles). Many individuals significantly improved the quality of this book. First and foremost, I thank Matthew Bennet, my editor. Without his vision, guidance, and support, this book would not exist. I am grateful to Jessica Karanian, Brittany Jeye, and two anonymous reviewers for providing invaluable comments and suggestions on the entire book. I thank Elizabeth Chua for her expert comments on the transcranial direct current stimulation section (and for providing a photograph illustrating this technique) and Lauren Moo for her insightful comments on the explicit memory and disease chapter. Finally, I thank Jacqueline French for her skilled copy editing and appreciate all of the professionals at Cambridge University Press, including Valerie Appleby, Brianda Reyes, Srilakshmi Gobidass, and Maree Williams-Smith, who made the production of this book a smooth process.