University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus

Environmental Statement

July 2008

Volume 1 - Text

Prepared by: RPS Planning & Development, Oxford

RPS Planning & Development Mallams Court 18 Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RP

Tel 01235 821888 Fax 01235 820351 Email [email protected]

Contents

Volume 1

Non Technical Summary 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Project 3 Main Alternatives 4 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology 5 Townscape and Visual Effects 6 Ecology and Nature Conservation 7 Cultural Heritage 8 Water Resources, Geology and Soils 9 Traffic and Transport 10 Further Information

List of Figures and Appendices (Volume 2) Figures 1.1 Site Context 2.1 Proposed Development (indicative) 7.1 Built Heritage and Historic Landscape Features 7.2 1756 Plan of the Lordship and Liberty of Early 7.3 1820’s Plan of the Tithings of Sonning Town, Woodley & Sandford and Earley 7.4 Ordnance Survey First Edition 25’’ Map of 1877 7.5 Ordnance Survey Second Edition 25’’ Map of 1899 7.6 Known Archaeological Features 8.1 Water Availability 9.1 Traffic Survey Locations 9.2 Observed Flows

Appendices 2.1 Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) 2.2 Proposed Road Infrastructure 3.1 Lake Crossing Options Considered 3.2 Short Listed Lake Crossing Options 3.3 Halls of Residence Options Considered 4.1 Other Developments Considered in Cumulative Effects Assessment 5.1 Baseline Drawings (Landscape and Visual) 5.2 External Boundary Photographs 5.3 Proposed Development Locations 5.4 Visual Receptors (Internal and External) 5.5 Planning Policy Context (Landscape and Visual) 6.1 Planning Policy Context (Ecology and Nature Conservation) 6.2 Desk Study and Phase 1 Habitat Survey 6.3 Amphibian Survey 6.4 Reptile Survey 6.5 Bat Activity and Roost Surveys 6.6 Wildlife Friendly Planting List 6.7 Bats and Lighting in the UK 2008 guidelines 7.1 Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment 8.1 Correspondence Received (Water Resources, Geology and Soils) 8.2 Flood Risk Assessment 8.3 Water Quality Data

8.4 Site-wide Drainage Strategy 8.5 Planning Policy Context (Water Resources, Geology and Soils)

Non-Technical Summary

Introduction

1 The University of Reading is one of the foremost research-led universities in the UK. The University employs in the order of 4000 staff and is the seat of learning for some 17,800 students, drawn from within the UK and abroad.

2 The Whiteknights campus is the principal campus of the University, located within Reading, Berkshire. The campus crosses the administrative boundary between Wokingham Borough Council and Reading Borough Council. The location of the campus is shown on Figure 1.

3 The campus has been the subject of a Development Plan, which identifies the principles for future development at the campus over the next 10 years, including the provision of improved road infrastructure, replacement halls of residence and provision of new facilities such as academic buildings, car parking and areas of open space to better accommodate the University’s future needs. The whole of this proposed development is referred to as “the project”.

4 Environmental Impact Assessment has been undertaken for the project in accordance with The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (the ‘EIA Regulations’). The assessment has been undertaken by RPS on behalf of Stride Treglown and the University of Reading.

5 This document is the non-technical summary of the ES. This provides a summary of the main environmental effects likely to arise from the project. For completeness and in order to consider the effects of the project as a whole, this includes an assessment of the likely environmental effects for all components of the project in both Wokingham and Reading Boroughs.

Site Description

6 The Whiteknights campus lies to the south east of Reading town centre, occupying an area of approximately 123 hectares. The campus was formerly the Manor of Earley, incorporating a manor house and landscaped gardens, and was purchased by the University in 1947. Now forming the University’s main campus, Whiteknights is bounded to the northeast by Whiteknights Road, to the southeast by Wilderness Road and to the west by Shinfield Road and Pepper Lane.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus i RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary 7 The campus lies within the Church ward of Reading and the Maiden Erlegh ward of Wokingham. Current land uses on the Whiteknights site includes academic and research buildings, residential halls, catering facilities and offices. In the centre of the campus lies Whiteknights Lake. The roads surrounding the campus are primarily residential.

Need for the Project

8 The project would include the delivery of a revised network of pedestrian, cyclist and vehicular routes within the campus. At present, there is no formal vehicular crossing over the lake and this lack of a direct vehicular connection between the south-west and north-east parts of the campus limits connectivity between different parts of the campus, prevents a direct route for maintenance, security and emergency vehicles and limits public transport service penetration. An internal connection would offer the opportunity to significantly reduce total miles travelled by fleet vehicles that are currently required to use the external road network to travel between parts of the campus and would therefore also remove trips from the local road network.

9 The University currently provides approximately 1,670 study bedrooms within the Whiteknights campus. Condition surveys indicate that a significant proportion of these buildings require major repair or replacement. Existing study bedrooms at Bridges, Childs and Whiteknights Halls in particular are considered to be reaching the end of their economic life. Redevelopment of these halls of residence is required in order to continue to provide good quality accommodation for students within the campus.

10 A range of other proposals are included within the project. Together, these would allow continued provision of suitable academic accommodation and associated facilities to support the University’s vision of a high quality, sustainable environment that will facilitate student recruitment and retention of staff and enhance the University’s national and international reputation for excellence.

Proposed Development

11 The project comprises the following main elements: • Roads infrastructure;

• Redevelopment of halls of residence;

• Remaining proposals.

12 The main elements of the proposals are outlined below and shown on Figure 2.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus ii RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary Roads Infrastructure

13 The proposals include the following, linked, sections of road: • The completion of the existing orbital route. The existing campus orbital route does not form a complete circuit. The provision of a section of new carriageway with adjacent footway is proposed to connect the existing route from its end point to the north west of the Students Union to a proposed junction to the east of Park House. This additional section of the orbital route would be subject to a restricted entry management system allowing only University catering vehicles, security, maintenance and senior staff to utilise the link in addition to emergency service vehicles and public transport services. The section of the route passing in front of Park House would be formed of green coloured paving or blocks. Planting is proposed in blocks close to the proposed road.

• New approach roads and lake crossing to complete the connection between the Pepper Lane/Shinfield Road and Earley Gate areas of the campus currently separated by the lake. This route would include an approach road on the western side from the central campus orbital route towards the existing pedestrian Friends Bridge. The route across the lake would be restricted to use by designated vehicles only by means of barrier access and would be a single carriageway route with passing places and adjacent footway. The footway would ensure continued provision of the existing public footpath that crosses the existing Friends Bridge and continues across the campus.

• An upgrade of an existing route from Earley Gate towards the Bridges Hall area.

14 A number of new larger car parks are proposed off the orbital route. The relocation of car parking to peripheral locations allows the development or landscaping of existing central car parks. The project includes a proposed Porters Lodge at Queens Drive, incorporating a visitor reception, information point and site security. Visitors would be guided to this car park and onto the Porters Lodge to register. Apart from visitors with special needs, visitors would be required to park at Queens Drive and continue the journey on foot.

15 Overall, the project would result in the provision of 511 new car parking spaces.

Redevelopment of the Halls of Residence

16 The project includes the phased redevelopment of the Whiteknights, Bridges and Childs halls. This would result in a net increase in the number of study bedrooms provided on the campus, reducing the demand for offsite accommodation and focusing student life on campus.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus iii RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary 17 This includes the replacement of Whiteknights Hall with new buildings providing approximately 560 study bedrooms. The new Whiteknights Hall would be served by a new internal road connection from the central orbital road to the south. Once completed, the University would close the existing Whiteknights Hall entrance to vehicular traffic.

18 Childs Hall would be redeveloped to accommodate a total of approximately 1,296 study bedrooms, provided in study bedroom clusters and town houses.

19 Bridges Hall would be redeveloped to accommodate a total of approximately 644 study bedrooms on the site of the current Bridges Hall. In addition, the project includes the development of an additional 312 study bedrooms on adjacent land.

20 The halls would be linked to the orbital road and each other with cycleways, footways and road infrastructure where appropriate.

Remaining proposals

21 The remaining parts of the project would include: • A Film, Theatre and Television Building;

• A Waste Transfer Station within the existing boiler house;

• A Central Production Unit to consolidate the production of all food across the campus;

• A Catering Hub between Bridges hall and the Earley Gate area;

• New sports facilities including an all weather sports pitch, sports pavillion and improvements to the existing sport centre;

• Landscaping works across the campus but particularly at the campus green and park square amenity areas;

• Academic development within the main campus hub;

• Demolition of temporary buildings and academic development at the Earley Gate part of the campus;

• A Lakeside amenity area, an open structure, offering protection from rain and sun and providing a stopping off point along the public footpath and an amenity area for staff, students and visitors.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus iv RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary Alternatives Considered

22 During the evolution of the project, a number of alternative options have been considered. These include a number of alternative locations for the proposed lake crossing and associated approach roads and alternative approaches to the provision of the required number of study bedrooms. The selection of the preferred options took into account a range of factors, including likely effects on ecology, landscape, the historic environment, water quality and rights of way. A key consideration throughout the project was to concentrate required future development within existing built areas of the campus as much as practicable in order to minimise the land take from greenfield parts of the campus. In addition, consideration was given to providing landscape improvements through the implementation of a landscape scheme, including converting existing built areas to green areas within the campus.

Environmental Effects

23 The Environmental Statement outlines the likely environmental effects of the project. The main effects identified are summarised below. Construction effects would be controlled through the implementation of a Construction Environmental Management Plan, which includes measures to control effects in relation to access and traffic management, noise and vibration, air quality (including dust), contamination, waste management, water resources, landscape/townscape, ecology, cultural heritage and socio-economic aspects.

Townscape and Visual Effects

24 Whiteknights campus is situated within the former Whiteknights estate and home to the Marquis of Blandford. Now forming part of the estate of the University of Reading, the campus still shows evidence of its 18th Century landscaping.

25 The campus comprises a mix of University buildings, grassland, woodland, a large central lake and gardens. Mature trees complement the mass of the existing buildings and add to the established character of the campus. Measures have been adopted as part of the project to minimise the effect on the townscape and views. This includes the development of new facilities within or over existing building footprints where practicable and the adoption of a landscape scheme. The landscape scheme aims to introduce new areas of tree and shrub planting to strengthen existing vegetation patterns and seeks to successfully integrate each new proposal within its surroundings. In addition, the use of a palette of hard-surface finishes would provide a hierarchy of primary pedestrian routes thus aiding navigation through the campus.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus v RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary 26 Construction would affect some areas of existing vegetation and require construction activity that would result in effects on the townscape character within the campus and on views within and of the campus from the immediate surrounding area. Such effects would be temporary and in the range minor to moderate adverse. In the longer term, new tree and shrub planting with areas of grassland establishment would provide enhancement and replacement measures to compensate for the loss of existing vegetation and provide visual screening from sensitive views.

27 Although it is acknowledged that not all individual development proposals would generate beneficial impacts, particularly during the temporary construction phase, it is considered that overall the project has the potential to result in a number of positive enhancements that safeguard the existing characteristics, ensuring that the campus’ natural assets are protected. Operational effects are predicted to be in the range minor adverse to minor beneficial.

Ecology and Nature Conservation

28 The Whiteknights campus consists of a complex mix of University buildings of various ages and styles, large areas of amenity grassland, scattered mature trees forming areas of parkland, a large lake, areas of broad-leaved woodland, horticultural gardens and an area of formal gardens with an arboretum. A network of footpaths and roads links the buildings and other areas of the campus.

29 No nationally or international designated sites of nature conservation interest are located within 2km of the campus. However, there are a number of locally designated sites in the surrounding areas. These include the Whiteknights Park Wildlife Heritage Site designation, which covers parts of the Whiteknights campus.

30 During phase 1 habitat surveys, habitats potentially suitable for bats, amphibians and reptiles were identified within the campus. Based on these findings, species surveys for bats, amphibians and reptiles were undertaken.

31 The amphibian survey found no evidence of great crested newts in any of the waterbodies on the campus. Some smooth newts and common frogs were identified during the survey.

32 No reptiles were found onsite. However, large numbers of adult, juvenile and metamorph common toads were observed throughout the reptile survey area.

33 Bats were observed utilising the campus site for feeding, commuting and socializing. No trees or buildings that could potentially accommodate bat roosts were identified as being directly affected by the project.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus vi RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary 34 A number of measures are included as part of the project to avoid or reduce effects in relation to ecology and nature conservation. These include retention of features or elements of value as far as practicable, adoption of a Construction Environmental Management Plan to control effects arising during the construction phase and measures to minimise the effects on the local toad population.

35 The Wildlife Heritage Site comprises three parts situated within the University campus. The majority of the proposed road infrastructure would keep to areas of existing hardstanding outside of the designated site boundary. However, the roads proposals would involve the removal of some vegetation at the bridge crossing over the lake and associated new road alignment either side of the crossing point. Effects of the project on habitats and species within the campus are considered to be negligible to minor adverse during construction. Effects on all other designated sites are anticipated to be negligible. Effects during the operational phase are considered to be negligible to slight beneficial.

Cultural Heritage

36 There are no records of World Heritage Sites, Registered Battlefields or Registered Parks/Gardens within the Whiteknights campus. The closest Scheduled Monuments are Reading Abbey and High Bridge. The closest Registered Parks and Gardens are Reading Cemetery and Forbury Garden.

37 There are ten listed buildings present on the Whiteknights site. There are seven further listed buildings and four conservation areas within 250m of the campus boundary.

38 While there are a number of previously recorded archaeological finds and features in the vicinity of the Whiteknights campus, the majority are isolated spot finds. The location of the site and its history limit the likelihood of encountering any significant archaeological remains. Further, the previous landscaping of the site and its subsequent development as a University campus are likely to further limit the survival of archaeological remains. The overall archaeological potential of the site may thus be considered to be low.

39 With the exception of small areas of undeveloped landscape affected by additional development land- take, no direct physical impacts have been identified to any known historic environment receptors or any known archaeological sites. In general, because of the existing baseline position, the predicted effects of the proposed regeneration of the Whiteknights campus on the historic environment would generally be slight, with material effects all being restricted to the temporary construction phase. During construction effects would be in the range negligible to moderate adverse.

40 Once completed and landscaped, adverse effects of the new roads, car parks and buildings would be limited. Archaeological effects during the operational phase would be negligible. In historic

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus vii RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary environment terms, probably the most notable proposal is the restoration of an east-west vehicular link across the campus to include a new bridge across the lake, following the historic course of the principal east–west driveway between the Chancellor’s Way campus entrance and Earley Gate. This restores a historic landscape feature that has been a feature of the park since at least 1756. In addition, the road scheme would restore the relationship between Park House and its former lodge, resulting from the proposed removal of intervening building and car park. Overall effects on the built environment and historic landscape would range from minor adverse to minor beneficial in the operational phase.

Water Resources, Geology and Soils

41 Within the Whiteknights campus, the lake is currently the main receiving body for surface water run-off, via a network of private drains. A small area to the north of the campus is discharged directly into the public sewer system operated by Thames Water.

42 Whiteknights Lake is a man-made feature created by the construction of an earth embankment and a series of weirs, connecting three separate lakes (the Upper, the Lower and Whiteknights Lake). There is a groundwater spring towards the east of the site which feeds the lake, together with a small surface water catchment. The lake drains into an un-named culvert before discharging into the River Kennet approximately 2km downstream. A further 250m downstream the River Kennet joins the River Thames.

43 The Whiteknights campus is situated in Flood Zone 1, which is considered to be at low risk of flooding.

44 All work associated with the project would be carried out in accordance with the Environment Agency Pollution Prevention Guidance. Works during construction would be controlled through a Construction Environmental Management Plan.

45 Construction activities and the introduction of a road link across the lake have the potential to introduce new sources of potential contamination such as from accidental spillage. However, effects would be controlled by good construction practice. Furthermore, the drainage strategy and detailed design of the road would control potential operational effects.

46 Taking this into account, it is considered that the project is unlikely to have a significant adverse effect on the environment within the campus or on any neighbouring properties. The project would not increase the flood risk in the area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus viii RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary Traffic and Transport

47 The principal existing accesses to the Whiteknights campus from the surrounding road network are at Queens Drive, Pepper Lane, Earley Gate and Whiteknights Hall. Overall, the campus generates around 9,270 vehicles per day (12 hour) of which 0.8% are HGVs and 1.55% medium goods vehicles.

48 Currently the campus is divided in to two main parts by Whiteknights Lake. As a result, a significant number of vehicle movements between internal parts of the campus involve travel around the external highway network.

49 As a result of the relative locations of the component parts of the project, there is expected to be an increase in traffic at the Pepper Lane, Queens Drive and Earley Gate entrances to the campus. This could affect people using the campus, although given that the access roads are very largely segregated from footpath routes and measures proposed to improve pedestrian and cycling conditions, it is considered that the effect of the additional traffic would be minor adverse at worst.

50 The implementation of the project (assuming a worst case scenario) could result in an increase in traffic movements on the surrounding road network. These increases would fall well below the critical threshold levels set out in the ‘Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic, Guidance Note No. 1’.

51 It is considered that the effect of additional traffic associated with the project on the surrounding roads would be negligible to minor adverse.

52 Overall, it is concluded that, as a result of the disparate nature of the proposals, the ability to vary access and movement and the measures that would be implemented, the environmental effects of traffic resulting from the project would not exceed minor levels within the campus and would be negligible to minor adverse on the road network surrounding the site.

Further Information

53 Comments, queries or requests for information concerning the Environmental Statement should be addressed to:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus ix RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary University of Reading

Dorothy Hague

Head of Feasibility, Facilities Management Directorate

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus

PO Box 217

Reading, Berkshire

RG6 6AH

54 Copies of the Environmental Statement are available from RPS at a cost of £140 per copy. Alternatively, a CD-rom is available at a cost of £10 each. Copies of this separate Non-Technical Summary are available free of charge.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus x RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Non-Technical Summary Legend

Site Boundary

River Thames

Reading Station

Reading Town Centre

Upper Redlands Road Whiteknights Road Elmhurst Road

Whiteknights Campus

Shinfield Road

Pepper Lane Wilderness Road

Rev: Date: Amendment: Name: Checked: d x Data Source: RPS 2008 m . 1

_ Status: Final e r u g i F _ P M 3 2 4

0 Mallams Court 18 Milton Park Abingdon Oxon Ox14 4RP 7

0 T 01235 821888 F 01235 820351 E [email protected] W www.rpsgroup.com _ D 8

5 Client: Stride Treglown Ltd 5 5 \ S I Project: Whiteknights Campus G \ h c e T

\ Title: y Site Context n a M4 p m o Scale: A3 @ 1:22,000 C

t 0 0.5 1km h g i n K

e Date: July 2008 Datum: Projection: BNG t OSGB36 i h W Drawn: MP Checked: AR Job Ref: JR5558 b 8 5 5 5 \ : Figure No: Revision: O 1 -

: f e R t c e j o r P

© Crown copyright, All rights reserved. 2008 License number 0100031673 N

Mallams Court 18 Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RP T 01235 821888 F 01235 820351 E [email protected] W www.rpsgroup.com

Client: Stride Treglown Ltd

Project: Whiteknights Campus

Title: Proposed Development

Date:July 08 Scale: NTSOriginal Paper Size: A3

Drawn:MP Checked: AR Job Ref: JR5558

Figure Number: 2 Rev: - O:\5558b White Knight Company\Tech\AutoCAD\5558D_080721MP_overall site plan.dwg site Company\Tech\AutoCAD\5558D_080721MP_overall Knight White O:\5558b 1 Introduction

Introduction

1.1 This Environmental Statement (ES) has been prepared by RPS on behalf of Stride Treglown and the University of Reading. It accompanies planning applications for proposed development at the Whiteknights campus, which forms part of the University of Reading, Berkshire. The location of the campus is shown on Figure 1.1.

1.2 The Whiteknights campus has been the subject of a Development Plan, which identifies the principles for future development at the campus over the next 10 years, including the provision of improved road infrastructure, replacement halls of residence and provision of new facilities such as academic buildings, car parking and areas of open space to better accommodate the University’s future needs. In this ES the whole of this proposed development is referred to as “the project”.

1.3 RPS has been instructed to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and produce an ES for the proposed development at the campus. The campus crosses the administrative boundary between Wokingham Borough Council and Reading Borough Council. For completeness and in order to consider the effects of the project as a whole, this ES includes an assessment of the likely environmental effects for all components of the project across both administrative areas.

Assessment Team

1.4 The University of Reading has assembled an assessment team for the purposes of carrying out the ES. The team comprises the following specialists and experienced consultants:

Table 1.1: Assessment Team

Team Member Specialism Stride Treglown Town planning, masterplanning/urban design, architecture, landscape architecture and EIA input in relation to landscape and visual resources. RPS EIA co-ordination, ES production, cultural heritage, ecology and nature conservation, traffic (including Transport Assessment), hydrology, hydrogeology and geology. DSSR Services consultants Rider Levett Quantity surveyors Bucknell

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus RPS 1-1 Environmental Statement July 2008 Introduction Statutory Framework and Purpose of ES

1.5 The DETR Circular 02/99 on Environmental Impact Assessment describes EIA as:

“a means of drawing together, in a systematic way, an assessment of a project’s likely significant environmental effects. This helps to ensure that the importance of the predicted effects, and the scope for reducing them, are properly understood by the public and the relevant competent authority before it makes its decision.” (paragraph 9)

1.6 The project falls within Schedule 2 (10b) of the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (as amended). Schedule 2 projects do not require EIA to be undertaken in every case but must be considered against the criteria provided in Schedule 3 of the EIA Regulations to determine whether significant effects on the environment are likely.

1.7 Having considered the scope of the proposed development in the context of the EIA Regulations and associated guidance, the University of Reading does not consider that the project is EIA development. Following consultation with the local planning authorities, Reading Borough Council agreed with position. However, Wokingham Borough Council stated that, in their opinion, EIA is required. Therefore, EIA has been undertaken for the project.

1.8 Although there is no statutory provision as to the form of an ES, it must contain the information specified in Part II, and as much of the relevant information in Part I of Schedule 4 of the EIA Regulations as reasonably required to assess the effects of the project and which the developer can reasonably be required to compile. The specified information within Schedule 4 Parts I and II is set out in full below:

Part I

1. Description of the development, including in particular: a) a description of the physical characteristics of the whole development and the land-use requirements during the construction and operational phases b) a description of the main characteristics of the production processes, for instance, nature and quantity of the materials used

c) an estimate, by type and quantity, of expected residues and emissions (water, air and soil pollution, noise, vibration, light, heat, radiation etc.) resulting from the operation of the proposed development 2. An outline of the main alternatives studied by the applicant or appellant and an indication of the main reasons for his choice, taking into account the environmental effects

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus RPS 1-2 Environmental Statement July 2008 Introduction 3. A description of the aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected by the development, including, in particular, population, fauna, flora, soil, air, climatic factors, material assets, including the architectural and archaeological heritage, landscape and inter-relationship between the above factors 4. A description of the likely significant effects of the development on the environment, which should cover the direct effects and any indirect, secondary, cumulative, short, medium and long-term, permanent and temporary, positive and negative effects of the development, resulting from: a) The existence of the development b) The use of natural resources c) The emission of pollutants, the creation of nuisances and the elimination of waste And the description by the applicant of the forecasting methods used to assess the effects on the environment 5. A description of the measures envisaged to prevent, reduce and where possible offset any significant adverse effects on the environment 6. A non-technical summary of the information provided under paragraphs 1 to 5 of this Part 7. An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or lack of know-how) encountered by the applicant in compiling the required information

Part II

1. A description of the development comprising information on the site, design and size of the development 2. A description of the measures envisaged in order to avoid, reduce and, if possible, remedy significant adverse effects 3. The data required to identify and assess the main effects which the development is likely to have on the environment 4. An outline of the main alternatives studied by the applicant or appellant and an indication of the main reasons for his choice, taking into account the environmental effects

5. A non-technical summary of the information provided under paragraphs 1 to 4 of this Part

1.9 This ES provides all information in Part II of the Schedule and in addition provides other relevant information under Part I. Together, the information supplied in this ES is considered to provide a clear understanding of the likely significant effects of the project upon the environment.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus RPS 1-3 Environmental Statement July 2008 Introduction Structure of the Environmental Statement

1.10 The ES is structured to allow all relevant environmental information to be easily accessible. The initial part of the ES contains the introductory chapters relating to the project as a whole. The description of the project is provided in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 outlines the main alternatives considered during the evolution of the project and the reasons for the choices made. Information relating to the methodology adopted for the EIA is found within Chapter 4 (see Table 1.2 below).

1.11 The remainder of this ES contains the topic by topic environmental information.

Table 1.2: Structure of ES

Structure of ES Non Technical Summary Provides a summary of the ES document in non-specialist language. Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Description of the Project Chapter 3 Alternatives Considered Chapter 4 Consultations, Scoping, and Methodology Chapters 5 to 9 Describes the findings of the specialist environmental assessments in relation to the likely significant environmental effects and identification of any further mitigation measures. • Chapter 5 – Landscape and visual resources • Chapter 6 – Ecology and nature conservation • Chapter 7 – Cultural heritage • Chapter 8 – Water resources, geology and soils • Chapter 9 - Traffic and transport Chapter 10 Further Information

1.12 To enable a logical understanding of the proposals the project has been divided into three main component parts:

• Roads infrastructure;

• Redevelopment of halls of residence; and

• Remaining proposals. 1.13 Within each topic based chapter each of the component parts of the project are assessed in sequence and the combined effect considered.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus RPS 1-4 Environmental Statement July 2008 Introduction 2 Description of the Project

Introduction

2.1 This chapter provides a description of the project and forms the basis for the environmental assessment. It provides supporting information in the appendices. As described in Chapter 1, all elements of the project (including those within Wokingham Borough Council and those within Reading Borough Council) in order that the environmental assessment can consider the effects of the project as a whole.

2.2 The effects of the project have been assessed throughout the ES based on what is likely. For example, construction programmes and construction traffic movements are presented as the ‘likely case’. A number of measures which would reduce or prevent adverse environmental effects arising have been included as part of the project design and are therefore subject to assessment. Details of these measures are provided in the following sections of this chapter and in its appendices. Details of measures to be taken during construction are also specifically identified in the draft Construction Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 2.1). The data required to identify and assess the main effects which the project is likely to have on the environment have been provided.

The Project

2.3 The project that is the subject of this Environmental Statement comprises the following main elements:

• Roads infrastructure;

• Redevelopment of halls of residence;

• Remaining proposals.

Need for the Project

2.4 The University of Reading is one of the foremost research-led universities in the UK. The University employs in the order of 4000 staff and is the seat of learning for some 17,800 students, drawn from within the UK and abroad. As such it is one of the largest employers in the sub-region and plays a key role in both the Reading and Wokingham areas and is also a significant generator of wealth for the local economy through student expenditure and the University’s continuing associations with commerce in relation to business and research activities.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-1 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project 2.5 At the heart of the project is the delivery of a revised network of pedestrian, cyclist and vehicular routes. At present, there is no formal vehicular crossing over the lake and this lack of a direct vehicular connection between the south-west and north-east parts of the campus limits connectivity between different parts of the campus, prevents a direct route for maintenance, security and emergency vehicles (thereby limiting opportunities for an improved waste and catering strategy within the campus) and limits public transport service penetration. An internal connection would offer the opportunity to significantly reduce total miles travelled by fleet vehicles that are currently required to use the external road network to travel between parts of the campus and would therefore also remove trips from the local road network.

2.6 The University currently provides approximately 4,500 bedspaces in approximately 120,000m2 of residential accommodation. 1,670 study bedrooms are available within Whiteknights campus. Condition surveys indicate that a significant proportion of these buildings require major repair or replacement. Existing study bedrooms at Bridges, Childs and Whiteknights Halls are considered to be reaching the end of their economic life. Redevelopment of these halls of residence is required in order to continue to provide good quality accommodation for students within the campus.

2.7 A range of other proposals are included within the project. Together, these would allow continued provision of suitable academic accommodation and associated facilities to support the University’s vision of a high quality, sustainable environment that will facilitate student recruitment and retention of staff, and enhance the University’s national and international reputation for excellence.

Individual Project Components

2.8 As described in Chapter 1, the project has been divided into three main component parts. A description of each of the component parts is provided below. An indicative project plan is provided at Figure 2.1.

Roads Infrastructure

2.9 At the current time, the campus has no clear road hierarchy. Visitor management is complicated by the wide geographic distribution of car parks and internal roads. It is proposed that the internal movement and parking situation be improved by amendments to the campus access/entry points (see below) and provision of a clearly defined network of routes within the campus. The project includes a revised network of pedestrian, cyclist and vehicular routes through the campus. This network would provide an improved network for all users, allow improved public transport services into and throughout the site, allow efficient movement of University fleet vehicles (such as catering, waste collection and maintenance vehicles) and promote pedestrian and cycling activity within the academic core. An

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-2 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project additional section of carriageway is proposed to complete the existing orbital route. This would allow catering facilities to be delivered and distributed from the proposed Central Production Unit.

2.10 The proposals include the following, linked, sections:

• The completion of the existing orbital route. The existing campus orbital route does not form a complete circuit. The provision of a section of new carriageway (4.8m) with adjacent footway is proposed to connect the existing route from its end point to the north west of the Students Union to a proposed junction to the east of Park House. This additional section of the orbital route would be subject to a restricted entry management system allowing only University catering vehicles, security, maintenance and senior staff to utilise the link in addition to emergency service vehicles and public transport services. The section of the route passing in front of Park House would be formed of green coloured paving or blocks. Planting is proposed in blocks close to the proposed road.

• New approach roads and lake crossing to complete the connection between the Pepper Lane/Shinfield Road and Earley Gate areas of the campus. A proposed new 3.5 metre wide service route is proposed to provide a link between the two main parts of the campus currently separated by the lake. This route would include an approach road on the western side from the central campus orbital route towards the existing pedestrian Friends Bridge. The proposed link would form a junction with the orbital road at the point where the existing orbital route meets the proposed completion of the orbital route to the east of Park House (see above). This junction would take the form of a roundabout. The route across the lake would be restricted for use by certain University vehicles only by means of barrier access and would be a single carriageway route with passing places and adjacent footway. The footway would ensure continued provision of the existing public footpath that crosses the existing Friends Bridge and continues across the campus. Specimen tree planting is proposed near to the lake crossing. On the eastern side of the lake the proposed route passes through the Earley Gate area of the campus to form a roundabout junction near the Department of Agriculture. This route then continues east as a two-way route (approximately 5.5m width) with adjacent footway/cycleway towards the Earley Gate entrance to the campus.

• An upgrade of an existing route from Earley Gate towards the Bridges Hall area, serving proposed Enterprise and Catering Hub buildings (the Bridges Hall approach road). This route would take the form of a new restricted carriageway (of 3.5m width with passing places) forking off from the road into the campus from Earley Gate near to the Business Enterprise Hub. This route passes northwards towards the Bridges Hall area. An adjacent footway would be provided.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-3 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project 2.11 All internal routes would be subject to a 20mph speed limit.

2.12 Additional local links would be provided as part of the proposed halls of residence developments. These are discussed in the relevant sections below. Plans of the proposed road infrastructure assessed within this ES are provided in Appendix 2.2.

Access to the Campus: Alterations to Junction Arrangements • A key aspect of the project in transport terms is the rationalisation of access to the campus. The provision of a link between the two halves of the campus (Shinfield Road/Pepper Lane and Earley Gate) provides the opportunity for improved accessibility throughout the campus without the need to utilise the external road network and associated peripheral vehicle accesses. In addition, it provides opportunities for the provision of improved delivery arrangements within the campus. This leads to a reduced need for some of the peripheral vehicle accesses to the campus. Taking this into account, together with concerns about security associated with the fragmented accesses, it is proposed that a number of the existing campus accesses would be closed to most vehicles.

• It is proposed that future vehicle access would be restricted to four main access points at Queens Drive, Chancellor’s Way (out only), Pepper Lane and Earley Gate. Visitors would be directed to the Queens Drive (Shinfield Road) entrance.

• Access to Pepper Lane would be maintained as an access to the proposed Waste Transfer Station, new Central Production Unit and maintenance buildings. Only authorised University vehicles would be able to pass through this area to gain access to (and egress from) the wider campus.

• It is proposed to improve the Earley Gate junction onto Whiteknights Road. This would provide an improved access route to this part of the campus in order to serve proposed development and a public transport route across the campus.

• All other existing vehicular accesses would be generally closed to vehicles. The access would remain open until the associated internal connection has been secured. At that time, a new gate arrangement would be introduced and the junction shut to vehicles. These gates would be controlled by the Porters Lodge and allow access to emergency vehicles as required. It is likely that those accesses serving the Halls of Residence would require re-opening on a temporary basis at the start and end of each term to facilitate student loading/unloading.

• Cyclist and pedestrian only accesses would be retained at Whiteknights Hall, Foxhill House, Bridges Hall and the Wilderness in order to allow movement of staff and students from the wider area. These accesses may be locked or provided with security key pads.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-4 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project Car Parking and Visitor Management 2.13 A number of new larger car parks are proposed off the orbital route. The relocation of car parking to peripheral locations allows the development or landscaping of existing central car parks. Parking for disabled students/visitors/staff would be retained in areas of high demand close to key buildings.

2.14 Planning permission has been granted for a new car park along Queens Drive as part of the planning application for a hotel at the site. Some of the 300 car parking spaces would be utilised as an overflow car park during large conferences held at the hotel. At other times, these spaces and the remaining spaces would be used as a main visitor car park. The current project includes a proposed Porters Lodge, incorporating a visitor reception, information point and site security. Visitors would be guided to this car park and onto the Porters Lodge to register. An electronic bollard is proposed across Queens Drive to prevent unauthorised entry to the campus. Apart from visitors with special needs, visitors would be required to park at Queens Drive and continue the journey on foot.

2.15 Overall, the project would result in the provision of 511 new car parking spaces. A total of 441 spaces would be lost through the development forming part of the project, resulting in a net increase of 70 spaces. In addition, a total of 538 spaces would be associated with existing planning permissions that are not yet implemented. This would result in a total provision at the University of 2,989 spaces (of which 2,589 would be available for University uses, excluding those associated with the hotel) compared to the existing provision of 2,381 spaces.

2.16 The Porters Lodge would be a single storey building of approximately 200m2. The car park would be landscaped with a strong eastern boundary with Queens Drive to screen parking areas.

Public Transport 2.17 Friends Bridge is currently a pedestrian thoroughfare along the alignment of a public footpath and is not capable of accommodating vehicles. University Grounds Staff currently use the weir, located to the east of Friends Bridge, to move from one area to the other.

2.18 The lack of a direct vehicular connection between the south-west and north-east Districts prevents a direct route for maintenance, security and emergency vehicles within the campus and prevents an effective, attractive and sustainable public transport service through the campus.

2.19 The proposed bridge crossing and approach roads are designed to be service roads of some 3.5m single width with passing places. The design will make provision for public buses to use the crossing, allowing an improved public transport service through the campus.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-5 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project Redevelopment of Halls of Residence

2.20 The project includes the phased redevelopment of the Whiteknights, Bridges and Childs halls. This would result in a net increase in the number of study bedrooms provided on the campus, reducing the demand for offsite accommodation and focus student life on campus.

2.21 This includes the replacement of Whiteknights Hall with new buildings providing approximately 560 study bedrooms. The new Whiteknights Hall would be served by a new internal road connection from the central orbital road to the south. Once completed, the University would close the existing Whiteknights Hall entrance to vehicular traffic.

2.22 Childs Hall would be redeveloped to accommodate a total of approximately 1,296 study bedrooms, provided in study bedroom clusters and town houses.

2.23 Bridges Hall would be redeveloped to accommodate a total of approximately 644 study bedrooms on the site of the current Bridges Hall. In addition, the project includes the development of an additional 312 study bedrooms on adjacent land.

2.24 The halls developments would require associated local link roads from the existing and proposed road infrastructure. These works include:

• A road connection (of 4.8m width) to Windsor, Whiteknights and Childs Halls from the proposed orbital road (the Whiteknights Link). This represents an improvement to an existing route that links from the central orbital road towards Windsor Hall. A new section of carriageway would be constructed extending this route from Windsor Hall to meet the existing approach to Whiteknights Hall, thereby providing continuous access to these halls from the central orbital route. In addition, a new footway/cycleway link would be provided to connect from an existing route to Whiteknights Hall. A further footway would be provided alongside the existing orbital road in the area of the junction with the Whiteknights Link to link to an existing footways across the campus. Planting is proposed near Whiteknights Hall and at the junction of the existing road with the orbital road.

• A road connection from Childs Hall to Fox Hill House (the Fox Hill House Link). This route (4.8m) would connect the existing road network to the north of Childs Hall towards Fox Hill House, allowing access to Fox Hill House from the central parts of the campus. Planting is proposed in this area.

• A road connection from the Bridges Hall approach road to the Bridges Hall area (the Bridges Hall Link).

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-6 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project • The creation of a dual use footpath and cycleway from Foxhill House via the Childs Hall area to the centre of the campus. This route would connect to existing routes in the central part of the campus.

Remaining Proposals

2.25 The remaining parts of the project are described below.

Film, Theatre and Television Building 2.26 A film, theatre and television building is proposed to create space for performances and editing studios as well as seminar and general academic uses. This building would be for the use of the general public and other visitors to the University as well as staff and students. This building is anticipated to occupy a footprint of approximately 1,000m2. This would correspond to 2,000m2 of gross floor area over three storeys.

Waste Transfer Station 2.27 The campus generates a range of waste forms, including paper, food, hazardous waste, cans and glass. The University currently employs a private company to collect waste from points around the campus. Waste is collected daily (5-6 days per week), with a different waste stream collected each day.

2.28 The University proposes to construct a Waste Transfer Station within the existing Boiler House off Pepper Lane (with no net increase in floor area). This would comprise a maintenance/sorting building and bays/receptacles for the collection and temporary storage of green waste, glass, plastics, paper, cardboard, metals and hazardous wastes (e.g. lighting tubes, soils, paints). This Waste Transfer Station would house the containers currently present on the campus in addition to a bailer and shredder machine, a covered area to store bails awaiting collection and a secure area for confidential waste. This facility would contribute to meeting the University’s aim to increase the recycling rate on the campus.

2.29 The facility would be located immediately adjacent to the Central Production Unit (see below) to be served by the same entry/exit arrangement from Pepper Lane. This would avoid the need for large commercial refuse vehicles to enter and move around the campus on a daily basis. Waste would be collected from around the campus by a fleet of University electric vehicles and brought to the Waste Transfer Station for sorting and disposal.

Central Production Unit 2.30 It is considered that a network of facilities is required to meet the disparate catering needs of University users. In order to achieve this, it is proposed to consolidate food preparation into a single Central Production Unit, with forwarding kitchens and cafes within halls of residence and selected academic and

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-7 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project welfare buildings around the campus. The proposed Central Production Unit would be a single storey building of approximately 900m2. This CPU would be supported by 6 forwarding kitchens at the proposed replacement Childs, Windsor and Bridges halls of residence, the existing Cedars refectory, Students Common Room and at Park House. These kitchens would be up to 60m2.

2.31 Deliveries from the Central Production Unit to all parts of the campus would utilise the proposed new road network (including the lake crossing) in order to avoid the existing use of external highway network.

2.32 The location of the Central Production Unit adjacent to the Waste Transfer Station would allow catering packaging to be readily transferred to the Waste Transfer Station and catering waste to be handled by a composting system.

2.33 The Central Production Unit is proposed to be located off the retained Pepper Lane junction, adjacent to the proposed Waste Transfer Station. This junction would serve as a dedicated access and egress for catering vehicles and waste collections, thereby reducing the number of HGVs requiring access to the main campus. Internal deliveries are proposed to be undertaken by a fleet of electric powered University vehicles.

2.34 Planting is proposed along the southern boundary of the campus adjacent to Pepper Lane to strengthen existing planting and screen the Central Production Unit.

Catering Hub 2.35 In addition to the above, a Catering Hub is proposed between the proposed replacement Bridges Hall and new academic buildings in the Earley Gate area of the campus. The catering Hub would be a single storey building of approximately 950m2. The building would be served by the proposed Bridges Hall Approach Road.

Sports and Recreation 2.36 Sports and recreation are considered to be an important part of the lives of many students and staff. The project includes a number of proposals to meet the shortcomings of existing facilities.

2.37 An extension to the existing sports hall is proposed to extend and enhance the sporting activities available and improve changing facilities. This extension would be approximately 1,100m2 in footprint and would be triple height. In addition, the front entrance of the sports hall would be extended by 100m2 to provide a larger reception and relaxation area, incorporating a catering/vending facility.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-8 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project 2.38 A new single storey sports pavilion of approximately 675m2 is proposed as a replacement building along Queens Drive with a viewing position over the sports fields and adjacent cricket square. Tennis courts would be provided alongside the new car park together with a new athletics pavilion on the football pitch between the tennis courts and Whiteknights House.

2.39 An all weather sports pitch is proposed in the area between the existing all weather pitch and the proposed replacement Whiteknights Hall.

Campus Green and Park Square 2.40 Located within the central part of the campus, this area would be retained as predominantly grassed area. The two mature cedar tress present would be retained. Footpaths would be remodelled to reflect desire lines and would connect to a network of pedestrian routes across the campus.

2.41 An existing landscaped area bounded by the library to the east, HUMMS building to the north, Whiteknights House to the west and teaching accommodation to the south, it is proposed that Park Square be retained as a green space and enhanced and remodelled through soft landscaping.

Academic Development at Campus Hub 2.42 A new general academic building is proposed to the west of the existing HUMMMS building behind Old Whiteknights House. The building would provide a total floor space of 4750m2 within a building of 3 (and in part 4) storeys and occupying a building footprint of 1,450m2. A triangular landscaped area is proposed in front of the building.

2.43 A second academic building is proposed as an edge to the proposed Campus Green. This would be a three storey building occupying a footprint of approximately 500m2 (and a floorspace of 1,500m2).

2.44 A four storey academic building would be provided on land currently used as car parking for the School of Chemistry. This would provide an approximate floor area of 4,720m2 with a building footprint of 1,180m2. New landscaped areas are proposed within the quadrangle created by the building and the Chemistry facility.

2.45 A three storey building is proposed to the west of the existing Plant Science buildings to create 1380m2 of floorspace and a building footprint of 460m2.

2.46 It is proposed that the existing Black Horse House building be refurbished.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-9 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project Proposed Academic Development at Earley Gate 2.47 The Earley Gate area of the campus contains two large single storey temporary office buildings constructed in the 1940s. It is proposed to demolish these temporary buildings in order to provide an opportunity for redevelopment to meet the future academic, research and related needs of the University.

2.48 Planning permission has been gained for an Enterprise Hub within this area, providing incubation units to serve the needs of small firms wishing to supply or benefit from adjacent University interests.

2.49 In addition, the project includes the following:

• General academic building of three storeys to the rear of the proposed Enterprise Hub. Building footprint: 1,100m2. Floor area: 3,300m2.

• Four general academic buildings of three to four storeys as part of the phased redevelopment of the temporary buildings. To provide a total building footprint: 3,365 and a floor area of 12,125m2. These would replace the existing single storey buildings to provide new build academic, centralised teaching and other operational University activities.

• General academic building of three storeys on a site previously benefiting from planning permission. Building footprint: 530m2. Floor area: 1,590m2.

• An extension to the existing Meteorology/Psychology building. Building footprint: 465m2. Floor area: 1,695m2. 2.50 A new landscaped car park is proposed along the eastern edge of this area adjacent to proposed three- storey academic buildings to the north of existing buildings to be retained.

2.51 This part of the campus is currently served by a single vehicular entry/exit point onto Whiteknights Road. The proposed revisions to the roads layout would provide a central spine route, including a direct pedestrian and cycle route towards Friends Bridge.

Lakeside Amenity Area 2.52 An ‘amenity’ structure is proposed near to Friends Bridge. This would be an open structure, offering protection from rain and sun and providing a stopping off point along the public footpath and an amenity area for staff, students and visitors.

Summary of Built Development

2.53 The project includes the following changes to the key facilities provided on site:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-10 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project Table 2.1: Proposed Development

Type Floor Area (m2) Halls of Residence 70,440 Academic 34,060 Sports Uses 1,775 Support Buildings 2,400 Total new development 108,675 Demolitions 48,630 Net increase in floor area 60,045

Public Realm Strategy

2.54 The Whiteknights campus currently has a variety of external furniture styles and structures which collectively contribute towards a confused, and in certain areas, dated, public realm.

2.55 External features which stand out as being the varied across the campus include:

• Lighting columns;

• Seating / Benches;

• Cycle stands and shelters;

• Litter and Recycling bins and receptacles;

• Surface treatments; and

• Road and Pedestrian Signage.

2.56 The opportunity exists to not only replace the various styles of external fixtures, but to create new landscaped areas which, when seen in their new context, would result in a clearly defined, legible and attractive public realm for the benefit of all University users.

2.57 The public realm changes will be generally concentrated within the two core parts of the campus rather than the grassland areas.

2.58 The nodal points around the campus – those that University users are directed towards, congregate or where movement decisions are required – would have a vital role to play in shaping the identity of the University and offer the opportunity to introduce artistic lighting, sculpture or feature with a common or related theme. Such areas would be located at, although not limited to, strategic points along the south- eastern orbital route, the new Earley Gate road arrangement and the new lakeside amenity area adjacent to Friends Bridge.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-11 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project 2.59 In terms of the preparation of the External Realm Strategy, this would concentrate on the following:

• The durability of the preferred fixtures or surface treatments;

• The theme or themes which will guide the creation of attractive “nodal” points, including options for sculpture, lighting or features based on a common or related theme; and

• The way in which the materials and colour palette are appropriate to, and reflective of, their parkland and/or built context.

2.60 The purpose of the External Public Realm Strategy is to create a coherent, straightforward, and easily identifiable network of attractive spaces which contribute towards greater legibility and, by association, permeability through the campus.

Landscape Strategy

2.61 The landscape strategy has identified the following principal objectives, to enhance the existing landscape and provide successful integration of the proposed development within the campus grounds:

• To provide an aesthetically pleasing and environmentally diverse landscape that is both functional and complementary to the University throughout the year;

• To provide a landscape that can be maintained to a high standard with resources that will promote a positive image of the University to all site users and visitors;

• To enhance ecological diversity and create habitat to aid the well-being of local plants and wildlife; and

• To provide a landscape that has clear logical and safe circulation routes across the site that are accessible to all site users. 2.62 The campus has been divided into a series of landscape elements, within which this strategy defines the characteristics to enable the successful establishment to sustain a healthy mature landscape.

Type A : Specimen Tree Planting and Tree Groups 2.63 Designed character to create informal groups and formal planted avenues with mixed age tree species that would:

• Create strong focal points at the Campus entrances;

• Provides an element that creates visual links throughout the campus;

• Creates a sense of orientation within the site; and

• Tie development to existing landscape.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-12 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project

2.64 Indicative species would include: Acer platanoides, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Castenea sativa, Fraxinus excelsior, Pinus nigra, Pinus radiate, Populus tremula, Prunus cerasifera, Prunus padus, Quercus ilex, Quercus robur, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Taxus baccata Tilia cordata Tilia europaea Tilia platyphyllos.

Type B : Native Tree & Woodland Shrub Planting 2.65 Designed character of the native tree and shrub should be used as a natural transition of the woodland areas that would:

• Establish mature semi natural woodland edge in keeping with the surrounding character.

• Stock raised from seed of local provenance.

• Provide an extension of the existing hedgerows.

• Used to create buffer zones to boundaries and service areas.

2.66 Indicative species would include: Trees: Acer campestre, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus avium, Quercus ilex, Quercus robur, Sorbus aria. Shrubs: Corylus avellana , Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Rhamnus cathartica, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina.

Type C : Proposed and Existing Hedgerows 2.67 Designed character where possible, retain and reinstate existing hedgerows that would:

• Provide elements, which echo the local vernacular.

• Native species stock raised from seed of local provenance.

2.68 Indicative species would include: Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus ilex, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Rhamnus cathartica, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Lonicera pericylmenum.

Type D: Ornamental Shrub Planting 2.69 Designed character to provide mass planting of mainly ornamental shrubs to help define spaces and provided seasonal interest with foliage and flower types that would:

• Provide definition of individual spaces with informal characters.

• Species chosen will be reflective of both the woodland and grassland characters of the campus.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-13 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project

2.70 Indicative species would include: Ajuga Bamboo, Berberis, Carex, Ceanothus, Choisya, Cornus, Cotinus, Euonymus, Fatsia, Griselinia, Hebe, Hypericum, Hygrangea, Lavandula, Lonicera, Olearia, Phormium, Photina, Pittosporum, Pieris, Prunus, Rosmarinus.

Type E: Grasslands 2.71 Designed character to create informal wildflower meadows and formal amenity grassland character areas that would:

• Blend different landscape vegetation types together;

• Maintain a grassland landscape characteristic that is highlighted with specimen trees; and

• Enhance grassland habitat creation to aid biodiversity and environmental networks with the central lake water body. 2.72 Grassland species would include amenity species (Including bulbs), damp/marginal woodland edge and meadow species.

Type F: Existing Specimen Tree and Tree Groups 2.73 Designed character to create formal and informal groups with mixed age tree species that in their maturity now complement the size and mass of the existing buildings and add to the established character of the campus in providing a high quality amenity landscape

2.74 The existing vegetation provides biodiversity and creates habitat for wildlife. It maintains important ‘green corridors’ across the campus maintaining a healthy ecosystem, whilst provide dense visual screening / buffer zones around the majority of the campus boundaries.

Promoting Energy Efficiencies and Sustainable Development 2.75 The University is committed to:

• Increasing energy efficiency in terms of normalised energy consumed per square metre of treated building area, building occupants or other appropriate measure;

• Reducing CO2 emissions per square metre of treated area, building occupants or other appropriate measure;

• Investing in new technology where this meets investment criteria (including renewable energy sources);

• Considering in addition to other economic criteria energy costs when procuring new projects;

• Considering energy-efficiency when procuring energy plant and equipment (including office equipment);

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-14 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project • Reducing carbon emissions associated with fuel burned by vehicles during the internal distribution of goods measured per weight/volume of goods;

• Investing in energy-saving technologies that are eligible for enhanced capital allowances;

• BREEAM

2.76 BRE’s Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) will be used to assess the environmental performance of both new and refurbished buildings. It is regarded by the UK’s construction and property sectors as the measure of best practice in environmental design and management.

2.77 The University is committed to aspiring to a minimum BREAM rating of Very Good in relation to all new building and major refurbishments projects and thus will undertake:

• A pre-assessment carried out early at design stage to ensure that targets will be met;

• A design and procurement assessment carried out in time for the certificate to be produced before the building is handed over;

• A post-construction review carried out to ensure that the certification reflects as built conditions;

• The introduction of zero or low carbon technologies where practicable;

2.78 The University has set a target to publish a corporate energy policy with the following targets:

Long-Term (10 year) corporate goals: • To commit organisational resources to energy management

• Give high priority to qualifying energy efficiency investments

• Minimise CO2 emissions and other environmental impacts in the context of growth and new development

• Minimise environmental impact

• Where appropriate use energy from sustainable sources

• Consider life-cycle energy costs for all new projects

• New Buildings will achieve a 20% improvement over 2006 Building Regulations.

• Major Building Refurbishments will achieve an improvement over 2006 Building Regulations if appropriate (as outlined in 3.1.10 of the Development Plan).

• Reduce energy consumption to good practice benchmark levels.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-15 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project Medium-term (5year) objectives are: • Reduce environmental impact of fuels as defined in 3.1.10 of the Development Plan

• Improve energy efficiency as defined in 3.1.10 of the Development Plan.

• Achieve accreditation under the Energy Efficiency Accreditation Scheme

• Implement a regular programme of energy audits

• Set and publish performance improvement targets

• Report performance changes and improvements annually

• Increase staff awareness via newsletters, exhibitions, seminars and other means of communication.

• Nominate employees to act as departmental energy officers

• Seek competitive tenders for gas and electricity supplies

• Identify cost-effective energy efficiency measures where practicable

• Establish a monitoring and targeting system

• Provide regular management reports on costs and consumption

• Specify energy efficiency measures in the design of new buildings, and include a consideration of energy efficiency when procuring energy plant and equipment.

Construction of the Project

2.79 Construction of the project overall is assumed to occur over a period of 10 years on weekdays between 0800 – 1800 hours and on Saturdays between 0800 – 1200 hours.

2.80 It is anticipated that the halls of residence would be completed by 2010. Therefore, the majority of the road infrastructure would be required by this time. Some local links are anticipated to follow later, associated with nearby development for which they are required. In addition, the University has identified the following parts of the project as likely to be taken forward within the next five years: Film, Theatre and Television Building, Central Production Unit, Porters Lodge and associated Queens Drive car parking and an academic building extension in the Earley Gate part of the campus. It is assumed for the purposes of this assessment that the remainder of the proposals would follow in the subsequent five year period.

2.81 Construction traffic would access the site using the existing road network and the main University entrances. Predicted levels of construction traffic are considered in Chapter 9 of this ES.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-16 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project 2.82 The construction of the project would be subject to a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). A draft of this document is provided at Appendix 2.1 of this ES.

2.83 The University of Reading would retain overall responsibility for the development during all stages of construction. An individual would be appointed who would have overall responsibility to ensure that all construction activities are in compliance with the CEMP, statutory and other obligations. This individual would also ensure that construction activities are successfully managed and integrated with estate management arrangements. He/she would have sufficient powers to require immediate cessation or modification of any works that are contrary to the CEMP.

2.84 The CEMP would be a contract requirement and therefore form part of each Contractor’s contract documents. It would be updated as the design progresses and as new information becomes available. All site staff would have a duty to minimise the risk of impacts to the environment from the activities on the site, and therefore, environmental responsibilities would be required to be put in place at all levels within the Contractor’s team.

2.85 All construction personnel should be briefed regularly on how these obligations affect their working practice, and such briefing should include considerate off-site behaviour thus reducing the risk of statutory nuisance to neighbouring properties as much as possible through site management.

2.86 The University would ensure that there is a single point of contact at the strategic and day-to-day liaison levels for construction related stakeholder communication. The Applicant would identify a Focal Point for the dissemination of information and handling of any complaints arising from the construction of the development.

2.87 A Helpline number would be clearly advertised on prominent displays of information around the site. The Helpline service would ensure that calls are answered on a freephone basis and, where appropriate, are passed directly to the duty manager on site for immediate action. Return calls should normally be made within 24 hours. The Helpline would be manned during normal construction working hours and connected to an answering machine out of hours.

2.88 The Applicant would keep campus residents, academic facilities and other potential receptors informed about the impacts of the works by issue of emails and newsletters and/or flyers. The University’s website would also include information on works and the Helpline number.

2.89 During the planning of the site, due regard would be exercised with respect to ensuring that the general public and project neighbours do not come into conflict with site vehicles and site operatives. Principally: it is not envisaged that any site traffic would impede public safety, all vehicles entering or leaving site would use existing entrances in a forward motion. No vehicles would be permitted “waiting”

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-17 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project on public highways. To minimise congestion and vehicle conflict no parking would be permitted in the surrounding streets for project staff or operatives. These arrangements would be monitored.

Environmental Measures Adopted as Part of the Project

2.90 The project includes a range of measures which would reduce or prevent significant adverse environmental effects arising. These include the following:

• A Construction Environmental Management Plan to avoid and minimise environmental effects during the construction phase. This includes measures to protect trees, protected species and habitats, water quality and cultural heritage features. It also includes dust, air quality, traffic and noise control measures;

• Measures to control the potential for effects on ground and water quality. These are set out in more detail in Chapter 8 of this ES;

• In the longer-term grassland areas would be managed to maintain their habitat value, particularly for the large population of toads found at the site. Landscape designs aim to retain important green corridors and wildlife links, particularly around the Whiteknights Lake. An Ecological Management Plan (EMP) will be produced for the development and would include enhancement and mitigation measures specific to the Wildlife Heritage Site on the campus.

• Due to the large and viable population of common toads recorded within the Wildlife Heritage Site (WHS), measures would be adopted to reduce toad mortality during site clearances, new road movements and to maintain habitat quality for toads around the grassland lake habitat;

• Measures would be taken to ensure that the structural stability and shape of tree canopies is maintained to avoid any potential hazard. Also low overhanging branches that impede motorist/pedestrian movement or safe visibility splays would be removed by tree surgeons in accordance with good horticultural practices; and

• During operation of the project, a drainage strategy would be in place. This would comply with the principles set out in Appendix 8.4 of this ES.

Existing Planning Permissions

2.91 There are a number of sites within the University campus that currently benefit from planning permission. These include:

1. Whiteknights Hotel and Conference Centre;

2. ICMA building extension and new business school;

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-18 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project 3. Life sciences building; and

4. Proposed enterprise building.

2.92 These developments do not form part of the project assessed within this ES. However, cumulative effects are considered within each topic chapter for these and other developments planned in the surrounding area as described in Chapter 4 of this ES. The location of each of these proposals is illustrated in Figure 2.1 (numbered as above).

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 2-19 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Description of the Project 3 Main Alternatives

Introduction

3.1 This chapter provides an outline of the main alternatives to the project that have been studied by the University of Reading and an indication of the main reasons for its choices for the project. In summary, these main alternatives include:

• Do Nothing and Alternative Site Options;

• Design Options.

3.2 These main alternatives together with their associated environmental effects are described below.

Do Nothing

3.3 A key alternative option for any proposed development is the ‘do nothing’ or ‘business as usual’ option. In accordance with the need to consider whether implementation of the project would result in an improvement in environmental, social and economic terms, compared to non-implementation, both the ‘with project’ and ‘do nothing’ options were considered in detail within the Sustainability Appraisal of the campus Development Plan.

3.4 Broadly, the Sustainability Appraisal highlighted the fact that in a do nothing scenario, there is some potential for the University to struggle to maintain its current attractiveness to students and its contribution to the provision of education opportunities, access to facilities and services, employment and the local economy. The ‘with project’ scenario addresses this through the replacement of buildings currently in poor condition and provision of new facilities and improved strategies for routing, catering and waste management throughout the campus to enhance the campus in terms of its functionality and efficiency.

3.5 In addition, the implementation of the project was considered to be contribute to improved energy efficiency and a rationalised internal traffic and parking strategy.

3.6 The option of considering an alternative site for the provision of the services currently located at the Whiteknights campus has not been evaluated in detail given that the existing site is currently a thriving University campus, providing a range of services for students and staff in an accessible and appropriate location. The campus provides a significant area within which there is capacity to provide the accommodation anticipated to be required over the next 10 years. The Sustainability Appraisal

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 3-1 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Main Alternatives indicated that this is likely to be possible without significant effects on the more sensitive parts of the site. It therefore considered that it would not be appropriate to consider alternative sites and that, in any event, it would be unlikely that a more suitable site could be found in sustainability terms. Therefore, the proposal to accommodate the future needs of the University within the existing campus in line with the saved local development plan policies is considered to be an appropriate approach.

Design Options

3.7 As part of the work towards the Development Plan, consideration was given to the scope of the development likely to be required within the next 10 years. The scope considered has been based on both a supply and demand approach. The consultant team met with the Deans of each facility and the Directors of Teaching and Learning in the spring of 2007 to discuss accommodation pressures and requirements. This represented a "demand" approach to development needs. At the same time and in order to ensure flexibility is embedded within the Development Plan to cater for ever changing space requirements, a Capacity Study was undertaken to identify development plots within the campus that could accommodate buildings, landscaping and car parking uses. This represented a "supply" approach.

3.8 This section of the chapter outlines the main design alternatives considered for each of the key parts of the project (road infrastructure, halls of residence and remaining proposals).

Roads Infrastructure 3.9 At the heart of the project is the delivery of a revised network of pedestrian, cyclist and vehicular routes. At present, there is no formal vehicular crossing over the lake and this lack of a direct vehicular connection between the south-west and north-east parts of the campus Limits connectivity between different parts of the campus, prevents a direct route for maintenance, security and emergency vehicles (thereby limiting opportunities for an improved waste and catering strategy within the campus) and limits public transport service penetration. An internal connection would offer the opportunity to significantly reduce total miles travelled by fleet vehicles that are currently required to use the external road network to travel between parts of the campus and would therefore also remove trips from the local road network.

3.10 The proposed road network aims to minimise disruption to existing internal routes whilst improving the accessibility and permeability throughout the campus. The network would need to incorporate existing service diversions and, over time, upgraded service alignments. The objective has been to ensure service network connections are not interrupted.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 3-2 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Main Alternatives 3.11 A number of alternative options have been investigated in relation to the proposed lake crossing. The “long-list” of options included:

• A new vehicular only bridge alongside the existing pedestrian Friends Bridge (the “Friends Bridge” Option);

• A new vehicular only bridge alongside the existing Weir to the east of Friends Bridge (the “Weir” Option);

• A new vehicular only bridge approx 35m to the east of the existing Weir (the “Extended Weir” Option);

• A new vehicular only bridge alongside the existing pedestrian Black Bridge (the “Black Bridge” Option); and

• A new bridge (unspecified width) across the lake (at point C in Appendix 3.1), but skirting around the Zuckerman Car Park towards the Wilderness (the “Meadow” Option).

3.12 These options are presented at Appendix 3.1.

3.13 In broad terms, consideration of these options highlighted that avoiding conflicts with services had the potential to generate wider environmental and visual amenity effects. None of the options considered resulted in a “clear-cut” favourite in environmental terms as there is a balance to be struck between the degree to which different aspects of the environment are affected. Due to its length, impact on additional grassland habitat and impact on the right of way, Option 3 was not supported.

3.14 Following consideration of the options, the University requested further consideration of two options: Friends Bridge and Black Bridge. The key points taken into account in consideration of these options are outlined below:

Friends Bridge 3.15 The Friends Bridge option involves the removal of a number of trees. However, the alignment avoids close proximity to mature trees that may have potential to contain roosting bats. The trees likely to be lost as part of the New Friends Bridge Option are considered to be immature and/or have low potential to provide suitable bat roosting habitat.

3.16 The New Friends Bridge Option benefits from following the alignment of existing paths through the campus both to the east and west of the lake. This would minimise any direct effects on grassland habitat and scattered trees. The bridge would pass through the Wildlife Heritage Site designation.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 3-3 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Main Alternatives 3.17 From the historic landscape perspective, a historic main east-west drive formerly traversed the park. This crossed the lake in the area of the current Friends Bridge option. Therefore, from a historic environment perspective, the Friends Bridge option would be the preferred option as it reinstates a historic precedence.

3.18 A public right of way runs east to west through the Whiteknights site. The right of way would be maintained through the provision of a footpath running alongside the road.

Black Bridge 3.19 The road alignment that leads to the Black Bridge crossing option passes in close proximity to mature trees that may have potential to support roosting bats. Whilst the road alignment passes nearby to mature trees, all trees that would be likely to be removed as part of the Black Bridge option are considered to be immature and/or have low potential to provide suitable bat habitat. However, the effects arising from lighting, traffic and construction activities within proximity to mature trees could impact upon bat roosts or the trees suitability to support bat roosts.

3.20 An area of grassland and scattered tree habitat, termed within the Phase 1 Habitat plan as poor semi- improved grassland, would be removed as part of the road alignment towards the Black Bridge option. In contrast to the New Friends Bridge Option, the road links proposed as part of the Black Bridge Option do not follow existing hardstanding pathways to the east of the lake; therefore this alignment represents a greater loss of semi-improved grassland habitat. To the west of the lake, the road alignment to the Black Bridge crossing would result in the severance of a small portion of terrestrial habitat from amphibian breeding habitat. This, in addition to the severance of areas of terrestrial habitat on both sides of the lake, could have detrimental impacts on the local toad population. The bridge would pass through the Wildlife Heritage Site designation. With respect to the existing WHS boundary, this covers a lesser width of habitat around the lake towards its southern end than it does further north. Therefore, Option 4 would result in the greatest total area of habitat loss within the current designation. It should be noted, however, that an amendment to the WHS boundary has been proposed. Taking into account the proposed WHS boundary, the differences between the options in terms of total habitat loss from the WHS are less clear cut.

3.21 Unlike the Friends Bridge Option, the Black Bridge Option does not follow the historic driveway through the centre of the campus and therefore from a cultural heritage perspective is not considered as the preferred option.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 3-4 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Main Alternatives 3.22 Friends Bridge was chosen reflecting the historic association with a Lake Crossing in this location (and that all options in this location were considered to confront considerable service diversion issues). Black Bridge was chosen as an alternative location that would experience different service diversion issues as it provided a shorter crossing length over the grassland habitat than Options 2, 3 and 5.

3.23 Landscape plans for each of the two short listed options were considered together with plans of the routes. These are presented at Appendix 3.2.

3.24 In headline terms, there was very little difference in the length of new road proposed between the two options. The Friends Option was estimated to be in the order of 453m; Black Bridge 459m. The crossing approach roads were designed to be service roads of some 3.5m single width with passing places. The design makes provision for public buses to use the crossing. The restricted width and limited use of this route was considered to minimise the environmental and visual impact.

3.25 Whilst Friends Bridge was estimated to be the more expensive, the environmental, landscape, wildlife, heritage (historic route) and operational advantages were considered to outweigh those of the Black Bridge option. This option had also been the subject of public consultation.

3.26 The Friends Bridge option would create a more direct route between the proposed Central Production Unit /Waste Transfer Station to the southwest and Earley Gate and Bridges and Wessex Halls to the east and north.

3.27 The Friends Bridge would be supplemented by the proposed lakeside amenity structure proposed as part of the project. The bridge would sit on the alignment of the Public Right of Way, which would be retained in the form of a public footpath across the bridge.

3.28 It was recommended that the Friends Bridge option be taken forward as the preferred option and be the subject of further detailed design consideration. This recommendation was ratified by the Senior Management Board of the University on the 23rd June 2008.

Halls of Residence 3.29 This part of the chapter focuses upon the options considered to meet the University’s brief to accommodate the need for improved student study bedrooms across the campus. Options involve the redevelopment of existing Halls complexes (many of which are nearing the end of their economic life) and the erection of new Halls on undeveloped land close by.

3.30 Eight options were considered in terms of the main layouts in accordance with the University’s brief. These are illustrated in Appendix 3.3.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 3-5 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Main Alternatives 3.31 The consideration of these options identified that some solutions had the potential for greater environmental effect as the scale of the development would affect trees while the limited space had a detrimental effect on the design (and operational efficiencies) of the layouts.

3.32 Following consideration of the options, it was concluded that development of the halls would require at least some greenfield development in order to provide some new study bedrooms before demolition of existing accommodation. Nevertheless, it was considered important to utilise existing built areas of the halls as much as possible in order to minimise the land take from greenfield parts of the campus. To this end, it was considered that one greenfield site would be required alongside early redevelopment of Whiteknights Hall.

3.33 Three greenfield sites were identified as the most appropriate and viable options:

• South of Bridges Hall (Options 8, 4, 3)

• South of Windsor Hall (Option 7)

• South of Childs Hall (Options 4, 6) 3.34 Following assessment, four phasing options were shortlisted. These included:

• Option 3: (Phase1 Bridges greenfield site together with Whiteknights Hall redevelopment – Phase 2 Childs Hall redevelopment – Phase 3 Bridges Hall redevelopment)

• Option 8: (Phase 1 Bridges greenfield site together with Whiteknights Hall redevelopment – Phase 2 Childs Hall redevelopment – Phase 3 Bridges Hall redevelopment)

• A variation sequence on Option 6 (Phase 1: Whiteknights Hall redevelopment together with Childs greenfield site - Phase 2 Bridges Hall redevelopment - Phase 3 Childs Hall redevelopment)

• Option 6: (Phase 1 Childs Hall greenfield site together with Whiteknights Hall redevelopment – Phase 2 Childs Hall redevelopment - Phase 3 Bridges redevelopment)

3.35 These four options were presented to the University in June 2008 (numbered as options A to D as shown in Appendix 3.3). Key factors included the view that the site south of Bridges Hall was considered to be subject to the most constraints. These include the distribution and quality of mature trees, the meteorological station (which undertakes sensitive climate monitoring) and the existing Bridges Hall. The site south of Windsor Hall is very tight and is affected by the presence of a tree of some interest and the existing Windsor Hall.

3.36 Following consideration by the University, Option D was selected.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 3-6 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Main Alternatives 3.37 With respect to halls design, following initial concept designs for the Halls Replacement Programme, the original designs produced by GSS were replaced with the Stride Treglown images and based upon a more efficient layout of clustered study bedrooms. This concept has transferred into more detailed feasibility studies and is embedded into the Development Plan.

Remaining Proposals 3.38 This part of the chapter outlines the changes that have been made to the project during an iterative process over a period of some 20 months. This looks at alternative locations considered within the campus and the process undertaken to hone development requirements to meet anticipated demand during the next ten years.

3.39 Early work by the consultant team identified the baseline environmental, urban design and access and movement characteristics of the campus. This allowed identification of those parts of the campus considered able to “absorb” new forms of development and which areas, by virtue of their environmental or landscape characteristics were considered unsuitable for many development types.

3.40 During 2007 and 2008, a number of changes were made to the project. These included:

• Omission of some proposals, such as a proposed re-organisation of the car park adjacent to Engineering and Plant Sciences, a proposed extension of the Physics Building, the proposed removal of an academic building at Earley Gate of some 4,720m2 over 3 floors, a proposed Centralised Teaching Building of some 3,030m2 over 3 floors and proposed car parks.

• The removal of an extension to Car Park 11to facilitate a new Central Production Unit (Catering) in addition to the Waste Transfer Station (WTS) previously proposed for this area. This CPU facility removed the need for a wider distribution of smaller kitchen refurbishments and new build facilities across the campus.

• Removal of a proposed new car park in favour of retaining a landscaped area.

• The Film Theatre and Television Studies Department Building was relocated to Car Park 3 adjacent to the AMS Tower and Palmer Building. This building, at 3,000m2 was considered too large to be accommodated within the open eastern end of the HUMSS building and too great an incursion into Campus Green. A smaller building which did not extend into this green area is proposed, resulting in a more defined edge to Campus Green.

• A proposed Café adjacent to Friends Bridge was considered to be too substantial a structure in this location. This area is retained as an open sided amenity structure suitable for localised meeting/events.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 3-7 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Main Alternatives • The redevelopment of the Bowling Club to create a Car Park and use of the adjacent area to the east to accommodate a main 33KV Electricity Transformer Station.

• The inclusion of building extensions in the following locations. In order of size (floor area):

• 1,695m2 in two wings and over 3 storeys each to the existing Meteorology/Psychology Buildings at Earley Gate.

• Nursery extension located within, or immediately adjacent to, the Students Union Building (size undetermined, but part of a 300m2 allocation with:

• Extension to the Carrington Building.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 3-8 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Main Alternatives 4 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology

Consultation

4.1 This section provides information on the consultation process that has been ongoing throughout the evolution of the project.

Consultation with Local Authorities

4.2 The project has been the subject of a comprehensive consultation programme. Consultation has been undertaken with both local planning authorities (Reading Borough Council and Wokingham Borough Council) throughout the evolution of the development plan.

4.3 As part of the evolution of the development plan, an informal sustainability appraisal was undertaken. This included consultation with both local planning authorities. This is discussed further below.

Consultation on Draft Development Plan

4.4 The draft Development Plan was subject to a 6-week public consultation exercise commencing 1st November and ending on the 14th December 2007. Information on the consultation and the preparation of the Development Plan was sent to 13,000 households via an insert in the University newsletter. Leaflets were also made available in local libraries, Reading Borough Council offices, Earley Town Council offices and various locations within the University.

4.5 In addition, invitations were sent to key interested parties to attend special sessions of the exhibition, when staff would be available for discussion. The two local authorities, Reading and Wokingham Borough Councils, English Heritage, Natural England and the Environment Agency were all sent copies of all relevant documents.

4.6 The exhibition was attended by the Consultant Team at a VIP launch, the day of the public opening and an afternoon and evening session towards the end of the consultation period. The exhibition was positioned in the Palmer Building during the 6-week period. Attendance was considered good during the manned days.

4.7 The University accepted representations until 19th December 2007. A total of 141 consultation forms were returned, together with some 15 ad hoc responses from the public and staff by e-mail or letter.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 4-1 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology 4.8 Other replies were received from:

• Wokingham Borough Council;

• Natural England;

• Thames Valley Police;

• Reading Borough Council. 4.9 An examination of the responses showed that the majority (66%) came from within the University community, with local residents making up a surprisingly low proportion of respondents – only 30%.

4.10 Comments received during this process were taken into account in the finalisation of the Development Plan, which was subsequently issued to the Local Planning Authorities.

Consultation on the Sustainability Appraisal

4.11 Sustainability Appraisal (incorporating the requirements of Strategic Environmental Assessment) was undertaken alongside the Development Plan process. As part of the initial stages of the SA, a Scoping Report was produced and circulated to the following statutory consultation bodies in September 2007:

• Natural England;

• Environment Agency;

• English Heritage;

• Reading Borough Council;

• Wokingham Borough Council.

4.12 The consultation bodies were given the statutory period of 5 weeks to respond with their views on the scope of this report. The comments received were taken into account and incorporated where appropriate into the SA Report.

4.13 The consultation process for the draft SA Report was undertaken concurrently with that for the draft Development Plan. This included a public exhibition as described above. In addition, the views of the statutory consultees were sought. The comments arising from the consultation process were taken into account in developing the final SA Report which has been issued to the Local Planning Authorities.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 4-2 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology Consultation during the EIA Process

4.14 In addition to the consultation described above, consultation has been undertaken regarding the scope of this EIA. This is described under ‘Scoping’ below. In addition, information has been received from a number of other organisations, including the following:

• Berkshire Amphibian and Reptile Group;

• Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire Butterfly Recorder;

• Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT);

• Berkshire and South Buckinghamshire Bat Group;

• Binfield Badger Group;

• Environment Agency;

• Natural England;

• Natural England web-site (www.naturalengland.org.uk);

• MAGIC web-site ( www.magic.gov.uk);

• Reading Borough Council;

• Reading Ornithological Club;

• Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre (TVERC); and

• Wokingham Borough Council.

Scoping

4.15 The process of identifying the issues to consider within an ES (establishing the scope of the assessment) is known as scoping. Scoping is not a mandatory requirement under the EIA Regulations. However, it is recognised as a useful part of the assessment process which helps to identify the main effects a project is likely to have on the environment early on.

4.16 A Scoping Report for the project was prepared in June 2008, which provided an initial identification of the effects likely to be associated with the nature of the project and the broad approach and methodologies to be taken for the environmental assessment. This was issued to both Reading and Wokingham Borough Councils, who in turn issued it to their consultees.

4.17 No formal response from wither local authority has been received at this time (although the five week period for provision of such a response has expired). Reading Borough Council has sent through two informal responses made by its consultees, which requested that the assessment include consideration

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 4-3 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology of the effects on cultural heritage and transport. These assessments have been included within this ES at Chapters 7 and 9 respectively. Reading Borough Council also requested that a Transport Assessment be undertaken. A Transport Assessment has been prepared to accompany the planning applications.

4.18 In determining the scope for this ES, the information provided in the Scoping Report, the responses to the scoping exercise and the continuing refinement of scope that has resulted from the ongoing EIA have been taken into account. On this basis, the following topics have been identified as requiring consideration within this ES:

• Landscape and Visual Resources;

• Ecology and Nature Conservation;

• Cultural Heritage;

• Water Resources, Geology and Soils;

• Traffic and Transport;

• Interrelationships between the above topics.

4.19 Effects in relation to air quality and noise arising from the project are considered likely to be minimal. Effects in relation to traffic are provided, which indicate that the likely increase in traffic on surrounding links would not be significant. Therefore, these topics have been excluded from the scope of the assessment at this stage. Similarly, given that effects are likely to arise primarily within the campus boundary, no significant increase in student numbers is anticipated, a detailed assessment of effects on population in the form of a socio-economics assessment is not proposed.

4.20 Measures to control effects during the construction phase, including measures to control effects within the campus arising from dust and noise are described in the Construction Environmental Management Plan at Appendix 2.1.

Methodology

Relevant EIA Guidance

4.21 The EIA has been undertaken taking into account relevant government guidance, including:

• Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) (1999) Circular 02/99: Environmental Assessment. HMSO.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 4-4 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology • Department of the Environment (1995) Preparation of Environmental Statements for Planning Projects that Require Environmental Assessment: A Good Practice Guide. HMSO.

• Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) (1997) Mitigation Measures in Environmental Statements. HMSO.

• Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) and the National Assembly for Wales (2000) Environmental Impact Assessment: A Guide to the Procedures. HMSO.

4.22 In addition to the above, the Department for Communities and Local Government has recently consulted on proposed amendments to Circular 02/99 and on new EIA guidance to update guidance provided to date. This has been considered where relevant.

4.23 Other topic specific specialist methodologies and good practice guidelines have been drawn on as necessary and details of these can be found in the environmental topic chapters.

Approach

4.24 The assessment of each environmental topic forms a separate section of the ES. For each environmental topic, the following are addressed:

• Methodology and assessment criteria;

• Description of the environmental baseline (existing conditions);

• Identification of likely effects;

• Evaluation and assessment of the significance of identified effects, taking into account any measures designed to reduce or avoid environmental effects which form part of the project and to which the developer is committed;

• Identification of any further mitigation measures envisaged to avoid, reduce and, if possible, remedy adverse effects (in addition to those measures that form part of the project).

Methodology and Assessment Criteria

4.25 The general environmental assessment methodology is set out in the subsequent sections of this Chapter. Each environmental topic has been considered by a specialist in that area and subsequent chapters define the scope of the assessment in more detail. Identification and evaluation of effects has been based on the description of the project and follows relevant topic-specific guidance where available (e.g. Guidelines on Ecological Impact Assessment, IEEM 2006).

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 4-5 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology Description of the Environmental Baseline

4.26 Each topic based chapter includes a description of the current (baseline) environmental conditions. The geographical baseline (or study area) varies according to the type of effect under consideration. The approach taken to baseline studies for each topic is made clear within each chapter.

Assessment of Effects

4.27 The EIA Regulations require the identification of the likely significant environmental effects of the Project. The process by which effects are identified and their significance evaluated is set out below.

Sensitivity or Importance of Receptors 4.28 Receptors are defined as the physical resource or user group that would be affected. The baseline studies identify potential environmental receptors for each topic. Some receptors will be more sensitive to certain environmental effects than others. The sensitivity or importance of a receptor may depend, for example, on its frequency or extent of occurrence at an international, national, regional or local level.

Description of Effect 4.29 Effects are defined as the physical changes to the environment attributable to the project. For each topic, the likely environmental effects are identified and taken into account, including their magnitude and other dimensions of identified change in the environment with the project by comparison with the situation without the project.

4.30 Effects are defined as either adverse or beneficial. Effects are also divided into those occurring during the construction phase and those occurring during operation. Where appropriate, some chapters refer to these as temporary and permanent effects.

Significance of Effects 4.31 The significance of an effect differs according to the topic under assessment. The magnitude of an effect does not directly translate into its significance. For example, a significant effect may arise as a result of a relatively modest effect on a resource of national value, or a large effect on a resource of local value. In broad terms, therefore, the significance of the effect can depend on both its magnitude and the sensitivity or importance of the receptor.

4.32 The significance of an effect has generally taken account of the following criteria:

• Extent and magnitude;

• Duration (short-term and long-term);

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 4-6 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology • Reversibility and irreversibility;

• Performance against environmental quality standards;

• Sensitivity of the receptor.

4.33 Levels of significance that are used in the assessment include, in descending order:

• Substantial;

• Major;

• Moderate;

• Minor;

• Neutral.

4.34 Where an effect is described as ‘neutral’ this means that there is either no effect or that the significance of any effect is considered to be negligible. All other levels of significance apply to both adverse and beneficial effects. These significance levels are defined separately for each topic within the methodology sections. In all cases, the judgement made as to significance is that of the author of the relevant chapter with reference to appropriate standards/guidelines where relevant.

Mitigation Measures 4.35 The project includes a range of measures that have been designed to reduce or prevent significant adverse environmental effects arising. In some cases these measures result in enhancement of environmental conditions. The assessment of effects has therefore taken into account all measures that form part of the project and to which the University of Reading is committed.

4.36 In a few cases it has been considered desirable to identify what have been described as ‘further mitigation’ measures. These are measures that could also prevent, reduce and where possible offset any adverse effects on the environment but are not part of the assessed project.

Summary Tables 4.37 Summary tables have been used to summarise the effects of the project for each environmental topic during both construction and operation.

Inter-relationships between Topics 4.38 Inter-relationships between topics can arise that lead to environmental effects. Where relevant, these have been identified within individual chapters.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 4-7 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology Overall Project Assessment 4.39 The predicted effects have been identified for each component part of the project as defined in Chapter 2. Where it is considered that construction of the project as a whole could result in different ‘in- combination’ effects than construction of a component part alone, these ‘in-combination’ effects have been identified at the end of each chapter (Overall Project Assessment).

Other Developments and Cumulative Effects 4.40 The effects of the project together with other developments planned in the area have been considered in the each topic chapter, for each component part. Information on other developments in the area has been obtained from a number of sources, including Wokingham Borough Council, Reading Borough Council and local development framework documents. Other developments considered in the cumulative effects assessment include those that have planning permission, those where applications have been submitted and are considered likely to be approved in the near future and other projects planned in the area (such as those for which development briefs have been adopted in order to encourage a specific type of development at a particular site and sites allocated in local plans). The scope of the cumulative effects assessment has been established in consultation with the local planning authorities. The projects considered as part of the cumulative effects assessment are identified and briefly described in Appendix 4.1.

4.41 In some cases the timescale of these developments may be such that construction would be progressed at the same time as the project and, where this is the case, this has been taken into account.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 4-8 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Consultations, Scoping and Methodology 5 Townscape and Visual Effects

Introduction and Methodology 5.1 The purpose of this chapter is to identify the character and features of the townscape within the receiving environment and consider the likely changes that would arise as a result of the project. In addition, it considers the likely visual effects of the project. Supporting information is provided in the appendices.

Relevant Guidance

5.2 As a matter of best practice, this assessment has taken into account the relevant guidance on landscape/townscape and visual assessment. In addition to the guidance documents identified in Chapter 4, this includes:

• Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (2002) ‘Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 2nd Edition’.

• The Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage (2002) ‘Landscape Character Assessment – Guidance for England and Scotland.’ 5.3 The principal objectives of the assessment contained within this chapter are:

• To describe, classify and evaluate the existing townscape likely to be affected by each of the project components during the construction and operational phases;

• To identify visual receptors with views of the project; and

• To assess the significance of the likely effects on the townscape and views, taking into account the measures proposed to mitigate such effects where these form part of the project.

Study Area

5.4 The study area for the character assessment includes the Whiteknights campus and the urban areas surrounding the immediate site boundaries. For the assessment of visual effects the study area is equivalent to the defined Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) of the project.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-1 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Consultation

5.5 Consultation has been undertaken with Reading Borough Council and Wokingham Borough Council to discuss visual impact. A number of views have been identified to illustrate potential visual effects. Discussions have also been carried out with University staff to ensure feedback and valuable local knowledge has been incorporated.

Character Assessment

5.6 Townscape character results from the interaction of topography, land use and management, social, historic and cultural associations together with built form and its relationship to its surroundings. Physical characteristics include urban structure and grain and the spaces between buildings, which together combine to create the layout of the urban environment. Other physical characteristics include the height and mass or scale of buildings and their appearance in terms of both construction materials and detailing or decoration. The social characteristics of a townscape are determined by how these physical characteristics are used. It is the interrelationship of these characteristics that give a place its character and distinctive identity.

5.7 As part of the baseline townscape character studies, the following steps have been taken:

• An initial meeting and site reconnaissance to establish parameters of the assessment and area of study;

• A desk study which collated, reviewed and analysed available and relevant published information relating to the site and its context. Documentation reviewed includes local authority information and plan policies from the Reading and Wokingham administrative areas, topography and land cover information, aerial photographs and existing character assessment information and any further information obtained from staff at the University of Reading.

• Additional site visits to further define the character of the area as identified by the desk study. Assessment sheets were used along with onsite descriptions to record instant observations and a photographic record was also used.

5.8 The townscape character appraisal has built upon existing character definitions for the study area, including the Natural England Character Map of England (1996) and the more detailed areas defined in the Berkshire Landscape Character Assessment (Oct 2003).

5.9 Consideration has been given to the existing townscape quality/condition and the value of each townscape area identified. Townscape quality/condition is based on judgements about the physical state of the townscape and its features. It also reflects the state of repair of individual buildings,

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-2 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects features and elements that make up the character of any one place. The quality/condition of each townscape character area identified in this study has been assessed taking into account the following indicative criteria.

Table 5.1: Townscape Character Evaluation Criteria

Quality Classification Quality Evaluation Criteria Exceptional Very attractive, unique or outstanding townscape character with clearly distinctive characteristics, features and elements; Widespread use of quality materials; Very strong urban structure, characteristic patterns and balanced combination of built from and open space; Good condition – appropriate management for land use; Distinct features worthy of conservation; Unique sense of place; No detracting features. High Very attractive townscape with distinctive or unusual features and elements; Evident use of quality materials; Strong urban structure, characteristic patterns and balanced combination of build form and open space; Appropriate management for land use with limited scope to improve; Distinct features worthy of conservation; Strong sense of place; Occasional detracting features. Good Attractive townscape with some distinctive features; Recognisable urban structure, characteristic patterns and combinations of built form and open space are still evident; Scope to improve management for land use; Some features worthy of conservation; Sense of place; Some detracting features. Ordinary Typical, commonplace and unremarkable townscape with limited variety of distinctiveness; Distinguishable urban structure, characteristic patterns and combinations of built form and open space; Scope to improve management for land use; Some features worthy of conservation; Some dominant detracting features. Poor Monotonous and uniform townscape often in decline; Weak or degraded urban structure, characteristic patterns and combination of built form and open space; Lack of management has resulted in degradation; Frequent dominant detracting features; Disturbed or derelict land quires treatment.

5.10 Townscape value is concerned with the relative value or importance that is attached to different townscapes. The baseline assessment considers statutory designations and also takes into account other values to society. The value of each townscape character area identified within this study has been assessed taking into account the following indicative criteria:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-3 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.2: Townscape Value Classification Value Typical Criteria Level of Typical Examples Classification Importance Very High Very attractive and rare; International or World Heritage Site, Exceptional townscape National Archaeological Important Areas, quality; Scheduled Ancient Monuments, No or limited potential for site of national importance substitution. recorded on the Sites & Monuments Record (SMR) or National Monuments Record (NMR) and Listed Buildings. High Very attractive or National, Regional Archaeological Important Areas, attractive and in part rare; or District Scheduled Ancient Monuments, High or good townscape Listed Building, Listed Parks & quality; Gardens, Conservation Areas, Limited potential for Tree Preservation Orders and substitution. sites of national, regional or county importance recorded in the SMR or NMR. Medium Typical and commonplace Regional, District Generally undesignated but or in part unusual; or Local value expressed through Ordinary townscape literature and cultural quality; associations or through local Potential for substitution. plan designations, Conservation Areas and demonstrable use. May contain Listed Buildings, Tree Preservation Orders and sites of county or local importance. Low Monotonous degraded or District or Local Certain individual townscape damaged; elements or features may be Poor townscape quality; worthy of conservation and Can be substituted. townscape either of conservation and townscape either identified or would benefit from regeneration, restoration or enhancement.

Assessment of Townscape Effects

5.11 The assessment of likely effects is based on the description of the project set out in Chapter 2.

5.12 Sensitivity is a measure of the townscape’s capacity to accommodate change of the type that would result from the project, such as the introduction of new features or the loss of existing features. Sensitivity has been assessed taking into account the indicative criteria set out in Table 5.3.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-4 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.3: Townscape Sensitivity to Change.

Sensitivity Criteria High A townscape particularly sensitive to change. Change would result in notable effects on townscape character/features/elements. Medium A townscape capable of accepting limited change. Change would result in some limited effects on townscape character/features/elements. Low A townscape capable of accepting or benefitting from considerable change, which could be accommodated with little or no adverse effects or beneficial effects on townscape character/features/elements.

5.13 In the evaluation of effects, the magnitude (or scale) of the identified effects has been described using the following terminology. This is a measure of the scale, extent and duration of an effect.

Table 5.4: Townscape Magnitude Criteria

Magnitude Criteria High Adverse Total loss of, or major alteration to, the key characteristics or features of the townscape or the introduction of elements considered to be totally uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving townscape. Medium Adverse Potential loss of, or alteration to, the key characteristics or features of the townscape or immediately apparent alteration to, or introduction of, elements that may be prominent but may not necessarily be considered to be substantially uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving townscape. Low Adverse Minor loss of, or alteration, to the key characteristics or features of the townscape and/or introduction of elements that may not be uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving townscape. No Change Very minor alterations to the landscape characteristics or features of the townscape and/or introduction of elements that are not uncharacteristic in the surrounding townscape. Low Beneficial Minor improvements to the key characteristics or features of the townscape. Removal of minor incongruous features. Medium Beneficial Notable improvements to the key townscape characteristics or features, or improvements resulting from removal of inappropriate land uses or features.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-5 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Magnitude Criteria High Beneficial Major townscape improvements, through the creation of new landscape structure, and/or the removal of large scale inappropriate features.

5.14 The principal criteria determining the significance of an effect are the magnitude of the likely effect and the sensitivity of the townscape resource affected. A higher significance of effect may generally be attached to large-scale effects and effects on highly sensitive receptors. However, in all cases, it is important that professional judgment is used to consider the likely significance of each effect. The likely significance of effects of the project on townscape character have been described using the following criteria:

Table 5.5: Townscape Significance Criteria

Significance of Effect Criteria Substantial Adverse Where the proposed changes cannot be mitigated; would be completely uncharacteristic and would substantially damage the integrity of a valued and important landscape or townscape. Major Adverse Where the proposed changes cannot be fully mitigated; would be uncharacteristic and would damage a valued aspect of the landscape or townscape. Moderate Adverse Where some elements of the proposed changes would be out of scale or uncharacteristic of an area. Minor Adverse Where the proposed changes would be at slight variance with the character of an area. Negligible Where the proposals would be in keeping with the character of the area and/or would maintain the existing quality or where on balance the proposals would maintain quality (e.g. where on balance the adverse effects of the proposals are off set by beneficial effects). Minor Beneficial Where the proposed changes would not only be in keeping with the character of the existing landscape or townscape, but would also slightly improve the character and quality of the existing resource. Moderate Beneficial Where the proposed changes would fit in well with the existing character and would improve the character and quality of the landscape or townscape. Major Beneficial Where the proposed changes would not only fit in well with the existing character of the surrounding landscape or townscape, but would greatly improve the quality of the resource through the removal of detracting features. Substantial Beneficial Where the proposed changes would substantially improve character and quality through the removal of large-scale damage and dereliction and provision of far reaching enhancements.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-6 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Visual Effects

5.15 A visual appraisal of the site has been carried out to identify the visual envelope of the project. This has been generated from on-site observations and discussions with Local Planning Authorities. Photographs were taken from key locations around the site to establish effects on key receptors.

5.16 The visual assessment has been carried out in accordance with Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Landscape Institute & the Institute of Environmental Management and assessment (2nd Edition 2002, Spon Press)).

Assessment of Visual Effects

5.17 The assessment of likely effects is based on the description of the project set out in Chapter 2.

5.18 The sensitivity of visual receptors is dependent on the location and context of views, whether views are contiguous, fragmented or intermittent, the importance of views and the activity or expectations of receptors. For assessment purposes, the following sensitivity levels are considered appropriate:

Table 5.6: Sensitivity of Visual Receptors

Sensitivity Criteria High Occupiers of residential properties with important views affected by the development. Communities where the development would affect valued views. Users of outdoor recreational facilities including rights of way where interest may be focused on the landscape. Medium Properties with secondary views, primarily from first floor level. Users of outdoor recreational facilities where the view is less important to the activity (e.g. sports pitches). Rights of way where the landscape is not the significant feature. Low People at places of work. People travelling through the area in cars, buses or on trains, or people at places of work with limited views potentially affected by the development (e.g. industrial sites).

5.19 In the evaluation of effects, the magnitude (or scale) of the identified effects has been described using the following terminology. This is a measure of the scale, extent and duration of an effect.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-7 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.7: Visual Magnitude Criteria

Magnitude Criteria High Adverse Where the scheme would cause a significant deterioration in the view, being a dominant and incongruous feature in the scene Medium Adverse Where the scheme would cause a noticeable deterioration in the view, or form a visible and recognisable new element readily noticeable by the casual observer. Low Adverse Where the scheme would cause a minor deterioration in the view, or a small incongruous element in the scene that could be missed by a casual observer. No Change Where the scheme overall would not form a noticeable deterioration or improvement in the view. Low Beneficial Where the scheme would cause a minor improvement in the view, or a small improvement to the scene that could be missed by a casual observer. Medium Beneficial Where the scheme would cause a noticeable improvement in the view or form a recognisable improvement that could be noticed by a casual observer. High Beneficial Where the scheme would cause a significant improvement in the view.

5.20 The principal criteria determining the significance of an effect are the magnitude of the likely effect and the sensitivity of the visual receptor affected. The likely significance of effects of the project on views have been described using the following criteria:

Table 5.8: Visual Significance Criteria

Significance of Effect Criteria Substantial Adverse Where the proposed changes would form the dominant feature, would be completely uncharacteristic and substantially change the scene in valued views. Major Adverse Where the proposed changes would form a major part of the view, would be uncharacteristic, and would alter valued views. Moderate Adverse Where the proposed changes to views would be out of scale or uncharacteristic with the existing view. Minor Adverse Where the proposed changes to views would be at slight variance with the existing view. Negligible Where the project would be imperceptible or would be in keeping with and would maintain the existing views or where on balance the proposals would maintain the quality of the views (which may on balance include adverse effects of the proposals which are offset by beneficial effects for the same receptor). Minor Beneficial Where the proposed changes to the existing view would not only be in keeping with but would also slightly improve the quality of the existing view.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-8 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Significance of Effect Criteria Moderate Beneficial Where the proposed changes to the existing view would be in keeping with and would improve the quality of the existing view. Major Beneficial Where the proposed changes to the existing view would not only be in keeping with, but would greatly improve the quality of the scene through the removal of visually detracting features. Substantial Beneficial Where the proposed changes to existing views would substantially improve the character and quality through the removal of large-scale damage and dereliction and provision of far reaching enhancements.

Measures Adopted as Part of Project

5.21 The following measures are included within the design for the project.

• Maintaining development proposals contained by existing built districts thus minimising disturbance in the landscape parkland area, existing ‘Wilderness’ and historical gardens.

• Implement a landscape strategy where the existing landscape characteristics of an area define the parameters of the new landscape proposals to give a sympathetic design approach to maintain the overall high quality of the landscape character.

• Install new native tree and shrub planting to strengthen selective boundary edges of the campus, thus providing visual screening and enhancing habitat creation.

• Install new tree and shrub planting to internal landscape spaces/courtyards that will improve amenity values, reduce internal visual impacts and create scale against building facades.

• Modernise and upgrade the current array of site furniture (i.e. seats, litterbins, cycle stands etc) to a more coherent and unified element that complements the landscape characteristics.

• Utilise a standard palette of hard surface finishes that will provide hierarchy of primary pedestrian routes and aid pedestrians with way-finding and navigation through the campus into the heart of the academic districts.

Baseline Conditions

Planning Framework

5.22 Details of relevant planning policy can be found at Appendix 5.5

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-9 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Character Context

Natural England Joint Landscape Character Areas 5.23 Reading is located in the south west of the Thames Valley Landscape Character Area, which is number 115 of the Joint Character Areas as defined by Natural England. Key Characteristics of this character area include the following:

• Hydrological floodplain of the river Thames as a landscape feature provides unity to the large areas of fragmented poor agricultural land. • The western Thames valley is wide and flat with the river barely discernible, occupying only a small part of the wider geological floodplain. • Woodlands characterise the north-western area, the wooded character extending up to the southern edge of the Chiltern Hills. • To the south, the open Thames floodplain dominates with its associated flat grazing land, becoming characterised by a number of formal historic landscapes on higher ground such as Windsor Park. • Towards London in the east, the natural character of the area is overtaken by urban influences; a dense network of roads including the M25 corridor, Heathrow Airport, railway lines, golf courses, pylon lines, reservoirs, extensive mineral extraction and numerous flooded gravel pits.

5.24 The description of the landscape character can be summarised as follows. ’The Thames Valley character area stretches from Reading in the south west to the south-west London fringes and includes Bracknell, Slough, Windsor and the Colne Valley. The area includes the floodplains of the river Thames in north Surrey which are bounded in the distance to the south and west by low wooded hills which lie in the adjoining character area. The open Thames floodplain dominates the centre of the area consisting of grazed pasture with a number of designed parklands on higher ground. To the south, clay vales are characterised by large regular field patterns and small woods and beyond these the Thames Valley is edged by wooded ridges and rolling farmland. Riverside towns such as Twyford dominate the central and northern parts of the area which have a slightly suburban air due to the closeness to London. Urban influences dominate the Thames as it flows towards London, including major roads, motorways, pylon lines, Heathrow Airport, railways and golf courses which dominate the local landscape. Further east around Slough and the Colne Valley, lakes left from mineral workings and vast raised reservoirs influence the character, especially at Walton-on- Thames while around Richmond, the river Thames forms a focus through a series of formally designed landscapes.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-10 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects

To the east of Reading, the gently rolling valley sides give way to a fairly flat plain. Apart from Slough which lies on slightly terraced land above the floodplain, much of the area is flat and close to flood level. The wide clay floodplains of the Thames Valley are dominated by the towns of Reading, Bracknell and Slough, together with particular concentrations of development associated with the Airport and M25 and there are very few villages of more traditional character.’

Berkshire Landscape Character Assessment October 2003 5.25 A landscape character assessment for Berkshire was produced by Land Use Consultants and covers the county of Berkshire and therefore Reading. However, urban areas such as Reading are identified as ‘Un-surveyed Urban Areas’ and there is therefore no description for the area around Whiteknights campus.

Local Townscape Character

Refer to Appendix 5.1 for Baseline Drawings 5.26 Whiteknights campus has a very distinct character that underlines its historical development from the 18th Century. The University takes pride in its grounds providing a pleasant working environment whilst also catering for sports and leisure facilities for staff, students and the surrounding community.

5.27 A strategic overview of the townscape character highlights the significance and extent of the parkland character area and the role it plays as a focal/buffer area between the campus academic buildings and the halls of residence character areas.

Vegetation Coverage 5.28 Whiteknights campus comprises of a parkland landscape that is emphasised by the mown grassland areas highlighted with a mosaic of specimen trees and mixed secondary woodlands.

5.29 The significance of this landscape has led to the designation of the Wildlife Heritage Site. Discussions with ground staff members at the University have revealed that two tree protection orders exist on Whiteknights Campus but that all trees are monitored and assessed and are subject to protection measures as required.

5.30 Within the internal built fabric of the academic and halls buildings there are a number of introduced ornamental shrub beds containing a wide and varied range of plant species. The ornamental shrub planting provides seasonal interest with flower displays at different times throughout the year. Some of the planting beds do appear to suffer from overcrowding with the abundance of plant varieties.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-11 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Topography 5.31 As a general overview the topography of Whiteknights campus is an undulating surface that from the campus boundaries gradually falls to the centrally located lake. There are areas within the grounds that provide flat and levelled spaces that have been utilised for sports fields or contain building development.

5.32 The halls of residence are located on the highest parts of the campus grounds. The height is elevated by the increased gradient that falls to the lake edges when compared to gradient on the opposite banks to the academic buildings.

Townscape Character Areas

5.33 Elements that characterise the townscape can be designated into the following:

Woodlands 5.34 The dominant area of woodland on the campus is commonly known as ‘The Wilderness’. It contains many ornamental species with a predominant Oak canopy. Hornbeam, Wild Cherry, Sycamore and Ash make-up a secondary canopy with dense Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel throughout the under story. A network of woodland trails provide pedestrian linkages between academic facilities and also cater for recreational and maintenance interests.

5.35 Due to the size and coverage of woodlands, it provides a natural visual screen especially to the western boundary of the campus. Extending around the perimeter of the grounds is a ‘green corridor’ of established vegetation (albeit thin and/or in poor condition in places), which serves as an effective screen that helps define the boundary of the campus.

5.36 Throughout the campus, specimen trees with varying degrees of notability, condition and age occur. The trees now complement the size and mass of the existing buildings and add to the established character of the site.

5.37 The townscape character unit is considered to be a feature of local importance. It is considered to be of medium value.

Lake 5.38 A large lake lies towards the centre of the grounds; its presence has a dominant focal point within the landscape of the campus and complements the design strategy of the parkland environment. The size of the lake provides a degree of separation between the northern and southern parts of the campus. Currently there are three pedestrian crossing points that link with a footpath network to the perimeter of the lake and the areas beyond.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-12 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects 5.39 There are several open sections within the lake that offer recreational fishing. The townscape character unit is considered to be a feature of local importance. It is considered to be of medium value.

Grasslands 5.40 The open areas of grassland and amenity grass areas throughout the campus contribute to the campus terms of reference as a parkland landscape. The grassland provides a sense of openness and relief from the built fabric of the academic and halls of residence buildings.

5.41 The townscape character unit is considered to be a distinctive feature of the campus that provides a positive identity. It is considered to be of medium value.

Heritage Gardens 5.42 Within the campus grounds there are several heritage gardens that reflective their individual era of design and help to reinforce the image of the parkland landscape. The Harris Garden is one of note; located in the southwest corner of the campus it contains a number of commemorative plaques and ornamental plantings. Its secluded location bounded by ‘The Wilderness’ provides a quiet and relaxing space that adds to the amenity value of Whiteknights Campus.

5.43 The townscape character unit is considered to be good quality with potential scope to improve the management and aspect of distinctive features. It is considered to be of medium value.

Buildings 5.44 The Academic Buildings Character Zone consists of two main districts of varying age and styles of building types split by the parkland landscape character area. The orientation and alignment of the buildings has provided a number of inner courtyards/garden landscape spaces that are dissected by footpath routes along given desire lines. Within the individual inner garden landscape spaces are a selection of specimen trees and beds of ornamental shrub planting that convey a similar sense of character when comparing one space to another. This planting strategy and footpath network provides no expression of hierarchy to the internal landscape spaces within the academic character zone.

5.45 The building construction styles convey areas that appear typical to educational institutions and others that are industrial-like in appearance. This is probably contributed to the era, style and functional requirements of the buildings.

5.46 Buildings are serviced by a winding vehicular road that accesses a number of small to medium density sized car parks and delivery areas scattered around the built fabric of Whiteknights Campus. Transitional areas from the car parks and buildings into the parkland landscape character zone are ‘hard

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-13 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects edged’ with no buffer planting to aid with softening or screening. This apparent ‘hard edged’ transition zone enhances the image of the campus as being set within a parkland landscape.

5.47 The Halls of Residence Character Zone as with the Academic Building Character Zone consists of several clusters of buildings within close grouping of each other that front the parkland landscape (albeit on the north side of campus grounds). The Halls buildings are prominent in their locations on higher elevated areas of the grounds. However, due to the extent of the mature tree and vegetation areas that exist, the Halls buildings are not seen as strong visual focal points from the opposite side of the Parkland Landscape Character Zone.

5.48 The Halls buildings have ‘clean’ facades to the Parkland Landscape Character Zone with ‘hard edge’ transition areas and again enhance the built fabric setting within the parkland character.

5.49 The overall townscape character unit is considered to be ordinary - good quality where the urban structure is recognisable with some detracting features of note in particular areas (i.e. Earley Gate). The built fabric represents a common education facility that contains listed buildings. It is considered to have low - medium value.

Adjoining Townscape Character Zones 5.50 The surrounding townscape character consists of an urban residential fabric. Brick construction is typical of the semi-detached and terraced two storey dwellings, where architectural details span over a number of design eras. The residential dwellings are set back from the road. This enhances the urban residential structure where established trees and shrubs have contributed to a mature street scene.

5.51 Within the surrounding townscape; two school properties (St. Josephs Convent School on Upper Redland Road and Parkland International Language School on Pepper Lane) break the residential fabric. They display boundary edge treatment of similar characteristic to Whiteknights campus thus providing an expansion of the education facilities into the urban fabric.

5.52 Generally, the quality to the townscape character to the surrounding urban areas is attractive with distinctive features with good quality, containing sites/elements of local importance of medium townscape value.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-14 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Views

Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) 5.53 Zones of Visual Influence have been generated from on-site observations and review of the project. The ZVI takes in account the visual obstruction provided by mature trees and woodland vegetation that exists around the boundary of the campus and the grouping of buildings that screen the built network within the academic and Earley Gate districts.

5.54 These place limits on external views of the campus from the surrounding townscape. Only in several locations on Shinfield Road, Elmhurst Road, Upper Redlands Road and Whiteknights Road are there partial or filtered views obtained of the campus and its features.

5.55 Visual receptors within the campus are those for which changes resulting from development would be most apparent. A number of visual receptors have been identified for each development proposal.

5.56 The halls of residence are located on the highest parts of the campus grounds. The height is elevated by the increased gradient that falls to the lake edges when compared to gradient on the opposite banks to the academic buildings.

5.57 Internal views within the campus are restricted within the grounds to short – mid range distance as the height of the surrounding buildings and mature trees restrict longer views at ground level. At the Shinfield Road entrance of Whiteknights Campus there are filtered views along Queens Drive over the sport fields that by nature require plenty of open space to function.

5.58 Within the built fabric of the Whiteknights Campus internal views are contained within inner courtyards/garden landscape spaces or along the winding vehicle access road & car parks. It is only at the built fabric edges where mid range views are possible of the parklands and central lake with filtered views of the buildings and rooflines on the opposite side of the grounds.

5.59 Overall, the ’with project’ ZVI is broadly similar to that of the existing ZVI.

Key Views 5.60 Consultation has taken place with Local Authorities. A number of views have been identified to illustrate the potential visual effects of the project. Appendix 5.4 outlines the views that have been considered.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-15 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Night-time Views 5.61 A number of bright light sources are notable within night-time views; these include streetlights, buildings, pedestrian areas and car parks. It is also important to recognise that vehicles add a transitory source of light to night-time views.

Construction Assessment 5.62 The project would require the demolition and removal of several existing buildings (including halls of residence, buildings within the academic hub and some within the Earley Gate part of the campus). Throughout, a number of existing trees would also be removed and elements of the existing external environment, including surfaces and street furniture removed. Hoardings would enclose construction areas. In addition there would be construction compounds including site offices and material storage/ stock piles. It is assumed that construction compounds would have some low-level night-time illumination to meet health and safety requirements.

Predicted Townscape Character Effects

5.63 The predicted construction effects upon each identified townscape character area are described and assessed in Tables 5.9, 5.10 and 5.11. The predicted construction effects of the development plan are summarised as follows.

Road Infrastructure

Whiteknights/Windsor Halls Road Link 5.64 Within this townscape character area, the existing road would be slightly realigned and resurfaced with adjoining footpaths. Some existing tress would be removed and a new section of road constructed between existing car parks behind Windsor Hall. The character area would be subject to a low level of disturbance due to construction activity. The effect would be of low adverse magnitude and of minor adverse significance.

Fox Hill House Link 5.65 Within in this townscape character area the existing road would be resurfaced and extended to link with Fox Hill House Drive. Some of the existing trees and native shrub planting would be removed. The character area would be subject to a low level of disturbance due to construction activity. The effect would be of low adverse magnitude and of minor adverse significance.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-16 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Fox Hill House Footpath 5.66 The full length of the existing shared footpath/cycleway would be widened to 3m and new pedestrian raised crossings would be provided within sections of the orbital road. All existing trees and hedgerows would be retained. The character area would be subject to some disturbance due to construction activity. The effect would be medium adverse in magnitude and of minor adverse significance.

Park House Link 5.67 Proposed works in this section would include the construction of a new section of road with associated footpaths to complete the link of the orbital road. The road alignment has been designed to avoid notable trees and their protection zones. The character area would be considerably affected on a temporary basis due to construction activity. The effect would be medium adverse in magnitude and of moderate adverse significance.

Lake Crossing 5.68 A new road with associated footpaths would be constructed to replace the existing Friend’s Bridge pedestrian crossing. A number of trees would be removed to allow for the bridge construction. The character area would be considerably affected on a temporary basis due to construction activity. The effect would be medium adverse in magnitude and of moderate adverse significance.

Earley Gate Entrance 5.69 Proposed works in this section would include the realignment and resurfacing of the existing road with associated footpaths connecting to the lake crossing over Friend’s Bridge. The character area would be affected on a temporary basis due to construction activity. The effect would be medium adverse in magnitude and of minor adverse significance.

Bridges Hall Link 5.70 Proposed works in this section would include resurfacing of the existing service road and the construction of a new road section over part of the existing Bridges Hall. For this section of road to be constructed it would rely on the demolition of Bridges Hall and connect into the existing Bridges Hall car park. The character area would be subject to low disturbance due to construction activity. The effect would be low adverse in magnitude and of minor adverse significance.

Halls of Residence

Whiteknights Hall 5.71 This includes the replacement of Whiteknights Hall with new buildings providing approximately 560 study bedrooms. The new Whiteknights Hall would be served by a new internal road connection from the central orbital road to the south. Once completed, the University would close the existing Whiteknights Hall entrance to vehicular traffic.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-17 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects 5.72 The proposed development of Whiteknights Halls would involve the demolition of the existing building to make way for the new hall. Therefore the townscape character area would be directly affected by construction activity. Construction activity would be a short term effect of medium adverse magnitude. Whilst causing a considerable disturbance within areas directly impacted, this would not necessarily be out of context within an urban environment where redevelopment is an ongoing process. Nonetheless there would be some disruption during the temporary construction period for which the significance of effect would be moderate adverse.

Childs Hall 5.73 Childs Hall would be redeveloped to accommodate a total of approximately 1,296 study bedrooms, provided in study bedroom clusters and town houses.

5.74 The proposed development of Childs Hall would involve the demolition of the existing building. The new halls and townhouse would extend beyond the footprint of the existing built fabric. Therefore the townscape character area would be directly affected by construction activity. Construction activity would be a short term effect of medium adverse magnitude. Whilst causing a considerable disturbance within areas directly impacted, this would not necessarily be out of context within an urban environment where redevelopment is an ongoing process. Nonetheless there would be some disruption during the temporary construction period for which the significance of effect would be moderate adverse.

Bridges Hall 5.75 Bridges Hall would be redeveloped to accommodate a total of approximately 644 study bedrooms on the site of the current Bridges Hall.

5.76 The new Bridges Hall would be served by a new internal road connection from the Earley Gate road to the east. Once completed, the University would close the existing Bridges Hall entrance to vehicular traffic.

5.77 The proposed development of Bridges Hall would involve the demolition of the existing building. The new halls building would extend beyond the footprint of the existing built fabric. Therefore a notable townscape character area would be directly affected by construction activity. Construction activity would be a short term effect of medium adverse magnitude. Whilst causing a noticeable disturbance within areas directly affected, this would not necessarily be out of context within an urban environment where redevelopment is an ongoing process. Nonetheless there would be some disruption during the temporary construction period for which the significance of effect would be moderate adverse.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-18 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Remaining Proposals 5.78 The proposed construction works of the remaining proposals would all incur some limited disturbance and disruption in various degrees of significance. Impacts would likely affect those users within the immediate areas. They are summarised below.

Film, Theatre & TV Building 5.79 There would be some limited disturbance to the immediate surroundings within the academic area during the temporary construction phase. Whilst there would be direct impacts which would temporarily change the character of this townscape area, this would be limited. The magnitude of effect would be medium adverse and the significance minor adverse.

Waste Transfer Station and Central Production Unit 5.80 There would be some limited disturbance to the townscape character area during the temporary construction phase. Whilst there would be direct impacts which would temporarily change the character of this townscape area, this would be very limited. The magnitude of effect would be low adverse and the significance minor adverse.

Catering Hub 5.81 There would be some disturbance to this part of the campus area during the temporary construction phase. Whilst there would be direct impacts which would temporarily change the character of this townscape area, the magnitude of effect would be low adverse and the significance would be minor adverse.

Sport & Recreation 5.82 Parts of the Shinfield Road entrance and Queens Drive townscape areas would be directly affected by construction activity of the new sports facilities and parking extensions. Construction activity would be a short term adverse effect of medium adverse magnitude. This would be of moderate adverse significance.

Campus Green & Park Square 5.83 There would be some disturbance to this part of the academic area during the temporary construction phase. These would be direct impacts which would temporarily change the character of this townscape area within the core part of the campus. The magnitude of effect would be medium adverse and the significance of effect would be moderate adverse.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-19 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Academic Development of Campus Hub 5.84 There would be some disturbance to this part of the campus hub affected by construction activity. Overall, this construction activity would be a short term adverse effect of medium magnitude. The construction activities whilst causing some disturbance within areas directly affected would not necessarily be out of context within an urban environment where development is an ongoing process. Nonetheless there would be some disruption during the temporary construction period for which the significance of effect would be moderate adverse.

Academic Development at Earley Gate 5.85 There would be some disturbance to that part of Earley Gate affected by construction activity. Overall construction activity would be a short term adverse effect of medium adverse magnitude. The construction activities, whilst causing some disturbance within areas directly affected, would not necessarily be out of context within an urban environment where development is an ongoing process. Nonetheless there would be some disruption during the temporary construction period for which the significance of effect would be moderate adverse.

Lakeside Amenity 5.86 There would be some disturbance to this part of the campus during the temporary construction phase. This would result in some direct impacts which would temporarily change the character of this townscape area. The magnitude of effect would be medium adverse and of the significance moderate adverse.

Night-time Construction Effects 5.87 Generally, the night-time townscape character effects of the construction phase would be similar to those during the day-time. Whilst construction sites would be less active or indeed inactive at night, and would generally have lower levels of lighting, they would continue to directly affect the immediately surrounding townscape character areas. There would, therefore, continue to be minor adverse effects during the night-time period in the construction phase.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-20 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.9: Townscape Character Effects of Proposed Road Infrastructure – Construction Phase Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Whiteknights / Good Medium Medium / Minor realignment and resurfacing of existing internal road Low Adverse / Minor Negligible Windsor Halls High and construction of new footpath. Removal of existing trees Short term Adverse Road Link from road realignment and new link between existing car parks beside Windsor Hall.

Construction work would take place behind boundary fencing, potentially construction vehicle movements and dust.

Low disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Fox Hill House Good Medium Medium / Resurfacing and extension of internal road and existing Low Adverse / Minor Negligible Link High footpath to link with Fox Hill Drive. Removal of existing trees Short term Adverse and some native shrub to allow for new road link to Fox Hill Drive.

Construction work would take place behind boundary fencing, potentially construction vehicle movements and dust.

Low disruption and disturbance during construction period Fox Hill House High Medium High Widening of existing footpath to 3.0m Medium Minor Negligible Footpath Adverse / Adverse Construction work would take place behind boundary Short term fencing, potentially construction vehicle movements and dust.

Some disruption and disturbance during construction period.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-21 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Park House Link High Medium High Construction of new section of road and footpath to provide Medium Moderate Moderate completed link of orbital road. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Short term Construction work would take place behind boundary fencing, potentially construction vehicle movements and dust.

Considerable disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Lake Crossing High Medium High Construction of new road and footpath with vehicle bridge Medium Moderate Moderate crossing to replace Friend’s pedestrian bridge. This link will Adverse / Adverse Adverse connect the two academic districts of the campus. Short term

Removal of existing trees and shrubs at lake banks for bridge construction. Additional tree and shrub removal required for road extension to Earley Gate Link.

Construction work would take place behind boundary fencing, potentially construction vehicle movements and dust.

Considerable disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Earley Gate Link Ordinary - Medium Low - Widening and resurfacing of existing road including footpath / Medium Minor Negligible Good Medium cycleway linkage from Earley Gate entrance. Adverse / Adverse – Minor Short term Adverse Minor road realignment to avoid existing sub-station that will require the removal of existing trees and shrubs.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-22 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Construction work would take place behind boundary fencing, potentially construction vehicle movements and dust.

Some disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Bridges Halls Link Ordinary Medium Low Resurfacing and extension of existing internal road and Low Adverse / Minor Negligible footpath to link Earley Gate entrance with Bridges Halls Short term Adverse

Extension of this link road is dependent on the demolition of existing Bridges Halls to follow proposed alignment.

Removal of existing trees and shrubs is required for the extension of this link road.

Construction work would take place behind boundary fencing, potentially construction vehicle movements and dust.

Low disruption and disturbance during construction period.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-23 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.10: Townscape Character Effects of Halls Developments – Construction Phase Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Effect on Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Whiteknights Good Medium Medium Demolition and removal of existing Whiteknights Hall Medium Moderate Moderate Halls excluding the Crescent Building. Removal of existing trees Adverse / Adverse Adverse within internal courtyards and grouping of trees along internal Short term road from Upper Redland Rd entrance.

Removal of existing hedgerow and trees that define southern boundary of Whiteknight Halls adjoining campus sports fields.

Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements,, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Disruption and disturbance during construction period. Childs Halls Ordinary - Low Medium - Demolition and removal of existing Childs Hall. Removal of Medium Moderate Moderate Good High existing trees within internal courtyards and within the Adverse / Adverse Adverse parkland landscape. Some notable existing trees to be Short term retained that would influence the new Childs Halls building development.

Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Disruption and disturbance during construction period.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-24 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Effect on Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Bridges Halls Ordinary - Low Medium Demolition and removal of existing Bridges Hall. Removal of Medium Moderate Moderate Good existing trees within internal courtyards and within the Adverse / Adverse Adverse parkland landscape. Some notable existing trees to be Short term retained that would influence the new Bridges Halls building layout

Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Noticeable disruption and disturbance during construction period.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-25 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.11: Townscape Character Effects of Remaining Proposals – Construction Phase Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Film, Theatre & Ordinary Medium Low Demolition and removal of existing HUMMS Building Medium Minor Minor TV Building extension and associated car parking area with young trees Adverse / Adverse Adverse and shrub borders. Short term

Construction of a three storey ‘civic’ building for performances, seminars and academic uses. The alignment of the building would strengthen the route to the Campus Green.

Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Considerable disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Waste Transfer Ordinary Medium Low Establishment of centralised Waste Transfer Station within Low Adverse / Minor Minor Station the existing boiler house and associated service hard Short term Adverse Adverse standing for refuse vehicles.

Proposed service hard standing over existing car park area and likely probably to remove some of the existing woodland vegetation.

Areas of existing woodland planting to be retained along boundary edge would be subject to maintenance programme and native under planting measures.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-26 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Low disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Central Ordinary Medium Low Construction of new Central Production Building to Low Adverse / Minor Minor Production Unit consolidate food preparation for all campus forwarding Short term Adverse Adverse kitchens and cafes within Halls of residence and associated service hard standing for vehicle deliveries.

Areas of existing woodland planting to be retained along boundary edge would be subject to maintenance programme and native under planting measures.

Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Low disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Catering Hub Ordinary Medium Medium Construction of new Catering Hub Building as part of Low Adverse / Minor Minor improved catering strategy. Building development over Short term Adverse Adverse existing temporary building complex ‘marked’ for demolition by the University.

New Catering Hub Building to be serviced by the proposed Bridges Halls Link Road.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-27 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Noticeable disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Sports & Good Medium Medium Construction of new and improved sports facilitates that Medium Moderate Moderate Recreation includes extension of existing sports hall and associated Adverse / Adverse Adverse parking area, new single storey pavilion, new tennis courts Short term and new all weather pitch near to the Shinfield Rd entrance.

Consideration would need to be given to field orientation and flood light design to ensure minimal light shred will affect surrounding residences.

Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Noticeable disturbance during construction period.

Campus Green & Good - High Medium Medium Located at the heart of the academic district the Campus Medium Moderate Moderate Park Square Green & Park Square form key outdoor areas for social and Adverse / Adverse Adverse communal activities. They are highlighted as potential areas Short term to remodel soft and hard landscape with the introduction of modernised site furniture.

Construction work would take place behind fences, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (materials / foundation work) and dust. University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-28 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect

Noticeable disturbance during construction period.

Academic Good - High Low Low - Construction of 4 new academic buildings of various size and Low – Medium Minor – Minor – Development at Medium mass within the academic hub of the campus. Adverse / Moderate Moderate Campus Hub Short term Adverse Adverse Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Noticeable disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Academic Ordinary Low Low Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct Low - Medium Minor – Minor – Development at Enterprise Hub, academic buildings, roads, footpaths, Adverse / Moderate Moderate Earley Gate cycleway and car parking to serve the wider need of the Short term Adverse Adverse University.

Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (cranes / materials / foundation work) and dust.

Noticeable disruption and disturbance during construction period.

Lakeside Amenity High Medium High An ‘amenity’ structure is proposed near to Friends Bridge. A Medium Moderate Moderate Area small landmark building with open canopy, decks and Adverse / Adverse Adverse terraces would contribute a significant new element to the Short term lake crossing sequence.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-29 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity to Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude and Daytime Night-time Character Area Change Duration of Effect Construction work would take place behind hoardings, potentially construction vehicle movements, noise, visual intrusion (materials / foundation work) and dust.

Noticeable disruption and disturbance during construction period.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-30 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Predicted Visual Effects

5.88 In order to illustrate and describe the nature and magnitude of effect upon views during the construction period, a number of viewpoints have been chosen. These are shown in Appendix 5.4. The change to these views together with an assessment of the predicted construction effects upon the view is described in Tables 5.12, 5.13 and 5.14.

5.89 Construction activity is considered to result in adverse visual effects upon views. For the majority of receptors construction activity would be visible within the context of existing buildings and the network of internal roads. It should be noted that construction effects would be of short-term duration.

5.90 Any views of construction activity, such as cranes and erection of steelwork and cladding, would be filtered by the built forms and existing vegetation that is to be retained. At ground level, hoardings would generally enclose and screen construction activity from view of major receptors. Whilst construction activity is not altogether uncharacteristic within an urban environment, these construction activities would introduce new elements to views for a temporary period which has the potential to result in adverse visual effects.

5.91 External views into the campus of construction activity would be limited due to the extent of boundary vegetation that exists along the campus edges. For those residential properties on Elmhurst Road and Upper Redland Road, construction activity (including cranes and other high level works) would be visible filtered by the existing vegetation.

Road Infrastructure Whiteknights/Windsor Hall Link Road (see Appendix 5.4 Whiteknights/Windsor Hall Link Road) 5.92 Distant and mid range views of construction activities would be concealed by the surrounding vegetation. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance for distant views. For receptor 1, where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity and its associated visual characteristics (such as machines, plan and hoardings etc.) would be uncharacteristic within the context of the wooded environment. Such activities would result in some change to existing views of low adverse magnitude and minor adverse significance.

Fox Hill House Link (see Appendix 5.4 Fox Hill House Link Road) 5.93 Distant and mid range views from Whiteknights Road of construction activities would be concealed by the surrounding vegetation. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to an effect of negligible significance on distant views. For receptor 1 (external view from Whiteknights Road), the construction activity would be concealed by the surrounding vegetation. This would result in a neutral

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-31 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects magnitude of effect equating to an effect of negligible significance on this receptor with no change to existing views.

Fox Hill House Footpath (see Appendix 5.4 Fox Hill House Footpath) 5.94 For receptors 1, 2 & 3 construction activity would take place within relatively close proximity. Construction activity and its associated visual characteristics (such as machines, plan and hoardings etc.) would be uncharacteristic within the context of the grassland environment. Such activities would result in some change to existing views, of medium adverse magnitude and moderate adverse significance.

Park House Link (see Appendix 5.4 Fox Park House Link Road) 5.95 For receptors 1 & 2, construction activity would form a visible and recognisable new element within the view that would affect and change the overall composition of the view. There would be a noticeable effect in the view equated to a medium adverse effect in visual terms for these receptors during construction phase. This would result in an effect of moderate adverse significance on these views.

Lake Crossing (see Appendix 5.4 Lake Crossing) 5.96 For receptors 1 & 2, construction activity would form a visible and recognisable new element within the view that would affect and change the overall composition of the view. There would be an effect on the view equated to a medium adverse effect in visual terms for these receptors during construction phase. This would result in an effect of moderate adverse significance on these views.

Earley Gate Link (see Appendix 5.4 Earley Gate Link) 5.97 For receptors 1 & 2, construction activity would form a visible and recognisable new element within the view that would affect and change the overall composition. There would be an effect on the view equating to a medium adverse effect in visual terms for these receptors during construction phase. This would result in an effect of moderate adverse significance on these views.

5.98 For external views, receptor 3 on Whiteknights Road, construction activity would be concealed by the surrounding vegetation. It would be works at the point of Earley Gate Entrance that would form an effect on the view for external receptors. Albeit short-term, this would result in an adverse effect in visual terms of minor significance.

Bridges Hall Link (see Appendix 5.4 Bridges Hall Link Road) 5.99 For external receptors 1 & 2, from Whiteknights Road, the existing vegetation would screen construction activity. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance on distant views.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-32 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Halls of Residence Whiteknights Hall (see Appendix 5.4 Whiteknights Hall Views) 5.100 For receptors 1, 2, 3 & 7 to the south of Whiteknights Hall (locations around the existing internal playing fields), construction activity would take place over a large portion of the horizontal field of view. The retention of existing vegetation would lessen construction activities in part, but it would not deter from the recognisable new elements that would change the overall composition of views from these receptors. This would result in a low adverse magnitude of change and an effect of minor adverse significance.

5.101 For receptor 4 (external view from the corner of Elmhurst and Upper Redland Road), construction activity would not be visible, equating to a negligible effect.

5.102 For receptors 5 & 6 (external views from Upper Redlands Road), construction activity would be visible and would occupy a notable component of a wider street scene view. The existing tree and shrub vegetation would provide partial screening of construction activity. This would result in a moderate adverse visual effect.

Childs Hall (see Appendix 5.4 Childs Hall Views) 5.103 For receptor 1, where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity and its associated visual characteristics such as cranes, machines, plant and hoardings etc. would be uncharacteristic with the context of the grassland landscape. Such activities would result in notable change to existing views. This would result in a moderate adverse visual effect.

5.104 For internal receptors 2 & 3 (from Fox Hill House), the existing vegetation offers screening from construction activities. However, during winter periods the canopy of deciduous trees and shrubs would allow views to reveal the scale of construction, this would result in a moderate adverse effect in visual terms.

5.105 For receptor 4, a boundary view from Whiteknights Road looking over the lake, the well established tree canopies along the lakes banks screen potential views of construction activity. As for receptors 2 & 3, winter periods may offer filtered views, but the density of branches from mature tree canopies would result in minor deterioration in the view. This would result in a negligible-minor adverse effect in visual terms.

Bridges Hall (see Appendix 5.4 Bridges Hall Views) 5.106 For receptor 1, to the south of Bridges Hall around the existing internal play fields, construction activity would take place over a large portion of the horizontal field of view. The retention of existing vegetation would lessen construction activities in part, but it would not deter from the recognisable new elements

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-33 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects that would change the overall composition of views from these receptors. This would result in a moderate adverse visual effect.

5.107 For receptors 2, 3 & 4, external views from Whiteknights Road, the established hedges and tree canopies would provide effective screening of construction activity at ground level. However, the high level of construction activity would be partially visible through gaps in the upper canopies. Again, the significance of effect would differ between summer and winter periods. Overall this would result in a minor adverse effect in visual terms during construction phase.

Remaining Proposals Film, Theatre & TV Building (see Appendix 5.4 Film, Theatre & TV Building) 5.108 Distant and mid range views to construction activities would be concealed by the surrounding buildings. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance on distant views. For receptors A & B, where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity and its associated visual characteristics – such as machines, plant and hoardings etc. would not be uncharacteristic within the context of an urban environment. Such construction activities would cause some disturbance, therefore within the immediate construction area, this would result in moderate adverse effects in visual terms.

Waste Transfer Station (see Appendix 5.4 Waste Transfer Station) 5.109 For receptors C & D, where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity and its associated visual characteristics – such as machines, plant and hoardings etc. would not be uncharacteristic within the context of an urban environment. Such construction activities would cause some disturbance, therefore within the immediate construction area, this would be moderate adverse in visual terms.

5.110 For receptor E, external views from Pepper Lane, the existing vegetation would screen construction activity. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance on distant views.

Central Production Unit (see Appendix 5.4 Central Production Unit) 5.111 For receptors A & B, where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity and its associated visual characteristics – such as machines, plant and hoardings etc. would not be uncharacteristic within the context of an urban environment. Such construction activities would cause some disturbance, therefore within the immediate construction area, this would be moderate adverse in visual terms.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-34 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects 5.112 For receptor E, external views from Pepper Lane, the existing vegetation would screen construction activity. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance on distant views.

Catering Hub (see Appendix 5.4 Catering Hub) 5.113 For receptors A & B, where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity and its associated visual characteristics – such as machines, plant and hoardings etc. would not be uncharacteristic within the context of an urban environment. Such construction activities would cause some disturbance, therefore within the immediate construction area, this would be moderate adverse in visual terms.

Sport & Recreation See Appendix 5.4 Sport & Recreation Sheet 1 5.114 For receptor A (areas of open space for playing fields where construction activity would take place) there would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect upon views. Where construction activity, including hoardings, would be visible to users of the playing fields, this would equate to a moderate adverse significance of effect.

See Appendix 5.4 Sport & Recreation Sheet 2 5.115 For receptors A & B (areas of open space for playing fields and circulation access along Queens Drive), the construction activity, including hoardings, would be visible to users of the playing fields, this would equate to a moderate adverse significance of effect.

See Appendix 5.4 Sport & Recreation Sheet 3 5.116 For receptor A (areas of open space for play fields where construction activity would take place), there would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect upon views. Where construction activity, including hoardings, would be visible to users of the playing fields, this would equate to a moderate adverse significance of effect.

5.117 For receptor B (an external view from Shinfield Road) construction activity would result in a some visual impact, that would be partially screened by existing vegetation. Construction activity would occupy a considerable portion of the horizontal view from Shinfield Road. Therefore construction activity is considered to result in an effect of medium adverse magnitude and of moderate adverse significance.

See Appendix 5.4 Sport & Recreation Sheet 4 5.118 For receptors A & B (areas within close proximity to Shinfield Road Entrance) where construction activity would take place, there would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect upon views. Where construction activity, including hoardings, would be visible to users of the playing fields, this would equate to a moderate adverse significance of effect.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-35 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects 5.119 For receptor C, an external view from Elmhurst Road, construction activity would result in a noticeable visual impact, that would be partially screened by existing vegetation. Construction activity would occupy a considerable portion of the horizontal view from Elmhurst Road. Therefore construction activity is considered to result in an effect of medium adverse magnitude and of moderate adverse significance.

Campus Green & Park Square See Appendix 5.4 Campus Green & Park Square Sheet 1 5.120 Distant and mid range views to construction activities would be concealed by the surrounding buildings. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance on distant views.

5.121 For internal receptors A, B & C, where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity and its associated visual characteristics – such as machines, plant and hoardings etc. would not be uncharacteristic within the context of an urban environment. Such construction activities would cause some disturbance, therefore within the immediate construction area, this would be moderate adverse in visual terms.

See Appendix 5.4 Campus Green & Park Square Sheet 2 5.122 Distant and mid range views to construction activities would be concealed by the surrounding buildings. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance on distant views.

5.123 For internal receptors A, B & C, where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity and its associated visual characteristics – such as machines, plant and hoardings etc. would not be uncharacteristic within the context of an urban environment. Such construction activities would cause some disturbance, therefore within the immediate construction area, this would be moderate adverse in visual terms.

Academic Development of Campus Hub (see Appendix 5.4 Academic Development at Campus Hub Sheet 1-4) 5.124 For those receptors within the academic campus hub, existing buildings and mature vegetation confine the majority of activity within short-range distances. Exceptions would be cranes with their visual presence above surrounding building heights. But this would not be uncharacteristic within the context of an evolving urban environment.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-36 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects

5.125 Overall for, those receptors where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity would form a visible and recognisable new element within the view of medium adverse magnitude and of moderate adverse significance.

5.126 Distant and mid range views concealed by existing buildings and mature vegetation would result in a neutral magnitude of effect, of negligible significance.

Academic Development at Earley Gate (see Appendix 5.4 Academic Development at Earley Gate Sheet 1-3) 5.127 For those receptors within the Earley Gate area, existing buildings and mature vegetation confine the majority of activity within short-range distances. Exceptions would be cranes with their visual presence above surrounding building heights. But this would not be uncharacteristic within the context of an evolving urban environment.

5.128 Overall, for those receptors where construction activity would take place within close proximity, construction activity would form a visible and recognisable new element within the view resulting in an effect of medium adverse magnitude and moderate adverse significance.

5.129 Distant and mid range views concealed by existing buildings and mature vegetation would result in a neutral magnitude of effect, of negligible significance.

Lakeside Amenity Area (see Appendix 5.4 Lakeside Amenity Area) 5.130 For receptor A, construction activity would take place within close proximity. Construction activity and its associated visual characteristics – such as machines, plan and hoardings etc. would be uncharacteristic within the context of the grassland and lake environment. Such activities would result in some change to existing views and an effect of minor adverse significance.

Night-time Construction Effects 5.131 Generally, construction sites would be less visible within night-time views in comparison to their day- time visual effects. Within more distant views from visual receptors, cranes would be relatively inconspicuous within the view as they would most likely be illuminated with safety lighting which would be a relatively small point source of light within the night-time sky. Intervening buildings would also screen ground level construction activity, including illuminated hoardings. For some receptors demolition of existing buildings would also result in some reduction in the visible extent of illuminated building mass, albeit for a temporary period.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-37 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects

Table 5.12: Viewpoint Analysis of Proposed Road Infrastructure – Construction Phase Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle Medium Minor realignment and resurfacing of existing internal road Low Adverse / Minor Minor Whiteknights / view located on section of and construction of new footpath to form improved circulation Short term Adverse Adverse Windsor Halls road route / link between Whiteknights / Windsor Halls and the Road Link orbital road. Vp. 1 Construction for new road works would be concealed to ground level where the existing dense vegetation either side of the road works corridor would provide particularly dense visual screening day and night-time

Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle Medium Resurfacing and extension of internal road and existing Neutral / Short Negligible Negligible Fox Hill House entrance external view at footpath to link with Fox Hill Drive. term Link Fox Hill House Drive Vp. 1 Construction for new road works will be concealed to ground level where the existing dense vegetation either side of the road works corridor would provide particularly dense visual screening day and night-time

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views High Widening of existing footpath to 3.0m where the land use Medium Moderate Minor Fox Hill House on footpath remains largely unchanged. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Footpath Short term Vp. 1,2 & 3 The open grassland with specimen trees is characteristic of this sloping topography that has open / med range views. Construction activity would be visible and would occupy a notable component of the wider view in this area, more so during the day than at night-time.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-38 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Construction of new section of road and footpath to provide Medium Moderate Moderate Park House Link across existing grassland High completed link of orbital road. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Vp. 1 & 2 landscape Short term The open grassland with specimen trees is characteristic of this sloping topography that has open / med range views between existing buildings to the lake edge. Construction activity would be visible and would occupy a notable component of the wider view in this area both day and night- time from internal view points.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Construction of a new road and footpath with vehicle bridge Medium Moderate Moderate Lake Crossing across existing grassland High crossing to replace Friend’s pedestrian bridge. This link will Adverse / Adverse Adverse VP. 1 & 2 landscape connect the two academic districts. Short term

The open grassland with specimen trees is characteristic of this sloping topography that has open / med range views between existing buildings to the lake edge. The widening of Friends bridge and approach roads would be visible and would occupy a notable component of the wider view in this area both day and night-time from internal view points.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low Widening and resurfacing of existing road including footpath / Medium Moderate Moderate Earley Gate Link on section of road cycleway linkage from Earley Gate entrance. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Vp. 1 & 2 Short term Construction for new road works would be notably visible within the immediate area on campus as the landscape provides open views with the single level buildings and scattered specimen tree plantings providing good sightlines both during day and night-time.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-39 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Widening and resurfacing of existing road including footpath / Low Adverse / Minor Minor Earley Gate Link vehicle view from Earley cycleway linkage from Earley Gate entrance. Short term Adverse Adverse Vp. 3 Gate Entrance Construction for new road works would be visible directly at the Earley Gate entrance whilst the dense vegetation cover extending along Whiteknights Road would provide solid visual screening of any works.

Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Resurfacing and extension of existing internal road and Low Adverse / Negligible - Negligible - Bridges Halls Link vehicle view from footpath to link Earley Gate entrance with Bridges Halls Short term Minor Minor Vp. 1 & 2 Whiteknights Road Extension of this link road is dependent on the demolition of Adverse Adverse existing Bridges Halls to follow proposed alignment.

Construction for new road works would be concealed to ground level where the existing vegetation along Whiteknights Road would provide particularly dense visual screening day and night-time

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-40 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects

Table 5.13: Viewpoint Analysis of Proposed Halls of Residence – Construction Phase Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian within campus Medium The demolition of Whiteknights Hall and high level Low Adverse / Minor Minor Whiteknights located round sports fields construction activity would be visible and would occupy a Short term Adverse Adverse Halls minor component of a wider view Vp. 1,2,3 & 7 Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle Low From the intersection of Elmhurst & Upper Redland Road the No Change / No Change No Change Whiteknights view at the corner of construction activity at Whiteknights hall would not be visible. Short term Halls Elmhurst & Upper Redland Vp. 4 Road Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle High The demolition of Whiteknights Hall and high level Medium Moderate Moderate Whiteknights view from Upper Redlands construction activity would be visible and would occupy a Adverse / Adverse Adverse Halls Road significant component of a wider view considering the Short term Vp. 5 & 6 proximity of construction to Upper Redland Rd.

The existing trees and vegetation would offer filtered screening of views from construction works, notably better during summer than winter periods due to deciduous species.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view High The demolition of Childs Hall and high level construction High Adverse / Moderate Moderate Childs Halls from footpath activity would be visible and would occupy a significant Short term Adverse Adverse Vp. 1 component of a wider view it would form a notable change to day-time and night-time views.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Medium - The existing trees and shrub vegetation would offer degree Medium Moderate Moderate Childs Halls from Fox Hill House High of visual screening from the construction works, notably Adverse / Adverse Adverse Vp. 2 & 3 locations better during summer than winter periods due to deciduous Short term species.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-41 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect

Given the extent and scale of development to Childs Halls there is potential that construction works would be visible over the existing vegetation. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view at High The lake view from Whiteknights Road boundary is enclosed No Change – Negligible – Negligible Childs Halls Lake edge beside with a well established tree canopy along its banks, that Low Adverse / Minor – Minor Vp. 4 Whiteknights Road potential will screen any construction views from the most Short term Adverse Adverse sensitivity external view at day or night-time. However, visual screening would be notably better during summer than winter periods due to deciduous species. Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian internal view Medium The demolition of Bridges Hall and high level construction Medium Moderate Moderate Bridges Halls from informal footpath activity would be uncharacteristic and out of scale with the Adverse / Adverse Adverse Vp. 1 existing view. Its visual impact of the construction works Short term would be internally orientated and would occupy a significant component of the wider view both at day and night-time. Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle High The demolition of Bridges Hall and high level construction Low Adverse / Minor Minor Bridges Halls external views from activity would be partially visible through gaps in the tree Short term Adverse Adverse Vp. 2,3 & 4 Whiteknights Rd canopies and would occupy a minor component of a wider view.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-42 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.14: Viewpoint Analysis of Remaining Proposals – Construction Phase Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low Construction of a three storey ‘civic’ building for Medium Moderate Moderate Film, Theatre & within close proximity to performances, seminars and academic uses. Adverse / Adverse Adverse TV Building development proposal Short term Vp. A & B The surrounding existing buildings would contain views to the immediate area of development. Only cranes would impact on any potential views from outside this construction area. Given the confinement area for construction it would occupy a very minor component of any wider view. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Low Establishment of centralised Waste Transfer Station within Medium Moderate Moderate Waste Transfer vehicle view from campus the existing boiler house and associated service hard Adverse / Adverse Adverse Station road standing for refuse vehicles. Short term Vp. C & D Construction activity would be visible from the internal road that passes this development site; it would be noticeable however the retention of the existing vegetation would limit its impact. Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Establishment of centralised Waste Transfer Station within Low Adverse / Negligible Negligible Waste Transfer vehicle view from Pepper the existing boiler house and associated service hard Short term Station Lane standing for refuse vehicles. Vp. E The existing trees and shrub vegetation along Pepper Lane would offer degree of visual screening from the construction works, notably better during summer than winter periods due to deciduous species.

Any potential filtered views would form a very minor component of wider views from the surrounding external areas.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-43 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Low Construction of new Central Production Building to Medium Moderate Moderate Central vehicle view from campus consolidate food preparation for all campus forwarding Adverse / Adverse Adverse Production Unit road kitchens and cafes within Halls of residence and associated Short term Vp. A & B service hard standing for vehicle deliveries.

Construction activity would be visible from the internal road that passes this development site; it would be noticeable however the retention of the existing vegetation would limit its impact. Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Construction of new Central Production Building to Low Adverse / Negligible Negligible Central vehicle view from Pepper consolidate food preparation for all campus. Short term Production Unit Lane The existing trees and shrub vegetation along Pepper Lane Vp. E would offer degree of visual screening from the construction works, notably better during summer than winter periods due to deciduous species.

Any potential filtered views would form a very minor component of wider views from the surrounding external areas. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low - Construction of new Catering Hub Building as part of Medium Moderate Moderate Catering Hub Medium improved catering strategy. Building development over Adverse / Adverse Adverse Vp. A & B existing temporary building complex ‘marked’ for demolition Short Term by the University.

Construction activity would be visible from internal vantage points that pass this development site; however the retention of the existing vegetation would limit its impact at ground level. The extent of construction works would not be expected to impact on external views

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-44 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Medium Construction of new and improved sports facilitates that Medium Moderate Moderate Sports & includes a new all weather pitch. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – Short term Sheet 1 Construction activity would be visible from internal vantage Vp. A points that pass this development site due to its location on an open playing field area. This visual impact would affect both day and night time views.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Construction of new and improved sports facilitates that Medium Moderate Moderate Sports & from Queens Drive High includes extension of existing sports hall and associated Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – parking area, new single storey pavilion, new tennis courts Short term Sheet 2 near to the Shinfield Rd entrance. Vp. A & B Construction activity would be visible from internal vantage points that pass this development site due to its location on an open playing field area. Residential properties along Elmhurst Road would also have views of this development area through the thin vegetation cover along the boundary. (Vp. A) There would be a notable visual impact that would affect both day and night time views.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Medium - Construction of new and improved sports facilitates that Medium Moderate Moderate Sports & High includes extension of existing sports hall and associated Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – parking near to the Shinfield Rd entrance. Short term Sheet 3 Vp. A Construction activity would be visible from internal vantage points that pass this development site due to its location on an open playing field area. Residential properties along Elmhurst Road would also have views of this development area through the thin vegetation cover along the boundary. University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-45 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect

There would be a notable visual impact that would affect both day and night time views.

Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Construction of new and improved sports facilitates that Medium Moderate Moderate Sports & vehicle view from Shinfield includes extension of existing sports hall and associated Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – Road parking near to the Shinfield Rd entrance. Short term Sheet 3 Vp. B Construction activity would impact notably impact on visual receptors along Shinfield Road albeit through filtered views from the established tree canopies. Winter construction programme would expose extent of site work compared to summer months.

There would be a notable visual impact that would affect both day and night time views.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Construction of new and improved sports facilitates that Medium Moderate Moderate Sports & High includes extension of existing sports hall Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – Short term Sheet 4 Construction activity would be visible from internal vantage Vp. A & B points that pass this development site due to its location close to Shinfield Road entrance & Queens Drive.

There would be a notable visual impact that would affect both day and night time views.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-46 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and Medium - Construction of new and improved sports facilitates that Medium Moderate Moderate Sports & vehicle views from High includes extension of existing sports hall Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – Elmhurst Road Short term Sheet 4 The relatively open and scattered planting along Elmhurst Vp. C Road would allow construction activity to notably impact on visual receptors along Elmhurst Road.

Given the extent of construction activity that would be visible it would occupy a significant component of the wider view both day and night-time.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Located at the heart of the academic district the Campus Medium Moderate Moderate Campus Green & High Green & Park Square form key outdoor areas for social and Adverse / Adverse Adverse Park Square communal activities. Short term Sheet 1 Vp. A, B & C Park Square forms an attractive heart to the academic area, with specimen trees and amenity grass. Construction activity will impact on the visual amenity within the immediate area, but it will be concealed by the surrounding buildings.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Located at the heart of the academic district the Campus Medium Moderate Moderate Campus Green & High Green & Park Square form key outdoor areas for social and Adverse / Adverse Adverse Park Square communal activities. Short term Sheet 2 Vp. A, B & C Campus Green forms an attractive heart to the academic area, with specimen trees and amenity grass. Construction activity will impact on the visual amenity within the immediate area, but it will be concealed by the surrounding buildings.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-47 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Medium Construction of new academic buildings of various size and Medium Moderate Moderate Academic vehicle views mass within the academic hub of the campus. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Development at Short term Campus Hub Construction activity of new academic building would be Sheet 1 visible above existing buildings (i.e. cranes and scaffolding Vp A & B etc). Given the extent of construction that would be visible it would occupy a noticeable change to day and night-time views Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view High Construction of new academic buildings of various size and Medium Moderate Moderate Academic mass within the academic hub of the campus. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Development at Short term Campus Hub Construction activity of new academic building would be Sheet 2 visible above existing buildings (i.e. cranes and scaffolding Vp A etc). Given the extent of construction that would be visible it would occupy a noticeable change to day and night-time views within the Campus Green. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Low - Construction of new academic buildings of various size and Medium Moderate Moderate Academic Medium mass within the academic hub of the campus. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Development at Short term Campus Hub Construction activity of new academic building would be Sheet 3 visible above existing buildings (i.e. cranes and scaffolding Vp A & B etc). Given the extent of construction that would be visible it would occupy a noticeable change to day and night-time views. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Low Construction of new academic buildings of various size and Medium Moderate Moderate Academic vehicle views mass within the academic hub of the campus. Adverse / Adverse Adverse Development at Short term Campus Hub Construction activity of new academic building would be Sheet 4 visible above existing buildings (i.e. cranes and scaffolding Vp A & B etc). Given the extent of construction that would be visible it would occupy a noticeable change to day and night-time views but only in the immediate area. University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-48 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct Medium Moderate Moderate Academic Enterprise Hub, academic buildings, roads, footpaths, Adverse / Adverse Adverse Development at cycleway and car parking to serve the wider need of the Short term Earley Gate University. Sheet 1 Vp. A & B Construction activity would be visible above existing buildings retained (i.e. cranes and scaffolding etc). Given the extent of construction that would be visible it would occupy a noticeable change to day and night-time views but only in the immediate area. Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct No Change / Negligible Negligible Academic vehicle view from Enterprise Hub, academic buildings, roads, footpaths, Short term Development at Wilderness Road cycleway and car parking to serve the wider need of the Earley Gate University. Sheet 1 Vp. C Construction activity would not be visible above existing ‘Wilderness’ woodland area, it’s dense vegetation cover provides visual screening throughout the year. Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct roads, No Change / Negligible Negligible Academic vehicle view from footpaths and car parking to serve the wider need of the Short term Development at Wilderness Road University. Earley Gate Sheet 2 Construction activity would not be visible above existing Vp. B ‘Wilderness’ woodland area, it’s dense vegetation cover provides visual screening throughout the year.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-49 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Low Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct roads, Low Adverse / Low Adverse Negligible Academic vehicle view footpaths and car parking to serve the wider need of the Short term Development at University. Earley Gate Sheet 2 Construction activity would be concealed at ground level by Vp. A the surrounding ‘Wilderness’ and buildings retained. The visual impact for both day and night-time would only affect the immediate construction area. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct Medium Moderate Moderate Academic academic buildings, roads, footpaths and car parking to Adverse / Adverse Adverse Development at serve the wider need of the University. Short term Earley Gate Sheet 3 Construction activity of buildings would be visible above Vp. A, B, C & D existing buildings (i.e. cranes and scaffolding etc). Given the extent of construction that would be visible it would occupy a noticeable change to day and night-time views. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low - Construction for new car park would be concealed at ground Medium Moderate Moderate Academic Medium level over existing bowling green where the existing internal Adverse / Adverse Adverse Development at vegetation would provide visual screening day and night-time Short term Earley Gate from internal views Sheet 4 Vp. A Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Construction for new car park would be concealed at ground Low Adverse / Minor Minor Academic vehicle view from level where the existing vegetation along Whiteknights Road Short term Adverse Adverse Development at Whiteknights Road would provide visual screening day and night-time Earley Gate Sheet 4 Vp. B

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-50 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Medium - An ‘amenity’ structure is proposed near to Friends Bridge. A Medium Minor Minor Lakeside Amenity High small landmark building with open canopy, decks and Adverse / Adverse Adverse Area terraces would contribute a new element to the lake crossing Short term Vp. A sequence.

The construction activity would be partially visible to surrounding internal receptors. The extent of tree canopies and shrubs would reduce the visual impact of construction within a valued setting at the Lake edge.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-51 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Operational Assessment 5.132 The project would result in the construction of new road infrastructure that would link the internal road and networks between Earley Gate and the academic hub with a strategic crossing point over the lake at Friend’s Bridge.

5.133 New halls of residence development would see the demolition of Whiteknights, Childs and Bridges halls to be replaced with modernised living accommodation for students on the campus. The new accommodation buildings would also provide external central landscape courtyards/open spaces that offer passive recreational and socialising to residents.

5.134 Additional development within the campus includes provisions for a film, theatre & TV building, Waste Transfer Station, Central Production Unit, catering hub, sports and recreational facilities, improvements to Campus Green and Park Square, academic development of the campus hub, academic development in the Earley Gate part of the campus and the provisions for a lakeside amenity feature.

5.135 The overall design philosophy for the project is to provide is the generation of new and improved educational facilities to meet the University’s future demands whilst seeking to enhance, improve and safeguard the campus external environment which has distinctive features and significant value and importance to the community and region.

Townscape Character Effects

5.136 The likely operational effects of the project are described and assessed in Tables 5.15, 5.16 and 5.17. They are summarised below.

Road Infrastructure Whiteknights / Windsor Halls Road Link 5.137 This area is characterised by the mature vegetation/woodland coverage that forms a dense visual barrier which is typical of the campus woodland vegetation.

5.138 The proposed road works would retain the existing character, although some selected trees would be removed to meet safety visibility splays and footpath installation.

5.139 These modifications would result in a minor alteration of road alignment but otherwise it would continue to function as it did prior to the completion of the project. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect upon a townscape receptor of medium/high sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a negligible significance of effect upon the woodland character area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-52 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Fox Hill House Link 5.140 This area is characterised by the mature vegetation/woodland coverage that forms a dense visual barrier which is typical of the campus woodland vegetation.

5.141 The proposed road works would retain the existing character, even though some selected trees would be removed to meet safety visibility splays.

5.142 These modifications would result in the minor alteration of road alignment but otherwise it would continue to function as it did prior to the completion of the project. There would be a low magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of medium/high sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a negligible significance of effect upon the woodland character area.

Fox Hill House Footpath 5.143 Proposals for the existing shared footpath/cycleway include widening the path to 3m and resurfacing the full length. The path would link to new pedestrian raised crossings over the orbital road.

5.144 All existing trees and hedgerows would be retained and no tree removal or new planting is proposed however the resurfacing of the footpath would generally improve the quality of the footpath corridor.

5.145 These modifications would result in the minor alteration of road alignment; otherwise it would continue to function as it did prior to the completion of the development proposal. There would be a low magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of high sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a negligible significance of effect upon the grassland character area.

Park House Link 5.146 The proposed link past Park House and the Student Union building includes the construction of a new section of road with adjacent 2m footpaths which would complete the link of the orbital road. No trees are to be removed and the road alignment has been designed to avoid retained tree protection areas. An area of car park would be removed to allow the construction of the road and this would be replaced with grassland.

5.147 Effects would be mitigated through new tree planting proposed along the route of the road. Some new ornamental planting is proposed adjacent to Park House to improve the setting of the building and soften the effect of the proposed road. The proposed road alignment would follow the topography and therefore be set lower than the height of the buildings to minimise the effect on the landscape.

5.148 There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of high sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor significance of effect upon the grassland character area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-53 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Lake Crossing 5.149 Single carriageway road with passing places and adjacent footpaths would be constructed to provide a new vehicle link between the two academic districts of the campus. The new road would follow the line of the existing footpath and would replace the existing Friend’s pedestrian bridge.

5.150 A number of trees would be removed along the route of the proposed road and on the lake bank to allow the bridge to be constructed. However, new tree planting would be provided on both sides of the lake with species used to reflect those already found in the area.

5.151 These modifications would result in a new road and bridge construction, albeit over a existing footpath and lake crossing point. This would notably impact on the surrounding townscape character. In the longer term, this would be minimised to some extent by the proposed landscape scheme and the appropriate design of the bridge. There would be a medium magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of high sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. Taking into account the landscape scheme and nature of the bridge, this would result in a minor adverse significance of effect upon the grassland and lake character area.

Earley Gate Entrance 5.152 Earley Gate forms a main entrance into the University campus and proposals include the realignment of the road with the provision of a 3m footpath/cycleway. New parking bays would be provided opposite the proposed Business Enterprise Hub building and the existing speed humps would be retained.

5.153 Some trees and shrubs would be removed to allow the realignment of the road but most would be retained to maintain the green nature of the road corridor.

5.154 There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of low/medium sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor beneficial significance of effect upon the buildings character area.

Bridges Hall Link 5.155 This part of the project would include resurfacing and the extension of the existing road and footpath to link Earley Gate entrance with Bridges Hall. This would rely on the demolition of Bridges Hall to allow for a new section to link with Bridge Hall car park. Retention of the existing trees and vegetation between Bridge Hall and Whiteknights Road would retain the buffer to the residential properties.

5.156 These modifications would result in the minor alteration of road alignment; otherwise it would continue to function as it did prior to the completion of the development proposal. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of low sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor adverse significance of effect upon the buildings and woodland character area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-54 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects

Halls of Residence Whiteknights Hall 5.157 Development of Whiteknights Hall would replace the existing halls building, the new halls proposal would be located over the existing footprint. It would form a new centralised landscape courtyard. The proposals would result in minimal disturbance to existing vegetation and provision for new plantings of trees and shrubs to seek to enhance the vegetation and woodland character of this area.

5.158 Generally the development proposal would be replacing a similar element that functions in the same manner prior to the completion of the development. There would be a negligible magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of medium sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor beneficial significance of effect upon the woodland character area.

Childs Hall 5.159 The development of Childs Hall would involve the phased construction of new cluster halls and townhouses over the existing Childs Hall footprint and extending into the grassland landscape character. Located in an elevated and open position, this development proposal would form noticeable changes in the townscape character, where landscape works would not be able to fully compensate for the effect of the changes.

5.160 The development proposal would be replacing a similar element that functions in the same manner prior to completion of the development. However, the scale and mass would be significantly increased. There would be beneficial improvements made by the removal of the existing Childs Hall building that forms a detracting element to front the grassland and lake character areas. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of medium / high sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor adverse significance of effect upon the grassland and lake character area.

Bridges Hall 5.161 As per the above halls proposals, the development of Bridges Hall would be located over part of the existing hall footprint, whilst also extending into the grassland landscape that surrounds its areas of established trees and vegetation.

5.162 Located in an elevated and open position, this development proposal would form noticeable changes in the townscape character, where remedial landscape works would not be able to mitigate the full effect of the changes. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of medium sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor adverse significance of effect upon the grassland character area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-55 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects

Remaining Proposals Film, Theatre & TV Building 5.163 This development proposal within the academic district would not be uncharacteristic of the existing townscape area. The scale and mass of the building would blend within its surroundings, whilst its orientation and façade would potentially strengthen the pedestrian circulation route into the heart of the academic district. There would be a medium beneficial magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of low sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a moderate beneficial significance of effect upon the building character area.

Waste Transfer Station 5.164 Development of a centralised waste transfer station within the existing boiler house would introduce a new function to an existing utility area of the academic hub. Enhancement of the boundary woodland vegetation would improve its current condition and strengthen its character. There would be a low magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of low sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a negligible significance of effect upon the building character area.

Central Production Unit 5.165 Development of central production unit to consolidate food preparation would maintain an operational service within an existing utility area of the academic hub. Enhancement of boundary woodland vegetation would improve its current condition and strengthen its character. There would be a low magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of low sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a negligible significance of effect upon the building character area.

Catering Hub 5.166 The removal of existing buildings for the development of the Catering Hub would affect the existing character and would result in improvements to the townscape character. Potential landscape works would seek to strengthen pedestrian permeability and integrate proposals into the surrounding grassland character. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of medium sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor beneficial significance of effect upon the building character area.

Sports & Recreation 5.167 New and improved sports facilities , including an extension of existing sports hall and associated parking area, new single storey pavilion, new tennis courts and new all weather pitch, would significantly alter the existing amenity grass and practice sport field aspect. This would result in a loss of open amenity character that exists between Queens Drive and Elmhurst Road. There would be a medium adverse

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-56 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of medium sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor adverse significance of effect upon the amenity grassland character area.

Campus Green & Park Square 5.168 The townscape character of these two key outdoor areas within the heart of the academic hub would be enhanced by this landscape proposal. Potential development would seek to retain existing notable trees and improve path alignment with a balance of hard and soft surface finishes to complement the area and show the importance of these public spaces. There would be a medium beneficial magnitude of effect upon a townscape receptor of medium sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a moderate beneficial significance of effect upon the building character area.

Academic Development of Campus Hub 5.169 The townscape character of the academic hub is a collection of building types where orientation and alignment provides a number of internal landscape spaces of various qualities and character. Demolition and development would be considered qualities that are inherent within built environments and new proposals would not be out of context within this character area as the proposal buildings are to be similar in scale and mass to those in their immediate surroundings.

5.170 The location and alignment of proposed buildings would seek to improve/enhance pedestrian circulation and permeability to the heart of the campus. This would result in beneficial impacts to the townscape character. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of low / medium sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor beneficial significance of effect upon the building character area.

Academic Development of Earley Gate 5.171 The demolition and removal of the temporary buildings alone would improve the quality of Earley Gate townscape character. Proposals for the building development are to replace those demolished and provide an improved relationship in scale and quality to those existing buildings retained.

5.172 The retention of existing trees and implementation of landscape strategy would provide enhancements to the external surroundings and improve the quality of the townscape character at one of the main entrances to the campus. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of low sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor beneficial significance of effect upon the building character area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-57 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Lakeside Amenity 5.173 Any development proposal at the lake edge would considerably impact on the lake character given its highly sensitive value. This would contribute a new element within a naturalised setting that forms one of the distinctive features for the campus. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect upon townscape receptor of high sensitivity to the type of changes proposed. This would result in a minor adverse significance of effect upon the lake character area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-58 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.15: Townscape Character Effects on Road Infrastructure – Operational Phase Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Whiteknights / Good Medium Low Minor realignment and resurfacing of existing internal road Low Adverse / Negligible Negligible Windsor Halls and construction of new footpath to form improved circulation Long term Road Link route / link between Whiteknights / Windsor Halls and the orbital road.

Land use remains largely unchanged except for new section of road linking existing car parks beside Windsor Hall.

New tree and shrub planting would noticeably provide improvements to screening newly construction car park.

Fox Hill House Good Medium Medium / Resurfacing and extension of internal road and existing Low Adverse / Negligible Negligible Link High footpath to link with Fox Hill Drive. Long term

Replacement tree and shrub planting to enhance existing vegetation and follow road alignment.

Land use remains largely unchanged.

Fox Hill House High Medium High Widening of existing footpath to 3.0m where the land use No Change / Negligible Negligible Footpath remains largely unchanged. Long term

Park House Link High Medium High Construction of new section of road and footpath to provide Low Adverse / Minor Minor completed link of orbital road. Long term Adverse Adverse

Proposal includes new tree and shrub planting with road alignment to avoid tree protection areas of significant tree specimens.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-59 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Proposed new road would form a noticeable change in the landscape character with the introduction of a new element. The road alignment would potential form defined boundary that restricts any future development into the grassland landscape.

Lake Crossing High Medium High Construction of a new road and footpath with vehicle bridge Medium Minor Minor crossing to replace Friend’s pedestrian bridge. This link will Beneficial- Adverse Adverse connect the two academic districts. Medium Adverse / This lake crossing link follows an historical access route Long term suggesting that detail design could make references to the past.

Proposed new tree and shrub planting would enhance existing vegetation characteristics and replace vegetation that is lost during bridge construction.

Proposed lake crossing link would cause minor changes in the landscape character considering the proposed route follows an existing pedestrian path.

Earley Gate Link Ordinary - Medium Low - Widening and resurfacing of existing road including footpath / Low Beneficial Minor Minor Good Medium cycleway linkage from Earley Gate entrance. Improved / Long term Beneficial Beneficial circulation from Earley Gate entrance with direct link with lake crossing into academic district of campus.

Proposed widening and resurfacing would cause minor changes in the landscape character, as the land use is largely unchanged.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-60 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Bridges Halls Link Ordinary Medium Low Resurfacing and extension of existing internal road and Low Adverse / Minor Minor footpath to link Earley Gate entrance with Bridges Halls Long term Adverse Adverse

Extension of this link road is dependent on the demolition of existing Bridges Halls to follow proposed alignment.

Part of the road follows and existing service route where there would be no change to the inherent character. The additional link over part of Bridges Hall will require alter the landscape character but not to any detrimental affect.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-61 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.16: Townscape Character Effects on Halls Developments – Operational Phase Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Whiteknights Good Medium Medium Replacement of existing Whiteknights Halls with new halls No Change / Minor Minor Halls building over existing footprint. Proposed two opposing Long term Beneficial Beneficial buildings would form centralised courtyard with improved circulation and accessibility.

Existing vegetation boundary along Upper Redland Road enhanced with additional trees and shrub planting

Replacement hedgerow and tree planting to southern boundary that defines Whiteknights Hall from the adjoining sports fields.

Land use remains largely unchanged.

Childs Halls Ordinary - Low Medium - Replacement of existing Childs Hall with new halls building Low Adverse / Minor Minor Good High and townhouses. New buildings to extend over larger Long term Adverse Adverse footprint than existing halls requiring removal of existing trees and loss of grassland area.

Proposed buildings would form centralised courtyards with improved circulation and accessibility. Offering improved amenity / outdoor areas with the associated halls of residence.

Proposed building mass and extent would form noticeable changes in the landscape character with direct impact on the surrounding grassland area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-62 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Bridges Halls Ordinary - Low Medium Replacement of existing Bridges Hall with new halls Low Adverse / Minor Minor Good buildings. New buildings to extend over larger footprint than Long term Adverse Adverse existing halls requiring removal of existing internal trees and loss of grassland area.

Tree vegetation along the boundary edge at Whiteknights Road to be retained and enhanced.

Proposed buildings would form centralised courtyards with improved circulation and accessibility. Offering improved amenity / outdoor areas with the associated halls of residence.

Proposed building mass and extent would form noticeable changes in the landscape character, but not deteriorate townscape value.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-63 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.17: Townscape Character Effects on Remaining Proposals – Operational Phase Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Film, Theatre & Ordinary Medium Low Construction of a three storey ‘civic’ building for Medium Moderate Moderate TV Building performances, seminars and academic uses. The alignment Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial of the building would strengthen the route to the Campus Long term Green.

This would replace the existing car parking area

Notable enhancement to amenity spaces would improve the character to the area and strengthen circulation routes into the heart of the academic district. Waste Transfer Ordinary Medium Low Establishment of centralised Waste Transfer Station within No Change / Negligible Negligible Station the existing boiler house and associated service hard Long term standing for refuse vehicles.

Areas of existing woodland planting to be retained along boundary edge would be subject to maintenance programme and native under planting measures.

Central Ordinary Medium Low Construction of new Central Production Building to Low Adverse / Negligible Negligible Production Unit consolidate food preparation for all campus forwarding Long term kitchens and cafes within Halls of residence and associated service hard standing for vehicle deliveries.

Areas of existing woodland planting to be retained along boundary edge would be subject to maintenance programme and native under planting measures.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-64 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Catering Hub Ordinary Medium Medium Construction of new Catering Hub Building as part of Low Beneficial Minor Minor improved catering strategy. Building development over / Long term Beneficial Beneficial existing temporary building complex ‘marked’ for demolition by the University.

Landscape proposals would seek to strengthen pedestrian permeability and linkages to integrate Catering Hub with new halls proposals to the northwest.

New development proposals would replace an existing land use, potential improvements would enhance the townscape fabric within this area.

Sports & Good Medium Medium Construction of new and improved sports facilitates that Medium Minor Minor Recreation includes extension of existing sports hall and associated Adverse / Adverse Adverse parking area, new single storey pavilion, new tennis courts Long term and new all weather pitch near to the Shinfield Rd entrance.

Much of the existing grass amenity open space would be utilised for car park extension and new sports facility buildings. This would result in a loss of the open character that currently exists between Queens Drive and Elmhurst Road.

The night-time character of this area would potentially become more active as high volumes of vehicles are likely to be visible. This would include the provision for all-weather pitch and its associated flood lighting.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-65 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Campus Green & Good - High High Medium Located at the heart of the academic district the Campus Medium Moderate Moderate Park Square Green & Park Square form key outdoor areas for social and Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial communal activities. They are highlighted as potential areas Long term to remodel soft and hard landscape with the introduction of modernised site furniture.

Generally, the character of these outdoor amenity spaces would be enhanced. Potential development would seek to retain existing trees and improve path alignment to reflect desire lines. Academic Good - High Low Low - Construction of 4 new academic buildings of various size and Low Beneficial Minor Minor Development at Medium mass within the academic hub of the campus. / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Campus Hub Building development combined with the landscape strategy would seek to increase legibility and overall amenity. Improved landscape spaces between buildings would aid users navigation into the heart of the campus.

The retention of existing significant trees would maintain a mature landscape characteristic and provide scale against building facades.

The overall land use to remain the similar to that of the existing.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-66 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Townscape Receptor Sensitivity Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Townscape Condition Value Sensitivity Description of Change to Halls Character Area Magnitude Daytime Night-time Character Area to Change and Duration of Effect Academic Ordinary Low Low Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct Low Beneficial Minor Minor Development at Enterprise Hub, academic buildings, roads, footpaths, / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Earley Gate cycleway and car parking to serve the wider need of the University.

Building development combined with the landscape strategy would seek to increase legibility and overall amenity.

The retention of existing significant trees would maintain a mature landscape characteristic and provide scale against building facades.

The overall land use to remain the similar to that of the existing.

Lakeside Amenity High Medium High An ‘amenity’ structure is proposed near to Friends Bridge. A Low Adverse / Minor Minor Area small landmark building with open canopy, decks and Long term Adverse Adverse terraces would contribute a new element to the lake crossing sequence.

However, this will impact on the existing landscape character by introducing a structure within the banks of the lake edge.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-67 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Visual Effects

5.174 In order to describe the nature and magnitude of effect upon views as a result of the scheme a number of viewpoints have been chosen. These are shown on Appendix 5.4. The change to these views together with an assessment of the predicted operational effects upon the view is given in Tables 5.18, 5.19 and 5.20. Operational effects would result in long term changes to existing views.

5.175 The predicted operational effects of the project are, at this stage, considered to result in overall minor beneficial visual effects upon views. For the majority of receptors the project would be visible within confined or limit zones of visual influence defined by retaining existing buildings, mature vegetation and topography.

5.176 For receptors located in close proximity where changes would occur, their potential magnitude of effect and significance of effect on visual inputs would be slightly greater as changes would be more distinctive than distant view receptors.

Road Infrastructure Whiteknights / Windsor Hall Link Road(see Appendix 5.4 Whiteknights/Windsor Hall Link Road) 5.177 For receptor 1, realignment and resurfacing of the internal road with associated footpaths would result in minor alterations to the existing view. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect upon visual receptor of medium sensitivity. This would not be minor beneficial in visual terms.

Fox Hill House Link (see Appendix 5.4 Fox Hill House Link Road) 5.178 For receptor 1 (an external view from the intersection of Whiteknights and Upper Redland Road) would result in no significant change in view. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect of negligible significance upon this visual receptor.

Fox Hill House Footpath (see Appendix 5.4 Fox Hill House Footpath) 5.179 For receptors 1, 2 & 3, proposals would result in the widening of the existing path to 3m and resurfacing the full length. All existing tree and hedgerows would be retained resulting in minimal change to existing views. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

Park House Link (see Appendix 5.4 Fox Park House Link Road) 5.180 For receptors 1 & 2, a new section of road and adjacent footpaths would complete the link of the orbital road. This would form a visible and recognisable new element within the grassland landscape.

5.181 The proposed landscape scheme by way of tree and shrub planting would provide some visual mitigation for the impact of this proposal.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-68 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects 5.182 There would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

Lake Crossing (see Appendix 5.4 Lake Crossing) 5.183 For receptors 1 & 2, a single carriageway road with passing bays and adjacent footpaths would provide a new vehicle link between the Earley Gate part of the campus and the academic hub. The road would follow the line of an existing footpath and would replace the existing Friend’s pedestrian bridge, resulting in notable changes of the wider view. Visual impacts would be mitigated by the proposed landscape scheme forming part of the project by way of new tree and shrub planting to enhance the grassland characteristics.

5.184 There would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

Earley Gate Link (see Appendix 5.4 Earley Gate Link) 5.185 For receptors 1 & 2 (internal views from the minor realignment), resurfacing and selected young tree removal would not noticeably alter the composition of the existing view. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect of negligible significance.

5.186 For receptor 3 (external view from Whiteknights Road), Earley Gate forms a main entrance into the campus and completion of the proposed works would result in no significant change in view. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect of negligible significance.

Bridges Hall Link (see Appendix 5.4 Bridges Hall Link Road) 5.187 For receptors 1 & 2, external views from Whiteknights Road would be subject to considerable improvement with the removal of the existing Bridges Hall. The new road would not be visible from Whiteknights Road as retention of the existing vegetation would provide substantial screening. There would be a medium beneficial magnitude of effect of moderate beneficial significance.

Halls of Residence Whiteknights Hall (see Appendix 5.4 Whiteknights Hall Views) 5.188 The predicted operational effects of this proposal are considered to result in adverse visual effects upon receptors 1, 2, 3 & 7. The new halls building would increase the extent and massing of built form within these views. The proposed landscape scheme would seek to provide measures to minimise the effect and enhance the surrounding vegetation. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

5.189 For receptor 4, there would be no significant change in the view, resulting in an effect of negligible significance.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-69 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects 5.190 For receptors 5 & 6 (external views from Upper Redlands Road), the new halls building would provide new facades to address the Upper Redland Road boundary. The extent and massing of built form would be similar to that of the existing view. The proposed landscape scheme would provide enhancement to the existing vegetation and strengthen its visual screening properties. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance upon this view.

Childs Hall (see Appendix 5.4 Childs Hall Views) 5.191 For receptor 1, an internal view, the operational effects would significantly alter the existing view creating a recognisable new element extending over the existing halls footprint and into the surrounding grassland landscape.

5.192 The new halls and townhouse would include associated landscape works, but due to the scale of effect, the proposed landscape scheme would not be able to mitigate the full extent of this proposal. The removal of the existing halls building would be considered as a beneficial effect due to its ongoing deterioration in features. There would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

5.193 For receptors 2 & 3, the new halls and townhouses would form a visible and recognisable new element within the view, albeit partially screened by the existing vegetation. For these receptors the proposal would constitute a similar composition of view. As per receptor 1, the removal of the existing halls building would provide minor changes within the overall view. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

Bridges Hall (see Appendix 5.4 Bridges Hall Views) 5.194 Internal views from the grassland landscape (receptor 1) of the proposed hall would significantly impact on the existing visual context. The removal of the existing halls building would be considered beneficial in visual terms, however, the new proposals would increase the extent and massing of build form over the grassland landscape. Associated landscape proposals would provide measures offering a more sympathetic relationship between built forms and surrounding landscape. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance.

5.195 For external receptors 2, 3 & 4 from Whiteknights Road, there would be minor improvements in the existing view as the demolition of the existing halls would remove a detracting element.

5.196 Due to the extent and coverage of existing vegetation between Bridges Hall and the boundary, potential operational effects could be missed by a casual observer. Overall, there would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-70 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Remaining Proposals Film, Theatre & TV Building (see Appendix 5.4 Film, Theatre & TV Building) 5.197 For receptors A & B, operational effects would result in new buildings in close proximity to receptors. Whilst a building would not be uncharacteristic within the context of the academic hub, for these receptors a new building would result in visual obstruction to views which were previously more open in character as a car park.

5.198 The location and orientation of the new building would reinforce a strong visual axis to direct pedestrians to the heart of the campus from Queens Drive, aiding circulation and way finding. There would be a medium beneficial magnitude of effect of moderate beneficial significance.

Waste Transfer Station (see Appendix 5.4 Waste Transfer Station) 5.199 For internal views (receptors C & D) operational effects would result in minor changes to the view as the function of existing buildings would retain a similar utilitarian use. The proposed landscape scheme would improve the planting character and strengthen visual barriers to screen hard standing areas. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance.

5.200 For receptor E (an external view from Pepper Lane), there would be little change in the existing view. The proposed landscape scheme would strengthen the vegetation at bounding edges, to improve its character and ensure vegetation maintains its screening qualities. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance upon visual receptor of high sensitivity.

Central Production Unit (see Appendix 5.4 Central Production Unit) 5.201 For internal views (receptors A & B), operational effects would result in minor changes to the view as the function of new would will also operate for utilitarian usage. The proposed landscape scheme would improve the planting character and strengthen visual barriers to screen hard standing areas. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance.

5.202 For receptor E, an external view from Pepper Lane, there would be little change in the existing view. The proposed landscape work would strengthen the vegetation at bounding edges, to improve its character and ensure vegetation maintains its screening qualities. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance.

Catering Hub (see Appendix 5.4 Catering Hub) 5.203 For internal receptors A & B, the predicted operational effect would provide an improved built form that would result in a new recognisable element. The built mass would partially extend into the surrounding grassland landscape. The retention of existing vegetation would soften the overall impact and maintain a mature landscape structure. There would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-71 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Sport & Recreation (see Appendix 5.4 Sport & Recreation Sheet 1) 5.204 For receptor A, where operational effects would result in new all-weather sports pitch installation in close proximity to receptors, there would be some visual obstruction to views which were previously open in character potential. The associated lighting would provide an increased impact on night-time views with light spillage to surrounding areas. There would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect of moderate significance.

See Appendix 5.4 Sport & Recreation Sheet 2 5.205 For receptors A & B, the predicted effects of expanding the existing parking, erection of new sports pavilion and new tennis courts, would introduce a recognisable new element along the main entrance of Queens Drive. There would be a significant effect both day and night as views would be considerably altered. There would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect of moderate adverse significance.

See Appendix 5.4 Sport & Recreation Sheet 3 5.206 For receptor A, where operational effects would relate to erection of new academic building in close proximity to the receptor, the result would be some obstruction to existing views which were previously open. There would be a medium adverse magnitude of effect of moderate adverse significance.

5.207 For receptor B, an external view from Shinfield Road, the predicted operational effects for the development of sports facilities and extensions to park areas be the increase of built forms and car parking along Queens Drive. Proposals would not be uncharacteristic of the existing view, but the scale of change would alter the existing visual context.

5.208 Existing trees to the Shinfield Road boundary would reduce visual impact from external receptors. In addition, landscape works could further mitigate the sensitivity of view. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

See Appendix 5.4 Sport & Recreation Sheet 4 5.209 For internal receptors A & B, within close proximity to Shinfield Road entrance, development proposals would result in adverse visual effects upon views. The new building and extension of parking would increase the extent and massing of built form within the view. Landscape work would be undertaken to mitigate visual impact of car parking from views. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

5.210 For external receptor C, an external view from Elmhurst Road, the predicted operational effects for the development of sports facilities and extensions to park areas would result in the increase of built forms and car parking along Queens Drive. Proposals would not be uncharacteristic of the existing view, but the scale of change would alter the existing visual context. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-72 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Campus Green & Park Square (See Appendix 5.4 Campus Green & Park Square Sheet 1) 5.211 Distant and mid range views would be concealed by the surrounding buildings. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance on distant views.

5.212 For internal receptors A, B & C there would be changes to the landscape/open space character seeking enhancement and improvements. There would be a medium beneficial magnitude of effect of moderate beneficial significance.

See Appendix 5.4 Campus Green & Park Square Sheet 2 5.213 Distant and mid range views would be concealed by the surrounding buildings. There would be a neutral magnitude of effect equating to negligible significance on distant views.

5.214 For internal receptors A, B & C there would be changes to the landscape/open space character seeking enhancement and improvements. There would be a medium beneficial magnitude of effect of moderate beneficial significance.

Academic Development of Campus Hub (see Appendix 5.4 Academic Development at Campus Hub Sheet 1-4) 5.215 For those receptors within the academic campus hub, existing buildings and mature vegetation confine the majority of views within short-range distances. The predicted visual effects of building development within an urban context would not be uncharacteristic, where proposals of built form are comparable within the surrounding scale and height.

5.216 Development of new buildings and associated landscape works would be orientated to reinforce a strong visual axis to direct pedestrians to the heart of the campus from the academic hub boundaries. This would improve permeability and aid with visual understanding of built fabric. Overall, there would be a low/medium beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance.

5.217 Distant and mid range views concealed by existing buildings and mature vegetation would result in a negligible magnitude of effect.

Academic Development at Earley Gate (see Appendix 5.4 Academic Development at Earley Gate Sheet 1-3) 5.218 For those receptors within the Earley Gate part of the campus, existing buildings and mature vegetation confine the majority of views within short-range distances. The predicted visual effects of building development within an urban context would not be uncharacteristic, where proposals of built form are comparable within the surrounding scale and height.

5.219 Overall, there would be a low beneficial magnitude of effect of minor beneficial significance.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-73 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects 5.220 Distant and mid range views concealed by existing buildings and mature vegetation would result in a negligible magnitude of effect.

Lakeside Amenity Area (see Appendix 5.4 Lakeside Amenity Area) 5.221 For receptor A, a small built form at the lake edge would form a considerable new element in the naturalised landscape setting. Existing vegetation would reduce the visual impacts on distant receptors. There would be a low adverse magnitude of effect of minor adverse significance upon visual receptor.

Night-time Construction Effects 5.222 At night the project would have similar visual effects to those during the day in the sense that a greater extent of building mass would be visible within views in comparison to the existing night-time scene. Potentially, there would also be greater extent of illuminated building façade, parking areas and transit lighting from vehicle movement within night-time views.

5.223 Overall there would be minor changes to the visible scene within night-time views on distant receptors i.e. external view points.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-74 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.18: Viewpoint Analysis of Road Infrastructure – Operational Phase Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle Medium Minor realignment and resurfacing of existing internal road Low Beneficial Minor Minor Whiteknights / view located on section of and construction of new footpath to form improved circulation / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Windsor Halls road route / link between Whiteknights / Windsor Halls and the Road Link orbital road. Vp. 1 The completed road resurfacing and alignment would maintain little change to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time.

Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle Medium Resurfacing and extension of internal road and existing No Change / Negligible Negligible Fox Hill House entrance external view at footpath to link with Fox Hill Drive. Long term Link Fox Hill House Drive Vp. 1 The completed road resurfacing and alignment would maintain little change to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views High Widening of existing footpath to 3.0m where the land use Low Adverse / Minor Minor Fox Hill House on footpath remains largely unchanged. The open grassland with Long term Adverse Adverse Footpath specimen trees is characteristic of this sloping topography Vp. 1,2 & 3 that has open / med range views. Existing trees would be retained and there would be little noticeable effect upon the view day or night-time.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - New section of road and footpath to provide completed link Medium Minor Minor Park House Link across existing grassland High of orbital road passes through open grassland with specimen Adverse / Adverse Adverse Vp. 1 & 2 landscape trees, characteristic of valued views where interest is Long term focused on the landscape. This would form a visible and recognisable new element of the view for both day and night- time. Landscape works by way of tree and shrub planting would reduce the visual impact of the new road proposal. University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-75 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - This link will connect the two academic parts of the campus Medium Minor Minor Lake Crossing across existing grassland High through open grassland with specimen trees including Adverse / Adverse Adverse Vp. 1 & 2 landscape crossing the lake at Friends Bridge current location. Long term

The widening of Friends bridge and new approach roads would be visible and would occupy a notable component of the wider view in this area both day and night-time from internal view points. Landscape works by way of tree and shrub planting would reduce the visual impact of the new road proposal.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low Minor realignment and resurfacing of existing internal road Low Adverse / Negligible Negligible Earley Gate Link on section of road and construction of new footpath to form improved circulation Long term Vp. 1 & 2 route / link between Earley Gate and the Academic Hub.

The completed road resurfacing and alignment would maintain minor changes with the removal of some young trees and shrubs, overall character and composition of the view day or night-time would have little noticeable effect upon the view

Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Minor realignment and resurfacing of existing internal road No Change / Negligible Negligible Earley Gate Link vehicle view from Earley and construction of new footpath to form improved circulation Long term Vp. 3 Gate Entrance route / link between Earley Gate and the Academic Hub.

The completed road resurfacing and alignment would maintain little change to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-76 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Resurfacing and extension of existing internal road and Medium Moderate Moderate Bridges Halls Link vehicle view from footpath to link Earley Gate entrance with Bridges Halls Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial Vp. 1 & 2 Whiteknights Road Extension of this link road is dependent on the demolition of Long term existing Bridges Halls to follow proposed alignment.

The demolition of Bridges Halls would be beneficial in removal of a detracting façades that face both internally and externally. Part of the completed road resurfacing from Earley Gate would maintain little change to the overall character. By contrast the additional section over Bridges Hall would have a significant impact with an improvement by removing the existing halls building.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-77 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.19: Viewpoint Analysis of Halls Developments – Operational Phase Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian view within Medium Landscape works would seek to reinstate hedgerows and Low Adverse Minor Minor Whiteknights campus located round plant new trees at the southern edge that defines / Long term Adverse Adverse Halls sports fields Whiteknights hall between the existing sports fields. This Vp. 1,2,3 & 7 planting combined with the existing trees and woodland areas on the new halls periphery would aid mitigation to the overall composition of the view day or night-time.

Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle Low From the intersection of Elmhurst & Upper Redland Road the No Change / No Change No Change Whiteknights view at the corner of construction activity at Whiteknights hall would not be visible. Long term Halls Elmhurst & Upper Redland Vp. 4 Road Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle High There would be enhancement landscape works undertaken Low Beneficial Minor Minor Whiteknights view from Upper Redlands to the boundary of Upper Redland Road. From this external / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Halls Road receptor the planting combined with the existing trees and Vp. 5 & 6 woodland areas on the new halls periphery would maintain little change to the overall composition of the view day or night-time.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view High From this view receptor the scale and mass of proposed Medium Minor Minor Childs Halls from footpath halls development will have a notable long term impact, Adverse / Adverse Adverse Vp. 1 replacing the grassland landscape and several notable trees. Long term

Landscape work would not be able to mitigate the full extent of development proposal for both day and night-time views.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-78 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Medium - Given the extent and scale of development to Childs Halls Low Adverse / Minor Minor Childs Halls from Fox Hill House High there is potential that proposed building heights would be Long term Adverse Adverse Vp. 2 & 3 locations visible over the existing vegetation. This would suggest minor changes to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view at High The lake view from Whiteknights Road boundary is enclosed Low Adverse / Minor Minor Childs Halls Lake edge beside with a well established tree canopy along its banks. Given Long term Adverse Adverse Vp. 4 Whiteknights Road the concealment by the existing vegetation, little change to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time would occur during summer periods. Partial or filtered views would be expected during winter periods. Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian internal view Medium The overall development proposal for Bridges Hall would Low Beneficial Minor Minor Bridges Halls from informal footpath significantly impact the existing internal view receptor. / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Vp. 1 Remedial external landscape works would offer a degree of mitigation to new building facades, however it would take time to establish and take effect. The existing character would alter, however the composition of a halls development within open grassland landscape to be retained with expected improved building facades. Appendix 5.4 Pedestrian and vehicle High Overall there would be little change to these external Low Beneficial Minor Minor Bridges Halls external views from receptors as the existing vegetation to Whiteknights Road / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Vp. 2,3 & 4 Whiteknights Rd would be retained and provide the similar degree of visual separation that currently existing with Bridges Halls and Whiteknights Road. The proposed halls development would be located in a altered position away from the existing boundary, thus reducing its impact on these receptors both day and night- time

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-79 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.20: Viewpoint Analysis of Remaining Proposals – Operational Phase Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low Construction of a three storey ‘civic’ building for Medium Moderate Moderate Film, Theatre & within close proximity to performances, seminars and academic uses. Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial TV Building development proposal Long term Vp. A & B Views would be contained within the surrounding building facades, given the confinement area the proposal would occupy a very minor component of any wider view.

Building mass would be greater, but the removal of existing parking would be an improvement to enable landscape amenity axis guide users to the heart of the academic campus.

Within the area of development, this proposal would form a visible and recognisable new element of the view Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Low Establishment of centralised Waste Transfer Station within Low Beneficial Minor Minor Waste Transfer vehicle view from campus the existing boiler house and associated service hard / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Station road standing for refuse vehicles would result in internal receptors Vp. C & D incurring minor changes to the view and composition day or night-time. Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Establishment of centralised Waste Transfer Station within Low Beneficial Minor Minor Waste Transfer vehicle view from Pepper the existing boiler house and associated service hard / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Station Lane standing for refuse vehicles. Vp. E The existing trees and shrub vegetation along Pepper Lane would offer degree of visual screening from the development, notably better during summer than winter periods due to deciduous species. Landscape proposals would enhance the existing boundary planting

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-80 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Views would maintain little change to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Low Development of new Central Production Building to Low Beneficial Minor Minor Central vehicle view from campus consolidate food preparation for all campus forwarding / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Production Unit road kitchens and cafes within Halls of residence would result in Vp. A & B internal receptors incurring minor changes to the view and composition day or night-time.

Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Construction of new Central Production Building to Low Beneficial Minor Minor Central vehicle view from Pepper consolidate food preparation for all campus. / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Production Unit Lane Vp. E The existing trees and shrub vegetation along Pepper Lane would offer degree of visual screening from the development, notably better during summer than winter periods due to deciduous species. Remedial landscape proposals would enhance the existing boundary planting.

Views would maintain little change to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low - Development of new Catering Hub Building as part of Low Beneficial Minor Minor Catering Hub Medium improved catering strategy. Building development over / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Vp. A & B existing temporary building complex ‘marked’ for demolition by the University.

This proposal has potential to provide an improved built structure that would form a visible and recognisable new element of the view day and night-time. The retention of the existing vegetation would reduce / soften impact at ground level and maintain a mature landscape

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-81 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Medium Developed sports facilitates that includes a new all weather Medium Minor Moderate Sports & pitch. The constructed nature of an all weather pitch that Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – includes 4.0m high fence (approx) and associated flood Long term Sheet 1 lighting would form a visible and recognisable new element Vp. A of the view.

Potentially the all weather pitch would provide an increased impact on internal visual receptors at night-time with the lighting spread cast by flood-lighting. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Sports facilitates that includes extension of existing parking Medium Moderate Moderate Sports & from Queens Drive High area, new single storey pavilion, new tennis courts near to Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – the Shinfield Rd entrance. Long term Sheet 2 Vp. A & B This proposal would introduce and occupy a considerable extent of the panoramic view within close proximity to the view points. The extent of the view that would be visible would have an adverse impact replacing the existing playing fields.

There would be a significant visual impact that would affect both day and night time views. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Medium - Developed sports facilitates that includes extension of Medium Moderate Moderate Sports & High existing sports hall and associated parking near to the Adverse / Adverse Adverse Recreation – Shinfield Rd entrance. Long term Sheet 3 Vp. A Development would be visible from internal vantage points and form recognisable new elements of the view. Residential properties along Elmhurst Road would also have views of this development area through the thin vegetation cover along the boundary.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-82 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect There would be a notable visual impact that would affect both day and night time views. Remedial landscape work would enhance the planting to Elmhurst Road increasing the visual screen, however this would take time to take effect.

Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Developed sports facilitates that includes extension of Low Adverse / Minor Minor Sports & vehicle view from Shinfield existing sports hall and associated parking near to the Long term Adverse Adverse Recreation – Road Shinfield Rd entrance. Sheet 3 Vp. B New building development and car park extensions would introduce a more extensive and complex view from Shinfield Road. The proposed development would be partially screened by established trees along the boundary; however winter period would expose the full extent of development along Queens Drive.

There would be a notable visual impact that would affect both day and night time views. Remedial landscape works would seek to mitigate the sensitivity of views from Shinfield Road. Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Development of new and improved sports facilitates that Low Adverse / Minor Minor Sports & High includes extension of existing sports hall Long term Adverse Adverse Recreation – Sheet 4 There would be an increase in building mass as a backdrop Vp. A & B to the view with associated parking extension along Queens Drive. Remedial landscape work would seek to mitigate the visual impact of car parking at ground level.

There would be a notable visual impact that would affect both day and night time views.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-83 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and Medium - Development of new and improved sports facilitates that Low Adverse / Minor Minor Sports & vehicle views from High includes extension of existing sports hall Long term Adverse Adverse Recreation – Elmhurst Road Sheet 3 There would be an increase in building mass as a backdrop Vp. C to the view. Remedial landscape work to Elmhurst Road boundary would enhance and strengthen the existing vegetation providing improved visual barrier

There would be a notable visual impact that would affect day and night-time views. Lighting issues associated with parking areas would be screen by the building and the enhance vegetation planting at Elmhurst Road boundary

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Park Square forms an attractive heart to the academic area, Medium Moderate Moderate Campus Green & High with specimen trees and amenity grass. Development Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial Park Square proposal would seek to utilise landscape strategies that Long term Sheet 1 retain and enhance the quality of views for both day and Vp. A, B & C night-time.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium - Campus Green forms an attractive heart to the academic Medium Moderate Moderate Campus Green & High area, with specimen trees and amenity grass. Development Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial Park Square proposal would seek to utilise landscape strategies that Long term Sheet 2 retain and enhance the quality of views for both day and Vp. A, B & C night-time.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-84 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Medium Development of new academic building of various 3 – 4 Medium Moderate Moderate Academic vehicle views storeys within the academic hub of the campus. Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial Development at Long term Campus Hub The scale and visible mass of the building would be Sheet 1 comparable to that of the HUMMS building ( that would be Vp A & B part demolished), where its orientation and façade treatment would reinforce a pedestrian axis to the heart of the campus from Queens Drive.

There would be a considerable visual impact that would affect both day and night time views.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view High Development of new academic buildings of 3 storeys within Low Beneficial Minor Minor Academic the academic hub of the campus. / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Development at Campus Hub The scale and visible mass of the building would be Sheet 2 comparable to that of the HUMMS building, it would Vp A potentially form a secondary courtyard between the HUMMS building, whilst also fronting the Campus Green.

This new building mass would form a considerable visual impact affecting both day and night time views within the Campus Green

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Low - Construction of new academic building of 4 storeys within the Medium Moderate Moderate Academic Medium academic hub of the campus. Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial Development at Long term Campus Hub The scale and visible mass of the building would be Sheet 3 comparable to that of the surrounding Chemistry building, it Vp A & B would potentially form a secondary courtyard between the Chemistry building, whilst also enhance a potential pedestrian route into the heart of the campus.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-85 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect

This new building mass would replace an existing car park with the surrounding area enhanced with landscape works to define circulation routes and create emphasis on approaching the heart of the campus.

This new building mass would form a considerable visual impact affecting both day and night time.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Low Development of new academic building of 3 storey within the Low Beneficial Minor Minor Academic vehicle views academic hub of the campus. / Long term beneficial Beneficial Development at Campus Hub This new building mass would be comparable to the Sheet 4 surrounding building size and scale. Development would Vp A & B occur within a low sensitivity receptor area. Remedial landscape works would seek to maintain existing trees; given the confinement of the area this proposal would have little change to the overall character of views day or night-time.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct High Substantial Substantial Academic academic buildings 3-4 storeys, roads, footpaths, cycleway Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial Development at and car parking to serve the wider need of the University. Long term Earley Gate Sheet 1 The new building masses would be comparable to the Vp. A & B surrounding building size and scale. Development would occur within a low sensitivity receptor area where remedial landscape works would seek to maintain existing trees. Potential this proposal would improve the overall sensitivity quality to Earley Gate with the removal of existing detracting buildings and enhancement of landscape amenity areas.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-86 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect

This proposal would form a significant visual impact affecting both day and night time.

Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct No Change / Negligible Negligible Academic vehicle view from academic buildings 3-4 storeys, roads, footpaths, cycleway Long term Development at Wilderness Road and car parking to serve the wider need of the University. Earley Gate Sheet 1 Development would not be visible through existing Vp. C ‘Wilderness’ woodland area, it’s dense vegetation cover provides visual screening throughout the year.

Views would maintain little change to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time.

Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct roads, No Change / Negligible Negligible Academic vehicle view from footpaths and car parking to serve the wider need of the Long term Development at Wilderness Road University. Earley Gate Sheet 2 Development would not be visible through existing Vp. B ‘Wilderness’ woodland area, it’s dense vegetation cover provides visual screening throughout the year.

Views would maintain little change to the overall character and composition of the view day or night-time.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-87 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian and Low Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct roads, Medium Moderate Minor Academic vehicle view footpaths and car parking to serve the wider need of the Beneficial / Beneficial Beneficial Development at University. Long term Earley Gate Sheet 2 Development would occur within a low sensitivity receptor Vp. A area where remedial landscape works would seek to maintain existing trees. Potential this proposal would improve the overall sensitivity quality to Earley Gate with the removal of existing detracting buildings and enhancement of landscape amenity areas.

This proposal would form a notable visual impact affecting both day and night time.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Medium Phased demolition of temporary buildings to construct Low Beneficial Minor Minor Academic academic building 3 storeys, roads, footpaths and car / Long term Beneficial Beneficial Development at parking to serve the wider need of the University. Earley Gate Sheet 3 The new building mass would be comparable to the Vp. A, B, C & D surrounding building size and scale. The open visual character of the amenity grass (Vp B & D) area would be reduced in size to accommodate the development. The impact of visual change would be confined to the immediate area and not impact on wider views.

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian views Low - A new car park over existing bowling green would provide Low Adverse / Minor Minor Academic Medium significant changes in land use. The confinement of the Long term Adverse Adverse Development at development proposal within existing boundary vegetation Earley Gate would place little impact on wider views day or night time. Sheet 4 Vp. A

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-88 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Receptor Effects Magnitude Significance of Effect Reference Type Sensitivity Description of Change of Existing View Magnitude Daytime Night-time and Duration of Effect Remedial landscape work would seek to ensure that the internal visual receptors would incur minimal changes in view aspect.

Appendix 5.4 External pedestrian and High New car park would be concealed at ground level where the No Change / Negligible Negligible Academic vehicle view from existing vegetation along Whiteknights Road would provide Long term Development at Whiteknights Road visual screening day and night-time. Earley Gate Sheet 4 Overall there would be little change to the character and Vp. B composition of the view

Appendix 5.4 Internal pedestrian view Medium - A small landmark building with open canopy, decks and Low Adverse / Minor Minor Lakeside Amenity High terraces would contribute a new element to the lake crossing Long term Adverse Adverse Area sequence. Vp. A This new built element would form a considerable impact within a naturalise setting of the Lake edge. Its design would be critical to ensure the successfully integration and sympathetic visual relationship with the environment

The retention of existing vegetation would provide partial screening from visual receptors, however this would be a noticeable new element within day and night-time views.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-89 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Overall Project Assessment 5.224 On balance, the conclusion of this assessment is that it would generally result in some notable beneficial effects. This conclusion has been reached on the basis that new buildings would generally be located or sited over other existing demolished building footprints or within existing built environments of similar scale and massing. Those buildings demolished (i.e. Childs Hall, Bridges Hall or Earley Gate area temporary buildings) currently exhibit detracting properties that diminish the visual character and qualities of Whiteknights campus.

5.225 The proposed landscape scheme would seek to strengthen and enhance the vegetation characteristics that provide an important role in portraying a positive image of the campus to the community.

5.226 With respect to the potential townscape effects of the project, this would provide minor improvements to key characteristics through the removal of detracting features (buildings that lessen the quality of townscape characteristics).

5.227 This assessment has acknowledged that not all individual development proposals would generate beneficial impacts, particularly during the temporary construction phase. It is the conclusion of this study that the overall the project has the potential to result in a number of positive enhancements that safeguard the existing characteristics, ensuring that the campus’ natural assets are protected.

Table 5.21: Overview of Townscape Character Effects Component Significance of Effects Construction Operation Roads Infrastructure Minor - Moderate Adverse Negligible - Minor Adverse Whiteknights Hall Moderate Adverse Minor Beneficial Childs Hall Moderate Adverse Minor Adverse Bridges Hall Moderate Adverse Minor Beneficial Remaining Proposals Minor – Moderate Adverse Minor – Moderate Beneficial Overall Project Effect Moderate Adverse Minor Beneficial

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-90 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Table 5.22: Overview of Visual Effects Component Significance of Effects Construction Operation Roads Infrastructure Minor - Moderate Adverse Minor Beneficial Whiteknights Hall Minor – Moderate Adverse Minor Adverse Childs Hall Moderate Adverse Minor Adverse Bridges Hall Moderate Adverse Minor Beneficial Remaining Proposals Moderate Adverse Minor Beneficial Overall Project Effect Moderate Adverse Minor Beneficial

Cumulative Effects

5.228 The following developments have potential for cumulative effects due to their location, scale, timing and/or characteristics:

• Land at Green Road; • Hotel and Conference Centre; • Life Sciences Building; • Proposed Enterprise Building; and • Business School/ICMA.

Land at Green Road 5.229 Proposals for residential accommodation and student accommodation block are located to the north of Green Road, adjacent to Wokingham Road. This development would affect what was formerly used as a campus for the Reading College and School of Art and Design (now Thames Valley University) that includes land used as play fields.

5.230 There are likely to be a number of notable landscape and visual effects as a result of this development, including those views from Green Road and Wokingham Road.

5.231 However, the Green Road site is physically separated from the campus by Whiteknights Road and the existing garden allotments. The proposal would not result in significant cumulative effects when considered in combination with the likely effects of this project (which are for the most part contained within the campus itself).

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-91 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects Internal Development Proposals 5.232 The project would result in similar townscape and visual effects to those associated with the proposed development. For some receptors within the campus, cumulative effects may be possible resulting from views of the Green Road development. However, the Whiteknights campus project is not considered to contribute significantly to any potential cumulative effect on external receptors.

5.233 For some receptors there would be additional cumulative effects as a result of the development plan in association with these other proposals, however, they are likely to affect internal campus views from open spaces or footpaths.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 5-92 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Townscape and Visual Effects 6 Ecology and Nature Conservation

Introduction and Methodology

6.1 This chapter assesses the potential for the project (as described in Chapter 2) to give rise to effects on ecology and nature conservation. The assessment provides a description of the habitat types at the site and in its vicinity and identifies the potential for any protected species or areas of particular nature conservation interest to be affected by the construction and/or operation of the project.

Assessment Methodology

6.2 In addition to the EIA methodology outlined in Chapter 4 of this ES, this assessment has taken into account the following relevant guidance:

• Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (2006) Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom;

• Institute of Environmental Assessment (1995) Guidelines for Baseline Ecological Assessment.

6.3 In accordance with this guidance, the assessment has been undertaken in four main stages:

• Baseline studies (review of existing conditions);

• Identification of Valued Ecological Receptors;

• Identification and characterisation of potential effects; and

• Assessment of significance of effects.

6.4 The approach taken to each of these stages is described within the following sections.

Baseline Studies 6.5 Baseline information about existing ecological features, including sites of importance for nature conservation, species populations, species assemblages and habitats has been obtained from a range of sources, including the following:

• Existing data and information relevant to the site from published sources, databases and local recorders;

• Consultation; and

• Site surveys.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-1 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.6 The methodologies used for these baseline studies are outlined below. The results of each baseline survey are outlined in the Baseline Conditions section of this chapter.

Desk Study and Consultation 6.7 A desk study has been undertaken to review existing information available for the Whiteknights campus site and the surrounding area. Records of protected species and sites of designated nature conservation interest were obtained within a 2km radius of the site. Information was requested from the following statutory and non-statutory consultees:

• Berkshire Amphibian and Reptile Group;

• Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire Butterfly Recorder;

• Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT);

• Berkshire and South Buckinghamshire Bat Group;

• Binfield Badger Group;

• Environment Agency;

• Natural England;

• Natural England web-site (www.naturalengland.org.uk);

• MAGIC web-site ( www.magic.gov.uk);

• Reading Ornithological Club; and

• Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre (TVERC).

6.8 In addition, reference was made to Berkshire County Biodiversity Action Plan, Reading and Wokingham’s Biodiversity Action Plans, relevant Unitary Development Plans and emerging Local Development Frameworks.

6.9 Further information in relation to the planning policy review can be found in Appendix 6.1.

Phase 1 Habitat Survey 6.10 A Phase 1 habitat survey of the campus was undertaken on 10th, 11th and12th October 2005 and updated in March 2007. The survey was undertaken in accordance with the standard methodology set out by the Joint Nature Conservancy Council Handbook for Phase 1 Habitat Survey (JNCC 1990).

6.11 Areas of suitable habitat were mapped and target notes provided for particular features of interest. In particular, any evidence for the presence of, or potential for, protected species was noted.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-2 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.12 The findings of the desk study and the Phase 1 habitat survey were used to assess the existing ecology and nature conservation interest of the site. Based on these findings, species surveys for bats, amphibians and reptiles were undertaken to further elucidate the potential for protected species on the site. The methodologies for these species surveys are outlined below.

6.13 Further information regarding the approach to the Phase 1 habitat survey can be found in Appendix 6.2.

Amphibian Survey 6.14 Amphibian surveys were undertaken for four ponds present on the campus were undertaken during May 2007. The survey aimed to establish whether amphibians were using the ponds for breeding purposes, and, in particular, to establish whether the European protected species great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) was present on the site.

6.15 The survey was undertaken following the methodology set out in the “Great Crested Newt Mitigation Guidelines” (English Nature 2001). These guidelines require four visits to be undertaken for a presence/absence survey, utilising three methods of survey on each visit. In the event that great crested newts are found, an additional two visits are required in order to provide a population size class assessment.

6.16 Surveys were undertaken on 8th/9th May, 14th/15th May, 22nd/23rd May and 30th/31st May 2007 by suitably experienced/licensed ecologists or their agents. Each field survey used three methods of detecting amphibians, including, bottle trapping, egg searching, netting and torching as appropriate.

6.17 Further information regarding the approach to the amphibian survey can be found in Appendix 6.3.

Reptile Survey Methodology 6.18 A presence/absence reptile survey was undertaken during July to September 2007 and May to July 2008. The survey was undertaken within the proposed development areas identified within the Phase 1 habitat survey as having potential to support reptiles.

6.19 The reptile survey was conducted using artificial refugia. The survey followed guidelines set out in JNCC Herpetofauna Workers’ Manual (JNCC 2003) and Froglife’s Advice Sheet 10 (1999). On 27th June 2007, 212 artificial refugia were placed in suitable areas of rough grassland and scrub. The felts were then left undisturbed for 14 days prior to the first survey visit being undertaken in order to allow them to ‘settle’ and flatten vegetation beneath.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-3 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.20 A total of 7 visits were made to inspect refugia for basking reptiles. Each refuge was lifted and the number and species of any reptile observed were recorded (if any). In addition, natural refugia present on the site such as the large piles of car tyres, large stones, pieces of wood, log piles and areas of debris were searched for reptiles and any casual observations were also noted. Searching for reptiles by direct observation between the refugia was also undertaken.

6.21 Further information regarding the approach to the reptile surveys can be found in Appendix 6.4.

Bat Activity Surveys 6.22 Bat activity and roost surveys were undertaken during 2007 within the proposed development areas. Bat activity surveys were carried out over three transects between 1km and 1.5km in length located around the Whiteknights campus. The transect locations included good, typical and poor bat habitats in the area.

6.23 Transects 1, 2 and 3 were visited twice between July and August (inclusive) 2007. Each visit involved a 2-3 hour bat activity survey, which began 30 minutes before dusk. A 5-minute stop was made in areas where particular redevelopment is proposed as part of the project.

6.24 During the survey, the transects were slowly walked by either one or two ecologists. The sky was scanned for bats by eye. This was supplemented by the use of bat detectors. Bat calls were recorded. For all bats encountered, notes were made of the location, species (where this could be determined from call sounds) and any behaviour that could be seen (e.g. direction and height of flight, circling, habitat in which they were observed etc.) or heard (e.g. feeding buzzes, social calls etc.).

6.25 After analysis, each transect was assigned to one of three bat interest categories: Low, Medium or High. This approach gives a useful indication of the relative levels of bat activity within the areas that were surveyed.

6.26 Further information regarding the approach to the bat surveys can be found in Appendix 6.5.

Bat Roost Surveys 6.27 A preliminary survey was carried out in 2007 to identify potential bat roost structures located within the development areas. A visual survey identified structures with features considered to influence use by bats. These include older buildings with hanging tiles and holes/cracks that would provide access points for bats into roof spaces and buildings close to good foraging habitat, in particular mature trees, parkland, woodland or wetland areas.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-4 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.28 Each potential roost was then assessed for its level of potential for roosting bats and placed into a low, medium or high category. Further surveys were carried out on those structures thought to have high potential to support roosting bats. These surveys comprised roost inspections, dusk emergence surveys and dawn swarm surveys and were carried out from August to September 2007.

6.29 During June 2008, daytime bat surveys were undertaken of the three halls of residence buildings proposed for demolition and the surrounding vegetation to assess their bat roost potential.

6.30 Further information regarding the approach to the bat surveys can be found in Appendix 6.5.

Other

6.31 Surveys for protected species such as badgers, water voles, dormice and stag beetles were not undertaken as no suitable habitat exists for these species or will be affected within the proposed development areas.

Identification of Valued Ecological Receptors 6.32 Having identified the sites of known importance for nature conservation, species populations, species assemblages and habitats present within the zone of influence of the proposed development, Valued Ecological Receptors (VERs) have been identified. VERs are habitats and species that are valued in some way and which could be affected by the project.

6.33 Identified sites, populations of species, species assemblages and habitats have been evaluated with reference to their importance in terms of ‘biodiversity conservation’ (which relates to the need to conserve representative areas of different habitats and the genetic diversity of species populations).

6.34 Where appropriate, reference is made to social benefits that species and habitats deliver (e.g. relating to enjoyment of flora and fauna by the public) and economic benefits that they provide, but only where these are significant considerations.

6.35 For the purposes of this assessment, sites, species populations, species assemblages and habitats have been valued using the following scale:

• International;

• UK;

• National (i.e. England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland);

• Regional;

• County;

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-5 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation • District;

• Parish;

• Neighbourhood. 6.36 The valuation of sites makes use of established value systems (e.g. SSSIs are all of national importance; County Wildlife Sites are of county importance). Judgement is required for the valuation of sites of less than county value.

6.37 The valuation of species populations, assemblages of species and habitats uses accepted criteria, examples include:

6.38 Species populations. The importance of populations is evaluated on the basis of their size, recognised status (e.g. published lists of species of conservation concern, BAP status) and legal protection status. For example, bird populations exceeding 1% of published biogeographic populations are considered to be of international importance, those exceeding 1% of published national populations are considered to be of national importance, etc.

6.39 Species assemblages. In some instances it is the species assemblage that is of importance. Criteria used to evaluate the importance of assemblages include SSSI selection criteria. Fuller (1980), for example, provides a dated but useful framework for evaluating the relative importance of bird assemblages.

6.40 Habitats. Criteria for the evaluation of habitats and plant communities include Annex III of the EC Habitats Directive, guidelines for the selection of biological SSSIs and, where available, Local Authority and Wildlife Trust criteria for the selection of Local Sites (e.g. County Wildlife Sites). Legal protection status is also a consideration for certain habitats.

6.41 In this assessment sites, species populations, species assemblages and habitats are considered to be VERs if they meet the district level of importance.

Identification and Characterisation of Potential Effects 6.42 The likely effects of the project during its construction and operation have been identified and characterised taking into consideration the following parameters:

• Positive or negative – whether the effect will result in net loss or degradation of a VER or whether it will enhance or improve it;

• Magnitude – the size or intensity of the effect measured in relevant terms e.g. number of individuals lost or gained, area of habitat lost of created, or the degree of change to existing conditions (e.g. noise or lighting levels);

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-6 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation • Extent – the spatial scope of the effect, for example the physical area affected or the geographical pattern of the effect;

• Duration – the length of time over which the effect occurs;

• Reversibility – the extent to which effects are reversible either spontaneously or through active mitigation; and

• Timing and frequency – consideration of the timing of events in relation to ecological change, some effects may be of greater significance if they take place at certain times of year (e.g. breeding season). The extent to which an effect is repeated may also be of importance.

6.43 The assessment of effects takes into account any measures to avoid or reduce the effect, which are integral to the design of the development and to which there is commitment. Any further mitigation or compensation recommended but not forming part of the design at this stage is identified by the author within the ‘Recommendations for Further Mitigation’ section of this chapter but is not taken into account in the assessment of significance of effects.

6.44 An indication of the confidence with which predictions of potential effects are made has been given.

6.45 The magnitude of the predicted effects on VERs has been assessed taking into account the criteria set out in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Criteria for Determining the Magnitude of Effects

Magnitude Criteria Major negative The proposal may adversely affect the conservation status of the site or feature. Intermediate negative The site or feature’s conservation status will not be adversely affected, but the effect is likely to be significant in terms of ecological objectives or

populations. If, in the light of full information, it cannot be clearly demonstrated that the proposal will not have an adverse effect on conservation objectives, then the impact should be assessed as major negative. Minor negative Neither of the above apply, but some minor negative impact is likely. Neutral No observable impact. Positive Impacts which provide a gain for biodiversity.

6.46 Conservation status is defined by the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (2006) as follows:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-7 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation • habitats – ‘conservation status is determined by the sum of the influences acting on the habitat and its typical species, that may affect its long-term distribution, structure and functions as well as the long-term survival of its typical species within a given geographical area’.

• species – ‘conservation status is determined by the sum of the influences acting on the species concerned that may affect the long-term distribution and abundance of its populations within a given geographical area’.

6.47 The decision as to whether the favourable conservation status of a VER is likely to be compromised has been made using professional judgement based on an analysis of the predicted effects of the project.

6.48 For designated sites that are affected by the project, the focus is on the effects on the integrity of each site, defined as ‘the coherence of ecological structure and function, across a site’s whole area, that enable it to sustain the habitat, complex of habitats and/or levels of populations of species for which it was classified.’ This assessment has been made with reference to the features for which a site has been classified/notified and involves combining assessments of the effects on the conservation status of each of these features.

6.49 For non-statutory sites, such features may not have been formally defined but the main interest features have been identified from the site description.

Positive effects 6.50 A positive effect is considered to be significant if project activities cause:

• A non-valued ecological receptor to become valued;

• Restoration of favourable conservation status for a habitat/species population; and/or

• Restoration of a site’s integrity (where this has been undermined). Assessment of Significance 6.51 Significance has been assessed taking into account the value of the features and the magnitude of effects and using the indicative criteria set out in Table 6.2.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-8 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Table 6.2: Estimating the Significance of Effects

Magnitude of Nature conservation value of features affected impact International UK/National Regional County District Major negative Substantial Substantial Major adverse Moderate Minor adverse adverse adverse adverse Intermediate Major Adverse Major adverse Moderate Moderate Minor adverse Negative adverse adverse Minor negative Minor adverse Minor adverse Minor adverse Minor adverse Minor adverse Neutral Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Positive Major Major Moderate Moderate Minor beneficial beneficial beneficial beneficial beneficial

6.52 An assessment has been made of potential nature conservation effects arising as a consequence of implementing the proposals as described in Chapters 2 both during construction and operation. The potential for positive and negative effects has been considered.

6.53 It is generally the case that no significant effect can occur to features of less than district importance, other than in exceptional circumstances such as where a feature has high social or economic value, or the magnitude of effect is particularly high.

6.54 The assessment also takes account of any likely changes including, for example, trends in the population size or distribution of species, likely changes to the extent of habitats and the effects of other proposed developments or land-use changes.

Measures Adopted as Part of the Project

6.55 The following measures are included within the design for the project.

• Areas of scrub and similar vegetation where birds may nest, and which would be directly affected by construction, would be cleared outside the bird-breeding season (mid-February-mid-September inclusive) wherever practicable. If clearance during the bird-breeding season cannot be avoided, an ecologist would resurvey the areas to be removed immediately prior to clearance and advise whether nesting birds are present. If active nests are recorded, no vegetation clearance would proceed until the young have left the nest.

• All construction works would be carried out taking full account of legislative requirements and Environment Agency guidance. Adequate measures would be in place with regard to handling and

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-9 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation storage of potentially hazardous liquids, responses to spillages, provisions for surface water drainage (including interception of oil and sediment) as explained in the CEMP (Appendix 2.1). The CEMP also explains the measures to be employed with respect to control of effects on ground and surface water during construction of the bridge crossing.

• The majority of the existing trees present on the Whiteknights campus would be retained as part of the project. The removal of mature trees and trees that may provide suitable habitats for bats has been avoided as part of the project design, where practicable.

• The project includes planting and habitat creation, as described in Chapter 5. Areas of tree planting, particularly near Whiteknights Lake, would be designed and managed so as to maintain habitat value for bats.

• Grassland areas would be managed to maintain their habitat value, particularly for the large population of toads found at the site. Landscape designs aim to retain important green corridors and wildlife links, particularly around the Whiteknights Lake.

• Due to the large and viable population of common toads (a UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species) recorded within the Wildlife Heritage Site (WHS), mitigation measures have been taken to reduce toad mortality during site clearances, new road movements and to maintain habitat quality for toads around the grassland lake habitat.

• Site management practices have been revised; part of the ongoing management of the WHS grassland has been adapted to take account of the large toad population on site. An Ecological Management Plan (EMP) will be produced for the development and will include enhancement and mitigation measures specific for the WHS.

Baseline Conditions

6.56 A summary of the results from the baseline studies is provided in this section. Further information is provided within the appendices to this chapter, including:

• Relevant Planning Policy and Legislation (Appendix 6.1);

• Desk Study and Phase 1 Habitat Survey (Appendix 6.2);

• Amphibian Survey (Appendix 6.3);

• Reptile Survey (Appendix 6.4);

• Bat Activity and Roost Surveys (Appendix 6.5);

• Wildlife Friendly Planting List (Appendix 6.6); and

• Bats and Lighting in the UK’ 2008 guidelines (Appendix 6.7).

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-10 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation

6.57 The findings of these studies have been used to describe the existing (baseline) ecological and nature conservation interest of the site.

Planning Context

6.58 A summary of the relevant planning policy and legislative context for the project is provided in Appendix 6.1. Relevant planning policy documents include:

• The UK Biodiversity Action Plan, which identifies habitats and species for which targets and objectives have been set for their protection and enhancement.

• Planning Policy Statement 9 (PPS9): Biodiversity and Geological Conservation: The Government’s national planning guidance on nature conservation as a material consideration in determining planning applications;

• Reading Borough and the Wokingham Borough Local Plans and emerging Local Development Frameworks (LDF): The Local Plans and emerging LDFs identify the nature conservation features of the Boroughs and include policies for their protection.

6.59 Key legislation relevant to the project includes:

• The Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994;

• Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981;

• Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000;

• Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006.

Desk Study

6.60 A number of organisations and individuals, both statutory and non-statutory, were asked to provide records of designated sites and protected or otherwise notable species within the study area. Copies of the replies received can be found in the Desk Study attached at Appendix 6.2. Responses are summarised in Table 6.3 below.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-11 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Table 6.3: Summary of Consultee Responses

Consultee Response Natural England Natural England suggested that TVERC were contacted for ecological information and to obtain information from the Magic website. Environment Agency Recommended contacting BBOWT as a number of their sites are within the 2km buffer of the proposed development. EA confirmed that white-clawed crayfish and stag beetles have been found within the 2km buffer zone. For further details of rare or protected species EA recommended contacting the Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre. Berkshire, Buckinghamshire Do not hold any ecological data and suggested contact the Thames and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust. Valley Environmental Records Centre. Thames Valley Environmental TVERC provided details of 7 Wildlife Heritage Sites (WHSs) within Records Centre (TVERC) the study area. TVERC also provided lists of protected and notable species within the 2km buffer zone. The Berkshire and South Provided bat records within the 2km buffer zone of the site. Berkshire Bat Group Binfield Badger Group Provided records for two badger setts within the 2km buffer zone of the site. Reading Ornithological Club Provided ornithological records within the 2km buffer zone of the site. Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Provided various butterfly records within the 2km buffer zone of the and Oxfordshire Butterfly site. Recorder Berkshire Amphibian and No response. Reptile Group Magic – www.magic.gov.uk Data indicated three local nature reserves within the 2km buffer zone of the site. Berkshire County Local Includes multiple habitat action plans. Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP).

6.61 There are seven locally designated sites of ecological interest. All designated sites of ecological interest are listed in Table 6.4 below and are shown in Appendix 6.2.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-12 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Table 6.4: Designated Sites (Statutory and Non-Statutory) within the Search Area

Site Name Designation Description Distance from site Whiteknights Park Wildlife Heritage Mixed woodland, meadow and On site Site (WHS) large shaded eutrophic lake.

Various red and amber listed bird species, mammals and insects recorded on site including tawny owls, kingfisher and stag beetles. Whitely Park Farm/ WHS Mixed broadleaved semi-natural 0.27Km St Patrick’s Hall woodland and mesotrophic standing waters.

Site is important for its bird fauna supporting various red and amber list species including spotted flycatcher and song thrush. Redhatch Copse WHS Varied ancient woodland with 0.38Km some wetland areas.

Reading Cemetery WHS Open grassland with a few mixed 0.66Km isolated trees and shrub.

The Cowsey WHS Broadleaved woodland and 0.77Km mature scrub alongside west

facing hillside. Natural springs feed wetlands and ponds. Site is important for its bird fauna supporting various red and amber list species. High Wood, WHS Semi-natural woodland with many 0.77Km Bulmershe non-native shrub species, area of acid grassland and heathland.

Old Pond Copse, WHS Eastern half of Maiden Erlegh 8.6Km Moor Copse Lakes and woods LNR. Includes ancient and semi-natural

woodland, with pockets of scrub along a stream and man made fishing lake.

6.62 A number of protected or otherwise notable species have been recorded within the study area including water voles, bats and badgers. These records are summarised in Table 6.5 and are shown graphically in Appendix 6.2 and, where relevant, are discussed further in the Valued Ecological Receptors section of this chapter.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-13 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Table 6.5: Protected Species within the Search Area

Species Source No. of Distance Legislation Records (post 1996) Bat: TVERC and 2 2km Appendix III of the Bern Convention, Daubenton’s Berkshire Annex IV of the EC Habitats Directive 2 and South and Appendix II of the Bonn Buckingham Convention (and is included under the hamshire Agreement on the Conservation of Bat Group Bats in Europe). Protected under Schedule 2 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats, etc.) Regulations, Bat: TVERC and 12 On site 1994 (Regulation 38) and Schedules 5 Pipistrelle Berkshire and 6 of the WCA 1981. 45kHz and South Buckingham shire Bat Group Bat: TVERC and 6 On site Pipistrelle Berkshire 55KHz and South Buckingham shire Bat Group Noctule TVERC and 5 On site Berkshire and South Buckingham shire Bat Group Water vole TVERC 1 0.5Km Schedule 5 of the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) Section 9 (4). Stag Beetle TVERC 30 + On site Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive White TVERC 2 0.70Km Habitats Directive, Wildlife and Clawed Countryside Act, 1981 Crayfish Numerous Ornithologic Numerous On site and Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 Species of al Club and throughout and UKBAP Birds Butterfly study area Recorder

6.63 The application area lies within the area covered by the Berkshire County, Wokingham and Reading Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP). All three plans aim to highlight species and habitats within Berkshire, Wokingham and Reading that require positive conservation action to maintain and enhance their ecological value and integrity. Habitats and species, or the potential for species identified as being present within the study area, that are contained within the Berkshire BAP are:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-14 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation • Bats;

• Common toad;

• Common frog;

• Smooth newts; and

• Standing open water and canal.

6.64 Habitats and species, or the potential for species identified as being present within the study area, that are contained within the Wokingham BAP are:

• Bats;

• Common frog;

• Common toad;

• Smooth newt;

• Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland;

• Built up areas and gardens;

• Standing open water and canals;

• Grassland; and

• Woodland.

6.65 Habitats and species, or the potential for species identified as being present within the study area, that are contained within the Reading BAP are:

• Urban I (Man Made Sites & Structures);

• Urban II (Gardens, Parks and Similar Sites);

• Semi-natural grassland;

• Parkland and veteran trees;

• Broadleaved woodland;

• Ponds (Standing open water) and reeds; and

• Bat species. 6.66 All three BAPs state that where effects on habitats cannot be avoided, mitigation through the provision of replacement habitat will be necessary and opportunities to improve the environment will be sought.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-15 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Phase 1 Habitat Survey

6.67 During the Phase 1 habitat survey the dominant plant species were recorded and habitats classified according to their vegetation types. These were presented in the standard Phase 1 habitat survey format with habitat descriptions and a habitat map (Appendix 6.2).

6.68 The Phase 1 survey was undertaken for the whole of the project site. The Phase 1 habitat descriptions below should be read in conjunction with Appendix 6.2.

General Site Description 6.69 The Whiteknights campus covers approximately 120 ha and consists of a complex mix of University buildings of various ages and styles, large areas of amenity grassland, scattered mature trees forming areas of parkland, a large lake, areas of broad-leaved woodland, horticultural gardens and an area of formal gardens with an arboretum. There are also two artificial ponds within the site. A network of footpaths and roads links the buildings and other areas of the campus.

Habitat Descriptions and Potential for Protected Species 6.70 Amenity grassland – much of the site consists of closely mown amenity grassland, which is intensively managed and regularly mown and of relatively low ecological value.

6.71 Broad-leaved woodland – There are large tracts of woodland on the site, in particular the area known as “the Wilderness” (Target Note 66). Other areas of woodland include those described in Target Notes 2, 9, 10, 20, 23, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40, 43, 48, 54, 61, 62 and 64. These contain a range of species including hazel, sycamore, horse-chestnut, oak, hornbeam, lime, ash, Turkey oak, rowan, hawthorn, beech, elm, wild privet etc. They also contain small mounds of yew, holly and rhododendron in places. Field layer vegetation is generally limited, in some areas consisting almost entirely of ivy, but other areas containing species such as herb-Robert, nettles, wood dock, Yorkshire fog, cock’s-foot and cleavers.

6.72 The areas of woodland recorded on the site provide large numbers of mature and semi-mature trees in which bats could roost, and would also provide good foraging habitat, particularly those close to the lake. The woodland may also provide habitat for nesting birds. .

6.73 Areas of unmanaged woodland may provide habitat for deadwood invertebrate species.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-16 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.74 Introduced shrubs – Within the more built-up areas of the campus there are numerous ornamental beds containing a mix of cultivated shrubs, including species such as cotoneaster and pyracanthus etc. Although these are non-native species and are therefore of little ecological interest per se, the denser and more mature stands may provide suitable nesting places for breeding birds (see below) and their berries will provide food for migratory and wintering birds.

6.75 Standing water – Whiteknights Lake (Target Note 49) extends from Whightknights Road on the northern boundary, through the centre of the site. Surrounded by woodland to the west and parkland to the east, there was little edge vegetation at the time of the survey, although the woodland does in places reach the edge of the lake where willow and alder are present. Bulrush, nettles, and sedges were also evident at the time of survey.

6.76 Two artificial ponds are located within the built-up area of the campus, both of which are surrounded in bricks and raised up above the level of the surrounding walkways. TN 88 and 92 describe these ponds, both of which contain goldfish and very little vegetation other than common duckweed. A further pond is present within the Harris Gardens (TN 82) with fool’s-water-cress and exotic herb species on the perimeter. The shallow sloping sides and location within potential foraging habitat make this pond potentially suitable for amphibians.

6.77 Parkland/scattered trees – A large number of young, semi-mature, mature and veteran trees are planted across the site, many of which are located within grassland forming extensive areas of parkland. Many of these trees are native species including ash and pedunculate oak, though there is also a large number of horse-chestnut and lime trees. Others are exotic and non-native species of good variety.

6.78 Birds may also nest in the canopies of some of the larger individual trees across the site. Mature and semi mature trees particularly those with cracks and crevasse could potentially provide habitat to roosting bats.

6.79 Buildings – The site contains a number of buildings of a range of styles and uses. Several Victorian buildings also have suitable roof spaces with potential access points for bats (Target Notes 1, 11, 22, 38, 46, 47, 59, 83, 84, 87 and 91). Other buildings have little potential for roosting bats as they have mainly flat roofs.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-17 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.80 Intact hedge, species poor – There are a number of stretches of hedge on the site, most of which are ornamental and mechanically clipped, consisting of either cherry laurel or beech, though some on the perimeter to the north west consist of a mix of species including sycamore, hawthorn, hazel, ash and elm. Associated ground flora is limited to common grasses such as cock’s-foot and Yorkshire fog, nettles, cleavers and creeping thistle. Brambles are also present in places. None of the hedges on the site are considered to be species-rich.

6.81 Other Habitat - There is some potential for common species of reptile within the rough grassland, lake and woodland edges and dense scrub recorded across the campus.

Species Surveys

6.82 As described above the Phase 1 habitat survey concluded that habitat suitable for reptiles, amphibians and bats is present on the Whiteknights campus. As these species are protected at varying levels, surveys were undertaken to establish their presence/absence at the site. The results are summarised below.

Amphibian Survey Results 6.83 There are six species of amphibians native to Britain, including common frog, common toad, natterjack toad, palmate newt, smooth newt and great crested newt. All species are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), Schedule 5, although some species are given greater levels of protection than others. The great crested newt and the natterjack toad are more fully protected under the European Habitats Directive 1992 (Annexes II and IV), which is transcribed into British law under the Habitats Regulations 1994 (Schedule 2). This legislation makes it an offence to deliberately to kill, capture, or disturb these species, or to damage or destroy the breeding site or resting place of such an animal.

6.84 No newts were observed in ponds 1 (adjacent to the Palmer Building) and 2 (adjacent to the Urban and Regional Studies (URS) Building). One male smooth newt and common frogs were identified in Pond 3 (Harris Gardens).

6.85 A maximum count of 4 smooth newts (three female and one male) was made at waterbody 4 (Whiteknights Lake). According to the population size class estimate of English Nature’s guidelines for newts, this equates to a ‘small population’. Common frogs and a large number of tadpoles were also found here. The presence of wildfowl, fish, and limited suitable aquatic vegetation may be responsible for the low amphibian numbers in waterbody 4.

6.86 Results of the amphibian survey are provided in Appendix 6.3.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-18 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.87 Although it is not possible to completely rule out the presence of great crested newts the results of the survey make it extremely unlikely that great crested newts are present. No evidence of great crested newts was found in any of the waterbodies.

Reptile Survey

6.88 The slow worm (Anguis fragilis), the viviparous lizard (Lacerta vivipara), the grass snake (Natrix natrix) and the adder (Vipera berus) are listed under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended). They are protected under sections 9.1 and 9.5 of that Act against intentional killing or injury, and against sale. The Act also states that reasonable efforts must be taken to avoid the unintentional killing of Schedule 5 animals, including slow worms, viviparous lizards, grass snakes and adders. All four species are also UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species. All four species are currently known to occur in Berkshire.

6.89 Results of the 2007 and 2008 reptile surveys are provided in Appendix 6.4.

6.90 Some refugia forming part of the 2007 survey were subject to significant disturbance during the survey. This included the removal of some refugia and mowing of the areas. No reptiles were found on site during the 2007 survey. However, it is noted that the results of the survey could have been affected by disturbance of the refugia and habitats. Common toads were identified within the survey areas. This is a UK BAP species. The presence of juveniles indicates that there is a viable breeding population of common toads in parts of the campus.

6.91 Due to the disturbance of the 2007 survey, a resurvey was undertaken in May, June and July 2008. The survey used artificial refuges constructed from sheets of roofing felt placed throughout the survey area in suitable reptile habitat. These refuges warm up in the sun and provide shelter and basking opportunities for reptiles, which can be recorded on or underneath the refuges in suitable weather conditions.

6.92 The 2008 survey was completed without significant disturbance. As in 2007, no reptiles were observed on site during the eight survey visits. This result does not rule out the presence of reptiles on site, however, it gives an indication of likely absence of reptiles on site. It is not recommended that any further survey or mitigation work for reptiles is carried out. Recommendations are given for the circumstance that reptiles are found on site during development works.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-19 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.93 Large numbers of adult, juvenile and metamorph common toads were observed underneath the artificial refuges throughout the survey area. Due to the apparently large and viable population of common toads (a UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species) on the University grounds, it was recommended that mitigation measures are taken to reduce toad mortality during site clearances and also to maintain habitat quality for toads.

Bat Activity Surveys 6.94 All bat species are protected in the UK through their inclusion on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as updated by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000) and on Schedule 2 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994. Section 9 of the former makes it an offence to intentionally kill, injure or take these species; to intentionally or recklessly damage, destroy, or obstruct access to their place of shelter; or to disturb them whilst they are occupying a place of shelter. Section 39 of the latter makes it an offence to deliberately capture, kill, disturb or take these species, and to destroy a breeding site or resting place.

6.95 The results of the bat activity surveys are provided in Appendix 6.5. Bats were detected at all three transects and all visits to those transects. The numbers of bats detected in a survey visit ranged from 68 (Transect 2) to 112 (Transect 1).

6.96 In total 5 species were identified including common pipistrelle, soprano pipistrelle, noctule and serotine bats. In addition Myotis sp. were detected. Myotis bats were not identified to species level as positive identification of these species is difficult without visual observation of behaviour as well as audio detection. Over the course of the survey, nine bats were not identified to species level. Feeding and social calls were also recorded.

6.97 The dominant species on almost all survey visits were the common pipistrelle and soprano pipistrelle bats. Noctule and Myotis sp. were also present in small numbers on all of the transects. Of all the species recorded using the transects, common and soprano pipistrelles are widespread and common throughout Britain. Noctule and serotine bats are thought to be widespread and fairly common while Myotis sp. bats vary from widespread and common (Daubenton’s), through widespread and fairly common (Natterer’s), widespread and rare (Whiskered and Brandts bat) and restricted and rare (Bechsteins).

6.98 The survey revealed that common and soprano pipistrelles and a number of other species are abundant throughout the University campus and especially in habitats adjacent to the Whiteknights Lake. Important areas of particular activity included the lake itself, with particular activity from the Myotis bats and around areas of woodland including the wilderness to the east and woodland to the south of the

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-20 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation site. In other areas bat activity was concentrated around hedgerows. Bats were observed utilising the campus site for feeding, commuting and socializing.

6.99 Transect 1 was considered to be of high bat interest as five species and high densities of bats were recorded. The other two transects carried out for this site were considered to be of medium bat interest.

Bat Roost Surveys 6.100 A preliminary daytime survey was carried out in June 2008 to identify any potential bat roost structures located within the existing Whiteknights, Bridges and Childs Halls and any trees in the surrounding area that are proposed for removal. A visual daytime survey was undertaken by two qualified ecologists to identify features that could offer opportunities for roosting bats.

6.101 The results of the bat roost surveys are provided in Appendix 6.5.

6.102 Whiteknights Hall is a modern, well intact bricked building, consisting of two to three storeys with areas of pitched roofs with interlocking terracotta tiles (to be retained) and areas of steel corrugated roofs in others (to be demolished). This Hall is of modern construction, fully intact with no loose brickwork or missing tiles and no soffit boarding. Due to the material makeup it offers no potential for roosting bats.

6.103 Bridges Hall is a modern four storey, flat topped, concrete block. Again, this Hall is of modern construction, fully intact with no roof space, loose brickwork or soffit boarding. Due to the material makeup it offers no potential for roosting bats.

6.104 Childs Hall is a modern, three to five storey, flat topped, well intact bricked building. This Hall is of modern construction, fully intact with no loose brickwork, no soffit boarding with a flat roof. Due to the material makeup it offers no potential for roosting bats.

6.105 The trees proposed to be removed similarly have no bat potential i.e. lack of splits, cracks, loose bark and woodpecker holes. However, it should be noted that breeding birds are utilising the trees and scrub vegetation surrounding the hall of residence and that evidence of active nests was recorded during the survey.

6.106 Due to the results of the daytime building and tree inspections, evening emergence and dawn swarming surveys on individual trees and the Hall were not deemed necessary.

6.107 Following consideration of the project, two buildings were highlighted for further surveys to determine their suitability for roosting bats and proximity to any proposed works. The buildings were the Accelerator building and Park House Lodge and are shown on Figure 1 of Appendix 6.5. Results of these further surveys are summarised below:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-21 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.108 The Accelerator building is located near to the existing boiler house at the south of the campus. This is proposed for demolition as part of the proposals for a central production unit and waste transfer station. Surveys indicated that the Accelerator building is unlikely to be used by bats as a roost. No bats were recorded emerging from this building during both evening surveys.

6.109 Park House Lodge is located within the central part of the campus. It would not be directly affected by the project but is close to proposed landscape works. The surveys indicated that the building is likely to be a roost for individual bats. A soprano pipistrelle and common pipistrelle bat were recorded returning and emerging respectively from the building during the surveys. Another unidentified bat was recorded possibly emerging from the area around the chimney of the building.

6.110 Nineteen trees were identified on the campus as having medium to high bat potential, the programme of works does not affect these trees and therefore it is considered that no further bat survey work is needed to establish bat activity in these trees.

Valued Ecological Receptors (VER)

6.111 The Valued Ecological Receptors (VER) comprising valued sites, habitats and species which could be affected by the project are identified in Table 6.6 below:

Table 6.6: Valued Ecological Receptors

Valued Ecological Receptor (VER) Status Designated Sites Whiteknights Park (VER1) Wildlife Heritage Site (WHS) Whitely Park Farm/ St Patrick’s Hall (VER2) WHS Redhatch Copse (VER3) WHS Habitats Ponds (standing open water) and reedbeds LBAP Habitat (VER4) Woodland (VER5) LBAP Habitat Grassland (VER6) LBAP Habitat Parkland and veteran trees (VER7) LBAP Habitat Urban I - Man-made sites and structures LBAP Habitat (VER8) Urban II - Gardens, parks and similar sites LBAP Habitat (VER9) Tree Preservation Orders (VER10) Part VIII of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 ('the Act') and in the Town and Country Planning (Trees) Regulations 1999

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-22 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation

Valued Ecological Receptor (VER) Status Species Bats (VER11) Habitat Regulations Schedule 2, UK BAP, Wildlife and Countryside Act Schedule 5, UKBAP, LBAP Species Action Plan Common toad (VER12) WCA5, LBAP Species Action Plan Common frog (VER13) WCA5, LBAP Species Action Plan

Smooth newt (VER14) WCA5, LBAP Species Action Plan

Breeding birds (VER15) WCA5

Key: European Protected: Annex 1 – Listed in Annex 1 of the EC Birds Directive Bonn – Listed in appendix of the Bonn Convention Bern – Listed in appendix of the Bern Convention UK Protected: WCA1 – Listed in Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) WCA2 – Listed in Schedule 2 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) WCA5 - Listed in Schedule 2 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) Other designations: UK BAP – Listed as a Priority Species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan LBAP – Listed in the Berkshire/Wokingham/Reading Biodiversity Action Plan BCC Amber – Listed as “amber” on the Birds of Conservation Concern list

6.112 These VERs are each described in more detail below.

Local Designated Sites 6.113 The locations of the all statutory and non statutory site within the 2km study area are shown in Appendix 6.2. Citations for these sites provided by the Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre (TVERC) are provided in Appendix 6.2. Only the three locally designated sites closest to the development site are discussed in more detail below.

6.114 VER1 – Whiteknights Park WHS is situated on the university campus. This site comprises three parts, all located within the Whiteknights Campus. The site comprises mixed woodland, meadow and a large shaded eutrophic lake. Various red and amber listed bird species, mammals and insects have been recorded on site including tawny owls, kingfisher and stag beetles.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-23 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.115 VER2 – Whitely Park Farm/ St Patrick’s Hall WHS located approximately 270m west of the campus. The site comprises mixed broadleaved semi-natural woodland and mesotrophic standing waters. The site is important for its bird fauna, supporting various red and amber list species including spotted flycatcher and song thrush.

6.116 VER3 – Redhatch Copse WHS is located approximately 380m south of the campus. The site comprises varied ancient woodland with some wetland areas.

Habitats

Ponds (standing open water) and reeds 6.117 VER4 – The local BAPs include Habitat Action Plans for ponds, standing open water, reedbeds and canals. Several waterbodies have been recorded within the development areas across the Whiteknights campus. The local BAPs aim to:

• Short term: Seek to protect and maintain existing principal ponds;

• Medium term: Encourage retention & replacement of wildlife ponds. Expand existing patches of reedbed; and

• Long term: Increase diversity and extent of habitats.

Woodland 6.118 VER5 – The local BAPs include Habitat Action Plans for broadleaved, mixed and yew woodlands. Mixed and broadleaved woodland do exist within the development boundary but will not be directly or indirectly affected by the proposals. The local BAPs aim to:

• Short term: Protect existing woodland areas;

• Medium term: Management plans for principal public woods. Conservation of existing genetic stock of trees; and

• Long term: Maintain range and diversity of species and tree age structure. Develop links and buffer zones to principal areas of woodland. Improve/restore species diversity in selected degraded woods.

Grassland 6.119 VER6 – The local BAPs include Habitat Action Plans for grassland. Two types of grassland exist across the Whiteknights Campus in the amenity and recreational areas, poor semi-improved grassland and amenity grassland. The local BAPs aim to:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-24 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation • Short term: Protect and manage existing provision; and

• Medium/Long term: Enhance existing and if possible create new species rich grassland areas.

Parkland and veterans trees 6.120 VER7 – The local BAPs include Habitat Action Plans for both parkland and veterans trees. Stand alone broadleaved and coniferous trees exist across the campus, these range from juvenile to mature in age. None of the trees to be affected by the project are suitable for bats i.e. splits, loose bark, woodpecker holes and deadwood, but the trees were being utilised by nesting birds. The local BAPs aim to:

• Short term: Protect existing veteran trees. Conservation of existing genetic stock of trees

• Medium term: Enhancement of habitat on remaining parkland sites; and

• Long term: Management plans in place, covering both trees and surrounding grassland.

Urban I (Man made sites and structures) 6.121 VER 8 – The local BAPs include Habitat Action Plans for man made sites and structures i.e. buildings of all types suitable for nesting of bats and certain birds. There are several service buildings, halls of residence and office blocks within the development boundary. A bat roost has been recorded within Park House Lodge which would not be affected by the development proposals. All other buildings proposed for demolition are unsuitable for bats and no nesting birds have been recorded to date utilising these buildings. The local BAPs aim to:

• Short term: Protect and/or replicate habitats found to be used by rarer species of plants and animals. Require nesting provision for birds and bats as part of development;

• Medium term: Manage selected sites for optimum wildlife habitat. Developments should contain materials and designs that provide opportunities for use by identified BAP species; and

• Long term: Maintain a mosaic of suitable sites, including ground, green and brown roof and wall sites.

Urban II (Gardens, parks and similar sites) 6.122 VER 9 – The local BAPs include Habitat Action Plans for established private gardens, amenity and recreational areas and landscaping around buildings and highway. There are areas such as this within the development boundary, including Whiteknights Park WHS and the large areas of landscaping around the Halls of Residence, office blocks and car parks. The local BAPs aim to:

• Short term: Increase habitat creation though community engagement.

• Medium term: Widespread monitoring of species by individuals

• Long term: Occurrence of notable populations of identified bird, amphibian and insect species across the borough.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-25 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Tree Preservation Orders 6.123 VER10 – Several mature trees are present on site that are protected under Tree Preservation Orders for their historical and landscape value. A significant number of mature trees are not formally protected by TPOs by agreement with the local planning authority. Those mature trees within areas proposed for development within the project have been assessed for their ecological value. No bat roosts were recorded within the trees but they do provide habitat for nesting birds.

Species Bats 6.124 VER11 – All three local Biodiversity Action Plans include a Species Action Plan for ‘Bats’. A bat roost has been confirmed within Park House Lodge. No roosting bats have been recorded on any part of the campus that would be directly or indirectly affected by the development proposals, but there are several habitats on site that are being utilised by foraging and commuting bats. The aims of the plans are to:

• Protect/re-provide roost sites;

• Increase foraging habitat; and

• Undertake surveys, especially of more specialist species.

Common toads, Common frogs and Smooth newt 6.125 VER12, VER13 and VER14 – The local BAPs include Habitat Action Plans for herpetofauna including common, toad, common frog and smooth newts. All three of these species have been recorded on the campus. A large number of adult, juvenile and metamorph common toads were identified on site during an ecological survey. The local BAPs aim to:

• Survey potential habitat in sites under threat of development and mitigate subsequent impact;

• Where herpetofauna are affected by development, ensure that appropriate mitigation measures are taken;

• Ascertain population presence; and

• Maintain population distribution.

Breeding Birds 6.126 VER15 – Common breeding birds were recorded on site during the Phase 1 habitat survey. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended) provides protection for all breeding birds in the UK. Under this legislation all wild birds and their nests are protected during the breeding season, which in general runs

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-26 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation from March to August. Schedule 1 Part 1 of the Act lists bird species, which are protected at all, times. Schedule 1 Part 2 lists birds, which are protected during the close season.

Construction Assessment

6.127 The following paragraphs describe the likely effects of the project on the identified VERs, including effects in relation to:

• contamination during construction (including dust); and

• disturbance of habitats and species (physical or related to increased human activity and/or noise).

Road Infrastructure

Local Designated Sites VER1: 6.128 Whiteknights Park WHS comprises three parts situated within the University campus. The majority of the proposed road infrastructure will keep to areas of existing hardstanding outside of the WHS boundary.

6.129 However, the roads proposals would involve the removal of some vegetation at the bridge crossing over the lake and associated new road alignment either side of the crossing point. This would be within the designated WHS boundary.

6.130 The magnitude of effect on Whiteknights Park WHS is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER 2 & 3: 6.131 There are two locally designated sites situated in relatively close proximity to the project site:

• Whitely Park Farm/ St Patrick’s Hall WHS, located approximately 270m west of the campus;

• Redhatch Copse WHS located approximately 380m south of the campus.

6.132 These sites are not likely to be affected by the construction of the project due to their distance from the site and the buffer zone provided by the surrounding road network and other land uses. The magnitude of effect on these district level sites is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-27 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Habitats and Species VER4, VER12, VER13 and VER14:

6.133 Ponds (standing open water) and reedbeds – no waterbodies will be lost to the development proposals. The road alignments will necessitate the removal of scrub vegetation and trees around Whiteknights Lake. Measures to protect the lake from potential pollution during both the bridge and road construction have been addressed within the Construction Environmental Management Plan. Taking into account these control measures, the magnitude of effect on the lake during construction is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

6.134 A large population of toads have been recorded within the vegetated banks; smooth newts have also been recorded within the lake itself. Smooth newts, common toads and common frogs are listed under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, Section 9 and are LBAP species, common toad is also a UKBAP species.

6.135 The following measures have been incorporated in order to safeguard amphibians present within the development boundary during site clearance and construction:

• Suitable habitat in areas due to be cleared should be rendered unsuitable for toads prior to construction in order to encourage toads to move to areas which will not be affected by clearance activities;

• A suitably qualified ecologist should undertake a destructive search of any terrestrial habitat scheduled for removal as part of the road and bridge works. Any toads, frogs and smooth newts found will be moved to suitable habitat around the lake which will not be affected by clearance activities;

• The provision of herpetofauna fencing along the proposed road alignment during the construction works to stop trenches etc. acting as pitfall traps. The fencing would allow the amphibians access to both the waterbodies and terrestrial habitats;

• Any of the wood from the trees that are to be felled as part of the project would be retained on site and hibernacula created in suitable locations to benefit herpetofauna i.e. along the lake edges and within the woodland to the east of Whiteknights lake; and

• Development on the site would create additional disturbance. Whilst this additional disturbance would only be of a temporary nature, the works would be undertaken following standard good practice guidelines to minimise disturbance. Appropriate mitigation measures would be incorporated such as siting construction compounds away from more sensitive areas such as the

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-28 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation waterbodies and wet woodland and by minimising direct impacts by restricting working areas, where possible.

6.136 The magnitude of effect on amphibians is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER5: 6.137 Both semi natural broadleaved woodland and mixed woodland are present across the campus. The new road infrastructure will not involve the removal of any significant areas of woodland, although it would pass close to the edge of wooded areas as it passes close to Bridges Hall. The magnitude of effect on these areas of woodland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER6 & VER9: 6.138 Amenity and poor semi-improved grassland exist along the corridors of the proposed road infrastructure. The proposed road alignments will predominantly keep to the existing hardstanding but will require some grassland removal. The areas of amenity grassland are of low ecological value but common toad have been recorded within the poor semi-improved grassland within the WHS and bordering onto woodland and areas of dense/scattered scrub.

6.139 The measures outlined above would control such effects. The magnitude of effect on amenity grassland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible. The magnitude of effect on poor semi-improved grassland due to the presence of common toad is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER7 & VER15: 6.140 Scattered parkland trees exist across the development boundary. Broadleaved and coniferous trees from juvenile to mature in age exist along the proposed road infrastructure. The majority of the existing vegetation will be retained but the project would necessitate the removal of some of these trees to the new road scheme. Although the trees scheduled for removal offer no bat potential i.e. splits, loose park, deadwood and woodpecker holes, nesting birds have been recorded during 2007 and 2008. The trees also provide foraging habitat and linear features for bats on site. New planting is proposed as part of the project and would be native in origin. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER8, VER9 & VER11: 6.141 A bat roost was confirmed at Park House Lodge. No buildings would be demolished as part of the roads proposals and no works are scheduled that would affect Park Lodge. The magnitude of effect on these buildings is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-29 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.142 The project would necessitate the removal of scattered broadleaved trees, hedge planting and dense scrub. None of the trees proposed for removal provided roosting opportunities for bats. However, five species of bats have been recorded foraging and commuting along the woodland edges, tree avenues, lake and WHS. These areas of woodland are to be retained as part of the development proposals but some individual parkland trees would be removed as part of the new road infrastructure with new lighting proposed.

6.143 A wildlife friendly planting list provided at Appendix 6.6 would be incorporated into the landscape scheme to maintain the connectivity around the campus for commuting and foraging bats.

6.144 The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER10: 6.145 Trees covered by Tree Preservation Orders exist within the development boundary but will not be affected by the proposals. The project would retain all the TPO trees. In addition, the majority of other mature trees on the site would be retained and incorporated into the masterplan. These trees add instant maturity to the planting scheme and would continue to provide shelter, food and linear green corridors for wildlife currently utilising the site. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER 8 & VER15: 6.146 Breeding birds - As for bats above, no buildings are proposed for removal as part of the roads infrastructure proposals. The magnitude of effect on these buildings is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

6.147 The trees and planting on site do support nesting birds and provide shelter and connectivity for small mammals. Removal of some of these features would reduce the amount of habitat suitable for nesting by breeding birds during the construction period. Much of the existing vegetation is to be retained on site. However vegetation removal will be required for both the bridge and new road alignments. Where practicable, vegetation clearance would take place outside of the bird nesting season which generally runs from mid February to mid September inclusive in order to avoid conflict with nesting birds. If this is not possible, an ecologist should resurvey the areas to be removed and advise whether nesting birds are present. If no bird nests are recorded the vegetation would be removed. In the event that active nests are recorded, no vegetation clearance would proceed until the young have left the nest. Wildlife friendly planting has been incorporated into the project landscaping (Appendix 6.6). These species would provide compensatory habitat for the loss of any clearance of scrub and tree habitats as part of the development proposals.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-30 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.148 The magnitude of effect on these features is considered to be minor negative thus the significance of effect is assessed as minor adverse.

6.149 The increase in people, traffic and noise within the vicinity of the site during the construction period could also result in increased disturbance of birds where they utilise nearby features. This is unlikely to be significant as the site is currently a University campus and subject to a high level of activity. The magnitude of effect on these species during the construction period is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

Halls of Residence: Whiteknights Hall

Local Designated Sites VER1: 6.150 Whiteknights Park WHS is situated to the east of Whiteknights Hall. A small section of the WHS is located adjacent to the proposed new hall but is buffered by an existing road and recreational grassland. However, the proposals will result in no loss of vegetation from the WHS. The magnitude of effect on Whiteknights Park WHS is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER 2 & 3: 6.151 These sites are not likely to be affected by the construction of the new hall of residence due to their distance from the site and the buffer zone provided by the surrounding road network and other land uses. The magnitude of effect on these district level sites is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

Habitats and Species VER4, VER12, VER13 and VER14: 6.152 Ponds (standing open water) and reedbeds – no waterbodies or associated terrestrial habitat exist within the Whiteknights Hall development boundary. No amphibians have been recorded within this part of the campus. The magnitude of effect on the lake, ponds and amphibians is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER5: 6.153 Semi natural broadleaved woodland exists along the front of the existing Whiteknights Hall. The construction of the new halls of residence will not involve the removal of any areas of woodland. The magnitude of effect on these areas of woodland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-31 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation VER6 & VER9: 6.154 Amenity grassland exists around the existing hall as landscaped gardens for students to utilise. The proposed new halls would require the removal of the amenity grassland. The proposed landscaping would incorporate new areas of grassland around the new halls and within the associated gardens. The areas of amenity grassland are of low ecological value. The magnitude of effect on amenity grassland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER7 & VER15: 6.155 Scattered parkland trees exist within the hall development boundary. Broadleaved trees from juvenile to mature in age exist around the existing halls for amenity purposes. The majority of the existing vegetation would be retained but the development proposals would necessitate the removal of some of these trees for the new halls layout. Although the trees scheduled for removal offered no bat potential i.e. splits, loose park, deadwood and woodpecker holes, nesting birds have been recorded during 2007 and 2008. The trees also provide foraging habitat and linear features for bats on site. New planting is proposed as part of the landscape proposals and would be native in origin. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER8, VER9 & VER11: 6.156 The existing Whiteknights Hall would be demolished. The building has no potential for roosting bats due to its modern material construction. The magnitude of effect on these buildings is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

6.157 The project would necessitate the removal of scattered broadleaved trees, hedge planting and dense scrub. None of the trees proposed for removal provided roosting opportunities for bats. However, five species of bats have been recorded foraging and commuting along the woodland edges and tree avenues within this area of the campus. These areas of woodland are to be retained as part of the development proposals but some individual parkland trees will be removed as part of the new halls layout. A wildlife friendly planting list provided at Appendix 6.6 would be incorporated into the halls landscape scheme to maintain the connectivity around the campus for commuting and foraging bats.

6.158 The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER10: 6.159 Trees covered by Tree Preservation Orders exist within the development boundary but the construction of the new hall would retain all the TPO trees. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-32 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation VER 8 & VER15: 6.160 The trees and planting on site do support nesting birds and provide shelter and connectivity for small mammals. Removal of some of these features would reduce the amount of habitat suitable for nesting by breeding birds during the construction period. Nesting birds have been recorded within the trees/scrub along the front of the existing halls. Much of the existing vegetation is to be retained on site. However vegetation removal would be required for the new halls layout and associated car parking. Where practicable, vegetation clearance would take place outside of the bird nesting season which generally runs from mid February to mid September inclusive in order to avoid conflict with nesting birds. If this is not possible, an ecologist would resurvey the areas to be removed and advise whether nesting birds are present. If no bird nests are recorded the vegetation would be removed, if active nests are recorded, no vegetation clearance would proceed until the young have left the nest.

6.161 Wildlife friendly planting has been incorporated into the halls landscape proposals (Appendix 6.6). These species would provide compensatory habitat for the loss of any clearance of scrub and tree habitats as part of the halls development proposals.

6.162 The magnitude of effect on these features is considered to be minor negative thus the significance of effect is assessed as minor adverse.

6.163 The increase in people, traffic and noise within the vicinity of the site during the construction period could also result in increased disturbance of birds where they utilise nearby features. This is unlikely to be significant as the site is currently a University campus and subject to a high level of activity. The magnitude of effect on these species during the construction period is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

Halls of Residence: Childs Hall

Local Designated Sites VER1: 6.164 Whiteknights Park WHS is situated to the east of Childs Hall. Although it is in relatively close proximity to the main part of the WHS, the site is buffered by footpaths and a large amenity grassland recreational area. Due to the halls proximity to the WHS appropriate measures would be incorporated into the project, such as siting construction compounds away from more sensitive areas such as the waterbodies and wet woodland and by minimising direct impacts by restricting working areas, where possible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-33 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.165 Taking into account the measures proposed, the magnitude of effect on Whiteknights Park WHS is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER 2 & 3: 6.166 These sites are not likely to be affected by the construction of the new hall of residence due to their distance from the site and the buffer zone provided by the surrounding road network and other land uses. The magnitude of effect on these district level sites is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

Habitats and Species VER4, VER12, VER13 and VER14:

6.167 Ponds (standing open water) and reedbeds – no waterbodies or associated terrestrial habitat exist within the Childs Hall development boundary. The magnitude of effect on the lake, ponds and amphibians is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER5: 6.168 A small area of semi natural broadleaved woodland exists along the front of the existing Childs Halls. The construction of the new halls of residence would not involve the removal of any areas of woodland. The magnitude of effect on these areas of woodland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER6 & VER9: 6.169 Amenity grassland exists around the existing halls as landscaped gardens for students to utilise. The proposed new halls would require the removal of some areas of the amenity grassland. The proposed landscaping would incorporate new areas of grassland around the new halls and within the associated gardens. The areas of amenity grassland are of low ecological value. The magnitude of effect on amenity grassland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER7 & VER15: 6.170 Scattered parkland trees exist within the halls development boundary. Broadleaved trees from juvenile to mature in age exist to the south of the existing halls and around the halls themselves for amenity purposes. The majority of the trees would be retained but the development proposals will necessitate the removal of some for the new halls layout. Although the trees scheduled for removal offered no bat potential i.e. splits, loose park, deadwood and woodpecker holes, nesting birds have been recorded during 2007 and 2008. The trees also provide foraging habitat and linear features for bats on site. It should be noted that this area of the campus is not as well lit as Whiteknights Hall.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-34 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.171 New planting is proposed as part of the landscape proposals and would be native in origin. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER8, VER9 & VER11: 6.172 The existing Childs Hall would be demolished. The building has no potential for roosting bats due to its modern material construction. The magnitude of effect on these buildings is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

6.173 The project would necessitate the removal of scattered broadleaved trees and dense scrub. None of the trees proposed for removal provided roosting opportunities for bats. However, five species of bats have been recorded foraging and commuting along the woodland edges and tree avenues within this area of the campus. These areas of woodland are to be retained as part of the development proposals but some individual parkland trees will be removed as part of the new halls layout. As with Whiteknights Halls, wildlife friendly planting list provided at Appendix 6.6 would be incorporated into the halls landscape scheme to maintain the connectivity around the campus for commuting and foraging bats.

6.174 The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER10: 6.175 Trees covered by Tree Preservation Orders exist within the development boundary but the construction of the new hall would retain all the TPO trees. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER 8 & VER15: 6.176 The trees and planting on site do support nesting birds and provide shelter and connectivity for small mammals. Removal of some of these features would reduce the amount of habitat suitable for nesting by breeding birds during the construction period. Nesting birds have been recorded within the trees/scrub along the front of the existing halls. Much of the existing vegetation is to be retained on site; however vegetation removal will be required for the new halls layout and associated car parking. Where practicable, vegetation clearance would take place outside of the bird nesting season which generally runs from mid February to mid September inclusive in order to avoid conflict with nesting birds. If this is not possible, an ecologist would resurvey the areas to be removed and advise whether nesting birds are present. If no bird nests are recorded the vegetation would be removed, if active nests are recorded, no vegetation clearance would proceed until the young have left the nest.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-35 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.177 Wildlife friendly planting has been incorporated into the halls landscape proposals (Appendix 6.6). These species would provide compensatory habitat for the loss of any clearance of scrub and tree habitats as part of the halls development proposals.

6.178 The magnitude of effect on these features is considered to be minor negative thus the significance of effect is assessed as minor adverse.

6.179 The increase in people, traffic and noise within the vicinity of the site during the construction period could also result in increased disturbance of birds where they utilise nearby features. This is unlikely to be significant as the site is currently a University campus and subject to a high level of activity. The magnitude of effect on these species during the construction period is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

Halls of Residence: Bridges Hall

Local Designated Sites VER1: 6.180 Whiteknights Park WHS is situated to the west of Bridges Halls of residence and buffered by Wessex Halls, car parks, an existing road and large recreational areas. The magnitude of effect on Whiteknights Park WHS is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER 2 & 3: 6.181 These sites are not likely to be affected by the construction of the new hall of residence due to their distance from the site and the buffer zone provided by the surrounding road network and other land uses. The magnitude of effect on these district level sites is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

Habitats and Species VER4, VER12, VER13 and VER14: 6.182 Ponds (standing open water) and reedbeds – no waterbodies or associated terrestrial habitat exist within the Bridges Hall development boundary; no amphibians have been recorded within the area of the campus. The magnitude of effect on the lake, ponds and amphibians is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-36 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation VER5: 6.183 Semi natural broadleaved woodland borders the existing Bridges Halls. The construction of the new halls of residence would not involve the removal of any areas of the woodland. The magnitude of effect on these areas of woodland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER6 & VER9: 6.184 Amenity grassland exists around the existing halls as landscaped gardens for students to utilise. The proposed new halls would require the removal of some areas of the amenity grassland. The proposed landscaping will incorporate new areas of grassland around the new halls and within the associated gardens. The areas of amenity grassland are of low ecological value. The magnitude of effect on amenity grassland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER7 & VER15: 6.185 Broadleaved trees from juvenile to mature in age exist to the south and south east of the existing halls of residence for amenity purposes. The majority of the trees will be retained but the development proposals will necessitate the removal of some for the new halls layout. Although the trees scheduled for removal offered no bat potential i.e. splits, loose park, deadwood and woodpecker holes, nesting birds have been recorded during 2007 and 2008. The trees also provide foraging habitat and linear features for bats on site. New planting is proposed as part of the landscape proposals and would be native in origin. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER8, VER9 & VER11: 6.186 The existing Bridges Halls would be demolished. The building has no potential for roosting bats due to its modern material construction. The magnitude of effect on these buildings is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

6.187 The project would necessitate the removal of scattered broadleaved trees and dense scrub. None of the trees proposed for removal provided roosting opportunities for bats. However, five species of bats have been recorded foraging and commuting along the woodland edges within this area of the campus. These areas of woodland are to be retained as part of the development proposals but some individual parkland trees will be removed as part of the new halls layout. As with Whiteknights and Childs Halls, wildlife friendly planting list provided at Appendix 6.6 would be incorporated into the halls landscape scheme to maintain the connectivity around the campus for commuting and foraging bats.

6.188 The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-37 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation VER10: 6.189 Trees covered by Tree Preservation Orders exist within the development boundary but the construction of the new hall would retain all the TPO trees. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER8 & VER15: 6.190 The trees and planting on site do support nesting birds and provide shelter and connectivity for small mammals. Removal of some of these features would reduce the amount of habitat suitable for nesting by breeding birds during the construction period. Nesting birds have been recorded within the trees/scrub along the front of the existing halls. Much of the existing vegetation is to be retained on site; however vegetation removal would be required for the new halls layout and associated car parking. Where practicable, vegetation clearance would take place outside of the bird nesting season which generally runs from mid February to mid September inclusive in order to avoid conflict with nesting birds. If this is not possible, an ecologist would resurvey the areas to be removed and advise if nesting birds are present. If no bird nests are recorded the vegetation would be removed, if active nests are recorded, no vegetation clearance would proceed until the young have left the nest.

6.191 Wildlife friendly planting has been incorporated into the halls landscape proposals (Appendix 6.6). These species would provide compensatory habitat for the loss of any clearance of scrub and tree habitats as part of the halls development proposals.

6.192 The magnitude of effect on these features is considered to be minor negative thus the significance of effect is assessed as minor adverse.

6.193 The increase in people, traffic and noise within the vicinity of the site during the construction period could also result in increased disturbance of birds where they utilise nearby features. This is unlikely to be significant as the site is currently a University campus and subject to a high level of activity. The magnitude of effect on these species during the construction period is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

Remaining Proposals

6.194 The remaining proposals are outlined within Chapter 2 ‘Description of the Project’ including new academic facilities, support buildings and an extension to the existing sports halls facilities. The envisaged effects from the proposals are discussed below.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-38 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Local Designated Sites VER1: 6.195 Whiteknights Park WHS is situated within the campus. The remaining proposals which include the proposed Central Production Unit and Waste Transfer Station are all buffered from the WHS but as a precaution appropriate mitigation measures would be incorporated such as siting construction compounds away from more sensitive areas such as the waterbodies and wet woodland and by minimising direct impacts by restricting working areas, where possible. The magnitude of effect on the WHS is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

6.196 The majority of the of the remaining proposals would keep to the existing hardstanding outside of the WHS but the proposed Lakeside Amenity Area would involve the removal of some vegetation within the WHS, by the lake. The magnitude of effect on Whiteknights Park WHS is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER 2 & 3: 6.197 These sites are not likely to be affected by the construction of the remaining developments due to their distance from the site and the buffer zone provided by the surrounding road network and other land uses. The magnitude of effect on these district level sites is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

Habitats and Species VER4, VER12, VER13 and VER14:

6.198 Ponds (standing open water) and reedbeds – no waterbodies or associated terrestrial habitat exist within the majority of the remaining development proposals; but the proposed lakeside amenity area would involve removal of habitats which are currently used by a large population of toads, frogs and smooth newts.

6.199 The measures that were outlined in paragraph 6.134 would safeguard amphibians present within the development boundary during site clearance and construction. The magnitude of effect on amphibians is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER5: 6.200 Areas of semi natural broadleaved woodland and scattered parkland trees exist around these areas of the campus. The construction of the remaining proposals would not involve the removal of any areas of the woodland but may involve the removal of some scattered tree planting. The two large mature cedar trees present within the proposed campus green and park square will be retained within this

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-39 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation development area. The magnitude of effect on these areas of woodland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible. The magnitude of effect on scattered trees is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER6 & VER9: 6.201 Amenity grassland exists around the remainder of the developments proposals in the form of landscaped gardens and recreational areas. The remainder of the proposals would require the removal of some areas of the amenity grassland. The proposed landscaping will incorporate new areas of grassland around the new halls and within the associated gardens. The areas of amenity grassland are of low ecological value. The magnitude of effect on amenity grassland is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

6.202 Poor semi-improved grassland exists within the WHS and bordering onto woodland and areas of dense/scattered scrub. The lakeside amenity area will involve the removal of areas of this semi improved grassland which is currently utilised by amphibians. The same measures as outlined in 6.134 are also applicable here. The magnitude of effect on poor semi-improved grassland due to the presence of common toad is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER7 & VER15: 6.203 Broadleaved trees from juvenile to mature in age exist within the areas of the remaining development proposals. The majority of the trees will be retained but the development proposals would necessitate the removal of some. Although the trees scheduled for removal offered no bat potential i.e. splits, loose park, deadwood and woodpecker holes, nesting birds have been recorded during 2007 and 2008. The trees also provide foraging habitat and linear features for bats on site. New planting is proposed as part of the landscape proposals and would be native in origin. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER8, VER9 & VER11: 6.204 The Accelerator building and Park House Lodge are located within the remaining development areas. The Accelerator building is located at the [proposed site of the Central Production Unit and Waste Transfer Station but offers no potential for roosting bats due to its material makeup. A bat roost was recorded within Park House Lodge Hotel in 2007. This would will not be directly or indirectly affected by the development proposals.

6.205 The magnitude of effect on these buildings is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-40 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.206 The project would necessitate the removal of scattered broadleaved trees and dense scrub, primarily for car parking. None of the trees proposed for removal provided roosting opportunities for bats. However, five species of bats have been recorded foraging and commuting along the woodland edges within this area of the campus. These areas of woodland are to be retained as part of the development proposals but some individual parkland trees would be removed as part of the new facilities layout.

6.207 Wildlife friendly planting (see list provided at Appendix 6.6) would be incorporated into the remainder of the campus landscape proposals to maintain the connectivity around the campus for commuting and foraging bats. There are proposals within the project to provide additional planting and grassland in areas of hardstanding within the central parts of the campus.

6.208 The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as minor negative. Thus the significance of effect is minor adverse.

VER10: 6.209 Trees covered by Tree Preservation Orders exist within the development boundary but the construction of the remaining proposals will retain all the TPO trees. The magnitude of effect on these features is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER 8 & VER15: 6.210 The trees and planting on site do support nesting birds and provide shelter and connectivity for small mammals. Removal of some of these features would reduce the amount of habitat suitable for nesting by breeding birds during the construction period. Nesting birds have been recorded within the trees/scrub along the front of the existing halls. Much of the existing vegetation is to be retained on site; however vegetation removal would be required for the new halls layout and associated car parking. Where practicable, vegetation clearance would take place outside of the bird nesting season which generally runs from mid February to mid September inclusive in order to avoid conflict with nesting birds. If this is not possible, an ecologist would resurvey the areas to be removed and advise if nesting birds are present. If no bird nests are recorded the vegetation would be removed, if active nests are recorded, no vegetation clearance would proceed until the young have left the nest.

6.211 Wildlife friendly planting has been incorporated into the remainder of the landscape proposals (Appendix 6.6). These species would provide compensatory habitat for the loss of any clearance of scrub and tree habitats as part of the remaining development proposals.

6.212 The magnitude of effect on these features is considered to be minor negative thus the significance of effect is assessed as minor adverse.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-41 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation 6.213 The increase in people, traffic and noise within the vicinity of the site during the construction period could also result in increased disturbance of birds where they utilise nearby features. This is unlikely to be significant as the site is currently a University campus and subject to a high level of activity. The magnitude of effect on these species during the construction period is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

Operational Assessment

Road Infrastructure

VER1: 6.214 At the current time, pedestrian bridge crossings and a network of footpaths exist within the designated Whiteknights Park WHS. The new road alignment and bridge crossing would be located across this designated site. These would be restricted to use by certain vehicles, such as public transport, catering and waste vehicles. The design of the bridge would minimise the risk of spillage or drainage to the lake or surrounding grassland. The effect on this site therefore is considered to be neutral. The significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

VER 2 & 3: 6.215 These sites are not likely to be affected by the project once operational as there will be no significant increase in traffic on external roads (refer to Chapter 9).

6.216 The magnitude of effect on these district level sites is assessed as neutral. Thus the significance of effect is negligible.

VER4, VER12, VER13 and VER14: 6.217 A large population of toads have been recorded within the vegetated banks; smooth newts have also been recorded within the lake itself. Provisions for amphibian crossings and tunnels would be incorporated into the road design to allow safe crossing to habitats through the active season and reduce risk of predation crossing over areas of hardstanding. The crossings and tunnels would be used to maintain connectivity of habitats (especially between breeding and terrestrial habitats) and to reduce toad mortality due to traffic, especially during the migration from hibernation sites to breeding sites in the late winter/early spring. The magnitude of effect is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

6.218 Site management practices (including sensitive mowing regimes of the WHS) would take into account the presence of large numbers of adult, juvenile and metamorph toads in grassland and woodland areas, particularly in late spring to summer when adult toads leave the breeding ponds. These

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-42 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation management practices would be addressed in detail within a future Ecological Management Plan. The magnitude of effect is considered to be positive, thus the significance of effect is assessed as minor beneficial.

VER11 & VER15: 6.219 As part of the project construction, new planting would be provided to include native trees, shrubs and grasses. This would be of relatively high quality and, in the longer term, would offset the temporary loss of the existing tree and scrub habitat that would arise as a result of the project’s construction. The new road infrastructure planting would also create green corridors penetrating through the development and linking into retained vegetation, which would provide not only linear foraging and commuting features but also shelter for birds, bats and small mammals. Replacement planting would also be provided along the known important areas on site utilised by bats, including the new bridge crossing. The effect on these features and, therefore, on nesting and foraging opportunities for birds and commuting and foraging opportunities for bats, is considered to neutral. Thus the significance of the effect of assessed as negligible.

6.220 The site currently experiences a moderately high level of background lighting at night due to the surrounding residential halls, existing footpaths and the main road network. The species most likely to be affected by any changes in lighting include birds, bats, moths and insects i.e. species that are nocturnal. The new road alignment and bridge crossing would be lit in areas to adhere to Highways Agency standards. However, the lighting would be designed to the specifications set out in the Bat Conservation Trust ‘Bats and Lighting in the UK’ 2008 guidelines (Appendix 6.7). Thus the bats that are currently foraging and commuting in these parts of the campus would not be impacted upon by the development proposals.

6.221 As the lighting levels would not significantly alter due to the project within areas currently used by wildlife, in particular foraging bats, the magnitude of effect is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

Whiteknights Hall, Bridges Hall and Remaining Proposals

VER1: 6.222 The designated Whiteknights Park WHS is utilised by nearby residents and students for recreational uses such as walking, cycling, jogging and dog walking. The halls and remaining redevelopment proposals are not deemed to have an adverse effect on this designated site because the likely uplift in population numbers resulting from the new halls and office implementation is not considered significant.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-43 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation The effect on this site therefore is considered to be neutral. Thus the significance of the effect of assessed as negligible.

VER11 & VER15: 6.223 As part of the project construction, new planting would be provided to include native trees, shrubs and grasses. This would be of relatively high quality and, in the longer term, would offset the temporary loss of the existing tree and scrub habitat that would arise as a result of the project’s construction. The new planting would also create green corridors penetrating through the development and linking into retained vegetation, which would provide not only linear foraging and commuting features but also shelter for birds, bats and small mammals. Replacement planting will also be provided along the known important areas on site utilised by bats. The effect on these features and, therefore, on nesting and foraging opportunities for birds and commuting and foraging opportunities for bats, is considered to neutral. Thus the significance of the effect of assessed as negligible.

6.224 The site currently experiences a moderately high level of background lighting at night due to the surrounding residential halls, existing footpaths and the main road network. The species most likely to be affected by any changes in lighting include birds, bats, moths and insects i.e. species that are nocturnal. The new halls lighting would be designed to the specifications set out in the Bat Conservation Trust ‘Bats and Lighting in the UK’ 2008 guidelines (Appendix 6.7). Thus the bats that are currently foraging and commuting in these parts of the campus would not be impacted upon by the project.

6.225 As the lighting levels would not significantly alter due to the project within areas currently used by wildlife, in particular foraging bats, the magnitude of effect is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

Childs Hall

VER1: 6.226 The designated Whiteknights Park WHS is utilised by nearby residents and students for recreational uses such as walking, cycling, jogging and dog walking. The halls redevelopment proposals are not considered likely to have an adverse effect on this designated site because the uplift in population numbers resulting from the new halls and office implementation is not considered significant. The effect on this site therefore is considered to be neutral. Thus the significance of the effect of assessed as negligible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-44 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation VER4, VER12, VER13 and VER14: 6.227 Site management practices (including sensitive mowing regimes of the WHS) would take into account the presence of large numbers of adult, juvenile and metamorph toads in grassland and woodland areas, particularly in late spring to summer when adult toads leave the breeding ponds. These management practices would be addressed in detail within an Ecological Management Plan. The magnitude of effect is considered to be positive, thus the significance of effect is assessed as slight beneficial.

VER11 & VER15: 6.228 As part of the project construction, new planting would be provided to include native trees, shrubs and grasses. This would be of relatively high quality and, in the longer term, would offset the temporary loss of the existing tree and scrub habitat that would arise as a result of the project’s construction. The new planting would also create green corridors penetrating through the development and linking into retained vegetation, which would provide not only linear foraging and commuting features but also shelter for birds, bats and small mammals. Replacement planting will also be provided along the known important areas on site utilised by bats. The effect on these features and, therefore, on nesting and foraging opportunities for birds and commuting and foraging opportunities for bats, is considered to neutral. Thus the significance of the effect of assessed as neutral.

6.229 The site currently experiences a moderately high level of background lighting at night due to the surrounding residential halls, existing footpaths and the main road network. The species most likely to be affected by any changes in lighting include birds, bats, moths and insects i.e. species that are nocturnal. The new halls lighting would be designed to the specifications set out in the Bat Conservation Trust ‘Bats and Lighting in the UK’ 2008 guidelines (Appendix 6.7). Thus the bats that are currently foraging and commuting in these parts of the campus would not be impacted upon by the development proposals.

6.230 As the lighting levels will not significantly alter due to the project within areas currently used by wildlife, in particular foraging bats, the magnitude of effect is considered to be neutral, thus the significance of effect is assessed as negligible.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-45 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation Overall Project Assessment

Component Significance of Effects

Construction Operation

Roads Infrastructure Minor adverse Negligible

Whiteknights Hall Negligible Negligible

Childs Hall Negligible Negligible

Bridges Hall Negligible Negligible

Remaining Proposals Minor adverse Negligible

Overall Project Effect Negligible Negligible

Cumulative Effects

6.231 A number of other developments are planned both on and off the Whightknights campus (refer to Appendix 4.1). However, the effects of the project on ecology are not considered likely to significantly add to those of other developments. In particular, effects arising from severance or fragmentation are unlikely given that the area surrounding the Whiteknights Campus project off site is already highly urbanised and no areas of significant habitat loss are anticipated as part of the other campus developments.

6.232 Subject to the adoption of the measures set out in this chapter for this project, no significant cumulative effects have been identified on the sites ecology.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 6-46 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Ecology and Nature Conservation

7 Cultural Heritage

Introduction and Methodology

7.1 The purpose of this chapter is to determine the likely visual and physical effects of the proposed project at Reading University’s Whiteknights Campus on the historic environment. This chapter covers matters of archaeology, historic landscape and built heritage and includes suggested measures to ensure the appropriate recording, preservation and management of significant historic environment features or their settings.

7.2 Full details of the development proposal are presented in Chapter 2 which sets the basis against which this assessment has been conducted.

7.3 As a matter of best practice, this assessment has been undertaken based on the relevant guidance on archaeology and cultural heritage assessment.

Guidance Documents

7.4 As is normal best practice the baseline for the EIA chapter includes an archaeology, historic built environment and historic landscape Desk Based Assessment. The recognised guidance for such studies is the 'Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessments’, published by the Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA, 2001). This states that:

“The purpose of the desk-based assessment is to gain information about the known or potential archaeological resource within a given area or site (including presence or absence, character and extent, integrity, state of preservation and relative quality of the potential archaeological resource), in order to make an assessment of its merit in context…”

7.5 The specific objective of the Desk–Based Assessment has been to establish the baseline position for the EIA in order to subsequently determine the likely effects of the project on the historic environment resource, taking into account committed measures to ensure the appropriate recording, preservation and management of any significant historic environment features.

7.6 There are a number of different guidance documents for the preparation of cultural heritage EIA chapters (e.g. ‘WebTAG Unit 3.3.9 The Heritage or Historic Resources Sub-Objective’ http://www.webtag.org.uk). The guidance that has long been recognised as being one of the most rigorous is that provided in the ‘Design Manual for Roads and Bridges’ (DRMB) (Volume 11, Section 3, Part 2) (DoT, June 1993).

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-1 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

7.7 The ‘Design Manual for Roads and Bridges’ was updated in August 2007 with a new cultural heritage chapter, referred to as ‘Advice Note 208/07’ (Highways Agency, August 2007), making it the most up-to- date guidance in its field.

Consultations

7.8 As detailed in Chapter 4, a scoping exercise has been undertaken to inform the scope of the EIA. An informal response has been provided by Reading Borough Council which states that a chapter detailing the Cultural Heritage of the site is recommended. This response has been taken into account in the preparation of this chapter.

Desk Study

7.9 A stand-alone desk based assessment (included here as Appendix 7.1) was undertaken to review recorded historic environment information, documentary sources and historic maps held within readily accessible public archives. This information allowed the compilation of a catalogue of known archaeological sites and find-spots lying within the site itself, and within a 1km radius assessment area around it, and the reconstruction of the recent history of land use in the area. The public archives and key documents that were consulted include:

• Berkshire Sites and Monuments Record;

• Records of Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings held by English Heritage;

• Local Plans and details of conservation areas;

• Topographic and geological data for the area

• Material held by Reading Local Studies Library and Reading Record Office, including deeds, documents and historic mapping. 7.10 Because of the built-up nature of the surroundings to the campus, for the purposes of this study, the search area for listed buildings and conservation areas has been limited to a zone extending to the site itself and a 250-metre buffer around it. The search area for World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Registered Battlefields and Registered Parks and Gardens was extended to the Site itself and a 1km radius assessment area around it.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-2 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

Fieldwork

7.11 A walkover survey was conducted as part of the desk based assessment process in order to assess the significance and condition of historic environment features and also to check for the presence of any other previously unrecorded historic environment features or remains.

7.12 Key sites identified during the preparation of this chapter have been visited to assess potential visual intrusion by the proposed scheme.

Assessment of Effects

7.13 The methodology adopted for assessing the potential effects of the proposals on cultural heritage resources (collectively archaeological remains, historic buildings and the historic landscape) is that set out in DMRB (Vol.11, Parts 2 and 3) and more recently in DMRB Advice Note 208/07. Although primarily developed for the assessment of road schemes, this principles of the approach set out within these documents can be adapted to other project types in order to provide an up-to-date and robust approach to the assessment of effects.

7.14 The basis of the methodology is to collate all available information from within defined study areas in order to identify known and potential resources. The importance or value of each resource is assessed and the likely magnitude of impact upon them is considered using recognised methodologies (where such exist).

7.15 Using a matrix that measures both resource value and impact magnitude produces an assessment of the significance of the effect of the project on each resource, taking into account measures adopted as part of the project to reduce impact magnitude.

Assessment of Resource Importance (Value) Archaeological Remains 7.16 There are no national government guidelines for evaluating the importance or significance (and hence the 'value') of cultural heritage resources. For archaeological remains, English Heritage has proposed a series of recommended (i.e. non-statutory) criteria for use in the determination of national importance when scheduling ancient monuments, and these are expressed in Annex 4 of Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16). The criteria include period, rarity, documentation, group value, survival/condition, fragility/vulnerability, diversity and potential, and can be used as a basis for the assessment of the importance of historic remains and archaeological sites. However the annex also states that 'these criteria should not be regarded as definitive …… rather they are indicators which contribute to a wider judgement based on the individual circumstances of a case'.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-3 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

7.17 With respect to the assessment of the importance of archaeological remains of less than national significance, the categories of regional and district/local importance are less clearly established than that of national, and implicitly relate to local, district and regional priorities which themselves will be varied within and between regions. Local, district and regional research agenda, where available, and local or structure plans have been taken into account in this regard. Professional judgement, guided by acknowledged standards, designations and priorities has been used to consider the value of such features. It is important to recognise that buried archaeological remains may not be well-understood at the time of assessment, and can therefore be of uncertain value.

7.18 DMRB Advice Note 208/07 provides the following table as a guide for assessing the value of archaeological resources, which has been taken into account within the assessment of this project:

Table 7.1: Factors for Assessing the Value of Archaeological Assets

Value Examples

Very High • World Heritage Sites

• Assets of acknowledged international importance

• Assets that can contribute significantly to acknowledged international research objectives

High • Scheduled Monuments

• Undesignated assets of schedulable quality and importance

• Assets that can contribute significantly to acknowledged national research objectives

Medium • Designated or undesignated assets that contribute to regional research objectives

Low • Undesignated assets of local importance

• Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations

• Assets of limited value, but with potential to contribute to local research objectives

Negligible • Assets with very little or no surviving archaeological interest

Unknown • The importance of the resource cannot be ascertained

Historic Buildings 7.19 For historic buildings, assessment of importance is usually based on the designations used in the listed building process. However where historic buildings are not listed, or where the listing grade may be in need of updating, professional judgement will be required.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-4 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

7.20 The criteria used in establishing the value of historic buildings within the listing procedure include architectural interest, historic interest, close historic association (with nationally important people or events), and group value. Age and rarity are also taken into account; in general (where surviving in original or near-original condition) all buildings of pre-1700 date are listed, most of 1700-1840 date are listed, those of 1840-1914 date are more selectively listed, and thereafter even more selectively. Specific criteria have been developed for buildings of 20th century date.

7.21 At a local level, buildings may be valued for their association with local events and people or for their role in the community.

7.22 DMRB Advice Note 208/07 provides the following table as a guide for evaluating the value of historic buildings, which has been taken into account within this assessment:

Table 7.2: Guide for Establishing the Value of Historic Buildings

Value Examples

Very High • Standing buildings inscribed as of universal importance as World Heritage Sites

• Other buildings of recognised international importance

High • Scheduled Monuments with standing remains

• Grade I and II* Listed buildings

• Other listed buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical association not adequately reflected in the listing grade

• Conservation Areas containing very important buildings

• Undesignated structures of clear national importance

Medium • Grade II Listed Buildings

• Historic (unlisted) buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical association

• Conservation Areas containing important buildings

• Historic Townscape or built-up areas with historic integrity in their buildings, or built settings (e.g. including street furniture and other structures)

Low • 'Locally listed' buildings

• Historic (unlisted) buildings of modest quality in their fabric or historical association

• Historic Townscape or built-up areas of limited historic integrity in their buildings, or built settings (e.g. including street furniture and other structures)

Negligible • Buildings of no architectural or historic note; buildings of an intrusive character

Unknown • Buildings with some hidden (i.e. inaccessible) potential for historic significance

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-5 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

Historic Landscape 7.23 In DMRB Advice Note 208/07 the cultural heritage sub-topic of historic landscape is recognised as having significant overlaps with other topics such as landscape and townscape, and proposes a multi- disciplinary approach to assessment. This is partially to avoid double-counting, and also to avoid duplication of effort. The identification of historic landscape as a separate sub-topic, and the methodologies used to assess the effects of proposals on this resource, are explained in greater detail in the document ‘Assessing the Effect of Road Schemes on Historic Landscape Character’ (Highways Agency 1996).

7.24 The Note also identifies significant overlaps with the other cultural heritage sub-topics; archaeological remains and historic buildings. The elements that are considered within those two sub-topics can make significant contributions to the historic landscape, and this latter subtopic therefore concentrates on the overall historic landscape character and its value rather than the individual elements within it.

7.25 All landscapes have some level of historic significance, as all of the present appearance of the urban and rural parts of England is the result of human or human-influenced activities overlain on the physical parameters of climate, geography and geology.

7.26 There are number of designations that can apply to historic landscapes, including World Heritage Sites (inscribed for their historic landscape value), Registered Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest, Registered Historic Battlefields and Conservation Areas. Some local plans include locally designated Historic Landscape Areas and Historic Parks and Gardens (or similar).

7.27 DMRB Advice Note 208/07 provides guidance on data collection and assessment of the historic landscape, and provides reference to a model produced by the Council for British Archaeology whereby the historic landscape can be divided up into units that are scaled, from smallest to largest, as follows:

• Elements - individual features such as earthworks, structures, hedges, woods etc

• Parcels - elements combined to produce, for example farmsteads or fields

• Components - larger agglomerations of parcels, such as dispersed settlements or straight-sided field systems

• Types - distinctive and repeated combinations of components defining generic historic landscapes such as ancient woodlands or parliamentary enclosure

• Zones - characteristic combinations of types, such as Anciently Enclosed Land or Moorland and Rough Grazing

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-6 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

• Sub-regions - distinguished on the basis of their unique combination of interrelated components, types and zones

• Regions - areas sharing an overall consistency over large geographical tracts 7.28 The model described above can be used as the principal part of the overall appraisal usually known as Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC). However, although HLC has been undertaken for much of England, there is no significant guidance or advice regarding the attribution of significance or value to identified historic landscape units.

7.29 DMRB Advice Note 208/07 provides the following table as a guide for evaluating the value of historic landscape units and has been taken into account within this assessment:

Table 7.3: Guide for Evaluating Historic Landscape Character Units

Value Examples

Very High • World Heritage Sites inscribed for their historic landscape qualities

• Historic landscape of international sensitivity, whether designated or not

• Extremely well-preserved historic landscapes with exceptional coherence, time-depth, or other critical factor(s)

High • Designated historic landscapes of outstanding interest

• Undesignated landscapes of outstanding interest

• Undesignated landscapes of high quality and importance, and of demonstrable national sensitivity

• Well-preserved historic landscapes exhibiting exceptional coherence, time- depth, or other critical factor(s)

Medium • Designated special historic landscapes

• Undesignated historic landscapes that would justify special historic landscape designation, landscapes of regional sensitivity

• Averagely well-preserved historic landscapes with reasonable coherence, time-depth, or other critical factor(s)

Low • Robust undesignated historic landscapes

• Historic landscapes with specific and substantial importance to local interest groups, but with limited sensitivity

• Historic landscapes whose sensitivity is limited by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations

• Robust historic landscapes

Negligible • Landscapes with little or no significant historical interest

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-7 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

Assessment of Impact Magnitude Archaeological Remains 7.30 In line with DMRB Advice Note 208/07, the magnitude of impact has been assessed without regard to the value of the resource. In terms of the judgement of the magnitude of impact, this is based on the principle (established in PPG16) that preservation of the resource is preferred, and that total physical loss of the resource is the least preferred option.

7.31 It is not always possible to assess the physical impact in terms of percentage loss, and therefore the capacity of the resource to retain its character following any impact has been considered. Similarly, impacts on the setting of archaeological remains may also be more difficult to assess as they do not involve physical loss of the resource and may actually be reversible.

7.32 Impact scales are defined thus:

Major Change to most or all key archaeological elements, such that the resource is totally altered. Comprehensive changes to setting Moderate Changes to many key archaeological elements, such that the resource is clearly modified. Considerable changes to setting Minor Changes to key archaeological elements, such that the asset is slightly altered. Slight changes to setting Negligible Very minor changes to elements or setting No change No change

Historic Buildings 7.33 In line with DMRB Advice Note 208/07, the magnitude of impact has been assessed without regard to the value of the resource, so the total destruction of an insignificant building has the same degree of impact as the total loss of a high value building. In terms of the judgement of the magnitude of impact, this has been based on the principle that preservation of the resource and its setting is preferred, and that total physical loss of the resource is the least preferred option.

7.34 Impacts on the setting of historic buildings may include vibration, noise and lighting as well as visual impacts, and may be reversible.

7.35 Impact scales are defined thus:

Major Change to key historic building elements, such that the resource is totally altered. Total change to the setting Moderate Change to many key historic building elements, such that the resource is significantly modified. Changes to the setting of an historic building, such that it is significantly modified

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-8 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

Minor Changes to key historic building elements, such that the asset is slightly different. Change to setting of an historic building, such that it is noticeably changed Negligible Slight changes to historic buildings elements or setting that hardly affect it No change No change to fabric or setting

Historic Landscape 7.36 As described in DMRB Advice Note 208/07, historic landscapes cannot be destroyed or damaged but impacts on them can change their character. Impacts have been assessed using evaluated historic landscape character units. There may be impacts on the setting of identified units, especially with regard to designated historic landscapes.

7.37 Impact scales are defined thus:

Major Change to most or all key historic landscape elements, parcels or components; extreme visual effects; gross change of noise or change to sound quality; fundamental changes to use or access; resulting in total change to historic landscape character unit Moderate Changes to many key historic landscape elements, parcels or components; visual change to many key aspects of the historic landscape; noticeable differences in noise or sound quality; considerable changes to use or access; resulting in moderate changes to historic landscape character Minor Changes to few key historic landscape elements, parcels or components; slight visual changes to few key aspects of historic landscape; limited changes to noise levels or sound quality; slight changes to use or access; resulting in limited changes to historic landscape character Negligible Very minor changes to key historic landscape elements, parcels or components; virtually unchanged visual effects; very slight changes in noise levels or sound quality; very slight changes to use or access; resulting in a very small change to historic landscape character No change No change to elements, parcels or components; no visual or audible changes; no changes arising from amenity or community factors

Assessment of Significance of Effects 7.38 The significance of effects is a combination of the value of the resource or asset and the magnitude of impact on that resource or asset. Effects can be adverse or beneficial. Beneficial effects are those that mitigate existing impacts and help to restore or enhance heritage assets, therefore allowing for greater understanding and appreciation. In line with Advice Note 208/07 the following matrix has formed the basis for assessment for all three sub-topics:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-9 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

Table 7.4: Cultural Heritage: Significance of Effects Matrix

VALUE/ MAGNITUDE OF IMPACT SENSITIVITY No Change Negligible Minor Moderate Major Very High Negligible Minor Moderate/ Major or Substantial Major Substantial High Negligible Minor Moderate/ Moderate/ Major/ Minor Major Substantial Medium Negligible Negligible / Minor Moderate Moderate/ Minor Major Low Negligible Negligible / Negligible / Minor Minor/ Minor Minor Moderate Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible / Negligible / Minor Minor Minor

7.39 The interpretation of these measures of significance of effects is as follows:

• Negligible: No effect

• Minor: Not noteworthy or material

• Moderate: Noteworthy or material

• Major: Very noteworthy or material

• Substantial: Extremely noteworthy or material

Baseline Conditions

World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Registered Battlefields and Registered Parks and Gardens

7.40 There are no records of World Heritage Sites, Registered Battlefields or Registered Parks/Gardens within the Whiteknights Campus. The closest Scheduled Monuments are Reading Abbey (situated approximately 1400 metres to the northwest of the site) and High Bridge, an old bridge situated in close proximity to Reading Abbey, approximately 1500 metres to the northwest. The closest Registered Parks and Gardens are Reading Cemetery, located some 650 metres north of the campus, and Forbury Garden, which lies approximately 1600 metres north west of the campus.

On-Site Listed Buildings

7.41 The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 provides protection for nationally designated listed buildings and locally designated Conservation Areas. The following buildings within the University’s Whiteknights campus enjoy statutory protection through inclusion on the national list:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-10 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

1) Foxhill House (formerly Foxhill). Grade II*. 1868 by Alfred Waterhouse and attics with dormers. High Victorian Gothic style. Foxhill House is the only grade II* building identified within the University’s Whiteknights campus. It currently houses the University’s law school.

2) Foxhill House stables and coach house. Grade II. 1868 by Alfred Waterhouse for his own use. Extended circa 1900. Restored 2007. Courtyard stables and coach house of Foxhill, in High Victorian Gothic style. Currently student accommodation.

3) Foxhill Lodge (Listed as ‘The Lodge’). Grade II. Circa.1868. Probably by Waterhouse, in a High Victorian Gothic style. One and a half storey former lodge to Foxhill.

4) Old Whiteknights House (formerly Whiteknights) (Listed as ‘Whiteknights House Annexe’). Grade II. Late 19th century, in neo-Jacobean-gothic style. Possibly by Waterhouse, lived in by his father. Low 2-storey service wing and kitchen extension (possibly by Joseph Morris 1890s) and hipped extension with gable for bell.

5) Lodge to Whiteknights Park House. Grade II. Late 19th century. Possibly by Waterhouse. Single storey asymmetrical lodge in High Victorian gothic style. Said to be the former lodge to Whiteknights Park. Includes brick gate pier and quadrant dwarf wall with railings.

6) and 7) North Lodge and South Lodge. Grade II. Early C19. Pair of Georgian stuccoed brick single-storey lodges, built as part of the Marquis of Blandford’s Whiteknights estate.

8) Landscape garden feature. Grade II. Early 19th century. Outcrop of large rocks at the head of Whiteknights Lake, probably built as part of the Marquis of Blandford’s Whiteknights estate.

9) Blandford Lodge. Grade II. Circa. 1870s. Substantial grey brick house, built as part of 1870s Whiteknights development.

10) Elmhurst Road. Grade II. Circa 1890s probably by Joseph Morris. Former cottage, stable and dairy, probably of former Park House, Upper Redlands Road. Neo Gothic cottage-orne, octagonal dairy and stables.

Other On-Site Historic Buildings

7.42 The campus retains a number of historic buildings that are neither listed buildings, nor within Conservation Areas. Predominantly these are lodges or gate lodges located around the exterior of the campus (11 to 15), three of which belonged to the now-demolished major houses of the 1870s, The Wilderness (13 and 14) and Erlegh Whiteknights (15). Two further historic buildings lie at the centre of the campus. These are Park House (formerly Whiteknight’s Park) (16) and its nearby former lodge (17).

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-11 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

Off-Site Listed Buildings

7.43 A number of Listed Buildings have been identified within 250 metres of the campus boundary. These are:

18) 278 and 280 Wokingham Road, Reading. Delisted (formerly Grade II). Early 19th Century. 2- storey semi-detached villas. 150 metres from campus boundary. Not visible.

19) 25 Church Road, Earley. Grade II. 1820s. 2-storey red and grey brick cottage. The closest of 16 listed buildings on Church Road in the former village of Earley. 250 metres from campus boundary. Not visible.

20) School House and attached Laboratories, Leighton Park School, Shinfield Road, Reading. Grade II. 1830. Formerly Pepper House, extended 1891 by Waterhouse for school. The only listed building on the Leighton Park school campus. Less than 50 metres from campus boundary. Visible.

21) 85-89 Christchurch Road, Reading. Grade II. Circa 1800. Formerly two pairs of cottages. Less than 100 metres from campus boundary. Obliquely visible.

22,23) 59 The Mount and wall between nos. 57 and 59, The Mount, Reading. Grade II. Circa 1876. Arguably the closest of 7 listed buildings (21 houses) built as a model estate for clerks and managers at the Huntley Palmer biscuit factory, all now within The Mount Conservation Area. 250 metres from campus boundary. Not visible.

24) Wantage Hall, Upper Redlands Road, Reading. Grade II. 1908 and 1970. The oldest hall of residence of Reading University, built in Oxford college style with clocktower and lawned quadrangle. Apart from 10) (above), the only listed building within the Redlands Conservation Area. 250 metres from campus boundary. Not visible.

25) Broad Oak, Upper Redlands Road, Reading. Grade II. 1870-1890. 2½-storey red- brick house, now part of modern convent development. Less than 50 metres from campus boundary. Visible.

Other Designations

Conservation Areas 7.44 Four conservation areas have been identified within the campus or within 250 metres of its boundary. These are:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 7-12 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Cultural Heritage

26) Redlands Conservation Area. The campus itself contains the extreme south-eastern corner of the Redlands Conservation Area, a residential area of later Victorian and Edwardian suburban detached, semi-detached and terraced residential properties. Institutional uses have taken over some of the properties in Upper Redlands Road in the form of places of learning or halls of residence, due to the location of the area close to the University itself. Apart from three properties on Christchurch Road, which date from about 1800, the only listed building in the area is the University’s Wantage Hall (24) above). The Conservation Area’s southern boundary is defined by Elmhurst Road, which forms the north-western boundary of the Whiteknights campus. The boundary includes the extreme north-western corner of the campus, including a small un-listed lodge on the corner of Elmhurst Road and Shinfield Road (11)).

27) Alexandra Road Conservation Area. The southern end of the Alexandra Road Conservation area lies some 125 metres north of the northern boundary of the Whiteknights campus, with the campus’ northern boundary closing views southwards. The conservation area is notable for its cohesive late 19th century suburban architectural character. It contains only two listed buildings, St. Luke’s Church and St. Luke’s Church Hall, both listed Grade II. The campus is visible from neither. There are 10 instances of 20th century development within the proposed conservation area.

28) South Park Conservation Area. The southern extremity of the South Park Conservation Area lies within 50 metres of the campus’s northern boundary. The conservation area lies parallel with the Alexandra Road Conservation Area and comprises another varied mid to late Victorian and Edwardian suburban development. It is generally well screened from the Whiteknights campus, although there are distant oblique views of the campus’ northern boundary along Eastern Avenue and Hamilton Road. Apart from two pairs of properties in Eastern Avenue, the area contains no listed buildings. The area is interspersed with a number of more modern flat developments which tend to offer less to the character of the conservation area than the older buildings.

29) The Mount Conservation Area. The Mount Conservation Area lies roughly 200 metres north west of the campus’ north-western corner. It comprises a model estate built in a consistent Gothic vernacular circa 1876 for clerks and managers at the Huntley Palmer biscuit factory. It contains 7 listed buildings (21 houses), including (22) and (23) (see above). The conservation area is generally well screened from the campus, but the part fronting onto Christchurch Road have distant oblique views down Christchurch road to the campus’ north-western corner.

7.45 All of the conservation areas in Wokingham District lie more than 1km from the Whiteknights campus.

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Locally Listed Buildings 7.46 Neither Reading nor Wokingham Borough Councils maintain a ‘local list’. Wokingham Borough Council nevertheless had a planning policy (Policy WHE 9) which protects ‘Buildings of Traditional Local Character’.

Areas of Special Character 7.47 The Wokingham District Local Plan (2004) contains a policy (Policy WHE 3) protecting locally- designated ‘Areas of Special Character’ (ASCs). There are none of these within 1km of the Whiteknights campus.

Locally Designated Parks and Gardens 7.48 Apart from parks and gardens listed on the Berkshire Sites & Monuments Record, neither Council maintains a specific list historic parks and gardens of local interest. Reading Borough Council’s current local plan nevertheless identifies that there are ‘other gardens in the Borough not on the (statutory) list which are worthy of protection e.g. the historic gardens at Whiteknights Park and St. Mary's and St. Laurence's churchyards’. The local plan states that ‘these should also be protected as far as it is possible to do so within current legislation and with a view to proposing them for addition to any subsequent updated lists’. The 1997 Deposit Draft of the Wokingham District Local Plan 1996-2006 identified Whiteknights Park as a Historic Park or Garden, which would have gained protection under Policy WHE 9. Neither the designation nor the policy were incorporated in the Wokingham District Local Plan 2004. The replacement 2004 Policy (WHE 4) affords protection to ‘Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest’. Whiteknights Park is not identified as one of these on the Proposals Map.

Historic Landscape

7.49 As identified in Appendix 7.1, the Whiteknights campus contains elements from four overlapping historic landscapes. These are:

The Englefield landscape: The earliest landscape with visible surviving features is the early 18th- century designed landscape, laid out and developed by/for the Englefield family, probably in the early/mid 18th Century (Figure 7.2). The park was much smaller than today, with the central core surrounded by closes and fields. Apart from elements of The Wilderness (40) at the south of the campus, a precursor to the present serpentine lakes and the course of the east-west road (32) between the Chancellor’s Way campus entrance (5) and Earley Gate (6/7), next to nothing of this landscape survives.

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The Marquis of Blandford landscape: This was a larger designed parkland landscape, established between 1798 and 1819 by George Spencer, the Marquis of Blandford (later the 5th Duke of Marlborough) (Figure 7.3). Under Spencer, the park was enlarged to its present size, the lake was enlarged by raising the main dam, new paths were laid out, tree-belts planted and Pepper Lane laid out and hedges removed. The planting and landscaped parkland was reportedly praised by Kew Gardens. Following Spencer’s bankruptcy in 1819, many of the estate’s landscape features were sold off and the former manor house was demolished in 1840 - 41. Surviving features include the current areas of open parkland, the remodelled Wilderness (40), most of the campus’ surviving tree-belts and areas of woodland, a solitary listed garden feature (8) and the listed Georgian North and South Lodges at what is now Earley Gate (6 and 7). Apart from the sold-off garden features, losses have included the former manor house (rebuilt by Spencer), the rusticated 3-arch bridge over the lake (31) (replaced by the Childs Bridge) and a rusticated stone archway at what is now the Chancellor’s Way campus entrance (5).

The Goldsmid landscape: In the middle of the 19th century the Whiteknights estate was purchased by the Goldsmid family, who subdivided it for development. The present campus site was defined by new public peripheral roads. Outside of this ring of roads the outlying parts of the estate were sold off for suburban development, whilst inside the spacious parkland setting six large houses were built (Erlegh Whiteknights (latterly Erlegh Park), Foxhill (today’s Foxhill House), Whiteknights (now Old Whiteknights House), Blandford Lodge, Whiteknights Park (today’s Park House) and The Wilderness). Despite the internal subdivision and construction of the large new houses, the Spencer landscape remained largely intact, although the networks of paths and estate fences were radically altered (See the 1899 OS map (Figure 7.5). Whilst Erlegh Whiteknights (Erlegh Park) and The Wildeness were demolished in the 1950s/60s, the other four principal houses remain, together with various stables, dairies and some dozen lodges.

The wartime landscape: 'Temporary' government offices were erected in the part of the park closest to the Earley Gate entrance during the Second World War. After the war, this area became home to the Region 6 War Room responsible for civil defence in south-central England and a nuclear bunker was constructed in the 1950s. Several ranges of the single-storey, brick built, wartime corridor and spur buildings still stand near Early Gate, as does the nuclear bunker.

The University landscape has developed since the estate was acquired from 1947 onwards. Whilst clearly the most complete of the historical landscapes, the campus has developed over many years, with development incorporating parts of the former parkland of the Spencer landscape and the gardens and sites of many of the estate’s former Victorian mansions. Due to the process of new construction and the multi-layering of earlier landscapes over time, the landscaping and architecture of the Whiteknights

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campus lacks some of the sense of coherence of more formally planned contemporary university campuses.

Locally Designated Archaeological Sites

7.50 Neither Reading nor Wokingham Boroughs have any locally designated archaeological areas (Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs) or Areas of High Archaeological Potential (AHAPs).

Known and Potential Archaeology

7.51 The Whiteknights campus lies on a spur of higher ground running south-west to north-east between three main river valleys. To the north/north-west the ground drops down into the Thames Valley. To the west the ground similarly slopes into the Kennet river valley, with a more gentle slope into a third valley to the east/south-east. The site itself sits on a gentle slope from c.60m in the north up to c.70m A.O.D. in the south-west, with a minor valley running northwards across its centre. Within this lies the Whiteknights Lake, fed by a spring towards the south of the site. The spur extends north-eastwards at around the same height, while to the south it rises to 80-85m.

7.52 In terms of geology, the southern half of the Whiteknights campus sits on London Clays, while the northern part lies on sand and gravel river terrace deposits, associated with the Thames Valley. This is discussed further in Chapter 8.

7.53 Figure 7.6 shows the distribution of archaeological material identified by the desk-based assessment within the 1km study area – some 96 separate records.

7.54 Within the campus itself, the Berkshire Sites and Monuments Record identifies ten archaeological sites or features. These include five records of previous archaeological investigation on the campus and a series of five cropmarks, in the area now occupied by the Geography, Physics and Chemistry department buildings.

7.55 The five previous investigations are identified as Foxhill House (50); the ICMA building extension and New Business School car park (51); an area between the Student’s Union building and Palmer building (52); Old Whiteknights House (53) and the proposed new Archaeology Building (54). Of these, only the watching brief at Foxhill House appears to have identified anything of note, recording an original Victorian floor associated with the house.

7.56 Three of the cropmarks identified (149 to 151) are thought to follow the line of the Parish boundary, which runs through the campus, as may a fourth (153). The fifth (153) is considered dubious, but could

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relate to landscaping/garden features associated with the park. None of these features have been dated, though the likelihood is they were medieval or post-medieval.

7.57 Aside from the recorded cropmarks, there are no known significant archaeological remains within the University campus.

7.58 In the wider 1km study area, the desk-based assessment identified a broad distribution of finds and features from most archaeological periods. This data has been further refined to identify key features and trends in order to determine the potential for archaeological remains within the site itself.

Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Material 7.59 The Thames river gravels are known for their Palaeolithic and prehistoric potential. A large number of Palaeolithic axes have been recovered from this area, mainly during gravel extraction, though a few have also been found further south on the London Clay. In total there are 15 separate sites identified by the SMR in the 1km study area, with most occurring in the northern half. The site at Christchurch Gardens (63) is notable in that some 13 hand axes were found here. Redlands gravel pit (67) is also significant for the discovery of faunal remains (such as mammoth teeth) and a well-defined stratigraphic sequence. It is perhaps of note that in spite of the extensive landscaping and reworking of the Whiteknights site, no flint tools of any kind have been reported. This is not to say that there is no potential for such material, as isolated finds cannot be ruled out.

7.60 Of the Mesolithic and Neolithic material, all the records are limited to single, isolated artefacts – there are no significant assemblages and only a single post-hole to be found within the study area. This would suggest that the focus of activity during these periods was in the river valleys rather than higher ground.

7.61 Overall, there appears to be a small chance of encountering isolated finds of Palaeolithic, Mesolithic or Neolithic material.

Bronze Age 7.62 Although Bronze Age material is sparse, there is a clear pattern of activity along the tops of the valley slopes in the area. In addition to evidence of funerary monuments (89 to 92), there are a couple of spot finds and isolated features.

7.63 The pattern of distribution and type of material seen here is fairly typical of the period and while springs and water bodies often have ritual connections at this time, the campus site seems an unlikely location for Bronze Age activity. The spring area (within The Wilderness (40)) will in any case be unaffected by the project.

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Iron Age and Roman 7.64 Iron Age activity in the area is similarly sparse, the main features being a couple of cropmarks indicating possible enclosures in the far south of the study area (96-97) and a hoard of currency bars just to the north-west of the site (95). It appears that the main focus of activity was again centred in the river valleys, rather than the higher ground.

7.65 Romano-British activity is a little more extensive though. As with earlier periods, the majority of settlement and activity would almost certainly have been located nearer the rivers. A Roman cemetery (106 and 113) suggests nearby settlement, presumably to the north, near the river. Much of the surrounding land would have been farmed. The features and quernstone found at Northcourt Avenue (101 and 105) and a nearby cremation (112) may suggest a small farmholding or villa to the west of the campus and certainly supports the idea of a working, agricultural landscape.

7.66 There is always some potential for encountering Iron Age and Roman material, though significant or extensive remains are unlikely.

Post-Roman Activity 7.67 The Roman cemetery (113) remained in use in Saxon times, presumably associated with the main area of settlement at the confluence of the Thames and Kennet rivers. A couple of lone finds (116 and 118) indicate at least some Saxon activity across the study area.

7.68 The cemetery continued in use in medieval times, and a number of archaeological features have been associated with a nearby leper hospital (122).

7.69 (124) and (125) indicate later medieval/post-medieval activity, possibly agricultural, in the areas surrounding the site.

7.70 From early medieval times onwards, the campus site was part of the Whiteknights estate and remained so until the 1830’s, when the estate was broken up. It is not unsurprising therefore, to see very little medieval and later material recorded on the SMR. Most of the settlement and other activity was located to the north and the estate itself would have been relatively undeveloped parkland or deer park.

7.71 The recorded cropmarks on the campus suggest the existence of a ditch or earthwork features delineating the Parish Boundary, traces of which may remain. In addition, there may be traces of garden features from the landscaping carried out by the Marquis of Blandford. Such features may be encountered during groundworks.

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Overall Potential 7.72 While there are a large number of recorded archaeological finds and features in the vicinity of the Whiteknights campus, the majority are isolated spot finds. The location of the site and its history as a landscape park limit the likelihood of encountering any significant archaeological remains. Further, the previous, extensive landscaping of the site and its subsequent development as a University campus are likely to further limit the survival of archaeological remains.

7.73 Previous intrusive archaeological work on the campus appears to have been fairly limited, but has tended to demonstrate an absence of archaeological remains.

7.74 The overall archaeological potential of the site may thus be considered to be low.

Construction Assessment

Archaeology

7.75 No known archaeological remains would be affected by any of part of the project.

7.76 It is possible that previously unknown archaeological remains may be encountered during construction and the likely significance of such effects is discussed below.

Road Infrastructure 7.77 A large part of the proposed road network would follow existing paths, although in places the proposed road would be wider and more substantial than the existing path.

7.78 The proposed lake crossing and the approach to this crossing would, in places, pass over currently undeveloped grassland. The proposed route in front of Park House has the potential to encounter historic garden features, though any part of the new infrastructure has some potential to affect currently unknown archaeological remains. The effect of construction for the proposed link in front of Park House is considered to be minor/moderate adverse. For the remaining parts of the proposed road infrastructure, the significance of effect is considered to be negligible/minor adverse.

Hall of Residence Whiteknights Hall 7.79 The proposed Whiteknights Hall would sit on the on the site of the existing Hall, though the south- western end would extend into open ground. This area overlies the river terrace deposits, which would slightly increase the possibility of encountering prehistoric material compared to the general potential for encountering unknown archaeology. There is therefore some limited potential for encountering archaeological remains and the significance of effect is assessed as minor/moderate adverse.

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Childs Hall 7.80 The proposals for Childs Hall extend beyond the footprint of the existing Hall and into an area of informal landscaping. As with Whiteknights Hall, this area overlies the river terrace deposits with their increased archaeological potential. There is a slight possibility of earlier landscape/garden features as well as other archaeological remains being encountered in this location. The significance of effect is therefore assessed as minor/moderate adverse.

Bridges Hall 7.81 The eastern block of the proposed Bridges Hall complex would sit largely on the site of the existing Hall. The western block however would lie partly over the site of the former Erleigh Whiteknights manor house, extending south onto what is currently open grassland. There is a possibility that the foundations of the Victorian manor house may be encountered, along with other archaeological remains. The significance of effect is considered to be moderate adverse.

Remaining Proposals 7.82 The proposed sports hall extension and associated parking would be constructed in an area of existing sports pitches and road/paths. It is possible that this area may have been levelled/landscaped in the past in order to accommodate the pitches. This may limit the potential for surviving archaeological or river terrace deposits. The historic mapping suggests there may be former field boundaries in this area. The proposed car park in this area (near Queens Drive) and the proposed all weather sports pitch have a similar potential. Given the current uncertainty over the potential (and assuming that the topsoil would be stripped in order to lay the all-weather sports pitch), the significance of effect for each of these proposals is considered to be minor/moderate adverse.

7.83 There are a number of proposed developments within the central core of the campus, an area which has seen much previous development. This area lies just north of the historic centre of the Whiteknights estate and within what was the heart of the Marquis of Blandford’s remodelled gardens. The 1820’s map indicates a number of paths and other possible features here. Given the level of previous landscaping and development, significant archaeological remains are fairly unlikely to have survived. The current car parking facilities in this area may well also have truncated any archaeological deposits. The survival of garden features or more substantial 19th century landscaping is also limited, though still possible. The significance of effect is therefore considered to be negligible/minor adverse.

7.84 The proposals for the Waste Transfer Station and Central Production Unit are located within areas of existing development. Any undisturbed areas are likely to have a low potential for archaeology. The significance of effects is assessed as negligible/minor adverse.

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7.85 The location of the proposed catering hub is currently open grassland, with a hedge running across it. There is no indication of previous development or historic landscaping and a low potential for archaeological remains may be assumed. The significance of effects is assessed as negligible/minor adverse.

7.86 The proposed lakeside amenity area lies on the western bank of the lake, south of Friend’s Bridge. There is no indication of previous development or historic landscaping and a low potential for archaeological remains may be assumed. The significance of effects is assessed as negligible/minor adverse.

7.87 The area around Earley Gate is considered to have been heavily disturbed by the construction of the existing buildings and facilities in the area. This would result in low archaeological potential. Consequently, the significance of effects arising from development in the Earley Gate area may be assessed as negligible/minor adverse.

7.88 Any ancillary works proposed have the potential to affect archaeological remains. Given the low potential for such remains, the significance of effect is considered to be minor adverse at worst.

Built Heritage and Historic Landscape

Road Infrastructure 7.89 The proposed road network consists of two main elements: unrestricted internal vehicle routes (to be used by all) and restricted internal vehicle routes, where use will be restricted to certain vehicles, such as deliveries and service and maintenance vehicles. Both types of route would involve some areas of new construction but broadly make considerable use of existing road network. This section of this chapter assesses the potential effects arising from the proposed construction of new lengths of road and the effects arising from the creation and use of new routes around the campus. Potential effects have been considered on a receptor-by-receptor basis.

Listed Buildings

1) Foxhill House and 2) Foxhill House stables and coach house. Whilst there has been significant loss of historic garden features in the past development of the campus, the setting of these listed receptors remains relatively intact to the south-east (lake) and to the north (towards Foxhill Lodge and Whiteknights Road). Elsewhere, the setting has been significantly altered by the 1960s/1970s 4-storey blocks of Childs Hall of Residence, which lies approximately 50 metres to the west.

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The Grade II*-listed Foxhill House currently has no internal vehicular connection to the rest of the existing campus road network, all road traffic currently coming directly off Whiteknights Road via the historic driveway from its historic gate lodge (the un-listed lodge 15). The proposal is to construct a short length of new road connecting the existing driveway to the existing internal road network, creating an internal vehicle route to Foxhill House. The proposed new route would follow the existing historic road formation for the final 200 metres as it approaches Foxhill House and the former stables and coach house. Because of existing tree cover and the distance between Foxhill House/Stables and the nearest area of new road construction, the significance of any temporary effect of new road construction on the setting of these listed receptors would be no greater than minor adverse at worst.

3) Foxhill Lodge. This lodge is mis-named in the listing description, being the lodge to the now- demolished Erlegh Whiteknights, which stood roughly on the site of the present Bridges and Wessex Halls. The lodge has a discreet location and is well screened. The construction of new roads would have no effect on the setting of the lodge, resulting in an impact of negligible significance.

4) Old Whiteknights House. Old Whiteknights House (formerly Whiteknights) is situated on Queen’s Drive, which is the current main entrance road to the campus. There are uninterrupted lawns between the house and Shinfield Road (generally utilised for sports activities/pitches), but the historic context of the house has been altered by large modern university buildings to its immediate north and east. No new road construction is proposed adjacent to Old Whiteknights House. The setting of the listed building would therefore be unaffected by the construction of the new road network. The significance of effect will thus be negligible.

5) Lodge to Whiteknights Park House (31 Shinfield Road). This Gothic gate lodge stands at what was originally the western gateway to the principal east-west internal driveway through the Whitekights estate (32). This is already a principal gateway to the western side of the campus. The setting of this former gate lodge is already significantly affected by modern University buildings within 80 metres and by traffic flows on Shinfield Road. The revised route would re-use the existing road formation, with no change to road width. The setting of the listed building would therefore be unaffected by the construction of the new road network. The significance of effect will thus be negligible.

6) and 7) North Lodge and South Lodge, (Earley Gate). Historically, Earley Gate was the eastern gateway to the principal east-west internal driveway through the Whiteknights estate (32). Earley Gate is already the principal gateway to the eastern half of the campus, where the setting of these former lodges has been significantly changed in modern times. The proposals would use the existing road alignments through this area of modern development, with some limited widening and the addition of a new combined footpath/cycle path. The significance of the temporary constructional activity on the buildings’ setting would be minor adverse.

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8) Landscape garden feature. This artificial outcrop of large rocks at the head of Whiteknights Lake lies within the wooded area known as ‘The Wilderness’ (40). The proposed new east-west route connecting the eastern and western halves of the campus would pass within approximately 200 metres of the feature, but would not be visible due to existing tree-cover. The setting of the listed building would therefore be unaffected by the construction of the new road network. The significance of effect would thus be negligible.

9) Blandford Lodge lies within a part of the campus that is heavily developed with modern buildings. The central loop of the revised route would pass close to the west and south elevations of Blandford Lodge. The route in this area would utilise existing (1960s) roads. It is anticipated that the setting of Blandford Lodge would be unaffected by road construction activity. The significance of effect would thus be negligible.

10) 11 Elmhurst Road (including stables to north-west and to the north). These listed buildings lie on the corner of Upper Redlands Road and Elmhurst Road. Their setting is already affected to the immediate east by the modern Whiteknights Hall of Residence. The closest proposed new road lies beyond the existing modern development. The construction of the new road network would therefore have no effect on the setting of these listed buildings. The significance of effect will thus be negligible.

Unlisted Historic Buildings 7.90 The revisions to the internal road network would have no effect the settings of any of the un-listed lodges located around the exterior of the campus (11 to 14). The construction of the new road network would therefore have no effect on the setting of these listed buildings. The significance of effect will thus be negligible.

7.91 The real Foxhill Lodge (15) lies in a part of the campus that has been previously affected by the construction of Childs Hall of Residence, which lies within 100 metres of the gate lodge. The un-listed Foxhill Lodge (15) and Foxhill House (1) are connected by an existing internal road that follows the historic alignment of the house’s drive from Whiteknights Road. The proposed new vehicle route would utilise the existing (historic) road for most of its length, intersecting with the original driveway approximately 40 metres from Foxhill Lodge. It would then diverge westward on a new alignment, through an area of existing vegetation.

7.92 The existing gate and the remaining part of the historic driveway to the lodge would be preserved for pedestrian use. There would therefore be no change in the visual/functional link between the lodge and Foxhill House. The construction of the new road link would involve some limited tree-felling, shrub removal and construction activity that would be visible from the lodge and entrance. The significance of

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the temporary constructional activity on the building’s setting effect of the proposed road system on the building’s setting would be no greater than minor adverse.

7.93 Whilst there are no statutorily listed receptors in the central area of the campus, the undeveloped area around the lake and meadows is one of the more sensitive parts of the campus. Because this part of the campus preserves much of the surviving parkland context to the statutorily listed buildings, any significant change has the potential to adversely affect the wider historic landscape. In particular, work in this area has the potential to adversely affect the setting of the neo-Tudor-gothic Park House (the former Whiteknights Park) (16). Whilst this building is not on the statutory list, it is one of the four surviving High-Victorian major mansions on the campus, although its historic setting has been compromised by adjoining and nearby modern development.

7.94 The construction of the proposed new roads has the potential to affect the historic landscape in this part of the campus. This road construction comprises two key parts at this location. The first is the construction of new road to form the orbital loop. This new section of road would cut across the grassland close to the front of Park House, separating the house from the grassland and lakes. The second is the construction of a new road which would form the east-west lake crossing route, connecting the two halves of the campus. This road would traverse the undeveloped grass to the house’s east, crossing the lake via a new bridge on the site of the present Friend‘s Bridge. The construction work would have a moderate adverse effect on the setting of the unlisted Park House. The significance of the temporary construction activity on the buildings’ setting would be moderate adverse.

Listed Buildings Bordering the Site 7.95 The new road construction would not be visible any of the listed buildings bounding the site (18 to 26). The significance of effect on these receptors would thus be negligible.

Conservation Areas 7.96 The new road construction would not be visible from the Redlands Conservation Area (26), the Alexandra Road Conservation Area (27), the South Park Conservation Area (28) nor the Mount Conservation Area (29). It is not considered likely that construction would significantly affect traffic flows within the Conservation Areas (see Chapter 9 for traffic assessment). This would result in an effect of negligible significance.

Historic Landscape 7.97 Because of the changes to the park that have occurred since 1947, earlier historic landscapes are now much fragmented. None of these landscapes are viewed as being of more that medium importance. The principal benefit of the proposals would be the restoration of the historic east-west route (32) between the Chancellor’s Way campus entrance (5) and Earley Gate (6/7), but the construction of this

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and other roads through the campus would result in temporary impacts, the greatest of which would be the construction of the new bridge across the lake. The effect of road construction could result in a temporary effect of moderate adverse significance.

Halls of Residence Whiteknights Hall 7.98 Whiteknights Hall would rebuilt, with the new work being of similar scale to the existing. This would not involve any physical impacts on historic buildings or historic landscape features.

7.99 With regard to impacts on the settings of cultural heritage receptors, retained buildings to the north and west, and tree cover to the east, would screen any potential adverse effects on the settings of nearby on-site listed buildings (Foxhill House (1), Foxhill House stables and coach house (2), and 11 Elmhurst Road (including stables to north-west and to the north) (10). The retained buildings will also screen any potential visual or noise effects on the nearby Alexandra Road Conservation Area (27). The effects on all of these receptors will be negligible.

7.100 The demolition and construction work would be less well screened to the south, with work being temporarily obliquely visible from the Elmhurst Road part of the Redland Road Conservation Area (26). The only sensitive designated receptor would be the Grade II listed Broad Oak on Upper Redlands Road (25), which lies approximately 100 metres from the construction site. This forms part of a modern convent development. The works could result in temporary effects of minor adverse significance.

7.101 The north-west part of the campus around Whiteknights Hall comprises formal sports pitches which are lacking in historic character. The effect on the historic landscape would be negligible.

Childs Hall 7.102 The 1960s Childs Hall would be demolished and rebuilt, partly on previously undeveloped parkland. The work would not involve any direct impacts on historic buildings, but would directly impact a small area of previously undisturbed parkland. Tree belts screen the site to the north and west, but a similar belt of trees around the lake to the south have less effect, due the position of the site on rising ground.

7.103 The demolition and construction work would be visible from the Grade II* listed Foxhill (1) and its Grade II listed former stables (2). Whilst the present Childs Hall already has an effect on the setting of these, the demolition and construction would result in a temporary effect on their settings of moderate adverse significance. Because this part of the campus is relatively well screened and is already affected by the existing Childs Hall, the impact of the demolition and construction work on the historic landscape would be limited to an effect of only minor adverse significance.

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Bridges Hall 7.104 Like the similar and contemporary Childs Hall, Bridges Hall would also be demolished and rebuilt, again partly on previously undeveloped parkland. As with Childs Hall, the work would not involve any direct impacts on historic buildings, but it would directly affect a small area of previously undisturbed parkland. Tree belts screen the site to the east, whilst the site is screened to the north by Wessex Hall. Scattered trees, shrubs and a tree belt around the lake to the south again have less effect, due the position of the site on rising ground.

7.105 Natural screening and existing modern development within the campus would result in there being no significant adverse effects on the settings of any historic buildings, but the works could have an effect on the historic landscape. Because this part of the campus is relatively well screened and is already affected by the existing Bridges Hall, the impact of the demolition and construction work on the historic landscape would cause an effect limited to minor adverse significance.

Construction Assessment - Remaining Proposals Listed Buildings

1) Foxhill House, 2) Foxhill House stables and coach house and 3) Foxhill Lodge. These receptors would not be affected by the remaining proposals.

4) Old Whiteknights House. Old Whiteknights House (formerly Whiteknights) is situated on the western edge of the main built-up core of the western campus fronting onto Queen’s Drive, the current main entrance road to the campus. Its setting is currently affected by ongoing demolition and construction works associated with a new extension to the existing ICMA building and construction of a new business school. Occupation of the ICMA extension is planned for mid September 2008. Occupation of the business school is anticipated to be May 2009.

Two academic buildings to its east are to be demolished and a new building put in place, whilst a new car park is to be built near Queen’s Drive. The building’s historic setting is already much altered, but the proposed additional demolition and construction activity would have a temporary additional effect of minor adverse significance.

5) Lodge to Whiteknights Park House (31 Shinfield Road). This Gothic gate lodge stands at what was originally the western gateway to the principal east-west internal driveway through the Whitekights estate (32). This is already a principal gateway to the western side of the campus. The setting of this former gate lodge is currently affected by the post-war buildings of the former Museum of Rural Life, which are now vacant. These are to be demolished and replaced with a Hotel and Conference Centre, to be completed by 2010. This already has consent and thus falls outside of the works covered by this chapter (see Cumulative Effects section).

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6) and 7) North Lodge and South Lodge, (Earley Gate). The setting of these former lodges has been significantly changed with the building of the single-storey wartime buildings and post-war multi-storey university academic buildings. The wartime buildings are to be demolished and replaced with new academic development. The demolition construction activity would temporarily further degrade the buildings’ already altered historic setting, resulting in a temporary effect of minor adverse significance.

8) Landscape garden feature. This artificial outcrop of large rocks at the head of Whiteknights Lake lies within the wooded area known as ‘The Wilderness’ (40). The setting of the feature would be unaffected by construction or demolition activity. The significance of effect would thus be negligible.

9) Blandford Lodge lies within a part of the campus that is heavily developed with modern buildings. The nearby former Museum of Rural Life is to be demolished and replaced with a Hotel and Conference Centre, to be completed by 2010. This already has consent and thus falls outside of the works covered by this chapter (see Cumulative Effects). The setting of Blandford Lodge will be temporarily further affected by the demolition of three small academic buildings to its east. The building’s historic setting is already much altered, but the demolition and construction activity would have a temporary additional effect of minor adverse significance.

10) 11 Elmhurst Road (including stables to north-west and to the north). These listed buildings lie on the corner of Upper Redlands Road and Elmhurst Road. Their setting is already affected to the immediate east by the modern Whiteknights Hall of Residence. The setting of the buildings would not be noticeably affected by construction or demolition activity and the significance of effect would thus be negligible.

Unlisted Historic Buildings 7.106 With three exceptions (11, 16 and 17), the remaining proposals would have no effect the settings of any of the campus’s un-listed historic buildings.

7.107 The setting of the lodge house on the corner of Shinfield Road and Elmhurst Road (10) would be temporarily affected by the construction of additional sports facilities to its east. The historic setting of the lodge is already affected on this side by existing post-war sports structures. The construction of the new buildings would nevertheless result in a temporary effect of minor adverse significance.

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7.108 The setting of the un-listed neo-Tudor-gothic Park House (the former Whiteknights Park) (16) and its former lodge (17) will be temporarily affected by the demolition of a car park and a small building that lie roughly halfway between them. These changes would ultimately benefit the setting of these un-listed receptors, but will temporarily have an effect of minor adverse significance during demolition and landscaping works.

Listed Buildings Bordering the Site 7.109 The remaining proposals would have no effect on any of the off-site listed buildings bounding the Site (18 to 25). The significance of effect would thus be negligible.

Conservation Area 7.110 The only conservation area that would be affected by the remaining proposals would be the Redlands Conservation Area (26), whose setting would be temporarily affected by the construction of two additional sports facilities near the corner of Shinfield Road and Elmhurst Road. The historic setting of this part of the conservation area is already affected on this side by existing post-war university buildings and sports facilities. The construction of the new buildings would nevertheless result in a temporary effect of minor adverse significance.

7.111 The remaining proposals would have no effect on any of the other three conservation areas bounding the site (27, 28 and 29). The significance of effect would thus be negligible.

Historic Landscape 7.112 Because of the changes that have occurred since 1947, earlier historic landscapes are now much fragmented. Apart from the construction of a small, circular, open-sided amenity structure near to Friend’s Bridge, the remaining proposals have been designed to minimise any impact on the best- preserved area of historic parkland around the lakes. Demolition and construction works would nevertheless result in some limited impacts on more fragmented areas of former parkland in and around the existing areas of university development, resulting in an effect of minor adverse significance.

7.113 The demolition and construction works would have a greater impact on the wartime landscape and on the post-war University landscape. With regard to the wartime landscape, the loss of the northern cluster of Second World War spur blocks and their replacement with new Enterprise Centre already has consent (to be completed by 2010). The southern cluster of spur buildings would be demolished and replaced with new academic buildings. The nuclear bunker would survive, but its setting will be altered by the loss of the adjacent spur blocks. With regard to the post-war University landscape, a number of buildings would be demolished, whist the overall landscape and settings of the remaining buildings will be affected by demolition and construction works. None of the features are designated, but are of at least local importance. The nuclear bunker is regarded as being of regional importance. Without

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mitigation (in the form of recording) the works would result in effects of minor adverse and moderate adverse significance.

Operational Assessment

Archaeology

Road Infrastructure 7.114 There would be no further effect on archaeology during the operation of the road network. The significance of effect is therefore negligible.

Halls of Residence 7.115 There would be no further effect on archaeology during the operation of the Halls. The significance of effect is therefore negligible.

Remaining Proposals 7.116 There would be no effect on archaeology during the operation of the any of the remaining proposals. The significance of effect is therefore negligible.

Built Heritage and Historic Landscape

Road Infrastructure Listed Buildings 7.117 1) Foxhill House and 2) Foxhill House stables and coach house. These listed receptors are connected by an existing internal road that follows the historic alignment of the Grade II* listed house’s drive from its historic lodge (15) on Whiteknights Road. There is currently no internal link to the remainder of the campus road network. As part of the project, the historic driveway would be connected to a purpose-built spur from the new Childs Hall and would thus suffer no additional passing traffic. The approach to the house would reuse the existing drive, which would remain unchanged. The effects of the operation of the proposed road system on the buildings’ setting would thus be negligible.

7.118 4) Old Whiteknights House. Old Whiteknights House (formerly Whiteknights) is situated on Queen’s Drive, which is the current main entrance road to the campus. It lies at the intersection of the existing internal vehicle route from Shinfield Road (current Queen’s Drive) and the proposed new orbital loop road around the eastern part of the campus. There would be no change to the existing route at this point and it appears unlikely that there would be an appreciable increase in traffic volume at this point. The revised road network should thus have a negligible effect on the setting of this listed building during the operational phase.

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7.119 5) Lodge to Whiteknights Park House (31 Shinfield Road). This Gothic gate lodge stands at what was originally the western gateway to the principal east-west internal driveway through the Whitekights estate (32). The historic route survives within the western half of the campus as Chancellor’s Way, but since the creation of the University, the central section across the parkland and lake has been used exclusively as a pedestrian route. With the proposed road infrastructure in place, vehicles would continue to enter the campus on Chancellor’s Way, adjacent to this lodge. This would then connect to the proposed new east-west route, re-establishing the lodge’s historic role as a key gateway to the wider site.

7.120 This is already a principal gateway to the western side of the campus. The revised road network should thus have a negligible effect on the setting of this listed building during the operational phase.

7.121 6) and 7) North Lodge and South Lodge, (Earley Gate). Historically Earley Gate was the eastern gateway to the principal east-west internal driveway through the Whiteknights estate (32). The historic route survives, but since the creation of the University, the central length across the lake has been a pedestrian-only route. A new spur would provide internal access to Bridges and Wessex Halls, while the proposed new east-west bridge link road would reconnect the eastern and western halves of the campus, closely following the course of the original east-west driveway (32).

7.122 Earley Gate is already the principal gateway to the eastern half of the campus, where the setting of these former lodges has significantly changed in modern times. With the proposed road infrastructure in place, vehicles would continue to enter the campus between these Georgian gate lodges. Any new sections of road would be screened from the listed lodges by existing trees and modern development, whilst the restoration of an east-west vehicular route through the campus would restore the historic function of Earley Gate as the principal eastern gateway to the former estate. Given the use of this entry point by existing vehicles, the effect is considered to be negligible.

7.123 8) Landscape garden feature. This feature lies within the wooded area known as ‘The Wilderness’ (40). The proposed new east-west route connecting the eastern and western halves of the campus would pass nearby, broadly following the historic alignment of the park’s historic east-west principal driveway. This would not be visible due to existing tree-cover, but the current lack of vehicular traffic in this least-developed part of the campus means that there could be an effect of minor adverse significance on the wider historic setting of the feature.

7.124 9) Blandford Lodge lies within a part of the campus that is heavily developed with modern buildings. The central loop of the revised route would pass close to the west and south elevations of Blandford Lodge. The route in this area would utilise existing (1960s) roads. It is anticipated that the any additional effect of the operation of the revised road system on the setting of this building would be negligible. The significance of effect is thus assessed as negligible.

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7.125 10) 11 Elmhurst Road (including stables to north-west and to the north). The closest proposed new road lies beyond the existing modern development of Whiteknights Hall. The operation of the new road network would therefore have no effect on the setting of these listed buildings. The creation of the new internal east-west route through the campus would reduce to some extent reliance on the local road network for what would otherwise be internal campus vehicle movements (e.g. for catering vehicles). The effect of the revised road network on these buildings during operation is thus regarded being potentially of negligible to minor beneficial significance.

7.126 Unlisted Historic Buildings. The operation of the revised internal road network would have no direct effects on any of the un-listed lodges located around the exterior of the campus (11 to 15). The settings of all of these un-Listed receptors are likely to benefit from any reductions in campus-related traffic utilising the peripheral roads as a result of improved on-site road connections. The setting of Foxhill Lodge (15) would also benefit from the current entrance here becoming pedestrian only. All of these un- Listed receptors are likely to be subject to an effect of minor beneficial significance.

7.127 Whilst the majority of the campus’ internal vehicle routes would make use of existing internal roads, the eastern part of the proposed new orbital loop and the east-west lake road crossing connecting the eastern and western halves of the campus would cut across the undeveloped central parts of the park. In one area, this would occur in front of the un-listed Park House (former Whiteknights Park) (16). The east-west route would be a restricted single-carriageway with passing places and effectively follow the course of the historic east-west principal driveway across the park. It thus has strong historic precedent. Taking into account the landscape proposals, its effect on the setting of Park House during operation is regarded as minor beneficial.

7.128 Whilst all efforts have been made to make the new orbital loop road effectively invisible from the house’s eastern terrace, the new section of road has the potential to disrupt the relationship between the house and the parkland setting, as seen both from inside the house and looking towards it from the grass. It is nevertheless noted that the current arrangement where the grass runs right up to the terrace on the house’s east front is entirely modern and that historically the house and the parkland was separated by a narrow garden and a fence or ha-ha. The line of the new road comes no nearer to the house than the historic boundary. The new road and the low-level screen planting are not inconsistent with the historic situation and may be said to restore something of the house’s former semi-enclosed setting. There would nevertheless be traffic passing where there is none currently. The operation of the orbital loop road past Park House is thus assessed as having an effect of minor adverse significance.

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Listed Buildings Bordering the Site 7.129 The revised road network would have no effect on any off-site listed buildings bordering the campus. The significance of effect will thus be negligible.

Conservation Areas 7.130 Effects on the conservation areas are likely to be negligible.

Historic Landscape 7.131 Care has been taken to minimise new road construction and generally any new lengths of road are in areas of low landscape sensitivity within the campus. The principal benefit of the proposals would be the new east-west route (32) between the Chancellor’s Way campus entrance (5) and Earley Gate (6/7), including the construction of the new bridge across the lake. This restores a historic landscape feature that has been a feature of the park since at least 1756. This is to be a restricted single-carriageway with passing places, with a resultant appearance not inconsistent with its historic role. Taking into account the proposed landscaping, it is considered that the areas of minor adverse and minor beneficial effect would be equal, resulting in an effect of negligible significance.

Halls of Residence Whiteknights Hall, Childs Hall and Bridges Hall 7.132 All of the new halls replace buildings of similar scale and bulk, none of which are of particular visual or architectural appeal. Whilst these slightly further encroach on fragmented areas of former parkland, once completed and landscaped, none would operationally affect historic buildings or landscapes significantly more than the halls that exist today. The effects over the existing baseline position are considered to be no greater than minor adverse.

Remaining Proposals 7.133 Apart from the construction of a small, circular, open-sided amenity structure near to Friend’s Bridge, the remaining proposals have been designed to have no impact on the best-preserved area of historic parkland around the lakes. An early 19th-century sketch shows a similar structure to have existed within the former Whiteknights Park and it is considered that a structure such as that proposed would not be out of keeping with the historic character of this part of the historic landscape.

7.134 The operational effect of the remaining proposals on historic environment receptors would similarly be limited, because of the already-developed character of the proposed locations of the new buildings and car par parks. In a number of areas, notably on the south side of Elmhurst Road (the southern boundary of the Redland Conservation Area), additional planting is proposed to soften existing, consented and proposed development. Again, once completed and landscaped, the effect over the

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existing baseline position would generally be negligible to minor beneficial. Nowhere would the significance of effect be greater than minor adverse.

Overall Project Assessment

7.135 With the exception of small areas of undeveloped landscape affected by additional development land- take, no direct physical impacts have been identified to any known historic environment receptors or any known archaeological sites. In general, because of the existing baseline position, the predicted effects of the proposed regeneration of the Whiteknights campus on the historic environment would generally be slight, with material effects (moderate adverse at worst) all being restricted to the temporary construction phase. Once completed and landscaped, adverse effects of the new roads, car parks and buildings would be limited.

7.136 In historic environment terms, probably the most notable proposal is the restoration of an east-west vehicular link across the campus to include a new Bridge across the lake, following the historic course of the principal east–west driveway (32) between the Chancellor’s Way campus entrance (5) and Earley Gate (6/7). This restores a historic landscape feature that has been a feature of the park since at least 1756. Also of benefit will be the restoration of the relationship between Park House and its former lodge (16 and 17), resulting from the proposed removal of intervening building and car park.

Component Significance of Effects Construction Operation Roads Infrastructure Negligible to moderate adverse Minor adverse to minor beneficial (Park House (15)) Whiteknights Hall Negligible Negligible Childs Hall Moderate adverse (Foxhill (1)) Minor adverse Bridges Hall Minor adverse Minor adverse Remaining Proposals Negligible to moderate adverse Negligible to minor adverse Overall Project Effect Minor adverse Negligible

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Recommendations for Further Mitigation

7.137 Although the potential for unknown archaeological remains would appear to be relatively low, the lack of previous investigation across most of the campus means a degree of uncertainty remains as to the true potential of the site. It is clear that the works do have the potential to affect any below-ground remains of the historic parish boundary that crosses the campus as well as the below-ground remains of features associated with lost historic landscapes. It may be considered prudent therefore to undertake some form of ground investigation prior to commencement of the works.

7.138 The proposals would also involve the loss of the wartime spur buildings and a number of post-war university buildings. Whilst none of these are of such importance to preclude removal, they may be considered to be of adequate importance to merit some form of permanent record, possibly consisting of a photographic record and the deposition of existing photographs and architectural / structural records.

Cumulative Effects

7.139 The following developments have potential for cumulative effects due to their location, scale, timing and/or characteristics:

• Land at Green Road; • Hotel and Conference Centre; • Life Sciences Building; • Proposed Enterprise Building; and • Business School/ICMA.

7.140 The development at Green Road comprises 74 apartments, 18 semi-detached houses, one detached dwelling and a 90-bed student residential block plus warden unit for Thames Valley University. The accommodation would be up to 4 storeys in height. The site lies to the north of Green Road, adjacent to Wokingham Road (the A329). The site was formerly used as a campus for the Reading College and School of Art and Design (now Thames Valley University) and includes land used as playing fields. Reserved matters approved in October 2007.

7.141 The site lies adjacent to the main dam of the lakes, on the campus’ Whiteknights Road boundary. The site is relatively well screened from the listed Foxhill, stables and lodge (1, 2 and 3) but is visible from the fringes of the lake and from Whiteknights Road. The development would extend the built up area around the campus onto one of the few surviving areas of the wider former Whiteknights estate that lies under close-packed suburban development. The Green Road development could thus affect the setting of the campus’ historic landscape.

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7.142 The other developments lie within already-developed parts of the Whiteknights campus and generally involve the replacement of existing buildings. Their effects on the more historic elements of the historic landscape would thus not significantly add to the effects of minor adverse significance already predicted for the wartime and post-war University landscapes.

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8 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

Introduction

8.1 This chapter considers the water resources, soil conditions and contamination within the project site (including the assessment of site history and the environmental setting) and assesses the likely significant effects of the project on the site and its surrounding area.

8.2 This chapter should be read in conjunction with Appendices 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4, Chapter 2, the Construction Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 2.1) and Chapter 7 (Cultural Heritage).

8.3 This chapter describes the relevant planning policy context, the baseline conditions, and the likely significant effects of the proposed development. These are considered for both the construction phase and for the completed (operational) development.

8.4 The project is described in Chapter 2 and would include demolition of some existing buildings on the campus and the construction and operation of new buildings, including those for academic uses and student accommodation. An improved road network within the campus is also proposed.

8.5 Whiteknights Lake is currently the main receiving body for surface water run-off, via a network of private drains, from the Whiteknights campus. A small area to the north of the campus is discharged directly into the public sewer system operated by Thames Water.

8.6 Whiteknights Lake is a man-made feature created by the construction of a 6m high earth embankment and a series of weirs, connecting three separate lakes (the Upper, the Lower and Whiteknights Lake). For the purpose of this report Whiteknights Lake refers to the combined Lake system. There is a groundwater spring towards the east of the site which feeds the lake, together with a small surface water catchment. The lake drains into an un-named culvert before discharging into the River Kennet approximately 2km downstream. A further 250m downstream the River Kennet joins the River Thames.

Methodology and Assessment Criteria

8.7 The approach to the assessment of effects on water resources has included:

• Review of available baseline data for the site;

• Review of existing and emerging planning policies and guidance;

• Site walkover and a visual inspection of the site and adjacent areas. This included above ground surface waters and the existing drainage infrastructure for the site;

• Review of discharge and surface water abstraction licences on or within the vicinity of the site;

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• Water quality testing within Whiteknights Lake;

• A Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) in line with PPS25;

• Development of an outline drainage strategy for the site; and

• Identification and assessment of the significance of the likely effects during both the construction and operational phases of the development.

8.8 The approach to the assessment of effects on soil conditions, groundwater and contamination has included the following:

• Site visit: the objective of the site visit was to identify potential sources of ground contamination, both onsite and within the surrounding area;

• Assessment of published geology, hydrogeology, hydrology and overall environmental sensitivity information;

• Review of historical maps;

• Review of Environment Agency data; and

• Identification and assessment of the significance of likely effects during both the construction and operational phases of the development.

Consultations

8.9 The site lies across the border of two local planning authorities: Wokingham Borough Council and Reading Borough Council. Details of correspondence with these authorities can be found in Appendix 8.1.

8.10 The responses from Wokingham Borough Council include the following key points:

• The Council currently has no reason to consider the site under Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act.

• The Council records indicate that there may have been a small gravel pit near to the junction of Redlands Road and Elmhurst Road. As a result the Council would require an intrusive site investigation prior to the redevelopment of this area of the site.

• A previous site investigation was undertaken in December 2006 as part of the redevelopment of the Business School (planning reference F/2006/8676).

• The Council holds no records of the following activities within 500 metres of the site: pre-licensing landfills, pollution incidents or known areas of contamination, PPC sites.

8.11 The response from Reading Borough Council contains the following key points:

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• The Council records indicate a number of potentially contaminative uses in the environs of the site. Within 500 metres these include former gravel pits, ponds, brick kilns, garages and a fire station. Two of these are within the campus and include a small gravel pit (likely to be the same gravel pit identified by Wokingham Borough Council) and a pond in the north of the site;

• All of these land uses will be considered under the Council’s contaminated land strategy. RPS considers that the onsite uses are unlikely to represent a substantial possibility of significant harm;

• A total of twelve pollution incidents have been identified within 500 metres of the site. None of the instances relate specifically to the site; and

• A total of six Part B (APC) Authorisations were identified within 500 metres of the site. This includes a petrol filling station and five drycleaners.

8.12 Consultation with the Environment Agency (EA), Thames Water (TW) and the Reservoir Panel Engineer to establish the constraints and opportunities regarding water resources on site has also been undertaken.

Assessment of Effects

8.13 The likely significant environmental effects of the project have been identified by considering the activities associated with the project against the baseline environmental conditions. The environmental effects of the project are predicted in relation to receptors (i.e. people), built resources and natural resources. The basis for the assessment is the description of development as set out in Chapter 2 and its Appendix 2.1 the draft Construction Environmental Management Plan. The assessment takes into account those measures to which the developer is committed, as outlined in the ‘Measures Adopted as Part of the Project’ section below.

8.14 The objective of environmental assessment is to focus on those topics that are likely to give rise to ‘significant’ effects on the environment, in comparison with the baseline conditions. A ‘significant’ effect is determined in accordance with Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 introduced by Section 57 of the Environmental Act 1995, and is based on the presence of a significant ‘source- pathway-receptor’ pollutant linkage (as outlined in CLR 11, see Appendix 8.5).

8.15 These significance criteria are applied equally to water resources and flood risk assessment using the same ‘Source – Pathway – Receptor’ model, but with consideration of the linkage to flooding and the effect on the available quantity of the water resource.

8.16 For the purposes of this chapter, the effects have been described taking into account the following criteria:

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Table 8.1: Indicative Significance Criteria

Significance Indicative Criterion Substantial Effects of greater than international scale Major Effects of greater than local scale Moderate Effects that may be judged to be important at a local scale (i.e. in the planning context) Minor Effects of low importance in the decision making process Negligible Effects that are of such low importance that they are not material to decision-making

Measures to be Adopted as Part of the Project

8.17 Measures that would be taken as part of the construction of the project are outlined in Table 8.2.

8.18 After the construction process is completed there would need to be some reinstatement of the land used for the construction. Throughout the construction area, a suitable native planting mix would be applied as described in Chapters 5 and 6.

8.19 A drainage strategy is presented at Appendix 8.4. The main components of the drainage strategy are listed below:

• SUDS (including permeable paving, ponds, reed bed systems and swales) will be used to attenuate increased run-off from impermeable areas.

• Petrol interceptors or appropriate reed bed systems will be provided where proposed car parks exceed 50 spaces or where there is an increased risk of oil spillage.

• The ground conditions may allow surface water to discharge to a soakaway. This is subject to confirmation of the ground conditions.

• The lowering of the outfall level from Whiteknights Lake by 10-20mm will provide additional storage capacity of 900m³ without increasing the risk of flooding downstream.

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Table 8.2: Measures Adopted as Part of the Project (Construction Phase)

Issue Control Measure

Protection of Work would be carried out in accordance with the Environment Agency Pollution Prevention Guidance. surface and groundwaters (general) Spoil and other materials on site would be controlled to pre-empt spillages. The handling and storage of potentially hazardous liquids on site, e.g. fuels and chemicals, would be controlled and best practice guidance from the HSE would be applied. Storage tank/container facilities and on-site fuelling areas for construction and excavation machinery would be appropriately bunded within designated areas and sited as far as practicable from any watercourse or surface drain.

A Spillage Response Plan would be developed and implemented by the Contractor, in consultation with the appropriate statutory bodies (including the HSE and local Fire/Civil Defence Authority, as well as the Environment Agency and the Local Authority Environmental Health Department). It would set out systems to ensure that pollution impacts upon people, flora, fauna, land, air and water are contained and minimised and that clean-up procedures and spill kits are in place to respond effectively once an incident is discovered.

Use of biodegradable oils where possible.

Protection of Construction compounds would be sited away from the lake system. The loss of trees and grasslands associated with the construction of the bridge and link road has been minimised Whiteknights as far as possible within the project design. Measures to protect trees and habitats during construction are set out in Appendix 2.1. Lake Any temporary roads required for the road construction would be carefully considered to minimise the potential for water pollution. If a route is required in the open areas of the campus it should be constructed on a geotextile blanket raised above ground level to prevent the need for topsoil stripping.

The risk of pollution associated with the construction of the bridge would be minimised by carrying out construction away from the lake where practicable to reduce the activity required over the lake. No debris would be allowed to enter the lake (secure storage of construction materials would be undertaken). Within the area surrounding the lake, the use of potential contaminants would be limited to those essential for the construction process in that area.

To protect the lake during construction and contain the working area, construction of piers closest to the lake may require the use of metal sheeting as cofferdams to surround the area.

All stockpiles would be placed in an area away from Whiteknights Lake.

Dust Stockpiled material to be dampened down using water sprays in dry weather.

Any temporary roads to be dampened and cleaned down in dry weather.

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Issue Control Measure

Dust monitoring to be undertaken.

All vehicles carrying construction materials to be sheeted over and wheels to be washed down prior to exit from the site.

Discharge from Any water that may result from the localised dewatering during excavation would be discharged to the combined sewers (after agreement with Thames Water). Use of stilling ponds and construction testing to achieve agreement prior to discharge to combined sewer. activities Any groundwater treatment to be contained within a bund.

Ensure a separate area is available for vehicle washing. The run-off from this area would be treated and disposed of in an appropriate way, as detailed in PPG13: Vehicle Washing and Cleaning.

Thorough maintenance of the control structures between the three lakes on a regular basis to ensure controls remain effective in relation to water level.

Ensure construction materials are disposed of correctly, with appropriate licences, and transported off site responsibly

Handling of Materials handling facilities to be located as far as practicable from public / residential areas. Storage areas to be enclosed or covered / sheeted over. existing contamination (if present) Suitable welfare facilities and protection equipment would be provided. Designated ‘Clean’ and ‘Dirty’ areas to be established and clearly marked out. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to be worn at all times by all site personnel and visitors. All visitors to construction worksites to be supervised as necessary.

Where the material is considered potentially contaminated, then stockpiles would be placed upon an impermeable surface, such as concrete or a geotextile membrane to prevent contamination of the underlying soil. In addition, potentially contaminated material would be placed within a suitably constructed bunded lay-down to prevent run-off from contaminating surface waters. Stockpiles would also be sheeted over during periods of heavy rain further preventing leaching and run-off;

In the event that any contamination is identified in construction of service trenches, ground will need to be over dug to give a minimum clearance of 0.3m around service and backfilled with clean imported granular material to prevent future ground workers and service repair engineers coming into direct contact with contamination.

Any groundwater treatment to be contained within a bund.

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8.20 In addition, the following measures would be adopted during the operation of the project:

• The handling and storage of potentially hazardous liquids on site, e.g. fuels and chemicals, to be controlled and Best Practice Guidance from the HSE to be followed. Storage tanks/container facilities to be appropriately bunded within designated areas and sited as far as practicable from any watercourse or surface drain.

• The consumption of water to be reduced through the adoption of sustainability measures (such as rainwater harvesting from the roofs of the buildings for use in toilet flushing, washing machines and irrigation purposes around the campus, grey water recycling and water efficient toilets and showers; and

• Should organoleptic evidence of hydrocarbon contamination be observed on site, then appropriate sampling and analysis would be undertaken and the requirement for upgraded services discussed with the service provider. This should include measures such as over excavated service trenches and/or the use of metallic water pipes.

Baseline Conditions

8.21 The baseline conditions have been identified considering the historical use of the site and its environs, current site activities and chemical storage and the environmental sensitivity of the site and its surroundings.

Planning Policy Context

8.22 Relevant planning policy and guidance is described in Appendix 8.5.

Historic Uses

8.23 The earliest available historic maps indicate that, prior to c. 1913, the site comprised open fields, with some residential properties and associated land; Whiteknights Lake is also shown on these maps. By c.1913 a School and a Nursing Home had been developed in the north east of the site. By c.1962, a Sports Field was located in the west of the site and by c.1973, the site was labelled as the University of Reading. By c.1993, the existing site layout was developed, with a number of University laboratories located in the south of the site.

8.24 Information from Wokingham Borough Council indicates that a small gravel pit existed on the site between 1872 and 1879. This was located in the east of the campus, near to the junction of Redlands Road and Elmhurst Road. This gravel pit appears to have since been filled; given the time since infilling and the

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small size of the gravel pit, the potential for any significant contamination or ground gas generation is considered to be low.

8.25 Historical maps indicate that a number of potentially contaminative land uses were recorded within the vicinity of the site. These included a Brick Works, which was located adjacent to the north eastern boundary of the site from 1900 until c.1913. The historic maps indicate a number of excavations associated with the Brick Works, which appear to have been in-filled on subsequent maps. In addition, there are records of a landfill in close proximity to the site. The exact location and nature of fill within the landfill is unknown. However, it is likely to be associated with the former Brick Works located to the north east.

Water Resources and Flood Risk

8.26 Whiteknights campus is currently a mix of University buildings, car parks and roads, open grassed and woodland areas and Whiteknights Lake (which comprises three lakes), covering an area of approximately 123 hectares. The majority of the surface run-off from the site drains into the lake system, with the remaining area discharging into the Thames Water sewer network.

8.27 The site is located in Flood Zone 1, at low risk of flooding (with an annual probability of flooding less than 0.1%). As the proposed development area is greater than 1 hectare in size, a Flood Risk Assessment is required. Further details relating to possible flood risks are detailed in the Flood Risk Assessment in Appendix 8.2.

8.28 Water samples were collected from each of the three ponds that make up Whiteknights Lake. The samples were analysed for a range of metallic, organic and bacteriological compounds, as well as for indicators of water quality including the dissolved oxygen content and biological oxygen demand. The resultant data was compared to the appropriate water quality standards; for the chemical data this was the Freshwater Environmental Quality Standards, where such standards were not available, then the UK Drinking Water Quality standards were used.

8.29 The chemical data indicates the water to be of good quality, with many of the determinants recorded at concentrations less than the limits of detection. The bacteriological data, however, indicates bacteriological contamination. The bacteriological contaminants identified are commonly found in association with sewage discharges, and include faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and E.coli. In particular, faecal coliforms were recorded at concentration in excess of the upper laboratory analytical limits. Were the water to be abstracted, it is likely that chemical treatment would be required. Details relating to the water quality data can be found in Appendix 8.3.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-8 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

8.30 The outfall from Whiteknights Lake discharges into an un-named culvert for approximately 2km before entering the River Kennet. The Environment Agency’s Kennet and Pang Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy (CAMS) classes the quality of the Kennet to be generally very good (graded as either RE1 or RE2). However the stretch between Newbury and Reading, into which the site drains, failed to meet it’s River Quality Objective (RQO). This is thought to be due to the number of abstractions licensed within this stretch of river, possibly due to there being less water available to dilute the pollution through an urban corridor.

Table 8.3: River Quality Classification Quality Code Suitability for Fish

RE1 – Very Good Quality Suitable for all fish species

RE2 – Good Quality Suitable for all fish species

RE3 - Fairly Good Quality Suitable for high class coarse fisheries

RE4 – Fair Quality Suitable for coarse fisheries

RE5 – Poor Quality Likely to limit fish populations

8.31 The water quality within the River Thames has improved dramatically over the last 30 years. Planning policy requires that future development should not have a detrimental effect upon this trend.

8.32 The Environment Agency’s “river flow objective” for the Lower Kennet has been given a weighting of B (bands range from A to E, with A being the most sensitive to abstractions and E being the least sensitive) and is therefore sensitive to changes in the flow regime.

8.33 Figure 8.1 illustrates the demand that is being placed upon the water resources with the Thames River Basin. There is no additional surface water available during the summer months; however there are additional resources available during the winter and from groundwater sources.

Current Uses and Chemical Storage

8.34 The site is currently occupied by the Whiteknights campus. A walkover to identify any potential sources of ground contamination, with the potential to affect soil and groundwater resources was undertaken in June 2008. During the walkover, the following oil/chemical storage was identified:

• One brick Above-ground Storage Tank (AST), reportedly containing fuel oil, was identified in the north of the Site. This is situated within a well constructed brick bund and has a capacity of 20,000 litres. A strong hydrocarbon odour was noted within the bunded area. University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-9 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

• An AST for waste oil storage and an empty AST were recorded within a bunded area in the eastern portion of the Site. A 125-litre drum for the storage of grease and oil was noted within the bunded area. There was no evidence of any significant leaks from either the AST or the bund.

• Five bunded ASTs for gas and oil storage and one AST for oil storage are located in the south of the Site, with capacities ranging from 20,000 – 65,000 litres. There was no evidence of any significant leaks from the ASTs or the bund.

• Three bunded plastic tanks were recorded in the south of the site. Site management advised that they were formerly used for water storage.

• One bunded AST for diesel storage was identified in the west of the site. The capacity of this AST was not determined at the time of the site visit. Upon inspection, the bund was observed to be filled with water.

• A small AST for petroleum spirit storage is located in the west of the site. The capacity of this AST was undetermined.

• Small quantities of cleaning, herbicide and laboratory chemicals were identified on shelves within dedicated concrete surfaced storage rooms across the site.

Flora And Fauna/Sensitive/Protected Areas

8.35 During the site visit, RPS was advised that there are three areas of Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) located onsite. A significant area of growth was reportedly located in the north of the site, adjacent to Upper Redlands Road; two smaller areas of Japanese Knotweed were reportedly located to the south of Whiteknights Lake. RPS was advised that herbicide treatment for the eradication of the Japanese Knotweed was being undertaken.

8.36 Natural England has provided records of nationally designated nature conservation sites within 2km of the site. This indicates that there are none within this radius. Further information regarding ecology and nature conservation is provided in Chapter 6 of this ES.

Waste and Waste Management Facilities

8.37 Data obtained from the Environment Agency and Local Authority records indicate that there are no pre- licensed or registered waste management facilities within 2km of the site.

Ground Conditions

8.38 Based on British Geological Society (BGS) borehole records and published geology maps, the underlying geological sequence is described as follows:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-10 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

• Made Ground comprising topsoil, gravel and sand (up to 1.1m in thickness);

• Brown and mottled brown and grey sandy clay, with some fine to medium gravel (Head deposits) across the south of the Site, up to 7.92m in thickness;

• Brown silty clay (Boyn Hill Gravel deposits) across the south of the Site, up to 0.6m in thickness;

• Fissured grey silty clay (London Clay Formation) up to 50m in thickness, depth not proven;

• Mottled, slightly sandy clay (Lambeth Group), up to 40m in thickness; and

• Highly fissured, fine grained, pure limestone with occasional flint nodules (Chalk Group), up to 200m in thickness beneath the Site.

Controlled Waters

8.39 Based on published hydrogeology maps, the site is located on a non-aquifer, relating to the London Clay Formation. The south of the site is underlain by relatively permeable drift deposits (Head and Boyn Hill Gravel deposits), which may allow lateral migration of contaminants (if present) within this area. The Chalk Group (located at depth) is classified as a major aquifer, although the overlying extensive low permeability London Clay Formation is considered likely to preclude downward migration of contaminants (if present) towards underlying groundwater resources.

8.40 Environment Agency data indicates that the site is located within a Groundwater Inner Source Protection Zone (SPZ I) relating to the Chalk aquifer, at depth. There are records of four licensed groundwater abstractions within 2km of the site. Three of the abstraction boreholes are used for potable water, one of which is located within the University campus. One of the abstraction boreholes, located approximately 1.9km to the north west of the site, was being used to remediate contaminated groundwater via a ‘Pump and Treat’ system. The contamination of groundwater relates to a former gasworks, itself undergoing remediation at the time of reporting. The available data indicates that the groundwater flow direction is to the southeast, placing the campus down gradient of this potential contamination source. However, the thickness of the London Clay and the distance to the potential source mean that the potential risk to the site and its users is low.

8.41 Chemical data supplied by the University of Reading indicates that groundwater abstracted from the Chalk is generally of a good quality. Concentrations of iron and manganese were recorded at levels in excess of the drinking water standards, however, these are potentially naturally occurring and unlikely to be the result of any site based processes.

8.42 Environment Agency data indicates that there are no General Quality Assessment (GQA) classified surface watercourses within 2km of the site.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-11 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

8.43 Ordnance Survey data indicates that there are a number of unclassified watercourses located directly onsite. These relate to Whiteknights Lake and numerous drainage channels.

8.44 Environment Agency data indicates that there are no records of licensed surface water abstractions within 2km of the Site.

8.45 The University of Reading holds two discharge consents relating to cooling water, whilst Thames Water holds consent for sewage discharges. All three discharge points ultimately discharge into Whiteknights Lake.

8.46 During the site visit, RPS was advised that surface water across the site drains into Whiteknights Lake via four oil interceptors. One interceptor is located in the west of the site, one is located adjacent to the north west and two are located adjacent to the southern banks of Whiteknights Lake. The capacity of these interceptors was undetermined at the time of the site visit. It was indicated that these had been cleaned in early June 2008.

8.47 A number of grease traps, associated with food preparation facilities, specifically the halls of residents and café’s and restaurants across the site were recorded. These are reportedly cleaned on a quarterly basis, most recently in June 2008.

Environmental Risk Assessment

8.48 The risk of significant harm as a consequence of ground conditions and the risk of pollution of controlled waters, given the current site use and form, has been qualitatively assessed based on the identification and evaluation of potential 'source-pathway-receptor pollutant linkages (as outlined in CLR 11, see Appendix 8.5). Risk ratings are defined as low, moderate or high. Where the risk has been considered to be between two of the generic steps, rating minor to moderate or moderate to major has been adopted. A risk assessment matrix for all baseline pollutant linkages is shown in Table 8.4.

8.49 Whilst a degree of localised ground contamination may be present on site, given the extensive hardstanding/building cover onsite, the risk from ground contamination is considered to be minor in its current use and form.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-12 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

Table 8.4: Environmental Risk Assessment Matrix Receptor Potential Sources Pathways Risk Justification

Human Health

Existing site users Elevated concentrations of Direct contact/soil ingestion/ Minor Extensive hardstanding/ building cover is likely to limit contact. Furthermore, no significant contaminants within Made Ground inhalation contaminative land use was identified on site.

Nearby residential properties Mobile contaminants: oils, other Groundwater Minor No significant contaminative land use was recorded directly onsite and no visual/olfactory organics, heavy metals, solvents, evidence of leaking bunds was identified during the site walkover. acids/alkalis

Site users and nearby properties Ground gasses from the near-by Migration through soil profile Minor Due to the time since infilling has occurred/the age of the landfill, the likelihood of the infilled brick-pit and landfill significant generation of ground gas is considered to be low.

Polymeric services Hydrocarbon contamination within Migration through shallow Minor No significant contamination source was identified on site. In addition, it is likely that all shallow soils groundwater, direct contact with service pipe will be laid within clean backfill preventing direct contact with contaminated contaminated soils. soils.

Controlled Waters

Shallow groundwater within Head and Mobile contaminants: oils, other Migration through gravely Made Minor No significant contaminative land use was recorded directly onsite and no significant Boyn Hill Gravel deposits organics, heavy metals, solvents, Ground (where present) visual/olfactory evidence of leaking bunds was identified during the site walkover. acids/alkalis

Shallow groundwater within Head and Mobile contaminants: oils, other Foundation excavations, or piling Minor No significant contamination sources have been identified on site. Boyn Hill Gravel deposits organics, heavy metals, solvents, activities pushing contaminants acids/alkalis into the aquifer.

Whiteknights Lake and drainage Mobile contaminants: oils, other Lateral migration through gravely Minor No significant contaminative land use was recorded directly onsite and no significant channels located onsite organics, heavy metals, solvents, Made Ground, Head and Boyn visual/olfactory evidence of leaking bunds was identified during the site walkover. acids/alkalis Hill Gravel deposits.

Groundwater and or Whiteknights Off site former gasworks, Groundwater Negligible The former gasworks is located nearly two kilometres away from the site and is therefore Lake unlikely to have a significant adverse impact on groundwater quality beneath the site. The Whiteknights Lake is not in hydraulic continuity with the deeper groundwater. 4

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-13 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

Construction Assessment

Water Resources & Flood Risk

8.50 The measures outlined in the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) are intended to manage any adverse environmental effects associated with the construction process. Taking these measures into consideration the significance of the construction process is outlined below.

Road Infrastructure 8.51 The following table identifies the likely construction effects of the road infrastructure.

Table 8.5: Construction Impacts - Road Infrastructure

Receptor Summary of Likely Effects Significance Surface Waters Exposure of controlled surface waters to works run-off Negligible during earthworks/any contaminated excavated material/dewatering effluent from earthworks activities. Perched groundwater Potential contamination of perched groundwater from Minor adverse shallow soil contamination (if present)/removal of material (potential contamination source) as part of any excavations. Perched groundwater Exposure to controlled waters from temporary storage of Negligible volatile and toxic fluids in raised or buried tanks exposed during the works. Culverted drains, Contamination of culverted drains, sewers or drainage Minor adverse sewers or drainage channels from groundwater pumping and disposal of channels dewatering effluent from earthworks activities. Surface Water Release of fuel, oil and other chemicals associated with the Minor adverse construction industry. Surface Waters and Increased number of vehicles on site leading to an increase Negligible drainage channels in soil erosion and amount of loose sediment on site. Surface Waters Effects on controls between the three lakes resulting from Negligible sediment runoff. Surface Waters Removal of top soil and grass resulting in increased run-off Negligible volume from the site and leading to increased flood risk downstream.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-14 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

Halls of Residence 8.52 The following tables identify the likely construction effects of the halls of residence.

Table 8.6: Construction Impacts – Halls of Residence

Receptor Summary of Likely Effects Significance Surface Waters Exposure to controlled surface waters from works run-off Negligible during earthworks/any contaminated excavated material/dewatering effluent from earthworks activities. Perched groundwater Potential contamination of perched groundwater from Minor adverse shallow soil contamination (if present)/removal of material (potential contamination source) as part of any excavations. Perched groundwater Exposure to controlled waters from temporary storage of Negligible volatile and toxic fluids in raised or buried tanks exposed during the works. Culverted drains, Contamination of culverted drains, sewers or drainage Minor adverse sewers or drainage channels from groundwater pumping and disposal of channels dewatering effluent from earthworks activities. Surface Water Release of fuel, oil and other chemicals associated with the Minor adverse construction industry. Surface Waters and Increased number of vehicles on site leading to an increase Negligible drainage channels in soil erosion and amount of loose sediment on site. Surface Waters Effects on the controls between the three lakes, possibly Negligible leading to an increased water level within the system. Surface Waters Removal of top soil and grass leading to increased run-off Negligible volume from the site and increased flood risk downstream.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-15 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

Remaining Proposals 8.53 The following table identifies the likely construction effects of the remaining proposals.

Table 8.7: Construction Impacts – Remaining Proposals

Receptor Summary of Likely Effects Significance Surface Waters Exposure to controlled surface waters from works run-off Negligible during earthworks/any contaminated excavated material/dewatering effluent from earthworks activities. Perched groundwater Potential contamination of perched groundwater from Minor adverse shallow soil contamination (if present)/removal of material (potential contamination source) as part of any excavations. Perched groundwater Exposure to controlled waters from temporary storage of Negligible volatile and toxic fluids in raised or buried tanks exposed during the works. Culverted drains, Contamination of culverted drains, sewers or drainage Minor adverse sewers or drainage channels from groundwater pumping and disposal of channels dewatering effluent from earthworks activities. Surface Water Release of fuel, oil and other chemicals associated with the Minor adverse construction industry. Surface Waters and Increased number of vehicles on site leading to an increase Negligible drainage channels in soil erosion and amount of loose sediment on site. Surface Waters Effects on the controls between the three lakes, possibly Negligible leading to an increased water level within the system. Surface Waters Removal of top soil and grass may increase the run-off Minor adverse volume from the site and lead to increased flood risk downstream.

Geology and Soils

8.54 The following table identifies the potential construction effects of the project. A summary of the measures to be adopted as part of the project is included in Table 8.2 above.

Table 8.8: Construction Effects

Impact Summary of Likely Impacts Significance Dust Mobilisation of contaminants as dust from construction Negligible works or works traffic associated with export of excavated material for ground levelling. Future Workers Exposure to contaminated particles (if any) via ingestion, Negligible and Visitors inhalation or dermal contact during construction works.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-16 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

Operational Assessment

Water Resources and Flood Risk

8.55 The new road network would result in an increase in impermeable areas of approximately 750m² within the Thames Water catchment and approximately 6040m² within the lake catchment. The drainage system associated with the road infrastructure would be designed to ensure there is no significant adverse effect arising from surface run-off. Details of the drainage strategy can be found in Appendix 8.4. This notes that the campus is able to accommodate a range of attenuation features including SUDS and, if required, use of the lake itself (by lowering the outfall level). Through the use of appropriate SUDS, the pollution concentration within the receiving water body be reduced, such that no significant adverse effect on the quality of the lake is anticipated.

8.56 The new halls of residence would be constructed in part over the existing areas of the halls. There would will be a known net increase in the footprint of Childs Hall of approximately 3042m². This would result in increased surface run-off which would be attenuated through the use of SUDS and, if considered appropriate, the lake (by lowering the outfall level). The new footprint for Whiteknights Hall is anticipated to reduce by 341m² and consequently there would be no increase in surface run-off associated with the redevelopment of Whiteknights Hall.

8.57 Many of the remaining proposals would be constructed over existing built areas. It is predicted that for every 1000m² increase in paved area, 89m³ of storage would be required to prevent an increase in flood risk.

8.58 Taking into consideration the measures detailed in the Flood Risk Assessment (Appendix 8.2) and the drainage strategy (Appendix 8.4), the likely operational effects associated with the project are detailed below. It should be noted that the Flood Risk Assessment concludes that the campus would be able to accommodate the proposed development within any significant increase in flood risk.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-17 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

Table 8.9: Operational Impacts – Road Infrastructure

Receptor Summary of Likely Effects Significance Surface Water Increased surface run-off as a result of the increase in the Negligible/Minor Storage size of impermeable areas. Measures would be adopted to adverse prevent an increase in flood risk. Drainage System Site is expected to drain in a similar manner to pre- Negligible/Minor development, provided appropriate discharge consent is adverse granted by either the Environment Agency or Thames Water. Possible contamination from the road and parking areas would be controlled through interceptors. Surface Waters The inclusion of the road crossing the lake and the Negligible/Minor increased amount of hard standing could result in a adverse deterioration of the quality of the water in the lake and spring. This would be controlled through the design of the road.

Table 8.10: Operational Impacts – Halls of Residence

Receptor Summary of Likely Effects Significance Perched Potential contamination of shallow groundwater within Negligible/Minor groundwater underlying drift deposits by any hazardous fluids from adverse failure or rupture of fuel storage containment associated with University buildings. This would be controlled by appropriate fuel storage. Surface Water Increased surface run-off as a result of the increase in the Negligible/Minor Storage size of impermeable areas. Measures would be adopted to adverse prevent an increase in flood risk associated with the re- development of Childs Hall. Drainage System Site is expected to drain in a similar manner to pre- Negligible/Minor development, provided appropriate discharge consent is adverse granted by either the Environment Agency or Thames Water. Possible contamination from the road and parking areas would be controlled through interceptors. Water Resources With the new buildings proposed, there would be a greater Minor adverse demand for water, and consequently an increase in the amount of drainage required for surface and foul water. There are plans to increase the number of en-suite study bedrooms within the Halls of Residence resulting in an increased demand for water. The central campus saw an increase in annual water consumption of 23% between water years 2005 and 2007 to 158,091m³. The borehole, located on the site, saw an increase in use of 118% for water year 2007 compared to 2006. Measures would be taken to control/minimise water consumption in new buildings.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-18 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

Table 8.11: Operational Impacts – Remaining Proposals

Receptor Summary of Likely Effects Significance Perched Potential contamination of shallow groundwater within Negligible/Minor groundwater underlying drift deposits by any hazardous fluids from adverse failure or rupture of fuel storage containment associated with University buildings. This would be controlled by appropriate fuel storage. Surface Water Increased surface run-off as a result of the increase in the Negligible/Minor Storage size of impermeable areas. For every 1000m² increase in adverse paved area, 89m³ of storage will be required. Measures would be adopted to accommodate any increase in paved area to avoid adverse effects of surface runoff. Drainage System Site is expected to drain in a similar manner to pre- Negligible/Minor development, provided appropriate discharge consent is adverse granted by either the Environment Agency or Thames Water. Possible contamination from the road and parking areas would be controlled through interceptors. Water Resources With the new buildings proposed, and the inclusion of a Minor adverse hotel, there will be a greater demand for water, and consequently an increase in the amount of drainage required for surface and foul water. The central campus saw an increase in annual water consumption of 23% between water years 2005 and 2007 to 158,091m³. The borehole, located on the site, saw an increase in use of 118% for water year 2007 compared to 2006. Measures would be taken to control/minimise water consumption in new buildings. Measures would be taken to control/minimise water consumption in new buildings.

Geology and Soils

8.59 When the site is operational, ground conditions would have been remediated to an acceptable standard having regard to the intended use, thereby mitigating any potential impacts from ground contamination if any such contamination is encountered. No industrial land uses are proposed for the development, and there is no therefore limited potential for future significant ground contamination. Consequently, operational impacts arising from geology and soil conditions at the campus are considered to be of negligible significance.

Overall Project Assessment

8.60 The project would result in a net increase in hard standing in some parts of the campus. In addition, construction activities and the introduction of a road link across the lake have the potential to introduce new sources of potential contamination such as from accidental spillage. However, effects would be

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-19 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils

controlled using the measures set out in this chapter and implemented through the CEMP. Furthermore, the drainage strategy and detailed design of the road would control potential operational effects.

8.61 Taking this into account, it is considered that the project is unlikely to have a significant adverse effect on the environment within the campus or on any neighbouring properties. The project would not increase the flood risk in the area.

8.62 It is possible that the extended duration of continuous discharge may have a positive impact on the quality of water in the Kennet and Thames due to the sustained flow of good quality water.

Table 8.9: Summary Assessment Table

Significance of Impact Component Construction Operation Roads Infrastructure Negligible/Minor Adverse Negligible/Minor Adverse Halls of Residence Negligible/Minor Adverse Negligible/Minor Adverse Remaining Proposals Negligible/Minor Adverse Negligible/Minor Adverse Overall Project Effect Negligible/Minor Adverse Negligible/Minor Adverse

Recommendations for Further Mitigation

8.63 No further mitigation measures are considered necessary

Cumulative Impacts

8.64 Subject to the adoption of the control measures set out in this chapter for this project and for other development within the Whiteknights campus, no significant cumulative effects have been identified. It is possible that construction of parts of the project may overlap with the construction phase for the Green Road development. As for any construction project, the Green Road development may result in effects on groundwater resources via the use and storage of fuels and chemicals. However, any significant cumulative effect is unlikely given that the Whiteknights project would incorporate good practice measures to minimise the risk of effects on groundwater.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 8-20 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Water Resources, Geology and Soils 9 Traffic and Transport

Introduction and Methodology

9.1 This section describes the methodology used to assess the effects of the project (as described in Chapter 2) on traffic and transport.

9.2 The approach used in this Environmental Statement is based on the methodology contained in the Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic produced by the Institute of Environmental Assessment (IEA, 1993). In addition regard has also been had to the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Volume 11 Environmental Assessment, published by the Department for Transport and the new Guidance on Transport Assessment published by the Department of Communities and Local Government and the Department for Transport.

9.3 This chapter provides information on the baseline traffic and highway network conditions for the appropriate year of assessment. Based upon this information and the description of the proposed development, an assessment of the environmental effects of traffic is provided.

9.4 The magnitude of the effects is identified together with the level of significance. It should be noted that the project, as proposed, incorporates features designed to reduce or avoid adverse environmental effects. The measures adopted as part of the project have been taken into account in the assessment of effects within this chapter. Those measures adopted during the construction phase are set out in the Construction Environmental Management Plan (Appendix 2.1 of this ES).

9.5 An assessment of particular locations or groups, which may be sensitive to changes in traffic conditions, has been undertaken with reference to the list of affected groups and special interests in paragraph 2.5 of the IEA (1993) guidelines. This exercise is summarised below.

People at Home: 9.6 Where dwellings are located adjacent to the road network along which increases in traffic are predicted and in particular where dwellings have direct frontage access to the road affected.

People at Work: 9.7 Where places of work are located adjacent to the road network along which increases in traffic are predicted and where such places have direct frontage access to the road affected.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-1 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Sensitive Groups/Locations: 9.8 The main groups of people and hence locations which are likely to be sensitive to changes in traffic flow are children and the elderly. Hence schools, care homes and hospitals have been identified where such groups are likely to be concentrated particularly where such facilities are located adjoining the road network affected or form part of the route to and from such facilities.

People Walking: 9.9 Specific consideration has been given to pedestrians both along the roads affected as well as those crossing the affected parts of the road network. In addition the effects of the project on users of existing public rights of way have been considered.

People Cycling: 9.10 The effect of changes in traffic flow along the roads affected having particular regard to cyclists and their requirements has been considered. In particular consideration has been given to effects on the existing routes used by cyclists and the facilities currently provided.

Open Spaces/Recreation: 9.11 Where the existing road network adjoins areas of open space, recreation, tourism or other places where human activity is likely to be concentrated there has been specific consideration of the likely effects of increases in traffic. In addition where the routes to such places cross the affected road network the likely effects on users have been considered.

Ecological Sites: 9.12 The effects on ecological areas of interest have been considered in Chapter 6.

Cultural Heritage (Tourist/Visitor Attractions): 9.13 The effects on cultural heritage are considered in Chapter 7.

Traffic Analysis and Forecasts

Baseline Situation 9.14 In order to determine the existing levels of traffic on the appropriate road network traffic flow data has been collated. Both Reading and Wokingham Borough Councils, in their roles as highway authority, routinely collect traffic data on key roads within their jurisdiction for monitoring purposes. The following data was obtained from the highway authorities:

• A329 Wokingham Road / Wilderness Road / Church Road junction – vehicle turning count

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-2 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport

9.15 In addition to the above data, it was considered necessary, in discussion with the local highway authorities, to obtain further detailed traffic data to enable a comprehensive assessment of the existing traffic flows on the adjoining road network. Traffic surveys have been carried out at the following junctions:

• A327 Shinfield Road junctions with Elmhurst Road, Queens Drive, Chancellors Way and Pepper Lane;

• Pepper Lane junctions with Whiteknights campus and Wilderness Road; and

• Wilderness Road junction with Whiteknights Road. 9.16 The locations of the traffic surveys are shown on Figure 9.1 with the above count references. The count data is presented in Figure 9.2. It should be noted that the traffic data covers a range of weekdays representing a typical week.

9.17 The traffic data has been classified as HGV or LGV. For the purpose of assessment an HGV is defined as a commercial vehicle which has an operating (gross vehicle) weight exceeding 7.5 tonnes. All other vehicles have been defined as Light Goods Vehicles (which includes cars).

9.18 Analysis of the traffic data is provided within the Transport Assessment. However a summary of the relevant baseline traffic conditions across the road network is set out within the baseline section of this chapter.

9.19 In addition to traffic data, personal injury accident (PIA) statistics have been obtained. The location and severity of each accident over the latest 3 year period for which data is available to 31 March 2008 has been plotted. Throughout the remainder of this chapter reference is made to the accident statistics where appropriate. Full details are contained within the Transport Assessment.

Assessment Periods 9.20 The effect of increased traffic flows associated with the project has been considered in two distinct phases; construction and operation. The construction of the project overall is assumed to occur in a staged manner over a period of 10 years on weekdays between 0800 – 1800 hours and on Saturdays between 0800 – 1200 hours. Assessment during construction has therefore included all these periods which include the weekday peak hour periods 0800 – 0900 hours and 1700 and 1800 hours.

Assessment Year 9.21 Assessment years, specific to each element of the proposals have been used.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-3 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Extent of Assessments 9.22 The assessments have covered the areas surrounding the construction sites and the traffic/movement routes that are affected by the project within and on roads surrounding the campus.

9.23 The IEA (1993) Guidelines provide guidance on the geographical extent of environmental assessment which is likely to prove necessary in relation to increases in traffic flow as follows:

• “Rule 1: include highway links where traffic flows will increase by more than 30% (or the number of heavy goods vehicles will increase by more than 30%);

• Rule 2: include any other specifically sensitive areas where traffic flows have increased by 10% or more.”

9.24 The above guidance is based upon knowledge and experience of environmental effects of traffic and also acknowledges that traffic forecasting is not an exact science. The 30% threshold is based upon research and experience of the environmental effects of traffic, with less than a 30% increase generally resulting in imperceptible changes in the environmental effects of traffic. At a simple level, the guidance considers that projected changes in traffic flow of less than 10% create no discernible environmental effect, hence the second threshold as set out in Rule 2. The IEA guidelines also identify that where significant increases in HGVs are predicted, the highway links affected should be considered.

9.25 Throughout the assessment reference is made to the above thresholds when considering the significance of environmental effects in relation to increased traffic flow. Specifically the 10% threshold as defined within Rule 2 has been used to establish a threshold where increases in traffic flow need to be subject to further assessment. This rule has been applied in considering both increases in total traffic flow and HGV traffic flow. Where increases in traffic flow (either total or HGV) of less than 10% are predicted it is generally concluded that the environmental effects would be at an imperceptible level, and hence not significant. However, assessments of all predicted effects at each location have been undertaken and are set out within the remainder of this chapter. Where increases reach or exceed the 10% threshold (for either total or HGV traffic) further assessment has been undertaken to establish the likely level of significance. Effects have been graded as minor, moderate, major or substantial (beneficial or adverse). A description of the terminology used is set out below:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-4 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Table 9.1: Indicative Significance Criteria

Term Criteria Negligible No significant effects Minor Not noteworthy or material – effects are of low magnitude and frequency and will not exceed relevant quality standards. Moderate Noteworthy, material – effects are of moderate magnitude and frequency. Relevant quality standards may be exceeded to limited extent. Possible secondary impacts. Major Effects are likely to be of high magnitude and frequency with quality standards being exceeded, at times considerably. There may be secondary effects of some magnitude. Substantial Effects will be of a consistently high magnitude and frequency with standards exceeded by a significant margin. Secondary impacts also likely to have a high magnitude and frequency.

9.26 The significance of predicted effects has been assessed using quantitative assessments, where appropriate, in combination with qualitative judgement. The grading of effects is consistent with quantitative guidance provided by the IEMA (1993) guidelines and the recent Transport Assessment guidance. Qualitative judgement incorporates an interpretation of the effects having regard to the likely numbers of people affected.

Traffic Forecasting 9.27 Traffic estimates have been calculated for both the construction and operational phases of the project. During construction the vehicle movements have been estimated on a daily basis throughout the proposed programme. In some instances the vehicle movements would vary considerably from day to day. For the purposes of assessment, the likely maximum daily vehicle movements have been calculated across the entire construction period. The lower 85th percentile estimate of traffic generation is recommended as the appropriate figure for assessment by the DCLG and DfT in their publication “Guidance on Transport Assessments”. This figure, along with peaks in traffic generation, has been considered in assessing the effects during the construction period.

9.28 During operation, vehicle movements are likely to be fairly consistent on a day-to-day basis, with most movements associated with routine activities. Thus, for operational traffic, the average daily traffic generation was considered appropriate for assessment, along with any notable peaks.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-5 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Assessment of Effects

9.29 The IEA (1993) Guidelines set out in Table 2.1, Column 3, a list of environmental effects which should be assessed for their significance.

9.30 Definitions of each of the potential effects identified in the IEA Guidelines are set out below along with explanatory text relating to assessment criteria. It is on this basis that the assessments in this chapter have been undertaken. It is acknowledged at paragraph 2.4 of the IEA Guidelines that not all the effects listed in Column 3 of Table 2.1 would be applicable to every development.

• Noise and Vibration: The environmental implications of noise and vibration arising from changes in traffic flow. Measures to control noise effects are outlined at Appendix 2.1.

• Visual Effects: The visual effect of traffic is complex and subjective. The visual implications of the proposed road infrastructure are considered within Chapter 5.

• Severance: Severance is the perceived division that can occur within a community when it becomes separated by a major traffic artery. Severance is difficult to measure and by its subjective nature is likely to vary between different groups within a single community. In addition to the volume, composition and speed of traffic, severance is also likely to be influenced by the geometric characteristics of a road, the demand for movement across a road and the variety of land uses and extent of community located on either side of a road. All these factors are considered when determining the likely severance effect. In general terms according to the IEA guidelines a 30% change in traffic flow is likely to produce a ‘slight’ change in severance, with ‘moderate’ and ‘substantial’ changes occurring at 60% and 90% respectively.

• Driver Delay: Delay to drivers generally occurs at junctions where opposing vehicle manoeuvres are undertaken with vehicles having to give or receive priority depending upon the type of junction arrangement. A number of traffic modelling computer programs are available which are able to predict the average vehicle delay at junctions. Assessments have, where appropriate, been undertaken on the adjoining road network to establish the existing average vehicle delay during the weekday peak hour periods when traffic flows are at their greatest. The predicted traffic flows arising from the project have then been added and further operational assessments undertaken to establish the average vehicle delay following construction of the project. The change in average vehicle delay as a result of the development proposals is then identified and its significance assessed.

• Pedestrian Delay: The delay incurred by pedestrians is generally a direct consequence of their ability to cross roads. Thus the provision of crossing facilities, the geometric characteristics of the road, and the traffic volume, composition and speed are all factors that can affect pedestrian delay and have been considered when assessing this effect. It should be noted that the IEA

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-6 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport guidelines advise that, in assessing levels of, and changes in pedestrian delay, assessors do not attempt to use quantitative thresholds. Instead, the guidelines recommend the use of professional judgement to determine whether pedestrian delay is a significant effect.

• Pedestrian Amenity: The term pedestrian amenity is broadly defined as the relative pleasantness of a journey. It is considered to be affected by traffic flow, speed and composition as well as footway width and the separation/protection from traffic. It encompasses the overall relationship between pedestrians and traffic, including fear and intimidation which is the most emotive and difficult effect to quantify and assess. There are no commonly agreed thresholds for quantifying the significance of changes in pedestrian amenity, although where traffic flow (or its HGV component) doubles a significant effect is likely to arise. All the above factors are considered in reaching a professional judgement when assessing this effect.

• Accidents and Safety: To establish the effect on the road safety record of the adjoining road network Personal Injury Accident (PIA) statistics have been obtained from Wokingham Borough Council. The information provides information on the location and severity of PIAs. The data obtained covers the three year period to 31 March 2008. Assessments have considered the likely change in the frequency of accidents as a result of the development proposals. In addition consideration has been given to the local circumstances prevailing in particular traffic speed, flow and composition as well as vehicle conflict and pedestrian activity. A combination of these assessments enables a professional judgement to be made regarding the significance of the effect.

• Hazardous Loads: It is not intended that the movement of hazardous loads would occur during the construction or operational phases.

• Air Pollution: The air quality effects of the project arising from traffic have been considered in the overall impacts assessment.

• Dust and Dirt: All construction sites would be operated in accordance with modern practices which would include all reasonable measures to prevent vehicles departing the site distributing dust and dirt onto the adjoining road network such as wheel cleaning facilities and sheeting of vehicles. Measures to control the effects of dust and dirt are outlined in Appendix 2.1.

• Ecological Effects: The ecological effects of the proposals are considered in Chapter 6. In relation to the increased traffic flow it is not considered likely that any ecological effects would arise as traffic is being introduced onto roads which already accommodate the full range of traffic. Indeed it should be noted the IEA Guidelines suggest that the two most likely causes of ecological effect from changes in traffic would arise from chemical spillage or removal of hedgerow or habitat. Hazardous loads have been assessed as outlined above and the ecological effect on existing habitat of the new road infrastructure is assessed at Chapter 6.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-7 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport

9.31 The traffic effects would be focused upon the network immediately surrounding each location and hence would be of local significance.

Measures Adopted as Part of the Project

9.32 As noted above, the project incorporates measures to avoid or reduce its likely environmental effects. Measures which are an inherent part of the project are set out in Chapter 2. It is important to note that during construction, all works undertaken on the public highway, including any diversion of pedestrians would be undertaken in accordance with Chapter 8 of the Traffic Safety Manual “Traffic Safety Measures and Signs for use in Roadworks and Temporary Situations”. Measures would include appropriate signage and barriers to ensure vehicle and pedestrian movements were segregated as far as possible and that all movements could be undertaken in a safe manner.

9.33 The Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) (Appendix 2.1 of this ES) provides details of the proposed working practices which would be employed during construction. These include methods and practices which would mitigate the effects of traffic.

9.34 In addition, specific measures have been included as part of the project to ensure effects on pedestrians and cyclists within the campus are minimised. These include the widening of the adjacent footway at Queens Drive to safely accommodate pedestrians and also cyclists clear of the carriageway, together with landscaping and introduction of a speed limit and entrance control system, and widening of the carriageway within the campus at the Earley Gate entrance, together with provision of footway and cycle routes.

Baseline Conditions

9.35 The campus is surrounded by both strategic and local roads in the road network, having a total of 12 access points serving the academic cores, commercial/research areas and halls of residence. The principal accesses are at Queens Drive, Pepper Lane, Earley Gate and Whiteknights Hall, each generating some 1,800-3,400 vehicles per day (12 hour). The remaining significant accesses generate some 150-520 vehicles per day (12 hour). Overall, the campus generates around 9,270 vehicles per day (12 hour) of which 0.8% are HGVs and 1.55% medium goods vehicles.

9.36 The internal road network consists of two areas divided by Whiteknights Lake. The eastern area is served by four accesses on Whiteknights Road, whilst the western area has one access to Whiteknights Road, two to Upper Redlands Road, one to Elmhurst Road, two to Shinfield Road and

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-8 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport one to Pepper Lane. As a result of the divided nature of the campus roads, a significant number of vehicle movements between internal parts of the campus involve travel around the external highway network.

9.37 The campus has an established cycling structure although the identifiable cycle network is fairly limited. Cyclists on campus also use the internal road and footpath networks. Cyclists make up some 9.7% of all person movements external to the site with pedestrians making up some 53.9%. The majority of roads on campus have adjacent footways, whilst the footpath network follows the majority of pedestrian desire lines.

9.38 Baseline traffic data is provided in Figures 9.1 and 9.2.

Construction Assessment

Road Infrastructure

9.39 The implementation of the road infrastructure proposals is to be carried out over a period of some ten years with each element coming forward with associated development and access closures. Construction contracts would be expected to be let for individual elements to minimise disruption. Given the disparate nature of the campus accesses, there would be significant opportunities to manage existing and construction traffic via alternative accesses and thus reduce disruption and any detrimental impacts of construction traffic.

9.40 The traffic effects of the road infrastructure proposals would result from the introduction of construction vehicles into non-trafficked areas and the increase in HGV movements on the campus road network. It is considered that the bridge crossing and approach roads construction would have the greatest effect with construction traffic accessing the heart of the campus where, at present, no traffic is generated. It is anticipated that a maximum of some 10 HGV movements and 20 light vehicle movements would be generated per day.

9.41 Measures included as part of the project to address these effects include secure storage and construction areas, rerouted foot/cycle routes and traffic diversions and signing where appropriate. As a result of these measures, it is considered the environmental effect of traffic during the construction phase would be minor adverse as a result of the introduction of construction traffic into this open space area. This effect would be on people walking and cycling in this area and would include potential effects in terms of severance, visual effects and noise and vibration. These groups would be diverted clear of the construction area and segregated from the off-road construction vehicle routes, which would avoid any effects in terms of safety.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-9 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport 9.42 Traffic effects arising from construction of the remaining road infrastructure proposals would have a lesser impact. As for the proposed bridge described above, environmental effects would result in some cases from the introduction of traffic into non-trafficked areas. This would result in environmental effects of no greater than minor adverse.

9.43 The increase in HGV flows on the external road network would be less than 10%. It is not considered that this would give rise to any significant environmental effects beyond the campus boundary.

Halls of Residence

9.44 The proposed halls replacement programme is to be implemented over a 3-4 year period with individual construction projects not generally overlapping so as to reduce disruption.

9.45 It is considered that the construction of the new Childs Hall would have the greatest effect with construction and associated traffic accessing this parkland location. Access would potentially be available from either the Whiteknights Hall or the Foxhill House entrance. It is anticipated that there would typically be some 14 HGV movements generated per day and 30 light vehicle movements.

9.46 The environmental effects of such activities in this part of the campus would be significant would require the provision of secure storage and construction areas, provision of alternative foot/cycle routes and diversion/segregation of traffic with signing as appropriate. These measures would be adopted and as a result it is considered the effect in environmental terms would be minor adverse as a result of construction traffic entering and manoeuvring within the campus.

9.47 The groups affected would be people walking and cycling within the campus and could include noise, vibration, visual effects and severance. These groups would be diverted clear of the construction area and segregated from the off road construction traffic routes such that safety would not be affected.

9.48 Construction of the two other halls would have a similar though lesser effect in environmental terms. Similar measures would be adopted resulting in environmental effects of traffic within the campus not exceeding minor adverse.

9.49 The increase in the HGV and other traffic flows on the external road network would be less than 10% respectively. Therefore it is not anticipated that there would be any significant environmental effects of traffic outside the campus boundary.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-10 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Remaining Proposals

9.50 As with the above projects, the remaining elements of the project, including the building of general academic, support and sports buildings and laying out of car parks, landscaping and services infrastructure would be implemented over a ten year period.

9.51 In environmental terms, the construction project that would have the greatest effect would be that of one of the general academic buildings proposed within the existing academic core. This would be a three storey building occupying a footprint of some 500m2 and a total floor space of 1,500m2. It would be located on the western edge of Campus Green and could cause disruption through construction and associated traffic. It is anticipated that a maximum of some 10 HGV movements and 20 light vehicle movements would be generated per day.

9.52 To mitigate the effects of construction traffic, a number of measures would be adopted as part of the project, including:

• A secure storage and parking compound would be required (this may be in the location of Car Park 3 to the north). This would limit vehicular access into the Campus Green area;

• Adequate turning facilities for HGVs within or adjacent to the compound;

• The diversion of footpaths and cycle routes clear of the construction and parking/storage areas; and

• The management of construction traffic movements to and from the compound using signage and traffic calming and diversion measures to avoid conflict with general campus traffic. 9.53 It is considered that with these measures in place, the environmental effects traffic during construction of this academic building would be minor adverse as a result of construction traffic entering a non- trafficked area.

9.54 The groups affected would be people walking and cycling and could include effects in the form of noise, vibration, visual effects and severance. The groups would be diverted clear of the construction area and segregated from the off-road construction routes.

9.55 Construction of the remaining development proposals within the project would have a similar though lesser impact in environmental terms. It is considered the environmental effects of traffic associated with these parts of the project would be minor adverse.

9.56 The effects of construction traffic upon the surrounding road network are likely to be negligible to minor adverse.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-11 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Operational Assessment

Road Infrastructure

9.57 Whilst the road infrastructure proposals are not intended to be implemented alone but as part of the wider project, an assessment has been made on a component by component basis in order to identify the effects of each part of the project. According to the anticipated redistribution of existing traffic arising from the project, it is considered the greatest effects across the campus would be as set out in Table 9.2 below.

Table 9.2: Change in Traffic Flow

No Element Existing Traffic Operational Traffic

(Minimum) (12 hour)

1 Whiteknights/Windsor Hall Connection 0 644

2 Lake Bridge and Approach Road to 0 Circa 200 Earley Gate

3 Park House Link 0 Circa 400

4 Bridges Hall Link and Approach Road 0 343

5 Foxhill House link 0 129

9.58 It can be seen that whilst, with each of the above elements, traffic would be introduced into areas not currently having traffic, the levels of generated traffic are within the environmental capacity of each road, thought to be in excess of 300 vehicles per hour. Further, in the case of elements 1 and 5, segregated routes for pedestrians are provided whilst in the remaining elements 2, 3 and 4, footways would be provided.

9.59 The groups and interests that would be affected by the road infrastructure changes are people within the campus, including at home (within halls of residence), people in work places, people walking, people cycling and open spaces. The effects could include those in the form of noise, visual effects, severance and pedestrian amenity. Each element proposed would result in traffic being diverted from existing routes, thereby relieving those routes and achieving beneficial environmental effects.

9.60 Taking into account the locations relative to existing traffic and activity, anticipated traffic volumes and measures as part of the project, including a 20mph speed limit, it is felt that the effect of traffic would be as follows on each above element:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-12 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Table 9.3: Environmental Effects of Traffic Associated with the Road Infrastructure Proposals (within campus)

Element Effect 1 Minor adverse 2 Minor adverse 3 Minor adverse 4 Minor adverse 5 Negligible to Minor adverse

9.61 The road infrastructure proposals would achieve a benefit in terms of reduced traffic movements on the surrounding road network and junctions. This would be achieved by improved internal accessibility within the campus. A full description of effects on external roads is provided for the project as a whole in the Overall Project Assessment section.

Halls of Residence

9.62 This part of the project would be carried out across a 3-4 year period and thus to assess its full effect, the three elements have been combined. The proposals are as follows.

Table 9.4: Proposed Development (Halls of Residence)

Element Existing Bedrooms Proposed Bedrooms Whiteknights Hall 209 560 Childs Hall 497 1,296 Bridges Hall 497 644 Total 1,203 2,500

9.63 Given the low proportion of students that are permitted to park on the campus, it is acknowledged that halls of residence generate minimal traffic flow; the existing Bridges and Wessex Halls, for example, generating some 0.52 vehicle movements per bedroom per 12 hour day.

9.64 It is thus calculated that the proposed halls of residence combined would have the following maximum daily traffic effects within the campus.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-13 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Table 9.5: Predicted Change in Internal Traffic Flows (Combined Roads Infrastructure and Halls of Residence)

Element Existing Traffic Operational Traffic (including Road Infrastructure) 1. Whiteknights/Windsor Hall 0 1,178 Connection 2. Bridge Hall Link and Approach 0 440 Road

9.65 It can be seen that, when combined with the effects of the Road Infrastructure changes, there would be an increase in traffic on both of these internal links. However, flows would remain below the environmental capacity of the roads. The following measures would be implemented to reduce the effects of the increases in traffic.

• Rearrangement of existing car parks (No. 2 and west of Windsor Hall) to ensure the safe operation of these car parks in accommodating through traffic;

• Provision of a footway on the west side of the northern section of the Whiteknights/Windsor Hall Connection route. The southern section runs parallel to an alternative segregated route for pedestrians;

• Landscaping (see Chapter 5) to further screen the Whiteknights/Windsor Hall Connection route from external views;

• Provision of a footway along the entire southern side of the element 2 route; and

• Landscaping adjacent to the Bridge Hall Link and Approach Road route to screen it from external views. 9.66 Provided the above measures are implemented, it is considered that the environmental effects of traffic associated with the proposed halls of residence (combined with the roads proposals) would be as follows on the above locations.

Table 9.6: Environmental Effects of Traffic Associated with the Halls of Residence Proposals (within campus)

Element Effect 1 Minor adverse 2 Minor adverse

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-14 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport 9.67 The groups and interests that would be affected would be people at home (e.g. within halls of residence), people walking and cycling and open spaces. The effects would be in the form of noise, visual effects, severance and pedestrian amenity. These effects would be within the campus.

9.68 The additional traffic associated with the proposed halls of residence would have an effect on flows on the surrounding road network of less than 10% increase overall. Therefore it is not anticipated that there would be any significant environmental effects of traffic outside the campus boundary. Effects on the surrounding road network are considered further in the Overall Project Assessment section below.

Remaining Proposals

9.69 The remaining proposals include the following specific projects that have been assessed in traffic terms as shown.

• Waste Transfer Station (WTS) - this would be located on the south side of the campus with access from Pepper Lane via the retained boiler house access. Because of the proposed strategy of collecting waste internally to this peripheral location, there would be an overall reduction in traffic external to the campus. There would be a diversion of existing waste collection trips on campus direct to and from the WTS and the addition of around 4 daily HGV movements (two-way) removing waste at the boiler house access with Pepper Lane. The overall effect of the proposal would be minor beneficial in terms of the reduction in journey lengths and number of vehicle movements associated with waste collection.

• Central Production Unit (CPU) – this would be located adjacent to the above waste transfer station and would have the same access arrangements. In a similar way to the waste collection strategy, the CPU would cause the diversion of existing catering vehicles on campus direct to and from the unit. It is anticipated that because of the delivery of a range of catering provisions, there would be some 20 daily goods vehicle movements (two-way). There would be a minor beneficial effect in terms of the reduction in journey lengths and number of vehicle movements. Effects upon residents of adjacent properties arising from the addition of goods vehicle movements in the area of the boiler house could would be controlled by screening parking and loading/unloading areas from the existing dwellings and providing footways segregated from these areas and the goods vehicle route.

• Academic Buildings – These twelve buildings are each expected to generate between 85 and 295 vehicle movements per day albeit that they would replace existing buildings already generating traffic movements. The net traffic effects of these buildings are included in the overall project assessment below.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-15 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport • Support Building – this new catering ‘hub’ would serve the Earley Gate Academic core and redeveloped Bridges Hall. Alone it is thought unlikely that this building would generate additional traffic movements given the proposed catering strategy .

• Sports Facilities – These include an extension of the Sports Centre, the relocation of the sports pavilion and setting out of an all-weather sports pitch. Collectively, they would be expected to generate an additional 500 vehicle movements per day onto Queens Drive and its junction with Shinfield Road. These additional movements would amount to a 19.7% increase in traffic movements on Queens Drive and some 2% on Shinfield Road. The effects of this traffic are dealt with in the overall project assessment below.

Overall Project Assessment

9.70 To assess the worst case scenario (assuming all aspects of the project are implemented and that traffic generation rates continue at existing levels), the whole project, including the road infrastructure, halls of residence and the remaining proposals, has been assessed. Where there would be no change from the situations already assessed above, no further assessments have been carried out. In practice, it is anticipated that effects may be less than described in this section, as there would be only a minimal increase in total staff and student numbers.

9.71 The project could have the following daily traffic impacts upon the internal road network.

Table 9.7: Effects of Whole Project on Internal Road Network

Location Existing Traffic Operational Traffic % Increase Queens Drive 2,540 4,077 60.5 Chancellors Way 391 391 0 Pepper Lane entrance 3,411 3,777 10.7 Earley Gate 1,804 2,462 36.5 Bridges Hall access 165 0 - Wessex Hall access 178 0 - Fox Hill access 129 0 - Whiteknights Hall access 515 0 - Sports Pavilion 140 0 -

9.72 As a result of the relative locations of the component parts of the project, there could be a 10.7% daily increase in traffic at the Pepper Lane entrance. This increase could affect people walking and cycling in the areas. Given that the access roads are very largely segregated from footpath routes, it is considered that the effect of the additional traffic would be minor adverse at worst.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-16 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport 9.73 As a result of the project proposals in the eastern section of the campus, there could be a significant 36.5% increase in traffic per day on the Earley Gate access road. This increase could affect people walking and cycling in the area. To control the effects of this additional traffic, it is proposed as part of the project that the road would be widened to 5.5m and that footways would be provided on its north and south sides and that cycle route provisions would be introduced around the junction with Whiteknights Road. In addition, a 20mph speed limit would be introduced along with barriers to control access. As a result of these measures, it is considered the environmental effect of the additional traffic would be minor adverse on people walking and cycling.

9.74 On Queens Drive, the greatest potential environmental effects of traffic arising from the project could amount to an increase of up to some 60.5%, with 1537 additional vehicle movements per 12 hour day. The road already has a width of 5.5m and thus it has a flow capacity of some 800 vehicles per hour compared with a demand flow of around 490 vehicles in the peak hours.

9.75 There are no regular pedestrian crossing demands on this route, whilst a 2m wide footway on the north side is separated from the carriageway by a 2m verge. To minimise the effects of the additional traffic, the following measures are proposed within the campus as part of the project.

• The widening of the adjacent footway to 3.5m to safely accommodate pedestrians and also cyclists clear of the carriageway;

• The landscaping of the intervening verge to reduce the impact of passing traffic;

• The introduction of a 20mph speed limit and barrier to control vehicle access and speeds generally; and

• The introduction of kerbing on the north side of the carriageway. 9.76 With the introduction of the above measures, it is considered the environmental effect of traffic arising from the project on Queens Drive would be minor adverse affecting people walking and cycling.

9.77 The implementation of the project would result in an increase in traffic movements on the surrounding road network. The likely effects are as follows:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-17 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Table 9.8: Effects of the Project on the External Road Network

Road Existing Daily Operational Daily % Increase Traffic Traffic Shinfield Road 17560 18110 3.1 Pepper Lane 10995 11485 4.5 Whiteknights Road 10210 10725 5.0 (East End) Elmhurst Road 5670 5845 3.1 Wilderness Road 18970 19470 2.6

9.78 From the above table it can be seen that the combined increases in traffic likely to arise from the Development Plan proposals would fall well below the critical threshold levels set out in the ‘Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic, Guidance Note No. 1”. Thus no detailed assessment of the environmental effects of traffic is required. A basic assessment of each road is provided below.

9.79 The roads surrounding the campus are single carriageway roads, subject to a 30mph speed restriction and have dual footways. Traffic calming measures are provided along Whiteknights Road and Upper Redlands Road.

9.80 Pedestrian crossing refuges are provided at strategic points along Shinfield Road, Wilderness Road and Whiteknights Road whilst dwellings are largely set back at least 5m from running carriageways.

9.81 It is considered that the effect of additional traffic associated with the project on the surrounding roads would be negligible to minor adverse.

9.82 The environmental effects of traffic associated with the project (both within and outside of the campus boundary) can be summarised as follows:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-18 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Table 9.9: Overall Project Assessment

Component Significance of Effects Construction Operation Road Infrastructure Minor adverse Minor adverse Whiteknights Hall Minor adverse Minor adverse Childs Hall Minor adverse Minor adverse Bridges Hall Minor adverse Minor adverse Remaining Proposals Minor adverse Minor adverse Overall Project Effect Minor adverse Minor adverse

9.83 It is concluded that, as a result of the disparate nature of the proposals, the ability to vary access and movement and the measures that would be implemented, the environmental effects of traffic resulting from the project would not exceed minor levels within the campus and would be negligible to minor adverse on the road network surrounding the site.

9.84 The summary of effects is provided in Tables 9.10 and 9.11:

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-19 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Table 9.10: Summary of Effects Within Whiteknights Campus

Summary of Effects on Campus Geographical level of importance of issue I N R D L Resource Phase Effect Sensitivity of receptor Magnitude of Impact Duration Nature Significance Increase in traffic flows Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L

Visual Effects Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Negligible L Severance Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Driver Delay Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Pedestrian Delay/Amenity Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Construction Accidents and Safety Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Hazardous Loads Medium Neutral Temporary Neutral Negligible L Dust and Dirt Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Increase in traffic flows Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L Visual effects Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Negligible L Traffic and Transport Severance Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Negligible L Driver delay Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L eration

p Pedestrian Delay/Amenity Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L O Accidents and safety Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L Hazardous Loads Medium Neutral Permanent Neutral Negligible L Dust and Dirt Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L Key : I: International N: National R: Regional D: District L: Local

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-20 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Table 9.11: Summary of Effects on Surrounding Road Network

Summary of Effects on Surrounding Roads Geographical level of importance of issue I N R D L Resource Phase Effect Residual Sensitivity of receptor Magnitude of Impact Duration Nature Significance Increase in traffic flows Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L

Visual Effects Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Severance Medium Neutral Temporary Neutral Negligible L Driver Delay Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Construction Pedestrian Delay/Amenity Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L ort

p Accidents and Safety Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Hazardous Loads Medium Neutral Temporary Neutral Negligible L Dust and Dirt Medium Minor Temporary Adverse Minor L Increase in traffic flows Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L Traffic and Trans Visual effects Medium Neutral Permanent Neutral Negligible L Severance Medium Neutral Permanent Adverse Negligible L Driver delay Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L eration

p Pedestrian Delay/Amenity Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L O Accidents and safety Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L Hazardous Loads Medium Neutral Permanent Neutral Negligible L Dust and Dirt Medium Minor Permanent Adverse Minor L Key : I: International N: National R: Regional D: District L: Local

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-21 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport Cumulative Effects

9.85 There are a number of developments which may influence traffic flows along the roads surrounding the Whiteknights campus. On the assumption these developments progress and generate associated vehicle trips, background traffic flows on the surrounding roads would increase. The assessment of traffic effects included within this chapter has taken into account predicted growth in traffic flows in future years. It should be noted that the effect of the current project alone is negligible to minor adverse and that the contribution of the project to any cumulative effects would be relatively small compared to the potential effects associated with the other proposed developments in the area (such as residential housing).

9.86 The effect of the project would not be altered significantly by the potential cumulative effect of other proposals. Construction of the project in accordance with the CEMP and using access routes agreed with the local authority is therefore unlikely to significantly add to the effects of the other proposed developments in the area.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 9-22 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Traffic and Transport 10 Further Information

10.1 Copies of the Environmental Statement, including the Non Technical Summary, can be viewed at the planning authority offices.

10.2 The addresses of the planning authorities are:

Reading Borough Council

Civic Centre Reading RG1 7AE

Wokingham Borough Council

Civic Offices

Shute End

Wokingham

RG40 1BN

10.3 Copies of the full Environmental Statement can be acquired from the University of Reading at a cost of £140 plus postage, packing and VAT. Alternatively, a CD-rom is available at a cost of £10 each.

10.4 Comments, queries or requests for information concerning the Environmental Statement should be addressed to:

University of Reading

Dorothy Hague

Head of Feasibility, Facilities Management Directorate

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus

PO Box 217

Reading, Berkshire

RG6 6AH

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 10-1 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Further Information 10.5 A Non-Technical Summary of the ES has been produced. Copies of the separate Non-Technical Summary are available free of charge.

University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus 10-2 RPS Environmental Statement July 2008 Further Information