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Index Page numbers in italic refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. 5 km rule 379, 463–464 Aira Caldera 277, 278, 278, 279, 280, 282–284, 10 kyr activity index 287–288 285, 286, 303 100 year activity index 287 excursion 499–500 Aizawa Formation 65 Abo Tunnel 458–459, 459 Akaiwa Subgroup 28 Abu-Hikimi Rhyolites 259–260 Akan Caldera 277, 278–279, 281, 282 Abukuma Belt 35–36, 37, 62,87–91, 87, 88, 89, 90 Akandana Volcano 458 granitic rocks 265–266 Akashi Formation 459, 459 metallic minerals 433, 434, 435–436, 435 Akashi Kaikyo suspension bridge 459–460, 459 Abukuma granitoid zone 254, 254, 255, 257 Akashima Formation 13 accretionary complexes 8, 8,10–12, 61 Akatani Landslide 474 Abukuma Belt 35–36, 37, 62,87–91, 87, 88, 89, 90 Akazawa Unit 90, 90 granitic rocks 265–266 Akeyo Formation 321–322, 322 metallic minerals 433, 434, 435–436, 435 Akita Basin Akiyoshi Belt 8–9, 11, 62, 63,65–69, 65, 66, 67, 68, hydrocarbon resources 328, 329, 330, 443–446, 139–140, 140, 141 444–445, 446 catastrophic landslides 471–474, 474 sedimentary successions 323, 325–328, 327 formation process 61, 62 Aki Tectonic Line 125, 127, 495 Hokkaido 201, 202, 204, 206–207, 208–209, 210, 211, 213–214 Akiyoshi Belt 8–9, 11, 62, 63,65–69, 65, 66, 67, 68, Kyushu–Ryukyu Arc 139–140, 140, 141 Cenozoic 160–164, 164, 165 Akiyoshi-dai Plateau 67, 67, 68, 440 Cretaceous 149–150, 151, 152, 153, 154 Akiyoshi-do cave system 501 Jurassic 140, 141, 144, 145, 145, 147–148, 147, 148, 149, 149 Akiyoshi Limestone 8–9, 11, 67, 67, 68, 68,69 Permian 139–140, 140, 145, 146–147 Akiyoshi seamount 65, 65, 66, 66,67–68 Maizuru Belt 7–8, 62, 63, 65, 69, 71–75, 72, 73, 74, 77 Akka–Tanohata Sub-belt 91, 92, 92 Nedamo Belt 8, 9, 62,85–86, 85, 86, 87 Aluminous Spinel Ultramafic Suite (ASUS) 237–238 out-of-sequence thrust model 133 Amami–Daito Province 4, 14, 15 relationship with mainland Asia 93–94, 93 Amami Plateau 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19 Renge metamorphic rocks 61–65, 62, 63, 64, 65, 139, 140, 141, 153 AMeDAS (Automated Meteorological Data Suo Belt 62, 63,69–71, 70, 71, 72, 139, 140–143, Acquisition System) 469 140, 141, 142, 143, 153, 160 Amur Plate 2, 6, 13, 374 tectonic erosion 133 An’ei eruption, Sakurajima Volcano 302 Ultra-Tamba Belt 8, 62, 63, 75, 76, 77 An’ei Seamount 189, 190 see also Chichibu Belt; Mino–Tamba–Ashio Aokigahara lava flow, Fuji Volcano 295, 296 Belt; Shimanto Belt Aosawa Formation 326 active faults Aoshima facies 316, 317, 318 and earthquakes 378–381, 378, 379, 380, 381 aplite feldspar 440 maps 462 Arakigawa Formation 33, 33, 34 and nuclear power stations 464–465 Arato Formation 45 slip rates 462 Aratozaki Formation 45 active volcanism 276, 285–286, 288 Arima–Takatsuki Tectonic Line (ATTL) 388, 388, 390 distribution 3, 277, 348 arkosic sands 440 eruption magnitudes 287 Asaji metamorphic complex 140, 141, 144, 151, 152 Fuji Volcano 192, 193 Asaji ultramafic rocks 140, 141, 144 eruptions 194, 286, 295–297, 295, 296, 297, 489 Asama Volcano 276, 277, 286, 288, 288 excursion 487–489, 488 Ashigawa tonalite 257 location 277 Ashikita Group 141, 146 ranking 288 Asia, mainland 29, 93–94, 93 Izu–Oshima Volcano 277, 286, 288, 290–291, 290, 291, 292, 293 see also China; Korean Peninsula Miyakejima Volcano 182, 277, 286, 288, 288, 291–295, 294 Aso Caldera 277, 278, 278, 279, 281–282, 283, 284, numbers of volcanoes 288 460–462, 461 ranking and monitoring systems 287–288, 288 Aso Volcano 276, 277, 286, 288, 288 Sakurajima Volcano 277, 283, 285, 286, 288, 288, 301, excursion 493, 496–497 302–303, 302 ASUS see Aluminous Spinel Ultramafic Suite (ASUS) excursion 493, 499–500 Ata Caldera 277, 278, 278, 279, 280 Shinmoedake Volcano 277, 286, 288, 299, 300–302, 300 Atera fault system 386–387, 388 Unzen Volcano 167, 277, 286, 288, 288, 297–299, atmospheric dust 69 297, 298, 299 Atosanupuri Caldera 280, 281, 282 excursion 493, 498–499 augen gneiss 265 Usu Volcano 277, 286, 288–290, 288, 288, 289, 290 Australia 9 activity index (AI) 287–288 Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System adakites 230, 256, 274, 275 (AMeDAS) 469 aftershock activity 377, 383, 383, 398, 399–400, 400 Awazu Formation 46 Ainosawa Formation 37 Ayukawa Formation 46 Aioi Rhyolites 259, 260 Ayukawa Unit 90–91, 90 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3707171/backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 510 INDEX back-arc basins, hydrocarbon resources 328–330, 329, 443–447, Choshigasa Unit 150, 153, 154 444–446, 446 Chromite-bearing Ultramafic Suite (CRUS) 237–238 back-arc basin successions 323–328, 323 chromitites 30, 31 Akita Basin 323, 325–328, 327 Chugoku Mountains 29–30, 30, 31, 61, 62–63, 65, 69, 70 Niigata Basin 323, 324–325, 324, 326 Chuseki-so sediments 409–410, 415 back-arc knolls zone (BAKZ) 179–180 clay resources 440–443, 441, 442 Baiu Front 469, 472 climatic changes 68–69 barrier and estuary systems 410, 411, 413–414, 414 coal 9, 13, 498 barrier function of geological environment 479–480, 479 coal resources 448–450, 448, 449 Barrovian-type metamorphism 103–104, 104 coastal geology 409–416 basement rocks and cover 25–48 barrier and estuary systems 410, 411, 413–414, 414 Hida Belt 25–29, 26, 27, 28 delta systems 410–412, 411, 412 Hida-Gaien Belt 26,32–35, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 fan delta systems 410, 411, 412 Kurosegawa Belt 36, 40–41, 40, 41,42–43, 46 incised-valley fills 409–410 Oeyama Belt 29–32, 30, 31, 32 Lake Suigetsu 416 South Kitakami Belt 35–40, 37, 38, 39, 40,41–42, 43–46, 43, 44, 45 strand plain systems 411, 412–413, 413 basin and range morphology 2 subsidence 415–416, 416 Benham Rise 19 tsunami deposits 414–415, 415 bentonite deposits 441, 442–443, 442 collision-accretion 84, 84 Besshi Unit 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109 contact metamorphism 28, 30, 31, 31, 32, 234–235 big mantle wedge (BMW) model 356, 358–359 continental crust formation 175–176 Bonin islands 177–178 continental shelf survey project (CSSP) 14, 15, 16, 17,18 boninites 230 continental shelves 418–419, 418, 419 continental crust 175 convergent margins 12, 103, 105, 118 Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 177–178 see also Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) Arc Philippine Sea Plate 16, 18, 19 Cretaceous 10, 11, 12–13 boninite volcanism 177–178, 178 Cretaceous–Tertiary (K/T) boundary 210 Bonin Ridge 177, 178 CRUS see Chromite-bearing Ultramafic Suite (CRUS) Bouger gravity anomalies crustal earthquakes see inland crustal earthquakes Aso Caldera 281–282, 284 crustal re-organization 267 Kii Peninsula 127, 127 crustal stress fields 375–376, 375 Philippine Sea Plate 16–17, 16 CSSP see continental shelf survey project (CSSP) brine rejection 417 current system, surface ocean 417, 417, 420–421, 422 Brownian Passage Time function 392 cyclic eruptions 278 building stones 443 Buntoku Formation 41,42 Dabie–Sulu Orogeny 9, 11, 11 Butsuzo Tectonic Line (BTL) 12, 139, 140, 150, 151, 153, 154 Daiichi–Kashima Seamount 6,9 Daijima Formation 13 caldera-forming volcanism 275, 276–279, 276, 277, 278, 279 Daioin Unit 90–91, 90 Aira Caldera 277, 278, 278, 279, 280, 282–284, 285, 286, 303 Daito Ridge 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19 Aso Caldera 277, 278, 278, 279, 281–282, 283, 284, 460–462, 461 dam construction 460–462, 460, 461, 461 Kikai Caldera 276, 277, 278, 278, 279, 280, 284–285, 286, 287, 415 Dansgaard–Oeschger (D-O) cycles 421 Kutcharo Group calderas 277, 279–281, 281, 282 debris avalanches 287, 288, 288, 297, 469–471 Cambrian 7 debris-flow generation 419 Carboniferous 7, 8–9, 10 Deep-Sea Boring Machine System (BMS) 14 cataclasites 130, 129, 132, 463, 464 Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) 2,18 Cathaysian Floral Province 42, 47 deep-seated granites 261–266, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 CBF Rift (Central Basin Fault) 14, 19 deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DGSD) Cenozoic 4,13–14 466, 475 Central Asian Orogenic Belt 9 deep seismic structure 339–365, 364 central island province (CIP), Mariana Arc 184–185, 186 big mantle wedge (BMW) model 356, 358–359 centroid moment tensor (CMT) 375, 375 crustal deformation and shallow crustal seismicity 355–356 Changbai Volcano 358, 358 deep low-frequency earthquakes 355, 355 characteristic earthquake model (CEM) 396 deep structure of subduction zone 359–362, 359, 360, 361, chert-clastic sequences 75, 78–79, 80, 82, 83, 147, 147, 149, 201 362, 363 Chichibu Belt 80–84, 83, 145, 145, 147 mantle wedge structures 347–356 chert-clastic sequences 147, 147, 149 eastern Japan 347–351, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352 formative processes 84, 84, 85 Kii Peninsula 353, 354–355 greenstones 229 western Japan 351–354, 353, 354 and Hokkaido 208, 209 metastable olivine wedge (MOW) 362–365, 364 location 62, 63 stagnant slab 356–359, 357, 358, 361, 363 and North Kitakami Belt 92–93 subducting slab structure and seismic activity 339–347, 340, 342 and Sanbagawa Belt 102 earthquake epicentre distribution 341 stratigraphy and age 81, 82, 148, 149 internal slab structure and intraslab earthquakes 344–347, 344, CHIME monazite dating 115, 115, 251, 254 345, 346 China 7, 9, 10, 29, 93–94, 93, 267, 356 interplate earthquakes and downdip limit 343–344, 344 Chiran Formation 160 slab–slab contact zone 342, 343–344, 344, 345, 346, 347 Chishima Basin 273, 274 thickness of plates 339 Chokai Unit 140, 141, 144, 152 deep water formation 417, 422 Chonomori Formation 44 dehydration embrittlement 344, 346, 362 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3707171/backmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 INDEX 511 dehydration of subducting slab 344, 344, 345, 347, engineering geology 457–480 348, 351, 354 dam construction 460–462, 460, 461, 461 deep slab 358, 359, 360, 361 and faults 462–465, 463, 464, 465,
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  • Fault Scaling Relationships Depend on the Average Fault Slip Rate

    Fault Scaling Relationships Depend on the Average Fault Slip Rate

    Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript RL+SR_2MW_r16.tex 1 Fault Scaling Relationships Depend on the 2 Average Fault Slip Rate 3 John G. Anderson, Glenn P. Biasi, Steven G. Wes- 4 nousky 5 Abstract 6 This study addresses whether knowing the slip rate on a fault improves es- 7 timates of magnitude (MW ) of shallow, continental surface-rupturing earth- 8 quakes. Based on 43 earthquakes from the database of Wells and Coppersmith 9 (1994), Anderson et al. (1996) previously suggested that estimates of MW from 10 rupture length (LE)areimprovedbyincorporatingthesliprateofthefault 11 (SF ). We re-evaluate this relationship with an expanded database of 80 events, 12 that includes 57 strike-slip, 12 reverse, and 11 normal faulting events. When the 13 data are subdivided by fault mechanism, magnitude predictions from rupture 14 length are improved for strike-slip faults when slip rate is included, but not for 15 reverse or normal faults. Whether or not the slip rate term is present, a linear 16 model with M log L over all rupture lengths implies that the stress drop W ⇠ E 17 depends on rupture length - an observation that is not supported by teleseismic 18 observations. We consider two other models, including one we prefer because it 19 has constant stress drop over the entire range of LE for any constant value of 20 SF and fits the data as well as the linear model. The dependence on slip rate for 21 strike-slip faults is a persistent feature of all considered models. The observed 22 dependence on SF supports the conclusion that for strike-slip faults of a given 23 length, the static stress drop, on average, tends to decrease as the fault slip rate 24 increases.
  • Title Hazards from Surface Faulting in Earthquakes Author(S) KOBAYASHI

    Title Hazards from Surface Faulting in Earthquakes Author(S) KOBAYASHI

    Title Hazards from Surface Faulting in Earthquakes Author(s) KOBAYASHI, Yoshimasa Bulletin of the Disaster Prevention Research Institute (1976), Citation 26(4): 213-240 Issue Date 1976-12 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124864 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University But Disas. Prey. rtes. Inst., Kyoto Univ., Vol. 26, Part 4, No. 244,Dec., 1976 213 Hazards from Surface Faulting in Earthquakes By Yoshimasa KOBAYASHI (Manuscriptreceived December 27, 1976) Abstract Well-knownearthquakes accompanied by surfacefaults since the 1891Nobi earthquake are reviewed,and hazardsfrom faulting are summarized. Morphologyof the hazardsas theoffset of groundsgrabens, mole tracks,tension cracks en echelon,gentle flexure or wavyswelling of land surfaceare described. Severalexamples of distributionof damage relative to faults shows that in earthquakesof M 7.0 to 7.5 the width of the endangeredarea where totally collapsedhouses wouldexceed 30% would be 5.5 to 7.5 km in mountaineousregions and someten kilometers in alluvialplains. Dimensionsand other featuresof faults are investigatedand the region at risk due-to faultingis discussed. The horizontaldisplacement is predominantin most earthquake faultsin Japan. Plural faultsgenerally move in an earthquake,and a belt 0.4 to 3 km wide on both sidesof a postulatedfault as well as conjugatedfaults crossed by the latter are at risk. 1. Introduction Surface faulting in earthquakes has caused severe damage in source regions of large earthquakes. The hazards from it, however, have not been paid much atten- tion to in Japan, while in the United States and other parts of North America the problem has been often treated and criteria for establishing Risk Zones or designing related to faulting are discussed actively”'2)•Tho.