CVS Caremark® Value Priced Generic Drug List
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Top Twenty Pay-For-Delay Drugs: How Drug Industry Payoffs Delay Generics, Inflate Prices and Hurt Consumers
TOP TWENTY PAY-FOR-DELAY DRUGS: HOW DRUG INDUSTRY PAYOFFS DELAY GENERICS, INFLATE PRICES AND HURT CONSUMERS oo often, consumers are forced to shoulder a heavy financial burden, or even go without needed medicine, due to the high cost of brand-name drugs. Our research indicates that one significant cause is Tthe practice called “pay for delay,” which inflates the drug prices paid by tens of millions of Americans. In a pay-for-delay deal, a brand-name drug company pays off a would-be competitor to delay it from selling a generic version of the drug. Without any competition, the brand-name company can continue demanding high prices for its drug. This list of 20 drugs known to be impacted by pay-for-delay deals represents the tip of the iceberg. Annual reports by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) indicate that generic versions of as many as 142 brand-name drugs have been delayed by pay-for-delay arrangements between drug manufacturers since 2005.1 However, because the details of these deals rarely become public, consumers have largely been kept in the dark about the extent of the problem. Information about these twenty specific drugs affected by pay-for-delay deals has been made public thanks to legal challenges brought by the FTC, consumer class action lawsuits, research by legal experts, and public disclosures by drug makers. Key findings of our analysis of these 20 drugs impacted by pay-for-delay deals: . This practice has held back generic . These brand-name drugs cost medicines used by patients with a wide 10 times more than their generic range of serious or chronic conditions, equivalents, on average, and as much as ranging from cancer and heart disease, to 33 times more. -
An Introduction to Fast Dissolving Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery Systems: a Review
Muthadi Radhika Reddy /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 12(7), 2020, 925-940 An Introduction to Fast Dissolving Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery Systems: A Review Muthadi Radhika Reddy1* 1School of pharmacy, Gurunanak Institute of Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India and Department of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management University, Vizag, Andhra Pradesh, India INTRODUCTION 2. Useful in situations where rapid onset of action Fast dissolving drug delivery systems were first developed required such as in motion sickness, allergic attack, in the late 1970s as an alternative to conventional dosage coughing or asthma forms. These systems consist of solid dosage forms that 3. Has wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, Rx disintegrate and dissolve quickly in the oral cavity without Prescriptions and OTC medications for treating pain, the need of water [1]. Fast dissolving drug delivery cough/cold, gastro-esophageal reflux disease,erectile systems include orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) and dysfunction, sleep disorders, dietary supplements, etc oral thin films (OTFs). The Centre for Drug Evaluation [4] and Research (CDER) defines ODTs as,“a solid dosage 4. No water is required for the administration and hence form containing medicinal substances which disintegrates suitable during travelling rapidly, usually within a matter of seconds, when placed 5. Some drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx upon the tongue” [2]. USFDA defines OTFs as, “a thin, and esophagus as the saliva passes down into the flexible, non-friable polymeric film strip containing one or stomach, enhancing bioavailability of drugs more dispersed active pharmaceutical ingredients which is 6. May offer improved bioavailability for poorly water intended to be placed on the tongue for rapid soluble drugs by offering large surface area as it disintegration or dissolution in the saliva prior to disintegrates and dissolves rapidly swallowing for delivery into the gastrointestinal tract” [3]. -
Chapter 1 Controlling Drug Delivery
chapter 1 Controlling drug delivery Overview In this chapter we will: & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their physical state & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their route of administration & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their type of drug release & discuss drug transport across epithelial barriers. Introduction KeyPoints & Continued developments in Pharmacotherapy can be defined as the treatment chemistry, molecular biology and prevention of illness and disease by means of and genomics support the drugs of chemical or biological origin. It ranks discovery and developments among the most important methods of medical of new drugs and new drug treatment, together with surgery, physical targets. & treatment, radiation and psychotherapy. There The drug delivery system are many success stories concerning the use of employed can control the pharmacological action of a drugs and vaccines in the treatment, prevention drug, influencing its and in some cases even eradication of diseases pharmacokinetic and (e.g. smallpox, which is currently the only subsequent therapeutic human infectious disease completely profile. eradicated). Although it is almost impossible to estimate the exact extent of the impact of pharmacotherapy on human health, there can be no doubt that pharmacotherapy, together with improved sanitation, better diet and better housing, has improved people’s health, life expectancy and quality of life. Tip Unprecedented developments in genomics Combinatorial chemistry is a way to and molecular biology today offer a plethora of build a variety of structurally related new drug targets. The use of modern chemical drug compounds rapidly and synthetic methods (such as combinatorial systematically. These are assembled chemistry) enables the syntheses of a large from a range of molecular entities number of new drug candidates in shorter times which are put together in different ‘ ’ than ever before. -
Dissolution Testing of Orally Disintegrating Tablets
dx.doi.org/10.14227/DT100203P6 Dissolution Testing of Orally Disintegrating Tablets James Klancke Sr. Director, Analytical Development, CIMA LABS INC, Brooklyn Park, MN email correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) are solid dosage forms that disintegrate in the oral cavity leaving an easy-to-swallow residue.The disintegration times are generally less than one minute.For orally disinte- grating tablets,taste-masking of bitter or objectional-tasting drug substances is critical.The taste-masking aspect plays a significant role in dissolution method development,specifications,and testing.The USP 2 paddle apparatus is the most suitable and common choice for orally disintegrating tablets.Discriminating, robust dissolution methods are extremely useful for monitoring process optimization and changes during scale-up of taste-masked bulk drug and tablet manufacture. Introduction rally disintegrating tablets contain a wide The development of dissolution methods for variety of pharmaceutical actives covering orally disintegrating tablets is comparable to the Omany therapeutic categories,and can be approach taken for conventional tablets,and is particularly good applications for pediatric and practically identical when the orally disintegrating geriatric treatments.The time for disintegration of tablet does not utilize taste masking.The reference orally disintegrating tablets is generally considered listed drug may have dissolution conditions in a to be less than one minute [1-4],although patients USP -
Merck & Co., Inc
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549 _________________________________ FORM 10-K (MARK ONE) ☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2020 OR ☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File No. 1-6571 _________________________________ Merck & Co., Inc. 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033 (908) 740-4000 New Jersey 22-1918501 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) (I.R.S Employer Identification No.) Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Trading Symbol(s) Name of Each Exchange on which Registered Common Stock ($0.50 par value) MRK New York Stock Exchange 1.125% Notes due 2021 MRK/21 New York Stock Exchange 0.500% Notes due 2024 MRK 24 New York Stock Exchange 1.875% Notes due 2026 MRK/26 New York Stock Exchange 2.500% Notes due 2034 MRK/34 New York Stock Exchange 1.375% Notes due 2036 MRK 36A New York Stock Exchange Number of shares of Common Stock ($0.50 par value) outstanding as of January 31, 2021: 2,530,315,668. Aggregate market value of Common Stock ($0.50 par value) held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2020 based on closing price on June 30, 2020: $195,461,000,000. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. -
Titration of Aspirin Tablets
Bellevue College | CHEM& 161 Titration of Aspirin Tablets In this lab, you will determine the percent purity of two commercially available aspiring tablets using an acid-base titration. In general, an acid and a base react to produce a salt and water by transferring a proton (H+): HA (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + NaA (aq) (1) acid base salt The active ingredient in aspirin, and the chemical for which aspirin is the common name, is acetylsalicylic acid. To determine the amount of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in a sample, the precise volume and concentration of the NaOH, and the overall reaction, must be known. The NaOH serves as a secondary standard, because its concentration can change over time. To find the precise concentration of the NaOH, it must be titrated against a primary standard, an acid that dissolves completely in water, has a high molar mass, that remains pure upon standing, and is not hygroscopic (tending to attract water from the air). Because sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic, it draws water from its surroundings. This mean one cannot simply weigh out a sample of sodium hydroxide, dissolve it in water, and determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide present using the mass recorded, since any sample of sodium hydroxide is likely to be a mixture of sodium hydroxide and water. Thus, the most common way to determine the concentration of any sodium hydroxide solution is by titration. Determining the precise concentration of NaOH using a primary standard is called standardization. You will first standardize your NaOH solution, and then use it to analyze aspirin tablets for their aspirin content and purity. -
Cigna Standard 4-Tier Prescription Drug List
CIGNA STANDARD 4-TIER PRESCRIPTION DRUG LIST Coverage as of January 1, 2022 Offered by: Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, or their affiliates. 916152 j Standard 4-Tier O/I SRx 08/21 What’s inside? About this drug list 3 How to read this drug list 3 How to find your medication 5 Specialty medications 18 Medications that aren’t covered 25 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 41 Exclusions and limitations for coverage 45 View the drug list online This document was last updated on 08/01/2021.* You can go online to see the current list of medications your plan covers. myCigna® App and myCigna.com. Click on the “Find Care & Costs” tab and select “Price a Medication.” Then type in your medication name to see how it’s covered. Cigna.com/PDL. Scroll down until you see a pdf of the Cigna Standard 4-Tier Prescription Drug List (all specialty medications covered on Tier 4). Questions? › myCigna.com: Click to chat Monday-Friday, 9:00 am-8:00 pm EST. › By phone: Call the toll-free number on your Cigna ID card. We’re here 24/7/365. * Drug list created: originally created 01/01/2004 Last updated: 08/01/2021, for changes Next planned update: 03/01/2022, for starting 01/01/2022 changes starting 07/01/2022 2 About this drug list This is a list of the most commonly prescribed medications covered on the Cigna Standard 4-Tier Prescription Drug List as of January 1, 2022.1,2 Medications are listed by the condition they treat, then listed alphabetically within tiers (or cost-share levels). -
Formulation and Evaluation of Bioadhesive Tablets of Metronidazole from Gellan Gum and Gelatin
Sylvester Okhuelegbe Eraga et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2014,8(8),1132-1139 Research Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Formulation and evaluation of bioadhesive tablets of Metronidazole from Gellan gum and gelatin Sylvester Okhuelegbe Eraga* and Magnus Amara Iwuagwu Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, 300001, Nigeria. Received on:30-06-2014; Revised on: 19-07-2014; Accepted on:09-08-2014 ABSTRACT Background: The delivery of drugs using a combination of bio-polymers is gaining extensive grounds in the development of newer drug delivery systems. In this work the formulation, evaluation and release profiles of metronidazole bioadhesive tablets formulated with admix- tures of gellan gum and gelatin were investigated. Methods: Aqueous dispersions of gellan gum and gelatin in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:4, 1:0 and 0:1 were prepared in distilled water. Metronidazole tablets were prepared with the dispersions by wet granulation. The bioadhesive strengths of the dispersions and tablets were determined using the coated bead and tensiometric methods, respectively. Tablet parameters evaluated were weight uniformity, friability, hardness, disintegration time, content of active, swelling index and tablet erosion. Release studies were carried out in simulated intestinal and gastric fluid. Results: All batches of tablets met compendial specifications with regard to weight uniformity, friability, hardness and content of active except disintegration times. Tablets prepared with gelatin alone had the highest swelling index and bioadhesive strength (40 %, 5 h and 0.253 Nm-1) while those prepared with gellan gum alone had the highest percentage tablet erosion and least bioadhesive strength (15 % and 0.085 Nm-1). -
Why Are Some Generic Drugs Skyrocketing in Price? Hearing Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions United States Sena
S. HRG. 113–859 WHY ARE SOME GENERIC DRUGS SKYROCKETING IN PRICE? HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON PRIMARY HEALTH AND AGING OF THE COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, LABOR, AND PENSIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON EXAMINING THE PRICING OF GENERIC DRUGS NOVEMBER 20, 2014 Printed for the use of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 24–459 PDF WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:32 May 19, 2017 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\DOCS\24459.TXT DENISE HELPN-003 with DISTILLER COMMITTEE ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, LABOR, AND PENSIONS TOM HARKIN, Iowa, Chairman BARBARA A. MIKULSKI, Maryland LAMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee PATTY MURRAY, Washington MICHAEL B. ENZI, Wyoming BERNARD SANDERS (I), Vermont RICHARD BURR, North Carolina ROBERT P. CASEY, JR., Pennsylvania JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia KAY R. HAGAN, North Carolina RAND PAUL, Kentucky AL FRANKEN, Minnesota ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah MICHAEL F. BENNET, Colorado PAT ROBERTS, Kansas SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin MARK KIRK, Illinois CHRISTOPHER S. MURPHY, Connecticut TIM SCOTT, South Carolina ELIZABETH WARREN, Massachusetts DEREK MILLER, Staff Director LAUREN MCFERRAN, Deputy Staff Director and Chief Counsel DAVID P. CLEARY, Republican Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON PRIMARY HEALTH AND AGING BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont, Chairman BARBARA A. -
[email protected] CAPSULE.COM Capsule Is Rebuilding the Pharmacy Industry from the Inside Out
[email protected] CAPSULE.COM Capsule is rebuilding the pharmacy industry from the inside out with an emotionally resonant experience and technology that enables customized outcomes for doctors, hospitals, insurers, and manufacturers. 2 1 in 2 Prescriptions that are never picked up from pharmacies. Whether you’re 40% Percentage of people who have sick or just sick to return to their pharmacy due of your pharmacy to out-of-stock prescriptions. In the healthcare industry, businesses often forget that behind all the craziness of the system, we’re all just people looking after other people. At Capsule, we have solved the familiar frustrations 60 mins of conventional pharmacies — eliminating wait Typical time spent waiting for times, building predictive inventory tools to ensure a prescription to be filled. medications are in stock when you need them, putting price transparency at the core of the customer and doctor experience, creating a modern way to interact with your pharmacist, and offering smart refills so you never miss a dose of your medication. This frictionless experience is at the heart of 26% the first emotionally resonant brand in healthcare. Percentage of people who would recommend their chain pharmacy to a friend. 90% Percentage of prescriptions filled at retail pharmacies, up from 82% in 2009. 3 Ryan Miller 1520 6TH AVENUE APT. 31F, NEW YORK NY 10020 Atorvastatin 10mg Subsituted for Lipitor, Mfg: San TAKE 1 TABLET BY MOUTH DAILY Quantity: 30 Rells: None Prescribed by: Dr. John Walters Rx#: 01000064-00 Expires: 2/9/2016 FILLED BY SONIA PATEL ON 2/9/2016 New York NY 10001 113 W 25th Street Capsule Corporation CAPSULE PHARMACY (212) 675-3900 [email protected] than the patient for whom prescribed transfer of this drug to any person other CAUTION: Federal law prohibits Don’t be shy. -
Extended Release Drug Delivery Technology
DRUG DELIVERY & FORMULATION Extended release drug delivery technology By providing smooth plasma levels of drug over longer periods of time, extended release drug delivery technology can minimise side effects, improve effi cacy and – by enabling once-daily dosing – maximise patient compliance. Peter Fyhr and Ken Downie, Amarin Development AB xtended release oral drug formulations have methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxypropyl cellu- Ebeen used since the 1960s to enhance perform- lose (HPC), and then formed as a tablet by conven- ance and increase patient compliance. By incorpo- tional compression. Release from these tablets takes rating the dose for 24 hours into one tablet from place by a combination of physical phenomena. which the drug is slowly released, peaks of high Water diffuses into the tablet, swells the polymer plasma concentration and troughs of low plasma and dissolves the drug, whereupon the drug may concentration can be prevented. This helps avoid diffuse out to be absorbed. If the drug diffuses out the side effects associated with high concentrations faster than the polymer dissolves, the release rate and the lack of activity associated with low concen- declines with time. Water penetration also depends trations – giving better overall therapy. In addition, on factors such as tablet porosity, and this makes in the treatment of diseases that are asymptomatic matrix tablets inherently variable and diffi cult to – such as hypertension – patients generally remem- formulate. If the medication is taken with food, ber morning and evening medication, but tend the increased mechanical stress leads to an increased to forget doses in between. Once- or twice-daily release rate and a higher risk of dose-dumping. -
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Oral Thin
Available online on www.ajper.com Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Vol -4, Issue-2, April-June 2015 ISSN: 2278-7496 REVIEW ARTICLE Oral thin films: an overview KanikaDhote1, Vinod Dhote2, Subhendu Mishra1 1 Ravishankar College of Pharmacy, Bhopal(M.P) 2 Truba Institute of pharmacy, Bhopal (M.P) Article Received on Abstract: 10 March 2015 Oral thin films (OTFs) are the most advanced and promising new approaches for drug delivery as it offers more flexibility and comfort. These enable an ease of administration, as there is no need to drink high amounts of liquids or swallow large solid dosage forms Also it Accepted on improves the efficacy of APIs by dissolving within minute in oral cavity after the contact with less saliva as 22 March 2014 compared to fast dissolving tablets, without chewing and no need of water for administration. OTF offers an alternative to tablets, syrups or suppositories for the treatment of vomiting and nausea, especially for the pediatric population. *Correspondence for The oral thin-film technology is still in the Author: beginning stages and but most popular because it fulfils all the need of patients. In due course, these formulations having APIs will be commercially launched using the oral Kanika Dhote* film technology. These can be prepared using hydrophilic Ravishankar College of polymers that rapidly dissolves on the tongue or buccal cavity, delivering the drug to the systemic circulation via Pharmacy, Bhopal. dissolution when contact with liquid is made. Water-soluble polymers are used as film formers for fast dissolving films. It State: Madhya Pradesh, seems that the value on the whole oral thin film market will Pin No.