National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II Is a Framework for Action That Will Guide Malawi to Sustainably Manage Its Biodiversity

PREFACE

Biodiversity provides goods and services in the form of ecosystems, species and genetic resources for human well-being and economic development. Malawi is endowed with unique flora, fauna and ecosystems, which provide various benefits such as food, shelter, medicine, ecological as well as cultural and spiritual services. The sustainability of biodiversity in Malawi is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation of biological resources, pollution, climate change and infestation of invasive alien species. Despite all these threats, Malawi is committed to improve the status and promote sustainable utilization of biodiversity in the country.

This National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II is a framework for action that will guide Malawi to sustainably manage its biodiversity. The Strategy outlines the status of the biological resources in Malawi and provides strategies, targets and actions to be taken to ensure their sustainable management.. This Strategy strives to attain improved capacity and knowledge on biodiversity management; increased mainstreaming of biodiversity in sectoral and local development policies and plans; reduced direct pressures on biodiversity; improved status of biodiversity through safeguarding of ecosystems, species and genetic diversity; and enhanced benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services. The strategy is in line with the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy II, which prioritises biodiversity management programs among other socio-economic and environmental issues.

This NBSAP was developed through a consultative process involving key stakeholders at international, regional, national and local levels. I am confident that the same commitment that prevailed during the revision process of this strategy will continue during its implementation.

The Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining is grateful to the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for the financial and technical support rendered towards the development of this Strategy.

It is my sincere hope that this NBSAP will increase our appreciation of the rich biological resources and that it will provide a strategic framework for improving environmental management in the country.

Hon Bright Msaka, SC Minister of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining wishes to express its appreciation to all the stakeholders i.e. Government Ministries and Departments, academic, civil society, local authorities and private sector that provided valuable information for the production of this document.

The Ministry recognises the following individuals for their tireless efforts in drafting and editing this document: Dr. Aloysius Mphatso Kamperewera (deceased), Mpeta K. M. Mwanyongo, Tawonga Mbale, Shamiso Najira, Clement M. Tikiwa, Monipher Musasa-Jenda, Peter Mmora, John Mawenda, Mphatso Martha Kalemba from the Environmental Affairs Department; Dr. M. Mwanyambo and Jameson Kamwendo from the National Herbarium and Botanical Gardens of Malawi; Moffat Manase from the Department of Fisheries; Nolipher Mponya from the National Plant Genetic Resources Centre; Jester Kaunga-Nyirenda from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife; Titus Zulu from the Department of Forestry; Gerald Meke from the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi; William Simwanza from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development; Yohane Chimbalanga from National Commission for Science and Technology and Luka Nyirongo and Lovemore Nyongo from the Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining.

Special thanks should also go to Jodie Vanyo, former Fulbright-Clinton Fellow with the Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining, who served as the graphic designer and final copy editor for this document.

The Ministry further acknowledges the technical and financial support from the Secretariat to the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Environment Programme and the NBSAP Forum during the preparation of this strategy.

Ben Botolo Secretary for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES...... iii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... vi

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF BIODIVERSITY STATUS, TRENDS AND THREATS...... 1 1.1 Background...... 3 1.2 Value of Malawi’s Biodiversity...... 3 1.3 Status and Trends of Biodiversity...... 5 1.3.1 Ecosystem Diversity...... 5 1.3.2 Species Diversity...... 6 1.3.3 Genetic Diversity...... 9 1.4 Threats to Biodiversity...... 10 1.4.1 Habitat Loss and Fragmentation...... 10 1.4.2 Over-Exploitation of Biological Resources...... 11 1.4.3 Invasive Alien Species...... 12 1.4.4 Pollution...... 12 1.4.5 Climate Change...... 13 1.5 Legal and Institutional Framework...... 14 1.5.1 Policies and Legislation...... 14 1.5.2 Institutional Framework...... 14 1.5.3 Financing Mechanisms...... 16 1.6 Biodiversity Mainstreaming...... 16 1.7 Process of Developing the NBSAP II...... 17 1.8 Lessons Learnt From Implementation of NBSAP I...... 18 1.8.1 Implementation Obstacles...... 18 1.9 Use of NBSAP II...... 19

CHAPTER 2: STRATEGY FOR BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT IN MALAWI...... 21 2.1 Vision...... 23 2.2 Mission...... 23 2.3 Goal...... 23 2.4 Guiding Principles...... 23 2.5 Strategic Objectives, Targets and Actions for Biodiversity Management...... 23 2.5.1 Strategic Objective One: Improve Capacity and Knowledge on Biodiversity Issues...... 24 2.5.2 Strategic Objective Two: Mainstream Biodiversity into National, Sectoral and Local Development Plans...... 26

Table of Contents ii Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

CHAPTER 2: STRATEGY FOR BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT IN MALAWI...... 21 2.5.3 Strategic Objective Three: Reduce Direct Pressures on Biodiversity...... 27 2.5.4 Strategic Objective Four: Improve the Status of Biodiversity...... 31 2.5.5 Strategic Objective Five: Enhance the Benefits to All from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services...... 34

CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS...... 37 3.1 Implementation of NBSAP...... 39 3.2 Institutional Arrangement...... 39 3.2.1 Coordinating Agency...... 39 3.2.2 Sectoral Agencies...... 39 3.2.3 Local Councils...... 40 3.2.4 Civil Society, Non-Governmental Organisations and Private Sector...... 40 3.2.5 Academia and Research Institutions...... 40 3.2.6 Coordination Committees...... 41 3.3 Communication, Education and Public Awareness of the NBSAP...... 41 3.3.1 Approaches and Audience...... 41 3.3.2 Media of Communication...... 42 3.3.3 Key Messages...... 42 3.4 Financing the Implementation of the NBSAP II...... 42 3.5 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting...... 42

REFERENCES...... 45 ANNEXE 1: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED...... 47 ANNEXE 2: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE NBSAP II...... 49 ANNEXE 3: CAPACITY BUILDING PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NBSAP IN MALAWI...... 62 ANNEXE 4: MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN...... 66 ANNEXE 5: STRATEGIC PLAN FOR BIODIVERSITY 2011-2020 AND THE AICHI BIODIVERSITY TARGETS...... 76

Table of Contents Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) iii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

TABLES Table 1: Species Diversity in Malawi...... 8 Table 2: Comparative Figures of Large Mammal Populations in Nyika National Park for 2009 and 2013...... 9 Table 3: Provisions and Gaps on Biodiversity in Some ENRM Policies in Malawi...... 15 Table 4: Categories of Stakeholders and Tools for Communication for NBSAP...... 43

FIGURES Figure 1: Map of Malawi...... 4 Figure 2: Land Cover Change in Dzalanyama Forest Reserve...... 6 Figure 3: Trends in Fish Catches in Lake Malawi in Tons Per Year...... 8

List of Tables and Figures iv Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABS-CH Access and Benefit Sharing Clearing House CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resources Management CBOs Community-Based Organisations CCENR Cabinet Committee on Environment and Natural Resources CEPA Communication, Education and Public Awareness CHM Clearing House Mechanism COP Conference of the Parties CSOs Civil Society Organisations DARS Department of Agricultural Research Services DEAP District Environmental Action Plan DESC District Environment Subcommittee DF Department of Fisheries DNPW Department of National Parks and Wildlife DoF Department of Forestry EAD Environmental Affairs Department EMA Environment Management Act FRIM Forestry Research Institute of Malawi GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms GoM Government of Malawi GR Genetic Resources HIV/AIDS Human Immunovirus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome IAS Invasive Alien Species IBAs Important Bird Areas IKS Indigenous Knowledge Systems IPR Intellectual Property Rights LBSAP Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan LUANAR Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources MEET Malawi Environmental Endowment Trust MGDS II Malawi Growth and Development Strategy II MK Malawi Kwacha MMCT Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust MoAIWD Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development MoECCM Ministry of Energy and Climate Change Management MoEP&D Ministry of Economic Planning and Development MoF Ministry of Finance Acronyms Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) v

MoLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development MRA Malawi Revenue Authority MZUNI Mzuzu University NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCE National Council on Environment NCST National Commission for Science and Technology NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NECCCS National Environment and Climate Change Communication Strategy NEP National Environmental Policy NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NHBGM National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens of Malawi NPGRC National Plant Genetic Resource Centre NRC Natural Resources College NSO National Statistical Office PCANR Parliamentary Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources POWPA Program of Work on Protected Areas PPP Public-Private Partnerships THA Traditional Healers Association TK Traditional Knowledge UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIMA University of Malawi VNRMCs Village Natural Resources Management Committees WESM Wildlife and Environment Society of Malawi

Acronyms vi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (NBSAP II) provides Malawi’s strategies and action plans for the management of biodiversity from the period 2015-2025. It has been prepared in response to the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy II (MGDS II 2011-2016), which prioritises biodiversity management programs among other socio-economic and environmental issues. In addition, this strategy demonstrates Malawi’s commitment to the implementation of Decision X/2 of the Tenth Conference of Parties (CoP10) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which requested parties to revise their strategies in line with the Global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity.

This strategy describes Malawi’s unique biodiversity, which comprise a variety of ecosystems and species. The greatest diversity of species in Malawi is in protected areas, comprising 87 forest reserves, five national parks and four wildlife reserves that cover a total of 1.8 million hectares. Aquatic ecosystems, on the other hand, cover 20% of the total land area of Malawi. They are a habitat to several species of amphibians, reptiles and water plants. The highest diversity and endemism of aquatic life is found in Lake Malawi, with over 1,000 species of fish.

Furthermore, some of Malawi’s biodiversity is conserved in gene banks and botanical gardens like the National Plant Genetic Resource Centre, Agricultural Research Stations, National Herbarium and Botanical Gardens, Academic Institutions and the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi. As of the year 2014, the Malawi Genetic Resource Centre gene banks had over 4,613 accessions from 32 species and of these 4,097 are seed samples and 516 are vegetative materials collected from all the districts of Malawi.

Biodiversity in Malawi contributes significantly to the economy and well-being of the people of Malawi. For example, in the year 2010, forestry, fisheries and wildlife sectors contributed 12.8% to its Growth Domestic Product (GDP). However, Malawi’s biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive alien species, overexploitation, pollution and climate change.

This revised NBSAP addresses these threats and challenges affecting implementation of biodiversity programmes,which include:

• Inadequate human and institutional capacities for biodiversity conservation; • Inadequate co-ordination between and within institutions dealing with biodiversity; • Lack of framework legislation on biodiversity; • Weak enforcement of existing legal mechanisms; • Inadequate integration of biodiversity conservation into sectoral plans ; • Inadequate public awareness on the importance of biodiversity;

Executive Summary Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) vii

• Inadequate community participation in biodiversity management; and • Inadequate funding for biodiversity management.

The goal of this strategy is to enhance the management of biodiversity for economic growth and well-being of the present and future generations. This will be achieved through the attainment of the following specific strategic goals: a) Improved capacity and knowledge on biodiversity issues; b) Increased mainstreaming of biodiversity management into sectoral and local development planning; c) Reduced direct pressures on biodiversity; d) Improved status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity; and e) Enhanced access and benefit sharing from biodiversity and ecosystem services.

With a view to attaining these strategic objectives, 16 targets and a set of actions have been developed.

To effectively implement this strategy, monitoring and evaluation plans have been developed. Capacity building and public awareness plans have also been developed and have been annexed in this document to ensure that there is adequate participation in implementing the strategy. Further, a resource mobilization plan has been developed highlighting possible sources of funding, which include the government of Malawi, local and international donors and the private sector to finance implementation of this strategy. A total of US $117,000,000 has been estimated as the amount of money required to successfully implement NBSAP II.

In conclusion, it is envisaged that this NBSAP will provide an avenue for achieving long-term goals on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity as prescribed in the Constitution of Malawi, National Environment Policy (NEP) of 2004, Environment Management Act (EMA) of 1996 and other national and sectoral policies, plans and strategies.

Executive Summary

Chapter One Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 3 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

1.1 BACKGROUND the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Global Strategic Plan on Biodiversity. Malawi is located in the southern part of Africa with a total area of 119,140 km2, of 1.2 VALUE OF MALAWI’S which 20% is water. The country is bordered BIODIVERSITY with Tanzania to the north, Mozambique to the east, south and southwest, and Zambia to Biodiversity in Malawi is important for the west, as shown in figure 1. It is located economic, socio-cultural and ecological between latitudes 90° 221° and 170° 031° S purposes. Biodiversity contributes significantly and longitude 330° 401° and 350° 551° E. The to the economy and poverty alleviation in country has a tropical climate with variable Malawi. For example, agro biodiversity was temperatures, relative humidity and fertile estimated to contribute about 40% of the soils. The country’s Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and more than (GDP) was estimated at US $3.5 billion in 90% of employment and merchandise export 2011, equivalent to per capita income of earnings in 2010. Fisheries, forestry and wildlife about US $360 (Bertelsmann, 2012). Currently, sectors contributed 12.8% towards the GDP in the population of Malawi is estimated at 15.4 the year 2010 (Yaron et al, 2011). Furthermore, million with an average density of 139 people through Community Based Natural Resources /km2 and population growth rate of 2.8% per Management, especially in National Parks annum (GoM, 2012). This population is highly and Forest Reserves, communities have been dependent on biological resources for its able to integrate biodiversity conservation livelihood. and rural development to contribute to rural poverty alleviation. Communities practice The country is endowed with a diversified sustainable harvesting techniques of fish and natural resource base, which comprises of wildlife, promote eco-tourism, and carry out abundant water resources and unique and income-generating activities like mushroom diverse flora and fauna. It has a tropical climate production and bee keeping, thereby taking characterized by variable temperatures, away pressures on natural resources. rainfall, relative humidity and fertile soils. Biodiversity satisfies a number of socio- Malawi recognizes the importance and the need cultural functions in Malawi. Spiritually, to conserve biodiversity. In 2006, the Malawi most Malawian ethnic groups believe in the Government developed the first National existence of a supernatural being or ancestral Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) spirits that are associated with graveyards or as a tool for biodiversity management. The mountain areas covered by forest biodiversity. NBSAP provides an avenue for achieving long- For example, the Mang’anja of Nsanje worship term goals on conservation and sustainable their ancestral spirit M’bona in Khuluvi Forest. use of biodiversity in accordance with the Gule wa Mkulu from the Chewa tribe and Constitution, National Environmental Policy the Ingoma dance from the Ngoni tribe also (NEP, 2004) and Environment Management Act have their regalia based on plants and animal (EMA, 1996) and other national and sectoral products. These practices contribute to policies, plans and strategies. The NBSAP knowledge and conservation of biodiversity has been revised in response to the Malawi in sacred sites. Growth and Development Strategy II (MGDS II) 2011-2016, which prioritises biodiversity Furthermore, biodiversity provides other management programs among other key social benefits such as recreation and tourism. socio-economic and environmental issues. Major tourist attractions in the country In addition, NBSAP II demonstrates Malawi’s include water bodies, national parks, wildlife commitment to implement its obligation to reserves, mountains and cultural heritage that

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 4

Figure 1: Map of Malawi

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 5 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

provide site seeing, photographic safaris and and management of natural resources. This mountain hiking opportunities. Lake Malawi section provides information on ecosystems, National Park, for example, is of global species and genetic diversity in Malawi. importance for biodiversity conservation particularly due to its fish diversity. It is a 1.3.1 Ecosystem Diversity home to many hundreds of cichlid fish, nearly all of which are endemic to Lake Malawi, and 1.3.1.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems are known locally as “mbuna.” Terrestrial ecosystems in Malawi include Biodiversity is also important for food, forests, mountains and grasslands. Protected medicinal and cosmetic purposes. For areas have the richest biodiversity, while example, Lake Chilwa wetland provides food public and community areas are characterized such as wild birds and fish to the surrounding by general degradation of resources largely communities. It is estimated that more than due to habitat loss and overexploitation. 500,000 people along the major fishing areas depend on fish as a source of food Malawi has 87 forest reserves, five national and livelihood in Malawi. The fisheries sector parks, four wildlife reserves and three nature provides 60-70% of total animal protein and sanctuaries. Most of these protected areas 40% of total protein supply in Malawi. are Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Biodiversity in the protected areas contribute significantly Malawi’s plant diversity is important as to economic growth and poverty alleviation. traditional medicine and its extracts are used An Economic Valuation of Natural Resources for pharmaceuticals, agricultural products in Malawi (Yaron et al, 2011) reported that and in cosmetics. Malawi has over 131 plant tourism generated 1.8% of the country’s total species that are used as medicinal plants. For GDP in 2001 and 5.8% in 2007, respectively. example, the red fiber of the Baobab fruit In addition, surrounding local communities (Adansonia digitata) has high anti-oxidant benefit from the protected areas through levels, which makes it particularly important employment and direct consumptive use of as a nutraceutical. The fruit powder from biological resources from protected areas. Baobab is also used as a food ingredient For example, 4,491 people benefited from and has industrial applications ranging from harvesting thatch grass and bamboo valued juices, cereals, ice creams, dairy products or at MK 2,918,050 (US $18,238) in the Majete confectioneries. Game Reserve during the 2010/2011 financial year. Furthermore, biodiversity provides ecological services such as recycling of nutrients, control Malawi’s forest biodiversity is under threat of local microclimates, regulation of local primarily due to increasing human population, hydrological processes, regulation of the which has led to expansion of agriculture into abundance of undesirable organisms and marginal lands and increased demand for detoxification of noxious chemicals. fuel wood and charcoal by rural and urban populations resulting in the exploitation of 1.3 STATUS AND TRENDS OF the remaining forest resources. Dzalanyama BIODIVERSITY Forest Reserve is one of the most threatened natural ecosystems in Malawi due to tobacco Generally, the status of biodiversity in curing, brick burning, firewood and charcoal Malawi is declining. Terrestrial and aquatic production (Munthali et al, 2012). The dominant ecosystems of the country are being modified land cover in the reserve between 1990 and and degraded and species composition is 2000 was forest, wetlands and grassland, being altered due to unsustainable utilization but by 2008, bare land had taken over

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 6

Figure 2: Land Cover Change in Dzalanyama Forest Reserve Source: Munthali et al, 2012. grasslands and wetlands as the second However, the lake ecosystem is under threat dominant land cover in the reserve as shown due to eutrophication from increasing in Figure 2 above. multiple sources of nutrient loading from economic activities and development projects 1.3.1.2 Aquatic Ecosystems within the basin, climate change and limited implementation of appropriate management Aquatic ecosystems cover about 20% of the strategies that sustain productivity and fish total surface area of Malawi and are habitats biodiversity. to a diversity of fish and other aquatic fauna and flora. Major aquatic ecosystems in Malawi Similarly, Lake Chilwa wetland, which was include lakes (Malawi, Malombe, Chilwa, declared a Ramsar site and a Man and Kazuni and Chiuta), rivers (Songwe, South Biosphere Reserve (MAB), is one of the aquatic Rukuru, North Rukuru, Dwangwa, Linthipe, ecosystems that has been affected by human Shire and Bua River), wetlands and other population and climate change. Lake Chilwa small water bodies. Aquatic ecosystems are water levels fluctuate widely due to seasonal important in Malawi as they provide goods changes in precipitation and evaporation and services such as fisheries, agriculture, (Jamu et al, 2011). These fluctuations result livestock grazing, ecotourism, water supply, in several water recessions, including the water purification, carbon sequestration and complete drying out of the lake in 2010. transport, among others. 1.3.2 Species Diversity The largest aquatic ecosystem is Lake Malawi, which covers a surface area of over 29,000 1.3.2.1 Flora km2 and drains a catchment area of 100,500 km2. It is the largest and most significant Malawi has a rich plant diversity, which water body in terms of fish production in comprises of flowering and non-flowering Malawi, usually contributing over 60% of the plants. A great diversity of species is found total annual landings. The level of biodiversity in national parks, wildlife reserves, forest in the aquatic environment of Lake Malawi reserves and protected hill slopes. The country is very high. The fish in Lake Malawi are has over 6,000 flowering plant species (GoM, one of the most remarkably diverse and 2010), of which 122 are endemic and 248 are abundant faunal groups in the world. threatened based on the IUCN Red Data List

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 7 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

(2013). However, there are more species of flora local crop varieties from farming communities. that are threatened but are not included on Some of the varieties that have been lost the IUCN Red Data List because of inadequate include: “kanjerenjere” (early maturing maize information about their conservation status. variety) “kamchiputu” (aromatic sweet potato), “saopaalendo” (fast cooking bean variety) and Plant species are economically important in a number of indigenous vegetables. Other provision of timber, firewood and construction factors that have led to loss of local crop land poles. Some have ornamental value whilst races from the communities include: habitat others are used for medicinal purposes. Most loss and fragmentation, human population of the plant species are found in forest reserves. increase, deforestation, lack of policy on Effective management of these forest species conservation and sustainable utilization of is achieved through collaborative efforts by plant genetic resources. both government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Control measures Production trends and research activities currently being implemented include regular show that the following crops have been patrols to prevent encroachment and theft of identified as neglected and underutilized: forest produce;and protection from bush fires. Eleusine coracana subsp. Coracana, Vigna These measures are not fully implemented due subterranean, Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum to inadequate financial and human resources. glaucum, Vigna radiata, Amaranthus hybridus, Cleome gynandra, Dioscorea bulbifera, In addition, Malawi grows a wide range of Dioscorea rotundata, Plectranthus esculentus, cereals, pulses and tubers. Comprehensive Moringa oleifera, Cicer arietinum, Sesamum surveys conducted on maize, sorghum and indicum and Cucurbita maxima. These species finger millet indicated that even though most have a high nutritive value but their diversity is of the local varieties for these crops have decreasing considering that their production been lost from the communities, the National is out competed by selected few major crops Genebank has preserved them. Mushrooming (GoM, 2008). of hybrid varieties has contributed to loss of

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 8

Table 1: Species Diversity in Malawi Source: Malawi’s Fifth Report to CBD, 2014

Species Total Species Endemic Threatened Mammals 192 Not known 8 Birds 630 1 16 Amphibians 83 6 12 Reptiles 145 8 8 Fish >1,000 950 Not known Insects 8770 Not known 8 Microorganisms 700 Not known Not known

1.3.2.2 Fauna waters. Figure 3 below indicates the catches of fish for the past four years in Lake Malawi. Malawi’s ecosystems contain a remarkable diversity of fauna. Table 1 below shows species From Figure 3, it can be noted that Chambo diversity, endemism and their conservation (Oreochromis species) catches decreased status. from 2,237 in 2010 to 1,501 in 2013 representing a 67% decrease. This could be As seen from Table 1, endemism is highest attributed to the fact that Chambo is the in fisheries and relatively low in birds, most highly demanded fish on the market. As amphibians and reptiles, whilst in mammals, such, it is overexploited for economic gains. insects and microorganisms it is not known. It can also be noted from Figure 3 that Usipa, Lake Malawi alone inhabits over 1,000 fish (Engraulicypris engraucyprisardella) followed species belonging to 65 genera and 11 by Utaka (Capadichromis species), which are families. Fisheries are an important sector of smaller fishes, have assumed high catches Malawi’s economy. over the period. Though much research has not been conducted to establish the causes Fish landings have been declining over the of this great species change, the dwindling years mainly due to overfishing in shallow stocks of larger fishes, especially Chambo, is

TrendsTrends in Fish in Catches Fish Catches in Lake Malawiin Tons inper Tons Year Per Year

2010 2011 2012 2013

90,000 84,081

75,000 56,517 60,000 54,859

45,000 37,183 Tons

30,000 10,752

15,000 7,963 7,269 6,816 5,933 5,818 5,190 4,091 3,785 3,433 3,304 3,291 3,147 3,016 2,914 2,456 2,237 1,489 1,502 1,467 0 Usipa Chambo Utaka Kambuzi Mbaba Mlamba Fish Type

Figure 3: Trends in Fish Catches in Lake Malawi in Tons Per Year

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 9 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

Table 2: Comparative Figures of Large Mammal Populations in Nyika National Park for 2009 and 2013

Species 2009 Survey Results 2013 Survey Results Elephant 0 47 Eland 656 625 Roan 341 461 Zebra 112 279 Reedbuck 471 1,787 Bushbuck 10 51 Warthog 24 106 Duiker - Common 10 93 Duiker - Red 0 2 Bushpig 18 0 Klipspringer 0 10 Total 1,642 3,461

a result of illegal fishing as well as overfishing. functions. The country, however, has been The enormously high catches of the smaller experiencing genetic erosion mostly on fishers like Usipa are mainly to do with agriculture species. In other species, the changes in the trophic ecology of the lake challenge has been inadequate taxonomic environment. The predators of these species information on what is available. Genetic such as Ncheni have reduced in number over diversity is usually available in local land races. the years whereas their prey, mainly lakeflies, Genetic resources of different species are have increased in numbers and also occur conserved at the Malawi Plant Genetic more frequently than they used to do in the Resource Centre (MPGRC), Agricultural recent past. Research Stations, Botanical Gardens, Academic Institutions and the Forestry Mammal species, on the other hand, have Research Institute of Malawi. For instance, undergone a severe decline in numbers, the MPGRC has over 2,513 accessions from especially in recent years, mainly due to 32 species. Of these, 2,344 are seed samples poaching and habitat loss. The Government is and 169 are vegetative materials collected however taking several initiatives to increase from all districts of Malawi (MPGRC report, the mammal populations in protected areas. 2013). A great deal of genetic resources used The population census conducted in Nyika for food agriculture are also conserved on- National Park in 2013 revealed that there was farm by farmers and some are conserved in an increased trend in some large mammals in Community Seed Banks by non-governmental the park, as shown in Table 2 above. This is organizations that work with farmers such as attributed to the Nyika Vwaza Transfrontier the Biodiversity Conservation Initiative (BCI). Project, which is aimed at sustainably managing the Nyika Vwaza Conservation Malawi’s animal genetic resources comprise area. ruminant livestock, mammalian monogastrics and poultry. About 95% of the livestock 1.3.3 Genetic Diversity are of the indigenous type, which has low fertility and growth performance, low milk Malawi has been selecting, domesticating, yield (1 liter/day for cattle) and small body improving and using species that are valuable sizes. These species are at risk of genetic for agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial erosion due to uncontrolled crossbreeding

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 10 programmes, stock thefts and diseases. There are also smaller populations of exotic breeds and their crosses, which are mainly on large/ commercial farms. The indigenous Malawi Zebu cattle account for more than 90% of all cattle found in Malawi.

Among domesticated small livestock, goats (Capra hircus) are the most popular in Malawi. The indigenous local goats are abundant, whilst the Boer goat is rare. Sheep (Ovis aries) are present in three genotypes in Malawi, the indigenous (local) types, the Dorper (an introduced breed from South Africa for mutton) and the Dorper crosses. The local sheep are highly abundant, the Dorper crosses loss, over-exploitation of biological resources, being less abundant and the Dorper breed is pollution, Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and extremely less abundant. climate change.

Poultry species raised in Malawi include 1.4.1 Habitat Loss and Fragmentation chickens, pigeons, ducks, guinea fowls and turkeys. Data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Over the past years, increasing human Irrigation and Water Development (MoAIW) population and economic development have shows an increasing trend for chickens, guinea led to several land use changes in Malawi that fowl and ducks but decreasing numbers for have driven biodiversity loss. Malawi’s human turkeys (GoM, 2010). population was estimated at 13 million in 2008 and is projected to reach 20 million by 2020 1.4 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY (NSO, 2008). This high population growth has created a demand for settlement and The threats to biodiversity in Malawi are agricultural land as well as natural resources mainly human induced and include habitat such as fisheries and forest resources. This has

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 11 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

resulted in loss of habitats and species diversity, train communities in bee keeping to provide which is mainly driven by deforestation. alternative sources of income to charcoal The major causes of deforestation include burning and to encourage communities to indiscriminate cutting of trees, commercial conserve biodiversity. harvesting and conversion of forest land to settlement and agriculture. Alternative land 1.4.2 Over-Exploitation of Biological uses for urban development, agricultural Resources expansion, infrastructure development and mining have also contributed to reduction Rapid population growth in Malawi has or degradation of important habitats and increased demand for resources, which has ecosystems in the country. led to overharvesting of natural resources like forests and fisheries. In the fisheries sector, Bushfires are also a major contributing factor for example, reports indicate that the number to habitat destruction leading to changes of fishermen operating in Lake Malawi in species composition of both flora and alone has risen by 124% in the past decade, fauna. The problem is mainly pronounced bringing the total number of fishermen to during the dry season when the temperatures over 50,000. Fish stocks in Lake Malawi in are high and the vegetation is flammable. the last two decades increased from about The occurrence of bushfires has impacted 30,000 metric tonnes per year to 80,000 per negatively on the grazing land for both year in 2010 due to enormously high catches domestic and wildlife species. Some of the of Usipa and Utaka. The large-sized species major causes for bushfires include mice have, on the other hand, continued to decline. hunting and uncontrolled burning for farming. One of the species most affected by the decline is Chambo (Oreochromis species), an The Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and endangered species. This species has been Mining is sensitising communities and the hugely over fished, with an estimated 70% general public on the dangers of bushfires reduction in the population over the past 10 through public awareness campaigns under years (Jamu et al, 2011). the Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and Environment and Natural Resources Forest resources, on the other hand, have Management (ENRM) Projects. Through these been overexploited because of an increasing sensitisation initiatives, communities are demand for biomass energy, which is the involved in bushfire control by establishing main source of energy in Malawi. The 2008 fire fighting groups, formulating by laws and population and housing census revealed that construction of firebreaks. The projects also 43% of all households in urban areas use charcoal for cooking, 41.8% use firewood and only 13.6% use electricity (NSO, 2008). Approximately 1.4 million cubic meters of wood, equivalent to 15,000 hectares of trees, are cut per year to produce 6.08 million Standard bags of charcoal in the four major cities of Malawi (Kambewa et al., 2007). The clearing of vast amounts of forests for charcoal production has led to alteration of species compositions in the forests, as most of the trees favoured for charcoal production have been removed, leaving behind woodlands of lower quality (Kambewa et al., 2007). This has resulted in loss of species important for use in

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 12 traditional medicine, timber and food. Pinus patula was introduced on Mulanje Mountain as a nursery crop to nurture 1.4.3 Invasive Alien Species the Mulanje cedar, but eventually became necessary to maintain it in pure stands to Invasive alien species (IAS) in Malawi cover increase timber production in Malawi. Over both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems time, mature Pinus patula started shedding and are in the form of plants, animals and seed that germinated and became invasive, microorganisms. One of the most notable hindering indigenous plant species growth. invasive alien species in Malawi is water By June 2012, the Government, through the hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), notable for Mulanje Conservation Trust (MMCT), made a its economic implications and detrimental great achievement in the eradication of Pinus effects on biodiversity by reducing oxygen patula, where over 300 hectares of pine have content in the aquatic ecosystems. Water been cleared. Bracken fern, on the other hand, hyacinth is widely spread in Shire River where has widely spread on Nyika National Park, it affects the generation of hydroelectric the biggest National Park in Malawi, where it power and irrigation programs, hindering has invaded grasslands important for wildlife economic development of the country in the grazing and tourist attraction. process. The Malawi Compact Environment and Natural Resource Management Project The agriculture sector has also been affected estimates that power shut downs resulting by several invasive alien species, including from weeds including water hyacinth, are cassava mealy bug, cassava green mite, larger estimated to cost US $27,000 per day and grain borer and spotted stalk borer that have lead to industrial losses worth ten times this caused great losses in agricultural production. amount. In addition, damage to infrastructure in 2001 due to invasive alien species and For Malawi to better manage invasive debris cost US $12 million to repair. Measures alien species there is a need to conduct to control water hyacinth started in the 1990s, comprehensive assessment and when its impacts on the country’s water documentation of IAS and establish a courses became serious. The Environmental programme with the primary goal of Management Project, with funding from the detection, quantifying the possible risk and World Bank, provided inputs into the control warning managers before a respective alien of water hyacinth in the Shire River, Lake species spreads beyond its point of initial Malawi and Lake Malombe. The programme introduction. There is also a need to put in provided resources to acquire and raise bio- place a monitoring system and conduct a control organisms, to train members of local risk assessment to predict the likelihood of a communities in the release of these agents in particular species becoming invasive, as well infested areas, to manually remove the alien as come up with a means to report, verify the plant where it was abundant and to conduct identifications and warn of new sightings. awareness campaigns through the production of posters. While this and several other 1.4.4 Pollution initiatives have succeeded in minimizing water hyacinth infestations in major watercourses, Biodiversity in Malawi is also threatened by infestation of the alien plants in localized pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage areas and private dams is still prevalent. and industrial wastes. Currently over 70% of the farming population in Malawi uses Other IAS like Pinus patula (pine), Rubus inorganic fertilizers to enhance agriculture elipticus (Himalayan raspberry) and Pteridium productivity. This type of reliance on aquillinum (Bracken fern) are found on chemicals for agricultural production has a Mulanje Mountain and Nyika National Park. negative ecological impact on habitats like

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 13 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

water and soil, which are continuously being in major urban areas gaseous emissions contaminated. from industries, car exhaust fumes as well as burning of old tires pollute the air. In the rural Toxic substances and domestic or commercial areas, uncontrolled bushfires also pollute the sewage have also affected biodiversity in air apart from destroying vegetative cover. Malawi. Previous research on stream water Air pollution also arises from quarrying and and effluent from wastewater treatment plants coal mining activities (GoM, 2008). With the in Blantyre revealed high phosphate levels increased scope of these activities, air pollution ranging from 50 mg/l to 250 mg/l, (Sajidu et al., could be a serious problem for biodiversity in 2007). These phosphate levels, which are likely Malawi in the coming years. to be higher now, stimulate excessive growth of plants and toxic cyanobacteria in stagnant Government has been implementing several receiving water bodies, hence posing a threat programs to control pollution in the country. to aquatic life and water quality. A study to The notable ones include the setting up of monitor the concentrations of sulphate, standards on pollution control and waste sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, iron, management and reduction in the tonnage nitrate and total dissolved solids in some rivers of ozone-depleting substances such as in Malawi showed that the concentration of chlorofluorocarbons from 5.9 tonnes in 2005 these parameters increased towards the dry to almost zero in 2010 (Ozone Secretariat, season and that these chemicals were more 2015). pronounced in the intestines and the liver of most fish, thereby threatening their survival 1.4.5 Climate Change (Kumwenda et al, 2012). Malawi is vulnerable to adverse effects of Pollution of rivers and other water bodies is climate change. Floods and droughts are also as a result of poor waste management the most common occurrences that affect in the cities. For example, only 30% of the biodiversity in the country. Climate change, total wastes generated (20,754 tonnes) in together with other drivers like siltation, is Lilongwe city is collected (UN Habitat, 2010) responsible for the declining water levels or and the rest ends up in rivers or land where it even drying up of water bodies, resulting in is washed away when it rains. In some places low fish production. Severe droughts that like Kauma in Lilongwe, sewer wastes have have occurred over the years have caused been reportedly discharged directly into the major fish habitats like Lake Chilwa wetland to rivers without being treated. dry up in some years, leading to losses in fish stocks. Through the National Climate Change Although air pollution is not yet a big Program, the Sustainable Land Management environmental problem in Malawi, generally, and ENRM programs, the government has been sensitizing people on the need to replace tree cover in fragile ecosystems to ensure that the occurrences of floods are reduced in the rainy season.

Changes in the rainfall pattern have affected the planting period, making it difficult for indigenous crop varieties to survive. This has resulted in more people planting hybrid seed and other improved varieties, thus threatening the maintenance of indigenous seed varieties. For example, in the year 2012,

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 14

Biodiversity management is not governed by single framework legislation in Malawi. However, appropriate umbrella policies and legislation have been formulated to address the problems and challenges of sustainable biodiversity management. These legal instruments include the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, 1995; National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2004; and the Environment Management Act (EMA), 1996. Other sectoral policies/legislation relevant to the implementation of biodiversity programs in Malawi include: the National Forestry Policy, 1996; National Forestry Act, 1997; Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy, 2001; Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, 1997; Wildlife Policy, 2000; National Parks and Wildlife Amendment Act, 2004; National Land 70% of groundnut cultivation was under Resources Management Policy and Strategy, improved varieties, most of which have a 2000; The National Herbarium and Botanic short maturation time, whilst only 30% was Gardens Act, 1987; Water Resources Act, 1969; under indigenous varieties (ICRISAT report, Irrigation Policy, 1998; Energy Policy, 2002; 2013). If this kind of trend continues in most Biosafety Act, 2002; Biosafety (Genetically crops, indigenous crop varieties that carry Modified Organisms) Regulations, 2008; unique genetic traits could be eroded in the National Biosafety and Biotechnology Policy, near future. In some instances, promotion of 2008; Patents Act, 1986; National Monuments improved crop varieties to ensure high yields and Relics Act, 1965; Plant Protection Act, per hectare has led to genetic erosion where 1969 and Local Government Act, 1998. Table 3 improved varieties have completely replaced on the following page highlights some of the local varieties. legislation, their gaps and areas of conflict that prevent effective regulation of biodiversity Although not scientifically proven, climate conservation in Malawi. change impacts appear to affect Malawi’s fragile ecosystems, such as the montane 1.5.2 Institutional Framework forests. For instance, higher and previously cooler places on Mount Mulanje have Malawi has an institutional arrangement become warmer and species compositions are aimed at creating an enabling environment changing, allowing low-altitude plant species for implementation of the Convention to flourish. This may have direct result in the on Biological Diversity (CBD) and other loss or poor performance of species that are biodiversity-related conventions. The current adapted to cold temperatures like the Mulanje arrangement includes the central and local cedar (Nangoma, personal communication, government levels through which relevant 2014). statutory corporation and non-governmental organizations participate. The organizations 1.5 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL are linked through committees and focal FRAMEWORK points at various levels.

1.5.1 Policies and Legislation At policy level, the Cabinet Committee on Natural Resources and Environment (CCNRE)

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 15 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

Table 3: Provisions and Gaps on Biodiversity in Some ENRM Policies in Malawi

Policy Provisions for Biodiversity Gaps/Area of Conflict in Policy The National The Act provides for the development and Herbarium management of herbarium and botanic and Botanic gardens as national heritage for Malawi and the Gardens Act establishment of the National Herbarium and (1987) Botanic Gardens of Malawi. Museums Act Provides for the establishment of Museums. It The role of museums in (1989) also provides for the collection, conservation, conserving natural history in and safeguarding, documentation, interpretation and ex situ is not clearly explained. communication on the tangible and intangible heritage of people and their environment for the purposes of study, education and enjoyment. Environmental The Act provides for the establishment The Act does not have Management of environmental protection areas and regulations to enforce its Act (1996) conservation of biological diversity and access to provisions on access to genetic genetic resources. It also makes the provision of resources. preparation of the National Environment Actions Plans (NEAPs), conducting EIA, pollution control and waste management. Forest Act Provides for the conservation and management Section 46 of the Forestry Act (1997) of forests. prohibits domestic use of forest resources except with written consent, while Section 4 of the EMA permits exploitation of resources for domestic use without prior written authority. The Forestry Act is under revision. Fisheries To strengthen institutional capacity by involving Section 3(7) of the Fisheries Conservation various stakeholders in the management of Conservation and Management and fisheries; promotes community participation Act does not recognize water Management and protection of fish; and provides for officials as fisheries protection Act (1997) establishment and operation of aquaculture. officers. Section 20 and 21 of the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act are silent on EIA in granting of an aquaculture permit. The Act is being revised. Land Policy Promotes community participation and public (2002) awareness at all levels to ensure environmentally sustainable land use practices and good land stewardship; advocates for protection of sensitive areas and waste management The Science and The Act provides for the advancement of science There are no regulations to Technology Act and Technology in Malawi, which includes implement the Act. (2003) research in biodiversity and biotechnology National Parks The Act provides for wildlife management, and Wildlife Act including identification of species that should be (2004) designated for protection.

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 16

Policy Provisions for Biodiversity Gaps/Area of Conflict in Policy Water The overall policy goal is to ensure sustainable The policy does not provide Resources management and utilisation of water resources guidelines for the conservation Management in order to provide water of acceptable quality and sustainable use of aquatic Policy and of sufficient quantities, ensure availability biodiversity. (2004) of efficient and effective water and sanitation services that satisfy the basic requirements of every Malawian and for the enhancement of the country’s natural ecosystems. National Seeks to manage, conserve and utilize biological The policy, does not specifically Environmental diversity for the preservation of national address the issue of fair and Policy heritage. equitable sharing of benefits (NEP, 2004) arising from use of biological and genetic resources. informs the cabinet on biodiversity issues to responsible for biodiversity management, seek political guidance and support. They are Malawi has a financing mechanism, the supported by the Parliamentary Committee Environment Management Fund (EMF), on Natural Resources and Climate Change as provided for in the EMA. However, (PCNRCC). These Committees get policy capitalization of the EMF is often too small direction from the National Council on the to sustain meaningful implementation of Environment (NCE). The Technical Committee biodiversity activities. Implementation of on the Environment (TCE) advises the NCE the NBSAP has mostly depended on donor on technical issues and operates through support. Several donors, including the Royal working groups and steering committees. Norwegian Embassy, the United States Agency The National Biodiversity Steering Committee for International Development (USAID), the (NBSC) provides guidance to sectors involved Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in biodiversity management. At the local level, Irish Aid, Japanese International Cooperation the District Environmental Sub-Committees Agency (JICA) and many others have been (DESC) coordinate biodiversity issues in financing biodiversity conservation in the the district and Village Natural Resource country. But the financial support provided Management Committees (VNRMCs) has not always been adequate to achieve coordinate biodiversity activities at the the targets set in NBSAP I. In this Strategy, community level. a resource mobilization plan has been developed to help identify adequate funding The challenge that most of these committees for its implementation. face is the unavailability of funding to conduct frequent meetings and report on the 1.6 BIODIVERSITY various activities being implemented in their MAINSTREAMING institutions. Meetings conducted are usually ad hoc to respond to emergency issues. The Malawi Millennium Development Goals Moreover, the monitoring and evaluation Assessment Report (2013) identified that loss systems are not in place to track progress of biodiversity and degradation of natural of implementation of their representative resources are some of the barriers to the institutions. achievement of Millennium Development Goals. This is so because sectors like 1.5.3 Financing Mechanisms agriculture, energy, trade, manufacturing and irrigation that have a potential to promote Apart from establishing the various institutions economic development and reduce poverty

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 17 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

are greatly affected by biodiversity loss. At the Furthermore, Lilongwe City Council is same time, actions taken to attain economic developing a Local Biodiversity Strategy and development and poverty reduction Action Plan (LBSAP) that highlights particular contribute to biodiversity loss. The inclusion species and habitats to be protected in the of biodiversity as a priority in MGDS II is a step city and how biodiversity and development towards preventing biodiversity loss. can go together with the city’s development activities. Apart from the MGDS II, considerations for biodiversity have been integrated in most Even though efforts are being made to Government sectoral policies, especially ensure that biodiversity is mainstreamed in those that trigger land use changes like the different sectors, biodiversity loss is still on agriculture, land, irrigation and mining policies. the rise. The major underlying cause is that These sectors are required by law to conduct important ecosystems in Malawi have not Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) prior been adequately mapped out and valued; to implementing projects that have potential hence policy makers are not well informed as impacts on biodiversity. These sectors have to how much biodiversity contributes to the thus incorporated these requirements into economy. their policies by providing the need to reduce negative impacts on biodiversity 1.7 PROCESS OF DEVELOPING THE when implementing their activities. Some NBSAP II sectors have even gone further to produce sectoral strategies on how they will conserve The process of preparing NBSAP II was biodiversity. For example, the agriculture coordinated by the Environmental Affairs sector has produced the draft Agrobiodiversity Department, which is the national focal point Strategy, which highlights how the sector for the CBD. A number of steps were followed will conserve biodiversity. Furthermore, the during preparation, including stakeholder Malawi Plant and Genetic Resource Center mapping; formation of a multi-sectoral task under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food team; assessment of the status, trends and Security is a custodian of plant genetic threats of biodiversity; and stakeholder resources, particularly those that are used for consultations. Comprehensive desk reviews food and agriculture. The irrigation sector, on of the NBSAP I and other relevant documents the other hand, through national programmes were done to identify strategic and like the Irrigation, Rural Livelihoods and implementation gaps that would be addressed Agriculture Development (IRLAD), implements by NBSAP II. The challenges and lessons learnt environmental safeguards that promote in the implementation of NBSAP I have been biodiversity conservation. highlighted in section 1.8.

In addition, the Government of Malawi To promote participation of stakeholders in the Decentralized Environmental Management process (outlined in Annexe 1), a number of Guidelines integrate biodiversity workshops were conducted to generate views considerations in the District Environmental from government departments, academia, Plans. Local Environmental Committees non-governmental organisations and the are engaged in formulation of these plans, private sector. In addition, the draft NBSAP II which form part of the District Development was presented to stakeholders at two national Plan. Through these plans, biodiversity is workshops. During the consultation process, implemented in all sectors at the local level. the following issues and constraints affecting As such, projects from other organizations are biodiversity management were identified and scrutinized at the local level to ensure that they are addressed in this strategy: do not have negative impacts on biodiversity.

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 18

• Inadequate human and institutional implementation arrangement. capacity to identify, monitor and manage biodiversity and ecosystems; 1.8 LESSONS LEARNT FROM • Inadequate research in biodiversity- IMPLEMENTATION OF NBSAP I related issues; • Inadequate public awareness and Malawi’s first NBSAP has been used as a guiding community participation on biodiversity document for institutions working in the field management; of biodiversity management, and positive • Lack of framework legislation on progress has taken place in implementing biodiversity; some of the strategies that it outlined. A • Weak enforcement and implementation of number of conservation programmes and existing legislation related to biodiversity; projects for specific biodiversity components • Weak co-ordination between and within have been developed as a step towards institutions dealing with biodiversity implementation of the strategy. Progress management; has also been made in the advancement of • Inadequate funding for biodiversity- Public-Private Partnerships in National Parks, related programmes; which has led to the quick reintroduction • Lack of capacity to access financial and restocking of important animal species resources provided via the financing in Malawi. For example the concession of mechanism of the Convention; Majete Game reserve to African Peace Parks • Inadequate infrastructure and equipment has led to the introduction of nearly extinct for biodiversity management; species such as the rhino. Although there has • Inadequate appropriate measures for been significant progress in implementation conservation of natural ecosystems of some of the planned actions in NBSAP I, and species, restoration of degraded some targets were not met. For example, the ecosystems and recovery of threatened red data list was not updated as planned. species; Most of the targets that were not met during • High increase in the spread of invasive NBSAP I implementation have been revised alien species; and incorporated into NBSAP II. • Lack of mechanisms for equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of 1.8.1 Implementation Obstacles biological resources; Coordination • Increasing numbers of threatened species and populations; Malawi is diverse with complex ecosystems • Lack of integration of the conservation and a wide range of resources and users, and sustainable use of biodiversity within which are governed by multiple managers the overriding priorities of the country’s following an array of national laws, policies economic, social development and poverty and guidelines, as well as regional and reduction programmes; international conventions, agreements and • Inadequate classification of important protocols. Responsibilities for biodiversity biodiversity ecosystems; and conservation are dispersed across sectors • Low linkage between the CBD program of and not coherently articulated. Land use work and the NBSAP, such as Program of management strategies exist within the Work on Protected Areas (POWPA). various governing institutions, from local to national levels, but these are parochial The NBSAP process developed 16 targets and do not specifically address biodiversity and corresponding actions. It further conservation. Guiding/policy instruments are came up with action plans to determine spread amongst numerous implementing responsible organizations, timeframes and government bodies, which often do so without

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats 19 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

considering the implications for the NBSAP. and detect resource and biodiversity trends. The instruments themselves conflict with one another and with the principles of sustainable Awareness development and resource use. Public awareness about biodiversity and the NBSAP is generally low in all sectors. For The complexity of this situation indicated that example, during consultations, most of the a strong coordinating body was necessary respondents claimed to have been seeing the to ensure integrated management planning. NBSAP for the first time. Public awareness Coordination in the implementation of the of the extrinsic value of tourism is high, but NBSAP was charged to the Environmental there is little awareness of the relationship Affairs Department. The Department does not between human activities and biodiversity, have any jurisdiction over other Ministries, and the concept of limiting natural resource i.e. it is not able to instruct other ministries use and growth in the agricultural sectors to implement NBSAP actions even though it is not understood. This lack of awareness is a national strategy. Implementation of the is apparent at all levels of society, from strategy has therefore happened more by government through to individuals. chance in those areas where other ministries are responsible for implementation of Funding activities. The biggest challenge to implementation of activities in NBSAP is availability of funding. Information Even when funding is available it is often Knowledge management system that ensure difficult to get donors to invest in basic information flow between researchers, taxonomic research or long-term biodiversity resource users and managers is not available. monitoring schemes, which are priority areas At present there are no formalized mechanisms within the NBSAP, as without baselines and for exchange of biodiversity information trend data it is not possible to show the between and among the institutions. Even biodiversity status in terms of whether it is though Malawi developed the Clearing House getting better or worse. Mechanism for Biodiversity, sectors have not populated it with recent data. 1.9 USE OF NBSAP II

Institutional Capacity The NBSAP II shall be used: Within local authorities and regulatory bodies, the number of staff technically a) As a planning tool by Government, NGOs, qualified to collect, analyse, interpret and private sector and other stakeholders to act on biodiversity data is often insufficient mainstream biodiversity into national and existing staff are frequently needed to development and sectoral planning fulfil other critical duties. Institutions where processes; this capacity exists are not currently well b) As an instrument for investment in incorporated into the planning and policy biodiversity conservation and/or co- process. Academic institutions mostly conduct ordination and support by development ecological research and interaction between partners; researchers, users, managers and communities c) As a guiding tool for Malawi to oversee is limited. Scientific findings are therefore the implementation of its obligations to rarely used to inform management decisions, the CBD; particularly in relation to biodiversity. Baseline d) As a guiding tool for local councils to biodiversity data are limited and not integrated integrate biodiversity in their development into management procedures, which inhibits plans; and the ability to understand land use impacts e) As a source of information to the general

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 20 public, researchers, private sector, civil society, NGOs and academia, among others.

Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats Photo Credit Colin Martin Chapter Two Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi 23 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

2.1 VISION responsibility to fully participate and contribute to conservation and sustainable By 2050, Malawi‘s biodiversity is valued, use of biodiversity; conserved, restored and sustainably utilized d) As custodians and users of biodiversity, with full participation of all stakeholders. local communities have knowledge, skills and information that can be utilized to 2.2 MISSION promote sustainable management of biodiversity; To effectively implement programs that e) Coordination among various stakeholders minimize the loss of biodiversity in order at all levels ensures successful conservation to ensure that ecosystems are resilient and and sustainable use of the country’s continue to provide essential services, thereby biodiversity; securing the quality of life and contributing to f) International, regional and national human wellbeing and poverty eradication. cooperation, including sharing of information and appropriate technology, is 2.3 GOAL crucial for the conservation of biodiversity; g) The conservation of biodiversity is best To enhance the conservation and sustainable done following the landscape and/or use of biodiversity for the environment and ecosystems approach; human well-being. This goal will be achieved h) The Government is responsible for through the following specific strategic providing direction and leadership in objectives: biodiversity management in Malawi; i) Strategic and effective decision making a) Improve capacity and knowledge on on conservation and sustainable use is biodiversity issues; possible when individuals and policy b) Mainstream biodiversity management makers have a better understanding and into sectoral and local development plans; appreciation of biodiversity. c) Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity; d) Improve the status of biodiversity by 2.5 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES, safeguarding ecosystems, species and TARGETS AND ACTIONS FOR genetic diversity; and BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT e) Enhance access and benefits sharing from biodiversity and ecosystem services. This section provides strategic direction and actions to be implemented by 2025 on 2.4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES conservation and equitable sharing of benefits arising from sustainable use of biodiversity The following principles will guide this in Malawi. The strategic goals, targets and strategy: actions are closely linked and are in line with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and Aichi a) Conservation of biodiversity is a form of Targets. Indicators for monitoring progress natural resource management whose on individual targets have also been included. primary goal is to meet the needs and Explanatory and background text is provided aspirations of both present and future at the beginning of each strategic goal and generations; under each target, where appropriate. A b) Biodiversity has an intrinsic value and is timeline of the NBSAP II’s implementation vital for agricultural, medicinal, scientific, plan can be found in Annexe 2. The capacity research, tourism and other socio- building plan for implementation of the economic development; NBSAP II can be found in Annexe 3. Annexe 4 c) Every person in Malawi has the contains the Monitoring and Evaluation Plan,

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 24 and Annexe 5 contains the strategic plan for biodiversity 2011 - 2020 and the Aichi Target 1: By 2025, human and Biodiversity Targets. institutional capacity for science and technology related to biodiversity is 2.5.1 Strategic Objective One: Improve improved Capacity and Knowledge on Biodiversity Issues Actions Knowledge on biodiversity is important for a) Establish a National Biodiversity effective implementation of conservation Information Facility; programmes. However, this knowledge is b) Update an inventory of institutions that mostly limited to sectors that are actively are involved in biodiversity research and involved in the management of environment management; and natural resources. Such sectoral c) Assess knowledge gaps and identify institutions include the National Herbarium priority research areas; and Botanic Gardens of Malawi (NHBGM), d) Enhance institutional capacity to Museums of Malawi, Fisheries Department manage and monitor implementation of (FD), Agricultural Research Stations, Forestry biodiversity programmes; Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM), Academia, e) Increase the number of programmes on NGOs and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), biodiversity research; among others. f) Strengthen the capacity of training institutions on biodiversity research and Similarly, human and institutional capacities dissemination; are important in biodiversity management. g) Strengthen human capacity to manage The Government and other organizations biodiversity. have made efforts to strengthen capacity on biodiversity management through training Output Indicators provided by institutions such as the University a) A National Biodiversity Information Facility of Malawi (UNIMA), Mzuzu University Established; (MZUNI), Lilongwe University of Agriculture b) An updated inventory of institutions and Natural Resources (LUANAR) and Malawi involved in biodiversity issues; College of Forestry and Wildlife. However, c) Number of biodiversity gaps and priority there are still gaps in areas such as taxonomic research areas identified; issues and biodiversity accounting. Inadequate d) Number of institutions with capacity to infrastructure and financial resources also carry out biodiversity research; affect the existence of good institutional e) Number of biodiversity research capacity for biodiversity management. programmes implemented; f) Number of institutions with the capacity This strategic objective seeks to build and to manage and monitor implementation strengthen institutional capacities and of biodiversity programs; collaboration to enhance research, collections, g) Number of people trained to manage classification, packaging, monitoring and biodiversity. dissemination of biodiversity information to the general public and provide financial Responsible Institution: Ministry responsible resources to support capacity building and for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; information management. National Commission for Science and Technology; Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development; Ministry responsible for Tourism and Culture;

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi 25 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

Museums of Malawi; NHBGM; FRIM; NGOs; practices and innovations; CSOs; and Academia. d) Promote and upscale best traditional management systems.

Target 2: By 2025, traditional Output Indicators knowledge, innovations and practices a) Inventory of tradition knowledge, of local communities are respected innovations and practices updated; and harnessed in line with national b) Number of awareness campaigns and international legislation conducted; c) Number of community protocols developed and implemented; The cultural diversity of Malawi has played d) Number of best traditional management an important role in sustaining biodiversity practices promoted and up-scaled. throughout centuries. In most cultures, areas rich in biodiversity have been designated Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible as sacred or protected areas for a number for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; of reasons. For example, graveyards all Ministry responsible for Tourism and Culture; over Malawi are designated as sacred and Ministry responsible for Local Government and protected areas where harvesting of forest Rural Development; NHBGM; FRIM; National and wildlife resources is prohibited. However, Commission for Science and Technology; most of these conservation-sensitive Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation traditional practices, beliefs and customs and Water Development; Museums of Malawi; are rapidly breaking down and disappearing Academia; Ministry of Justice; Traditional together with the biodiversity that they may Institutions; Local Communities; NGOs; and have helped to conserve. This loss of extensive CSOs. traditional knowledge systems, practices and innovations is a result of changes in the socio- economic environment. The impacts of such Target 3: By 2025, at least 50% of the changes on biological and cultural diversity Malawi population is aware of the cannot be ignored. value of biodiversity to ensure its conservation and sustainable use Despite playing a role in the conservation of biodiversity, traditional knowledge systems, innovations and practices have not been Environmental education and public awareness adequately promoted and documented. By plays an important role in improving people’s achieving this target, traditional knowledge understanding of biodiversity and participation systems, innovations and practices will be in conservation programs. Malawi developed valued and properly utilized. a National Environment and Climate Change Communication Strategy (NECCCS) in 2010. The Actions main objective of the NECCCS is to effectively a) Update an inventory of traditional and efficiently provide information, education management systems, innovations and and communication on environment and practices in Malawi; climate change issues that promote positive b) Conduct awareness campaigns among change for sustainable development. Despite communities, researchers and NGOs to having the communication strategy in place, raise the profile on the value of traditional there is limited knowledge on the values of systems and knowledge; biodiversity. It is important to raise awareness c) Facilitate development of community for active participation of organizations and protocols on traditional knowledge, individuals in biodiversity management.

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 26

Actions Despite their economic, social and a) Develop a communication, education and environmental importance, biodiversity and public awareness strategy for biodiversity; its ecosystem services are poorly understood b) Integrate biodiversity issues in primary and undervalued. It is important that relevant and secondary school curricula; sectors are aware of the value of biodiversity c) Conduct awareness campaigns on the so that they are fully engaged to ensure importance of biodiversity; protection, conservation and restoration of d) Promote active participation of local biodiversity. communities in biodiversity conservation through various Community-Based Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation and Institutions; its value into sectoral policies and accounting e) Publications to raise the profile on systems will improve the management of biodiversity in Malawi. biodiversity in Malawi.

Output Indicator a) A Communication Education and Public Target 4: By 2025, biodiversity values Awareness Strategy for biodiversity are integrated into national, sectoral developed and operationalised; and local development policies and b) Biodiversity integrated in primary and plans secondary school curricula; c) Number of awareness campaigns conducted; Malawi’s economy is natural resource d) Number of active Community-Based based and biodiversity has a high potential Institutions; to contribute to the socio-economic e) Number of publications on Malawi’s development of the country. An economic biodiversity developed; valuation of natural resource use in Malawi f) Number of CBNRM programs on established that the country is losing about biodiversity promoted. 5.3% of GDP annually due to unsustainable natural resource management (Yaron et. al., Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible 2010). It is vital to integrate biodiversity values for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; into all development planning processes Ministry responsible for Information, Tourism at the national and local level to realize its and Culture; Media; Ministry responsible full potential towards the socio-economic for Finance and Economic Planning and development of Malawi. Development; Ministry responsible for Education, Science and Technology; NHBGM; The Malawi Growth and Development Strategy Private Sector; NGOs; Ministry of Local II is a medium-term strategy designed to Government and Rural Development; and implement Malawi’s long-term aspirations as Academia. spelt out in its Vision 2020. It strives to foster more inclusive job creation growth to address 2.5.2 Strategic Objective Two: Mainstream unemployment and reduce poverty. This Biodiversity into National, Sectoral and target aims to influence budget processes by Local Development Plans providing evidence on the poverty biodiversity links and ensuring its inclusion during the Implementation of biodiversity conservation revision process of the MGDS. programs is mostly done by sectors that are directly involved in environment and natural Actions resource management. However, activities a) Conduct integrated ecosystem of all sectors have an impact on biodiversity. assessments and economic analyses to

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi 27 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

evaluate the specific contributions of partners are the primary source of funding biodiversity to the national economy and that support implementation of biodiversity human well-being; programmes. However, there is still inadequate b) Integrate biodiversity poverty linkages financing in biodiversity management. This into the Malawi Growth Development target seeks to develop sustainable financing Strategy III; mechanisms for effective implementation of c) Develop guidelines on how sectors and biodiversity programmes. national planners can integrate biodiversity conservation into relevant policies and Actions plans; a) Develop and implement a Biodiversity d) Identify and engage sectors to integrate Resource Mobilization Strategy; biodiversity conservation; b) Promote and implement innovative e) Develop Local Biodiversity Strategies and finance mechanisms such as Access and Actions Plans (LBSAPs). Benefit Sharing (ABS) and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) programs; Output Indicators c) Develop and implement market-based a) Evidence collected on the contribution of approaches for biodiversity conservation biodiversity to the national economy and including Payment of Ecosystem Services human well-being; (PES). b) Biodiversity poverty linkages included in the MGDS III; Output Indicators c) Guidelines for integrating biodiversity into a) A Biodiversity Resource Mobilization policies and plans developed; Strategy developed and implemented; d) Number of sectors integrated biodiversity b) Number of ABS mechanisms and PPP conservation issues; promoted; e) Number of Local Biodiversity Strategy and c) Number of market-based approaches for Action Plans developed. biodiversity conservation, including PES initiatives, developed and implemented. Responsible Institution: Ministry responsible for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible Ministry responsible for Tourism, Culture, for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; Parks and Wildlife; Ministry responsible Ministry responsible for Finance and Economic for Finance and Economic Planning and Planning; Ministry of Local Government and Development; NHBGM; National Commission Rural Development; Ministry of Trade and for Science and Technology; Ministry Industry; NGOs; Academia; Malawi Revenue responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation and Authority; and the Private Sector. Water Development; Ministry responsible for Local Government and Rural Development; 2.5.3 Strategic Objective Three: Reduce NGOs; Private Sector; Academia; and Local Direct Pressures on Biodiversity Communities. Malawi continues to lose its biodiversity at an unprecedented rate mainly due to Target 5: By 2025, sustainable human-induced causes such as deforestation, financing mechanisms for effective encroachment into protected areas, poaching, implementation of biodiversity over fishing, bushfires, introduction of invasive programmes developed alien species, pollution and climate change.

Programmes and actions aimed at protecting The Government of Malawi and development and restoring degraded ecosystems and

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 28 sustainably managing biodiversity will be implemented to achieve this strategic Target 7: By 2025, aquatic biodiversity objective. is managed and harvested sustainably within safe ecological limits

Target 6: By 2025, at least 50% of the degraded terrestrial habitats are Management of aquatic biodiversity in Malawi restored and protected has been compromised over the years. This has been mainly exacerbated by ever increasing human population, land degradation, loss of Malawi’s terrestrial habitats have been species habitats, declining water levels and degraded and land use has changed due limited implementation of specific regulations, to population growth and shortage of among others. The exploitation regimes land for agriculture. Protected areas have of the aquatic species have not paid any been encroached and species numbers are respect to the safe ecological thresholds. For declining. This targets aims to identify the instance, exploitation of fisheries resources degraded habitats and restore them. has not obeyed the acceptable maximum sustainable yield (MSY) levels for most of the Actions fish species. This target will aim to manage a) Identify degraded habitats; aquatic biodiversity and ensure that they are b) Identify habitats with high species harvested sustainably within safe ecological diversity; limits. c) Develop, review and implement strategies and programmes for restoring habitats; Actions d) Develop and implement programmes to a) Develop guidelines to promote integrated protect habitats of high species diversity. watershed management; b) Develop programmes on integrated Output Indicators watershed management; a) Number of degraded habitats identified; c) Promote use of legal fishing gear; b) Number of habitats with high species d) Develop a national wetlands policy; diversity identified; e) Identify, rehabilitate and protect fish c) Number of strategies and programmes spawning and nursing areas; for habitat restoration developed and f) Undertake ex-situ conservation of implemented; threatened or endangered aquatic species; d) Number of programmes to protect g) Review and implement strategies and habitats developed. plans for management of endemic fish species; Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible h) Reduce fishing effort in shallow waters by for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; promoting deep-water fishing. Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development; NHBGM; Ministry Output indicators responsible for Information, Tourism and a) Guidelines for watershed management Culture; FRIM; NGOs, CSOs, Academia; and developed; Local Communities. b) Number of programmes on integrated watershed management developed; c) Number and type of legal water fishing gear promoted; d) A National Wetlands Policy developed; e) Number of fish spawning areas for

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi 29 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

important species identified and protected; techniques; f) Number of threatened or endangered d) Promote the use of alternative sources of aquatic biodiversity species conserved; energy. g) Number of strategies and plans for management of endemic fish species Output Indicators reviewed and implemented; a) Number of reforestation programmes h) Indices of use of illegal fishing gears in reviewed and implemented; shallow waters reduced b) Number of community-based programmes on conservation and sustainable use Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible of forest biodiversity developed and for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; implemented; Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation c) Number of improved forest management and Water Development; Ministry responsible techniques promoted; for Information, Tourism and Culture; d) Percentage of consumers adopting Department of Forestry; Academia; Private alternative sources of energy. Sector; NGOs; CSOs; and Local Communities. Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; Target 8: By 2025, area under forest Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation cover is increased by 4% and managed and Water Development; NHBGM; Ministry sustainably, ensuring conservation of responsible for Information, Tourism and biodiversity Culture; FRIM; Private Sector; NGOs; and CSOs.

The Government of Malawi continues to implement actions and measures designed to Target 9: By 2025, invasive alien species conserve biodiversity in forest reserves and and their pathways are identified and ensure they are managed sustainably, while prioritized for control and prevention monitoring their impacts and considering from movement and spreading in and ways to apply such measures effectively. The out of the country National Forest Policy safeguards favourable conditions for the preservation of forest habitats for biodiversity conservation. Efforts When compared against the desirable to safeguard and manage forest biodiversity outcomes, it would appear that Malawi has sustainably will be intensified by increasing not made significant progress towards the the areas of forests under protection, eradication and prevention of entry of invasive improving the quality of protected forest alien species in the country. Malawi’s fifth habitats through ecological restoration and National Report to CBD (2014) reports that enhancing nature management methods invasive alien species have grown in number used in commercially utilized forests. from 29 to 31 with the inclusion of black wattle and Eucalyptus bug. Other attempts Actions to document IAS in Malawi report numbers a) Review and implement effective between 45 to 68. A proper documentation reforestation programmes that ensure and definition of what should be regarded as survival and diversity of planted trees; invasive in the Malawian context is missing b) Develop and implement community- and some species that are regarded as native based programmes on conservation and and welcome elsewhere in the country are sustainable use of forest biodiversity; regarded as invasive in other ecosystems in c) Promote improved forest management Malawi. For example, Mulanje Mountain alone

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 30 reports a total of 29 invasive species, 10 of monitor invasive alien species. which are not regarded as invasives in other f) Number of IAS eradicated/area under IAS parts of the country. managed.

Invasive alien species disrupt the balance of Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible natural ecosystems. They out-compete native for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; species, affecting biodiversity in ecosystems. Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation In some cases, invasive alien species may and Water Development; FRIM; NHBGM; reproduce with native species and alter the Academia; Ministry responsible for Trade and gene pool, leading to hybridization and Industries; Malawi Revenue Authority; National homogeneity and reducing genetic diversity. Commission for Science and Technology; Therefore, invasive alien species and their CSOs; and Local Communities. pathways must be properly identified, controlled and eradicated. Target 10: By 2025, pollution is reduced Actions to minimize ecosystem degradation a) Compile documentation and maps on and biodiversity loss IAS in Malawi, including an inventory of invasive alien species prevalent in the country; Pollution is one of the major threats to b) Develop a national invasive species biodiversity in Malawi. Implementing the management plan; following actions will help to minimize c) Conduct awareness campaigns and build ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss capacity of different stakeholders on how resulting from pollution. to identify, track and prevent IAS in their localities and on the threats of invasive Actions alien species to biodiversity (cross-border a) Procure equipment for monitoring inspection, quarantine and certification); environmental pollution; d) Procure and upgrade inspection b) Conduct capacity-building initiatives on infrastructure for tracking and identifying monitoring of environmental pollution; IAS in Malawi; c) Develop and implement polluter pays e) Conduct capacity-building initiatives on principle regulations; invasive alien species monitoring; d) Develop programs to promote the f) Monitor the entry and spread of invasive reduction, reuse and recycling of wastes; alien species; e) Promote public-private partnerships on g) Regulate and control movement and waste management; spreading of IAS. f) Strengthen enforcement of policy and regulatory frameworks for pollution Output Indicators control. a) A national invasive alien species management plan developed; Output indicators b) Number of invasive alien species identified a) Number of pieces of equipment for in different ecosystems; monitoring of environmental pollution c) Infrastructure for management for IAS procured; procured; b) Number of capacity-building initiatives on d) Number of awareness campaigns and monitoring of environmental pollution; capacity-building initiatives on invasive c) Regulations on polluter pays principle alien species conducted; developed and implemented; e) Number of enforcement officers trained to d) Number of programs to promote

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi 31 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

reduction, reuse and recycling of wastes Conserved or restored terrestrial habitats developed; increase the area for carbon dioxide sink. This e) Number of public-private partnerships on target will aim to minimise anthropogenic waste management promoted; pressures on vulnerable ecosystems to ensure f) Enforcement of policy and regulatory that ecosystems are resilient to climate frameworks for pollution control change. strengthened. Actions a) Promote alternative energy sources to fuel Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible wood and charcoal; for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; b) Promote sustainable livelihood programs FRIM; Ministry responsible for Agriculture, such as bee keeping and mushroom Irrigation and Water Development; NHBGM; production; Academia; Ministry responsible for Trade and c) Identify and promote REDD+ program; Industries; Malawi Revenue Authority; Malawi d) Promote afforestation programmes; Bureau of Standards; CSOs; City Assemblies; e) Promote initiatives on payment of and Local Councils. ecosystem services; f) Promote enforcement of legislation.

Target 11: By 2025, anthropogenic Output Indicators pressures on vulnerable ecosystems a) Number of alternative energy sources are minimized, thereby improving promoted; ecosystems resilience to climate b) Number of sustainable livelihood change programs promoted; c) Number of REDD+ programs identified and promoted; There is ample evidence that climate d) Number of afforestration programmes change affects biodiversity. According to the promoted; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), e) Number of initiatives on payment of climate change is likely to become one of the ecosystem services promoted; most significant drivers of biodiversity loss f) Enforcement of legislation promoted - by the end of the century. Climate change is number of court cases; number of fines. already forcing biodiversity to adapt either through shifting habitat, changing life cycles, Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible or the development of new physical traits. for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation Conserving natural terrestrial and freshwater and Water Development; Ministry responsible ecosystems and restoring degraded for Information, Tourism and Culture; NHBGM; ecosystems (including their genetic and Private Sector; NGOs; CSOs; and Academia. species diversity) is essential for the overall goals of both the Convention on Biological 2.5.4 Strategic Objective Four: Improve Diversity and the United Nations Framework the Status of Biodiversity Convention on Climate Change. Ecosystems play a key role in the global carbon cycle and Plant and animal species are threatened by in adapting to climate change, while also habitat loss through urban expansion, human providing a wide range of ecosystem services population growth, clearing of vegetation for that are essential for human well-being and the agricultural production, forestry exploitation achievement of the Millennium Development through removal of certain woody species Goals. Biodiversity supports efforts to reduce for timber and poles, introduction of invasive the negative effects of climate change. alien species, fire, unsustainable harvesting of

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 32 other plant species for medicinal purposes, c) Reintroduce species that have been locally liberalisation of crop production and extinct; marketing. A general decline in plant and d) Develop and implement strategies to animals species has been observed in the manage threatened and endemic species; country. For example, the population of roan e) Conduct robust species monitoring using antelopes and zebra in Vwaza wildlife reserves methods that account for both common have dropped by 26% and 37%, respectively, and threatened species; between 2005 and 2008. (GoM, 2010). f) Identify and characterize biodiversity hotspots; In addition, genetic diversity is threatened with g) Ensure that current protected areas with genetic erosion caused by the introduction special designations (biosphere reserves, of modern crop varieties and animal breeds Ramsar sites, world heritage sites) actively that have been replacing the traditional crop seek and are able to access funds through varieties and livestock breeds. Genetic erosion these designations; is more pronounced in agro-biodiversity. h) Develop a National Action Plan for implementation of POWPA. The Government is implementing a number of programs to safeguard the Output Indicators status of ecosystems, species and genetic a) Red data list for Malawi updated; diversity. These include, among others, b) Number of wildlife corridors created; the establishment of the Malawi Plant c) Number of species reintroduced; Genetic Resources Centre (MPGRC), which is d) Number of strategies on endangered responsible for the collection, documentation species developed and implemented; and preservation of plant genetic resources. e) Number of biodiversity hotspots identified; This strategic objective aims to strengthen f) National Action Plan for implementation management of ecosystems, species and of POWPA developed. genetic diversity. Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; Target 12: By 2025, the extinction Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre; of known threatened species is Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation prevented and their conservation and Water Development; Ministry responsible status is improved and sustained for Information, Tourism and Culture; NHBGM; Ministry responsible for Trade and Industry; Malawi Revenue Authority; Private Sector; There has been a major decline in some species CSOs; and Local Communities. and reported cases of extinction. The rhino is the well known case of complete extinction in Malawi, but measures have been taken to Target 13: By 2025, the genetic reintroduce it in some of Malawi’s national diversity of wild and domesticated parks. The following actions will assist Malawi plants and animals is maintained and to minimize extinction incidences and improve safeguarded the status of known threatened species.

Actions Agro-biodiversity contributes to food security a) Update the National Red Data List; and increased employment opportunities, b) Increase connectivity between protected hence improved living standards. areas and wildlife home ranges both Implementing the following actions will locally and internationally; enhance agro-biodiversity conservation in

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi 33 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

Malawi. potential established; f) Number of programmes aimed at Actions promoting farmer’s rights; a) Document community practices and g) Number of surveys to document traditional traditional knowledge on agro-biodiversity knowledge used for agro-biodiversity management; conservation conducted; b) Develop guidelines for collection, h) Guidelines for collection, characterization characterization and conservation of and conservation of germ-plasm germplasm; developed; c) Conduct capacity-building initiatives i) Number of capacity-building initiatives on collection, characterization and on collection, characterization and conservation of species; conservation of species; d) Procure equipment for collection j) Number of pieces of equipment procured characterization and conservation of for collection, characterization and species; conservation of species; e) Update land use maps and management k) Number of land use maps and management plans for biodiversity conservation sites; plans updated; f) Conduct research on genetic variation of l) Number of research studies on genetic domesticated wild plants; variation of domesticated wild plants g) Develop mechanisms to harmonize conducted; activities of organizations dealing with m) Mechanisms to harmonize activities agro-biodiversity conservation (genetic of organisations dealing with agro- material conservation); biodiversity conservation developed; h) Promote cultivation of indigenous plant n) Number of targeted conservation research species such as fruits and vegetables to conducted. enhance their preservation; i) Maintain and promote local land races Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible by establishing local community and for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; provincial gene banks; Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation j) Promote farmers rights and collaborate on and Water Development; NHBGM; Academia; prioritization; NGOs; Ministry responsible for Justice and k) Collect representatives of common flora Constitutional Affairs; Ministry responsible for and fauna currently not available in the Local Government and Rural Development; Herbarium and Museums’ Natural History Malawi Plant Genetic Resource Centre; CSOs; collections; and Local Communities. l) Conduct targeted conservation research in biodiversity hotspots. Target 14: By 2025, the level of Output Indicators protection on safe handling, transfer a) Number of indigenous species cultivated and use of living modified organisms and protected; resulting from modern biotechnology b) Number of in-situ conservation sites of wild that may have adverse impacts on relatives of cultivated plants established biodiversity is strengthened, taking and protected; into account risks to human health c) Number of land races kept in gene banks and botanic gardens; d) Number of species collected and kept in Malawi has made significant progress in herbarium and natural history collection; biotechnology research and development. e) Number of collections with nutritive Currently Malawi is conducting trials for

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 34 insect-resistant cotton and herbicide-tolerant being. The condition and functioning of cotton that, when successful, will help ecosystems determines their ability to supply smallholder farmers to minimize losses in ecosystem services for people. However, their cotton harvests that currently arise from Malawi has not fully benefited from utilisation infestation of pests and diseases. However, of ecosystem goods and services because of knowledge on biodiversity is relatively low. inadequate policy and legislative framework. This target will aim to ensure that the levels of This includes a need to focus on supplying protection on safe handling, transfer and use important ecosystem services as part of the of living modified organisms is strengthened management of natural areas. Also, access to to ensure that there are no adverse impacts genetic resources by entrepreneurs has not on biodiversity and human health. benefitted the people of Malawi. In 2010, the international community adopted the Nagoya Actions Protocol on access to genetic resources and a) Revise the Biosafety Act and regulations; the fair and equitable sharing of benefits b) Conduct public awareness campaigns on arising from their utilisation, to which Malawi biosafety legislation; is a party to. This strategic objective will c) Develop and implement a National ensure that benefits arising from utilisation of Biosafety Capacity Building Plan; biodiversity are enhanced. d) Establish national systems for documentation, management and information sharing on biosafety; Target 15: By 2025, the supply of e) Establish an effective detection and important ecosystem services is monitoring system for biotechnology. safeguarded and restored, taking into account gender roles and Output Indicators responsibilities of the youth, the poor a) Biosafety Act and regulations revised; and the vulnerable b) Public awareness campaigns on biosafety legislation conducted; c) A national biosafety capacity-building This target will assist Malawi to enhance the plan developed and implemented; participation of vulnerable groups, the youth, d) A biosafety clearing house mechanism and women in biodiversity management. developed and operationalised; Further implementing this target will ensure e) An effective monitoring system for that these groups benefit fully from the biotechnology established. ecosystem services that biodiversity provides in Malawi. Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible for Natural Resources Energy and Mining; Actions Ministry responsible for Health; National a) Develop policy and legislative frameworks Commission for Science and Technology; on biodiversity management that take into Ministry responsible for Industry and Trade; account the needs of vulnerable groups Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation and gender roles; and Water Development. b) Develop and implement collaborative management programs for the terrestrial 2.5.5 Strategic Objective Five: Enhance and aquatic ecosystems with the the Benefits to All from Biodiversity and participation of vulnerable groups, Ecosystem Services including women; c) Conduct awareness-raising campaigns in Ecosystems provide goods and services that the fringes of protected ecosystems on are particularly important for human well- biodiversity management from a poverty

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi 35 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

and gender perspective; b) Conduct sensitisation on the ABS and IPR d) Develop programs to support alternative legislation at all levels; income-generating activities that can c) Develop a valorization strategy for Malawi; take away pressure from the ecosystems, d) Strengthen capacity of institutions and support livelihoods and address gender local communities to effectively participate issues (e.g. bee keeping; energy efficient in negotiations, regulation and monitoring stoves) compliance of genetic resources (GR) and Output Indicators traditional knowledge (TK) users; a) Biodiversity policy and legislation e) Establish an effective system for frameworks developed; monitoring and tracking compliance to b) Number of collaborative management ABS legislation; programs developed and implemented; f) Establish institutional and administrative c) Number of awareness programs on structures to facilitate implementation of biodiversity management; the Nagoya Protocol in Malawi; d) Number of income-generating programs g) Establish an effective mechanism for developed. documentation, management and sharing of information related to ABS and ensure Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible effective participation in the Access and for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; Benefit Sharing Clearing House (ABS-CH). NHBGM; Ministry responsible for Agriculture and Food Security; Ministry responsible Local Output Indicators Government and Rural Development; Ministry a) Regulations on ABS and IPR developed responsible for Gender and Disability; NGOs; and operationalised; CSOs; Academia; and Local Communities. b) Number of sensitisation and awareness campaigns on the ABS and IPR legislation; c) A valorization strategy for biodiversity in Target 16: By 2025, access to genetic Malawi developed; resources and traditional knowledge d) Number of capacity-building initiatives is regulated and benefits arising and trainings in negotiation, regulation from utilization of the resources and and monitoring compliance of GR and TK associated traditional knowledge are users conducted; shared in a fair and equitable manner e) A system for monitoring and tracking compliance to ABS legislation developed and operationalised; Malawi is committed to implementing f) Institutional and administrative structures measures to promote access and benefit for implementation of the Nagoya Protocol sharing in the utilization of its genetic established; resources, since its ratification to the Nagoya g) A national mechanism for documentation, Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing in management and sharing of information 2014. This target responds to the need to related to ABS developed. develop a comprehensive policy and legislative approach on access and benefit sharing and Responsible Institutions: Ministry responsible establishing administrative arrangements for for Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; the effective implementation of the protocol. NHBGM; Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development; Ministry Actions responsible for Local Government and Rural a) Develop legislation on Access and Benefit Development; Ministry responsible for Sharing (ABS) and Intellectual Property Gender and Disability; Ministry responsible Rights (IPR); for Information, Tourism and Culture; Ministry

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 36 responsible for Trade and Industry; Ministry responsible for Justice and Constitutional Affairs; NGOs; CSOs; Academia; and Local Communities.

Chapter 2: Strategy for Biodiversity Management in Malawi

Chapter Three Implementation Arrangements 39 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

This NBSAP II is a product of a consultative arrangement aimed at creating an enabling process involving all stakeholders in the environment for implementation of management and utilization of biodiversity in biodiversity programs as discussed in Chapter Malawi. Effective and efficient implementation 1. The current arrangement includes the central of the strategy and action plan requires and local government levels in which relevant effective institutional arrangements and statutory corporation and non-governmental mechanisms to facilitate active participation organizations participate. The organizations of stakeholders. Therefore, it is important are linked through committees and focal to continually evaluate the performance points at various levels. Implementation of the and capacity of key institutions as well NBSAP II will follow the existing institutional as institutional arrangements to ensure arrangement. attainment of the objectives and targets set in the NBSAP II. 3.2.1 Coordinating Agency

3.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF NBSAP Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining, through Environmental Affairs Implementation of this strategy shall fall Department (EAD), shall coordinate the within the existing institutional arrangements overall implementation of the strategy. at central and local government levels in which Its coordination mandate will enable it to relevant statutory corporation, civil society, balance concerns of both interested and trusts and non-governmental organizations affected parties under the CBD and other participate. Some of the institutions are as related conventions. The Environmental follows: Affairs Department serves as a secretariat for implementation of biodiversity activities in a) Ministry responsible for Natural Resources, Malawi. Energy and Mining; b) Ministry responsible for Information, The EAD will be responsible for; Tourism and Culture; c) Ministry responsible for Agriculture • Facilitating harmonization of national Irrigation and Water Development; environmental policies and legislation; d) Ministry responsible for Finance, Economic • Enforcing of legislation, capacity building, Planning and Development; setting of standards and compliance e) National Commission for Science and monitoring; Technology; • Identifying fragile ecosystems, biodiversity f) Ministry responsible for Local Government hotspots and threatened species that need and Rural Development; protection and, where required, ensuring g) National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens fulfilment of Malawi’s obligations to the of Malawi; Convention on Biological Diversity and h) Non-governmental organizations and Civil other related international agreements; Society; • Mobilizing financial resources for the i) Academia, e.g. Universities of Malawi, implementation of biodiversity targets as Mzuzu and LUANAR; set in the NBSAP II; and j) Malawi Revenue Authority; and • Promoting participation of local k) Ministry of Trade and Industry. communities, NGOs and CBOs in biodiversity conservation. 3.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT 3.2.2 Sectoral Agencies

Malawi has in place an institutional Sectoral agencies will be responsible for

Chapter 3: Implementation Arrangements Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 40 ensuring the implementation of the relevant Civil society, NGOs and private sector will be strategies and actions. Specifically they will be instrumental in the implementation of this responsible for: strategy. Their functions, among others, will include: a) Mainstreaming biodiversity considerations into their sectoral policies and plans; a) Carrying out advocacy and awareness on b) Addressing sector specific issues prioritized biodiversity management; in the NBSAP II; b) Strengthening the capacity of community- c) Enforcing of legislation, capacity building, based organisations and communities setting of standards and compliance to implement biodiversity conservation monitoring; programmes; d) Providing relevant guidance and support c) Promoting networking opportunities, at national, district and local levels on especially among NGOs and other civil biodiversity management; society organizations; e) Collecting and disseminating information d) Assisting in promoting and documenting on activities affecting biodiversity; and traditional knowledge, innovations and f) Collaborating with the Environmental practices in biodiversity conservation; Affairs Department on relevant issues in e) Promoting and documenting traditional NBSAP II. knowledge, innovations and practices in biodiversity conservation; 3.2.3 Local Councils f) Assisting CBOs and communities to formulate and implement projects related Environmental management, including to the NBSAP II, the convention and biodiversity conservation, is a decentralized protocols; and function. As such, the roles of the local councils g) Contributing human and financial will include: resources to support biodiversity conservation programmes. a) Coordinating the implementation of the NBSAP II in the councils; 3.2.5 Academia and Research Institutions b) Mainstreaming biodiversity considerations in Local Environment Action Plans and Academic institutions in Malawi play a vital subsequently incorporating them in role in capacity building, including research. District Development Plans (DDPs); Some of the key academic institutions include: c) Formulating and enforcing local policies University of Malawi, Lilongwe University of and by-laws related to biodiversity Agriculture and Natural Resources, Natural conservation and its sustainable use; Resources College, Malawi College of Forestry d) Promoting and documenting traditional and Wildlife and Mzuzu University. Their knowledge, innovations and practices in functions, among others, will include: biodiversity conservation; e) Monitoring biodiversity conservation • Capacity building in biodiversity programmes, including gathering, management; maintaining and disseminating accurate • Collaborating with sectors on research information; and monitoring; f) Local communities will be responsible for • Mobilizing financial resources for the implementation of the NBSAP. implementation of biodiversity targets as set in the NBSAP II; 3.2.4 Civil Society, Non-Governmental • Building specifically designed Organisations and Private Sector infrastructure and equipment for biodiversity management;

Chapter 3: Implementation Arrangements 41 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

• Undertaking biodiversity research and NBSAP II recognizes that effective increasing dissemination of knowledge on communication is vital for biodiversity biodiversity. conservation. Planning for conservation requires communication to gain the 3.2.6 Coordination Committees commitment and cooperation of people who use, have an impact on, or conserve The coordination and functioning of biodiversity. Effective communication implementing organizations is linked through requires better analysis of the issues and the committees and designated focal points at required remedies, better understanding of various levels. Several decentralized structures the target groups, a clear understanding of have been established in the country communication objectives, identification of to guide and support policy, legislation appropriate means and media for consultative and programmes formulation as well as processes and communication products. implementation of environment and natural resources management activities. This CEPA provides a framework for delivering key messages and proposes actions to raise • The Cabinet Committee on Natural awareness on biodiversity to specific target Resources and Environment (CCNRE) is the audiences. It is expected that this plan will highest-level policy and decision-making inform, educate and raise public awareness body responsible for environmental policy and support for the implementation of the issues. It informs the cabinet on the state NBSAP II and other biodiversity-related issues. of the environment and political guidance This will be achieved through the following and support. specific objectives: • The Parliamentary Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources (PCANR) i. Raise awareness of the NBSAP II to lobbies Parliament on all environmental mobilize support for its implementation matters. among various target groups; • The National Biodiversity Steering ii. Improve public understanding of the value Committee (NBSC) provides guidance of conserving biodiversity; to various sectors, institutions and iii. Promote public participation in the organizations involved in biodiversity implementation of NBSAP II; conservation and management. iv. Enhance institutional and individual • The National Council on Environment capacity for communication on biodiversity (NCE) advises both the CCNRE and PCANR. issues; As a policy advisory institution, the NCE v. Enhance accountability in implementation, operates through working groups and monitoring and evaluation of NBSAP II. national steering committees. The NCE provides policy direction and monitors 3.3.1 Approaches and Audience the implementation of biodiversity programmes This strategy seeks to successfully • The Technical Committee on the communicate key messages on the Environment (TCE), which advises the implementation of the NBSAP II and other NCE, examines scientific issues and makes biodiversity-related management activities recommendations for action. to many different targeted groups, including government agencies, NGOs, the private 3.3 COMMUNICATION, EDUCATION sector, development partners and the general AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE public. The CBD focal point will coordinate NBSAP the implementation of this strategy and will identify and work with key partners to create a

Chapter 3: Implementation Arrangements Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 42 society that is well informed about the NBSAP 3.4 FINANCING THE II and its implementation. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NBSAP II

3.3.2 Media of Communication The implementation of the strategy will take a programme-based approach with A key part of successful promotion requires participation of various stakeholders. the use of the most effective channels of However, the Government does not have communication to reach the target audience. adequate resources to implement all the Key messages will be delivered through; programs within the strategy. Therefore, it is expected that development partners, civil • Websites (nccp.mw.org; www.chmmw.org); society, NGOs and private sector will support • Regular newsletters; implementation of programs financially and • Workshops/meetings; technically. • Bulletins and publications; • Radio and television programmes; 3.5 MONITORING, EVALUATION • Other social media. AND REPORTING

These channels of communications have This strategy will be implemented over a been used inter-changeably in the past, period of 10 years with a mid-term review depending on the type of message and the after 5 years. The strategy will require regular target audience. Resources will be mobilized monitoring and evaluation. The Ministry of to implement this strategy. Natural Resources, Energy and Mining shall be the lead agency responsible for monitoring 3.3.3 Key Messages implementation of the strategy. For effective monitoring and evaluation of programmes This strategy will provide a framework under the strategy, a comprehensive for appropriately communicating with Monitoring and Evaluation framework has stakeholders and target audiences regarding been developed and placed in Annexe 4. the implementation of the plans. Key messages This will form a basis for periodic reviews will be relayed to the target audiences. The to establish progress made. To effectively messages will include the following: monitor the implementation of activities under this strategy, the Ministry of Natural i. Values of biodiversity to the economy and Resources, Energy and Mining will coordinate human well-being; preparation of annual work plans and reports ii. Sustainable use of biodiversity and based on performance and impact indicators. strategies for its conservation; These reports will feed into quarterly technical iii. Information on major biodiversity working group and sector working group concerns of Malawi as identified in the reviews. The reports will include the following: NBSAP II: habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation, increased incidences • Annual reports from relevant sectors, of invasive species, pollution and climate NGOs, Private Sector, etc.; change. • Annual reports from Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; The Table 4 on the following page indicates • Periodic national reports to the CBD. the categories of stakeholders and the tools that will be used in communicating key biodiversity messages. A range of different options is given for suitable approaches for communicating with specific audiences.

Chapter 3: Implementation Arrangements 43 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

Table 4: Categories of Stakeholders and Tools for Communication

Target Audience Objective/Messages Communication Material Policy Makers • To influence changes in policy and Meetings/workshops, media, legislation. brochures, policy briefs • Values of biodiversity and the need to mainstream biodiversity in development planning and allocate financial and human resources to biodiversity concerns. Local • To inform and build awareness of the need Meetings, workshops, media, Communities to conserve biodiversity and encourage their films/documentaries, drama, participation in biodiversity conservation. pamphlets General Public • Information on the values of biodiversity Radio and television materials, and how they contribute to human video documentaries development and survival. Suggestions on how communities, schools and individuals can protect, conserve and sustainably use biodiversity. Schools and • Information on how schools and youths can Bookmarks, posters, newsletters, Other Learning participate in biodiversity conservation. fact sheets, internet, research Institutions publications, targeted meetings. School activities - presentations, exhibitions, career day competitions - essay, art, quizzes, public exhibitions Business • Businesses depend on biodiversity for Internet, trade fairs, newsletters, and Their their raw materials and should therefore brochures and promotional Associations get involved in protecting and conserving material, meetings, compiled biodiversity to ensure sustained supplies. information and policy material Businesses should support the NBSAP II through their Corporate Social Responsibility. Research • To receive updated information on the status Targeted meetings, workshops, Institutions and threats posed to biodiversity. internet, fact sheets, briefs, radio, • To solicit assistance and build capacity in research publications, biodiversity conservation reports, brochures, seminars NGOs and • To inform and build awareness of the need Targeted meetings, workshops, Other Private to conserve biodiversity and encourage their internet, fact sheets, briefs, radio, Sector participation in biodiversity conservation research publications, brochures, seminars, project reports Regional and • To solicit assistance and build capacity Consultation, meetings, email, International in undertaking activities in biodiversity internet, international seminars Institutions conservation. • To build partnership/networks to collaborate on projects in biodiversity conservation. Media • To provide information for public Press releases, media tours/visits, dissemination. website, internet/email, media • To obtain support for publicizing issues on events and relations, media biodiversity vulnerability. briefings, coverage in magazines, • To report on work done in biodiversity producing press releases conservation

Chapter 3: Implementation Arrangements Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 44

Chapter 3: Implementation Arrangements 45 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

REFERENCES

1. Bertelsmann Stiftung BTI (2012), Malawi Country Report; Gutersloh; Bertelsmann Stiftung available online at www.bti-project.de/uploads/tx_itao_downloads/BTI-2012_Malawi.pdf; 2. Government of Malawi (2011); Economic Valuation of Sustainable Environment and Natural Resource Use in Malawi. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning; 3. Government of Malawi (2006); Environment Management Act, Environmental Affairs Department; 4. Government of Malawi (2014); Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Environmental Affairs Department; 5. Government of Malawi (2010a), Guidelines for sustainable use of biodiversity in Malawi, Ministry of Mines, Natural Resources and Environment; 6. Government of Malawi (2001), Lake Chilwa Wetland Management Plan, Environmental Affairs Department; 7. Government of Malawi (2000), Lake Chilwa Wetland State of Environment, Environmental Affairs Department; 8. Government of Malawi (2011a), The Second National Communication of the Republic of Malawi to the Conference of Parties of United Nations Framework on Climate Change. Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment; 9. Government of Malawi (2013), Malawi Economy Profile Overview, Ministry of Finance 10. Icrisat 2013; Personal communication; 11. Government of Malawi (2010), Malawi State of Environment and Outlook Report, Environmental Affairs Department; 12. Government of Malawi (2008), Malawi Population and Housing Census, National Statistical Office; 13. Government of Malawi (2012), Malawi Population Datasheet, National Statistics Office; 14. Government of Malawi (2006), National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Environmental Affairs Department; 15. Government of Malawi (2012), National Environment and Climate Change Communication Strategy, Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; 16. Government of Malawi (2002), State of Environment Report. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs; 17. Government of Malawi (2004), National Environmental Policy, Environmental Affairs Department; 18. IUCN (2014) Red List of Threatened Species; Available online at http:// www.iucnredlist.org/ apps/redlist/search; 19. Jamu D., Banda M., Njaya F., and Hecky R (2011). Challenges to ssustainable management of the lakes of Malawi. Journal of Great Lakes research, 31:3-14;

References Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 46

20. Kambewa P., Mataya B., Sichinga K., and Johnson T., (2007), Charcoal: The reality, a study of charcoal production, trade and production in Malawi, International Institute for Environment and Development; 21. Kayembe M. (2008), Forest Co-management and Sustatinable livelihoods Programme, Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust; 22. Kumwenda S.; Tsakama M.; Kalulu K.;Kambala C (2012); Determination of Biological, Physical and chemical pollutants in Mudi river, Blantyre Malawi. J. Basic Sci. Res. 2(7) 6833-6839, 2012 23. Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre report 2013, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation; 24. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), Ecosystem and Human Wellbeing: Biodiversity Synthesis. World Resource Institute; 25. Munthali K.G. and Murayama Y., (2012); Land use /Cover change Detection and Analysis of Dzalanyama Forest Reserve; Lilongwe, Malawi; Procedia, Social and Behavioral Science, Elsevier Ltd, available online www.sciencedirect.com; 26. Sajidu S., Masamba W., Henry E., and Kuyeli S. (2007); Water quality assessments in streams and wastewater treatment plants of Blantyre, Malawi, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Volume 32 Issue 15-18 pg 1391-1398; 27. UN Habitat (2010); Lilongwe Urban profile.

References 47 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

ANNEXE 1: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED

Government Ministries and Department Alban Pulaizi Department of Fisheries Orton Kachinjika Moffat Manase John Mussa Department of Land Resources Conservation Sipho Billiat Ministry of Finance and Economic Development William Simwanza Khombe A. Department of Culture Bernard Chimera Department of Livestock and Animal Health Christopher Salema Museums of Malawi Dr. Tiwonge Gawa Dr. Zachariah Magombo National Herbarium and Botanical Gardens of Malawi Dr. Montfort Mwanyambo Dr. Mwafongo Jameson Kamwendo Jester Kaunga Nyirenda Department of Parks and Wildlife Mary Chilimampunga Titus Zulu Forestry Department Stella Gama Nolipher Mponya Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre Tawonga Mbale Environmental Affairs Department Shamiso Najira Mpeta K. M. Mwanyongo Michael Makonombera Bennon Yassin Victoria Kachimera Research and Higher Learning Institutions Dr. Chimwemwe Mhango University of Malawi - Chancellor College Edwin Chiwona Lilongwe University for Agriculture and Natural Resources James Kazembe Wilson Jere Dr. T Chinyenga Forestry Research Institute of Malawi Gerald Meke Leonard Manda Mzuzu University Ishmael Kosamu University of Malawi – The Polytechinc Civil Society Bright Phiri Centre for Environmental Policy and Advocacy Agatha Chimsewa William Chanza Gelvaz Thamala Wildlife Environmental Society of Malawi Khumbo Kamanga Coordination Union for the Rehabilitation of the Environment Reginald Mumba Clifford Mwale Chris Mwambene

Annexe 1: List of Stakeholders Consulted Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 48 49 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

Parastatals and Private Sector Chris Dhose Tree Crops Limited David Nangoma Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust Jonathan Vaughan Lilongwe Wildlife Centre Karen Price Malawi Environment Endowment Trust Dr G.Y Mkamanga Biodiversity Conservation Initiative Samuel Kamoto African Parks - Majete Wildlife Reserve Mshawa Tembo National Commission for Science and Technology Yohane Chimbalanga Lyson Kampira International Organisations David Chalmers USAID Madalitso Kaferawanthu Michael Mmangisa UNDP - Poverty Environment Initiative George Phiri Food and Agriculture organisation Joseph Nagoli WorldFish Centre Local Communities and the Youth Chiza Duncan Mkandawire Nyika Vwaza Association Gloria Masula National Forum for Youth Development James Sadalaki Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve Association

Annexe 1: List of Stakeholders Consulted Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 48 49 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) Bank, sector Possible Possible Bilaterals Bilaterals like World World like Multilateral Multilateral Norwergian DFID, USAID DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, Bank, African Development Development Embassy FAO, FAO, Embassy and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, Funding Source UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 5,000 3,000 Est. Cost (USD ‘000) CSOs, NCST, NCST, Ministry Ministry NHBGM, NHBGM, MoLGRD, MoLGRD, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, Museums Academia MoNREM, MoNREM, of Malawi, of of Tourism Tourism of Tourism of and Culture, and Culture, and Culture, Institutions FRIM, NGOs, Responsible Responsible 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Timeframe (2015-2025) 2 1 Actions Update an inventoryUpdate institutions that of in involved are and biodiversity research management; Establish a National Biodiversity Information Facility; Assess knowledge gaps and identify priority areas; research Enhance institutional manage and to capacity implementation monitor biodiversity of programmes; the number of Increase on biodiversity programs research; the capacity Strengthen on institutions training of and biodiversity research dissemination; human Strengthen manage to capacity biodiversity. traditional knowledge and innovations systems, practices in Malawi; b) a) c) d) e) f) g) an inventory a) Update of Relevant Aichi Relevant Biodiversity Target Target 19: By 2020, Target knowledge, the science and technologies base biodiversity, to relating functioning, its values, and status and trends the consequences of improved, its loss are and widely shared and applied transferred 18: By 2020, the Target traditional knowledge, and innovations indigenous practices of and local communities for the relevant Targets National STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 1: Improve Capacity and Knowledge on Biodiversity Issues Capacity OBJECTIVE 1: Improve STRATEGIC 1: Target By 2025, human and institutional for capacity science and technology to related biodiversity is improved. 2: Target By 2025, traditional knowledge, and innovations practices of ANNEXE 2: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE NBSAP II ANNEXE 2: IMPLEMENTATION

Annexe 1: List of Stakeholders Consulted Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 50 51 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector sector DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, and the private and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 2,000 Local Private Private Tourism Tourism Ministry NHBGM, MoLGRD, MoLGRD, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, MoEP&D, MoEP&D, Museums of Justice, of Academia MoNREM, of Malawi, of Academia, Education, Traditional Traditional Ministry of Ministry of Institutions, Technology, Technology, Science and FRIM, NCST, FRIM, NCST, and Culture, and Culture, Media, MoF, Media, MoF, Information, Information, NGOs, CSOs Sector, NGOs, Sector, Communities, community protocols on community protocols traditional knowledge, practices and innovations; primaryissues into and secondary school curricula; campaigns among campaigns researchers communities, raise the and NGOs to of on the value profile traditional knowledge; best traditional management systems. communication, education and public for strategy awareness biodiversity; on the campaigns importance of biodiversity; local participation of communities in biodiversity conservation CBNRM various through institutions such DESCs, and VNRMCs, ADC, BVCs Wildlife Clubs. c) Facilitate development of of development c) Facilitate biodiversity b) Integrate b) Conduct awareness b) Conduct awareness and upscale d) Promote a a) Develop c) Conduct awareness active d) Promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and their customary use of are biological resources subject to respected, national legislation and international relevant obligations, and fully integrated in the and reflected implementation of with the Convention, the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all levels relevant 1: By 2020, at Target people are the latest, of the values of aware biodiversity and the to they can take steps conserve and use it sustainably local communities respected are and harnessed in line with national and international legislation 3: Target By 2025, At least 50% of the Malawi population of is aware of the values biodiversity its ensure to conservation and sustainable use

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 50 51 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector Possible Possible DFID, USAID DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, Funding Source UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 8,000 1,500 Est. Cost (USD ‘000) MoF, MoF, Local NCST, NCST, Sector, Sector, Culture, Culture, Tourism, Tourism, NHBGM, MoLGRD, MoLGRD, MoLGRD, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, MoEP&D, MoEP&D, MoEP&D, Parks and Parks Trade and Trade MoNREM, MoNREM, Academia, Ministry of Ministry of Institutions Responsible Responsible Communities Wildlife, MoF, Wildlife, MoF, NGOs, Private NGOs, Private 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Timeframe (2015-2025) 2 1 Actions poverty linkages into and the Malawi Growth III; Strategy Development ecosystem assessments ecosystem and economic analyses the specific evaluate to contribution of national biodiversity to economy and human well-being; and national how sectors planners can integrate biodiversity conservation policies and relevant into plans; to engage sectors biodiversity integrate conservation; a Biodiversity Mobilization Resource Strategy b) Integrate biodiversity b) Integrate a) Conduct integrated a) Conduct integrated guidelines on c) Develop d) Identify and LBSAP’s. e) Develop and implement a) Develop Relevant Aichi Relevant Biodiversity Target Target 2: By 2020, at Target biodiversity the latest, been have values national into integrated and local development and poverty reduction and planning strategies and are processes into being incorporated national accounting, and as appropriate, reporting systems 20: By 2020, Target the at the latest, financial of mobilization for effectively resources implementing the Plan for Strategic Targets National STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 2: Mainstream Biodiversity into National, Sectoral and Local Development Plans and Local Development National, Sectoral Biodiversity into OBJECTIVE 2: Mainstream STRATEGIC 4: Target By 2025, biodiversity are values integrated national, into sectoral and local development policies and plans 5: Target By 2025, sustainable financing mechanisms for effective

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 52 53 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector sector sector DFID, USAID DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, and the private and the private and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM ODA, GIZ, GoM ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 2,000 2,000 Local NGOs, Private Private Malawi Revenue Revenue Industry, Industry, NHBGM, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, Authority, Authority, MoNREM, MoNREM, Academia, Academia, Academia, Ministry of Ministry of CSOs, Local Tourism and Tourism and Tourism Information, Information, Information, Culture, DoF, DoF, Culture, NGOs, CSOs, Communities Communities Sector, NGOs, Sector, Private Sector Private Culture, FRIM, Culture, initiatives on PES initiatives high species diversity; watershed on integrated management; innovative financing innovative mechanisms such as Access and Benefit Sharing and Public- Partnership Private programs habitats; implement strategies for and programmes habitats; restoring protect to programmes high species habitats of diversity. integrated promote management; watershed fishing gear; policy; wetlands fish spawning protect for importantareas species; c) Develop and implement c) Develop b) Identify habitats with programmes b) Develop b) Promote and implement b) Promote a) Identify degraded and review c) Develop, and implement d) Develop guidelines to a) Develop legal use of c) Promote a national d) Develop and rehabilitate e) Identify, Biodiversity 2011-2020 and all sources, from with in accordance and the consolidated in the process agreed for Resource Strategy Mobilization, should substantially increase levels the current from 5: By 2020, Target loss of of the rate all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved feasible and where zero, close to brought and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced 6: By 2020. all Target fish and invertebrate and aquatic stocks managed plants are and harvested legally and sustainably, applying ecosystem approaches, based so that overfishing is recoveryavoided, plans in are and measures place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse on threatened impacts species and vulnerable and the ecosystems fisheries on of impacts species and stocks, implementation biodiversity of programs developed on Biodiversity Pressures Direct OBJECTIVE 3: Reduce STRATEGIC 6: By Target 2025 at least the 50% of degraded terrestrial habitats are and restored protected 7: By Target 2025, aquatic biodiversity is managed and harvested sustainably within safe ecological limits

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 54 55 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 6,500 NCST, NCST, Malawi Revenue Revenue NHBGM, Authority, Authority, Trade and Trade MoNREM, Industries, Academia, Ministry of CSOs, Local Communities MoAID, FRIM, MoAID, management plan; and maps on IAS in Malawi, including an inventory IAS of in the country;prevalent and build campaigns different of capacity on how stakeholders track and identify, to IAS in their prevent localities and on IAS to of the threat biodiversity; inspection infrastructure for tracking and identifying IAS in Malawi; on building initiatives IAS monitoring; IAS; of spread an spreading movement IAS. of b) Develop a national IAS b) Develop a) Compile documentation c) Conduct awareness and upgrade d) Procure e) Conduct capacity- f) the entry Monitor and and control g) Regulate Target 9: By 2020, Target alien species invasive are and pathways identified and prioritized, priority controlled species are and or eradicated, in are measures manage place to prevent to pathways and their introduction establishment Target 9: By Target 2025, invasive alien species and their are pathways identified and prioritized for and control prevention from and movement in spreading the and out of country

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 54 55 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector sector Possible Possible DFID, USAID DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, and the private and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, Funding Source UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 5,000 14,000 Est. Cost (USD ‘000) FRIM, Malawi Malawi Tourism Tourism Revenue Revenue NHBGM, NHBGM, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, Bureau of of Bureau Authority, Authority, Academia Trade and Trade MoNREM, MoNREM, CSOs, City Industries, Academia, Standards, Standards, Ministry of Ministry of Assemblies, and Culture, and Culture, Institutions Information, Information, Responsible Responsible NGOs, CSOs, Private Sector, Sector, Private Local Councils 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Timeframe (2015-2025) 2 1 Actions building initiatives building initiatives of on monitoring pollution; environmental programs livelihood and such as bee keeping production; mushroom for monitoring for monitoring pollution; environmental principle pays polluter regulations; the reduction, promote of and recycling reuse wastes; partnerships on waste management; policy and regulatory of for pollution frameworks control. fuel to sources energy and charcoal; wood REDD+ programs; programmes; b) Conduct capacity- sustainable b) Promote a) Procure equipment a) Procure and implement c) Develop to programs d) Develop public-private e) Promote f) enforcement Strengthen alternative a) Promote c) Identify and promote afforestation d) Promote Relevant Aichi Relevant Biodiversity Target Target 8: By 2020, Target pollution, including nutrients, excess from has been brought that are levels to not detrimental to function and ecosystem biodiversity 10: By 2015, the Target multiple anthropogenic on coral reefs pressures and other vulnerable impacted ecosystems change or by climate ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning Targets National STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 3: Reduce Direct Pressures on Biodiversity Pressures Direct OBJECTIVE 3: Reduce STRATEGIC 10: By Target 2025, pollution is reduced minimize to ecosystem degradation biodiversity and loss 11: Target By 2025, anthropogenic on pressures vulnerable ecosystems minimized, are thereby improving ecosystems to resilience change climate

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 56 57 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 20,000 Centre, Centre, Malawi Genetic Tourism Tourism Revenue Revenue Industry, Industry, NHBGM; MoAIWD, MoAIWD, Authority, Authority, Trade and Trade Resources Resources MoNREM, Ministry of Ministry of CSOs, Local and Culture, and Culture, Information, Information, Malawi Plant Communities Private Sector, Sector, Private legislation. protected between and wildlife home areas ranges both locally and internationally; payment of ecosystem ecosystem of payment services; Data List; been locally extinct; have manage to strategies and endemic threatened species; using monitoring methods that account for both common and species; threatened biodiversity hotspots; with areas protected special designations seek and are actively access funds able to these through available designations; for implementation of PoWPA. f) of enforcement Promote connectivity b) Increase e) Promote initiatives on initiatives e) Promote the National Red a) Update species that c) Introduce and implement d) Develop species e) Conduct robust f) Identify and characterize that current g) Ensure a national plan h) Develop Target 12: By 2020, the Target known extinction of species threatened has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, and has been improved sustained STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: Improve the Status of Biodiversity of the Status OBJECTIVE 4: Improve STRATEGIC 12: Target By 2025, the extinction known of threatened species is prevented and their conservation status is and improved sustained

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 56 57 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector Possible Possible DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, Funding Source UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 18,000 Est. Cost (USD ‘000) NGOs, Affairs, Centre, Centre, Genetic NHBGM, Resource Resource MoLGRD, MoLGRD, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, MoNREM, Academia, Ministry of Justice and CSOs, Local Institutions Responsible Responsible Malawi Plant Communities Constitutional 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Timeframe (2015-2025) 2 1 Actions for collection, and characterization conservation of germplasm; practices and tradition knowledge on agro-biodiversity management; building initiatives on collection, and characterization conservation species; of for collection and characterization conservation species; of and management plans for biodiversity conservation sites; of genetic variation wild domesticated plants; b) Develop guidelines b) Develop a) Document community c) Conduct capacity- equipment d) Procure land use maps e) Update f) on Conduct research Relevant Aichi Relevant Biodiversity Target Target 13: By 2020, Target the genetic diversity plants cultivated of and and farmed animals domesticated wild relatives, and of including other socio- economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, have and strategies been developed and implemented for minimizing and genetic erosion their safeguarding genetic diversity Targets National STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: Improve the Status of Biodiversity of the Status OBJECTIVE 4: Improve STRATEGIC 13: Target By 2025, the genetic wild of diversity domesticated plants, and animals is maintained and safeguarded

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 58 59 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) of indigenous plant of species such as fruits and enhance to vegetables their preservation; harmonize activities of activities of harmonize dealing organizations with agro-biodiversity conservation; local land races by establishing local community and gene banks; provincial in and collaborate prioritization; common flora and fauna not available currently and in the Herbarium Museums’ Natural History collections; in conservation research biodiversity hotspots. h) Promote cultivation cultivation h) Promote g) Develop mechanisms to mechanisms to g) Develop i) Maintain and promote farmers rights j) Promote of k) Collect representatives l) Conduct targeted

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 58 59 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector sector Possible Possible DFID, USAID DFID, USAID DFID, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, Norway FAO, and the private and the private and the private UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM ODA, GIZ, GoM IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, IrishAid, UNICEF, Funding Source UNEP, UNDP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, WB, UNDP, UNEP, 10,000 10,000 Est. Cost (USD ‘000) Industry NHBGM, MoAIWD MoLGRD, MoLGRD, Disability, Disability, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, MoNREM, MoNREM, Academia, and Trade, and Trade, Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Gender and Institutions Responsible Responsible NGOs, CSOs, Health, NCST, Health, NCST, 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Timeframe (2015-2025) 2 1 Actions awareness campaigns on campaigns awareness biosafety legislation; and regulations; a national Biosafety Building Plan; Capacity for systems documentation, management and sharing on information biosafety; and detection for system monitoring biotechnology. frameworks legislative on biodiversity management that take account the needs into the vulnerable and of gender roles; b) Conduct public a) Revise the Biosafety Act a) Revise and implement c) Develop d) Establish national e) Establish an effective policy and a) Develop Relevant Aichi Relevant Biodiversity Target Target 3: By 2020, at Target incentives, the latest, including subsidies biodiversity to harmful phased eliminated, are in out, or reformed minimize or to order impacts, negative avoid incentives and positive for the conservation and sustainable use biodiversity are of and applied, developed and in consistent with the harmony and other Convention international relevant obligations, taking into account national socio- economic conditions 14: By 2020, Target that ecosystems essential provide services, including services to related to and contribute water and health, livelihoods restored are well-being, and safeguarded, Targets National STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 4: Improve the Status of Biodiversity of the Status OBJECTIVE 4: Improve STRATEGIC 14: Target By 2025, of the level on protection safe handling, transfer and living use of modified organisms resulting modern from biotechnology that may have impacts adverse on biodiversity strengthened, is taking onto account risks to human health Services Biodiversity and Ecosystem All from OBJECTIVE 5: Enhance the Benefits to STRATEGIC 15: Target By 2025, the supply of important ecosystems services is safeguarded and restored, taking into

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 60 61 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) sector UNICEF, UNICEF, FAO, DFID, DFID, FAO, WB, Norway UNEP ,UNDP, UNEP ,UNDP, and the private and the private USAID IrishAid, UNESCO, CIDA, UNESCO, ODA, GIZ, GoM 5,000 Local Tourism Tourism Industry, Industry, NHBGM, MoLGRD, MoLGRD, Disability, Disability, MoAIWD, MoAIWD, Trade and Trade MoNREM, Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Justice and Gender and and Culture, and Culture, Information, Information, Communities Constitutional raising campaigns raising campaigns in the fringes of ecosystems protected on biodiversity a management from poverty and gender perspective; on the ABS and IPR legislation at all levels; collaborative collaborative management programs and for the terrestrial aquatic ecosystems with the participation vulnerable groups, of including women. support alternative income-generating activities that can take the from away pressure supportecosystems, and address livelihoods gender issues. ABS and IPR; for Malawi; strategy c) Conduct awareness- b) Conduct sensitization b) Develop and implement b) Develop to programs d) Develop legislation on a) Develop a valorization c) Develop taking into account taking into women, the needs of indigenous and local communities and the poor and vulnerable 16: By 2015, Target the Nagoya Protocol Genetic on Access to and the Fair Resources and Equitable Sharing Benefits Arising from of their Utilization is in and operational, force with national consistent legislation account gender and roles responsibilities the poor and of the vulnerable 16: By Target 2025, access genetic to and resources associated traditional knowledge is and regulated benefits arising utilization from the resources of and associated traditional knowledge are in a fair shared and equitable manner

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 60 61 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) Possible Possible Funding Source Est. Cost (USD ‘000) Local Affairs, Academia, Institutions Responsible Responsible NGOs, CSOs, Communities 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Timeframe (2015-2025) 2 1 Actions system for monitoring for monitoring system and tracking compliance ABS legislation; to of institutions and of local communities to in participate effectively negotiations, regulation and monitoring genetic compliance of (GR) and resources traditional knowledge (TK) users; and administrative facilitate to structures the implementation of in Nagoya Protocol Malawi; mechanism for documentation, management and information sharing of ABS and to related effective ensure participation in the ABS- CH. e) Establish an effective e) Establish an effective d) Strengthen capacity capacity d) Strengthen f) Establish institutional g) Establish an effective Relevant Aichi Relevant Biodiversity Target Targets National STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE 5: Enhance the Benefits to All from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Biodiversity and Ecosystem All from OBJECTIVE 5: Enhance the Benefits to STRATEGIC

Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Annexe 2: Implementation Plan for the NBSAP II Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 62 63 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD Academic Academic Academic EAD, NSCT, NSCT, EAD, NSCT, EAD, NSCT, EAD, Institutions Institutions Institutions Responsible and Research and Research and Research and Research 25 50 20 35 10 Budget (USD ‘000) Jan 2016 Jan Dec 2015 2015-2025 Timeframe Sept 2015 – Sept 2016 Dec 2015 – Dec 2016 Target Target A database A database produced Report 5 research priority areas identified 5 institutions identified and contacted 10 Individuals identified to undertake and research studies 30 stakeholders identified Expected Output Expected A database of institutions and of A database experts in biodiversity involved research Needs Assessment Capacity Report identified areas Priority research specified Institutions offering knowledge in biodiversity identified and contacted the number of Increase on biodiversity programmes and the amount research on available information of biodiversity identified and stakeholders Key mechanisms for communication, and networking coordination identified stakeholders between Activity Conduct surveys identify to training needs at an and infrastructure and individual level organizational areas Identify priority research Identify institutions that offer identified knowledge in the areas Identify undertake individuals to studies or carrypostgraduate out identified in the areas research and develop stakeholder Identify key mechanisms for communication, and networking coordination stakeholders between Key Area Key Update an Update inventory of institutions in involved biodiversity and research management and identify their needs Assess knowledge gaps and identify priority areas research Promote of awareness biodiversity issues amongst different in stakeholders ANNEXE 3: CAPACITY BUILDING PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NBSAP IN MALAWI BUILDING PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION ANNEXE 3: CAPACITY issues. and knowledge on biodiversity capacity improve this NBSAP that aims to 1 of objective strategic to building plan responds The capacity enhanced, the NBSAP are implementation of that knowledge and skills for effective ensure to building plan has been developed The capacity This will be done through implement the NBSAP and conserve effectively to biodiversity. equipped and prepared institutions and individuals are for biodiversity management. Capacity infrastructure of and strengthening research conduct training workshops, to resources mobilization of and enhance knowledge on information exchange specialized institutions to building will further between networking through be achieved biodiversity.

Annexe 3: Capacity Building Plan for Implementation of the NBSAP in Malawi Annexe 3: Capacity Building Plan for Implementation of the NBSAP in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 62 63 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD NGOs and Local Academia Academia EAD, NCST EAD, EAD, EDO’s EDO’s EAD, NHBG, EAD, NHBG, EAD, NHBG, EAD, Responsible of Education, of EAD, Ministry EAD, Governments 60 50 80 90 100 500 420 150 100 300 200 Budget (USD ‘000) 2018 2015-2025 2015-2025 2015-2018 2015-2018 2015-2020 September September Timeframe June 2015 – Dec 2015 Oct 2015 – 2016 March Nov 2015 – July 2021 July 2015 – Dec 2015 2016 – Jan June 2021 Target Target 6 workshops 6 workshops on NBSAP conducted 5 meetings conducted tables 3 round organized releases 5 press and 4 policy briefs released 10 awareness campaigns conducted 3 manuals in 3 developed languages conducted 5 TOT 3 workshops conducted 5 workshops conducted 10 trainings conducted 5 trainings conducted Expected Output Expected Seminars on the and workshops NBSAP conducted MPs and Councilors lobbied tables organized Round on the NBSAP and its Information implementation made status of the general public to available of the value of aware People traditional knowledge and genetic resources for Manuals developed conducting training on biodiversity like officers Local government trained DFO’s EDO, about the Nagoya aware People it in their and integrate Protocol plans IAS and of aware People control implement mechanisms to their spread able officers Law enforcement identify border to and control IAS of crossing local Important of groups communities identified and trained Activity Conduct seminars for and workshops departments,Government NGOs and on the NBSAP local governments support to Lobby policy makers the NBSAP. implementation of Dialogues with Table Round Organize and other actors sector the private implement that utilize biodiversity to the NBSAP and policy releases conferences, Press briefs campaigns Conduct awareness and among communities, researchers on the value raise the profile NGOs to and traditional genetic resources of knowledge for training materials Develop on biodiversity stakeholders different on NBSAP Trainer of Conduct Training implementation Conduct national training workshops on access and benefit sharing Conduct national training workshop alien species on invasive law enforcement Conduct training of on IAS officers and train local organize Identify, importantcommunities directly for implementing the NBSAP Key Area Key Malawi Training

Annexe 3: Capacity Building Plan for Implementation of the NBSAP in Malawi Annexe 3: Capacity Building Plan for Implementation of the NBSAP in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 64 65 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD, EAD, EAD, EAD, EAD in Partners Partners Academic Academic Academic with CNAs institutions Institutions, Institutions, consultation International International International Regional and Regional and Regional and Research and Research and Research and Research 50 20 20 200 100 100 150 120 500 July 2018 Dec 2015 2015-2019 2015-2019 2015-2025 2015-2020 2015-2016 2015-2016 2015-2022 April 2016- 2 inventories 2 inventories compiled ( 1 on GR, 1 on TK) 3 trainings conducted Quarterly update CHM of 2 trainings conducted Database developed 2 reports compiled 4 institutions identified 5 experts identified 6 economic studies valuations conducted Biodiversity and traditional knowledge inventory developed and documented officers National designated manage identified and trained to for documentation, systems management and information sharing on CHM CHM operationalized and updated frequently trained on Biodiversity officers dissemination skills information established and National database operational data on economic Available biodiversity of valuation identified and compiled Institutions identified and consulted Local experts identified and trained studies Economic valuation conducted Update an inventoryUpdate important of and traditional genetic resources and innovations knowledge systems, practices in Malawi to officers national designated Train for documentation, manage systems sharing management and information on CHM operationalize the CHM Effectively it with national and populate biodiversity information Conduct training, workshops, on biodiversity seminars, conferences data management, communication and publishing skills on ABS national database Develop economic valuation Identify available and compile it data on biodiversity data gaps and determine Identify Institutions that can carry out biodiversity of economic valuation Identify and train local experts in methods valuation studies Conduct economic valuation on biodiversity Documentation Biodiversity of Conduct of Valuation Biodiversity and Develop Strategies Promote to and Research Development on Biodiversity

Annexe 3: Capacity Building Plan for Implementation of the NBSAP in Malawi Annexe 3: Capacity Building Plan for Implementation of the NBSAP in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 64 65 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) for EAD EAD EAD EAD, EAD, Justice Partners Steering Steering EAD, Local EAD, EAD, NCST, NCST, EAD, NCST, EAD, Committee Biodiversity Information Responsible Responsible Government Responsible EAD, Ministry EAD, Development Development 30 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 1,000 Budget (USD ‘000) 2015-2016 2015-2025 2015-2022 2015-2016 2015-2017 2015-2025 2015-2025 2015-2016 Timeframe Target Target 4 reports published 40 meetings conducted Equipment for 3 procured institutions Inventory of trans-boundary and GR produced published national 20 key representatives identified 50 meetings Over attended 50 reportsOver the to presented general public 15 experts identified Expected Output Expected Economic valuation reports on Economic valuation biodiversity made available to conducted Meetings frequently the National Biodiversity update Committee Steering procured Materials biodiversity and genetic Shared economic with potential resources identified value national representatives Key national, to identified and linked and international regional importance of to organizations the NBSAP the implementation of Malawi in line and up-to-date and international with regional activities and proceedings the international of Malawi aware situation on and regional biodiversity and administrative Legal, technical experts important for the NBSAP implementation of identified and included in the implementation process Activity Consolidate economic valuation economic valuation Consolidate reports on biodiversity and make on the CHM them available the National Biodiversity Empower and other Committee Steering monitor to organization’s the NBSAP implementation of institutions by herbarium Strengthen mobilizing equipment and material support specialized departments, to units for control crossings, e.g. border ABS and IAS management Identify trans-boundary biodiversity and document it bodies in which national Identify key and should be represented delegates to connected regional in appropriate Participate meetings and and international programmes capacity-building regional international, Disseminate in meetings and national information importantIdentify human resources the NBSAP for implementation of Key Area Key Establish Institutional Arrangements and Administrative to Systems Effectively Monitor Biodiversity Develop Mechanisms for Promoting Cooperation and Management of Trans-Boundary Biodiversity and Develop Implement a Resource Mobilization for Strategy Implementation the Nagoya of Protocol

Annexe 3: Capacity Building Plan for Implementation of the NBSAP in Malawi Annexe 3: Capacity Building Plan for Implementation of the NBSAP in Malawi Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 66 67 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD Academic Academia NCST, EAD NCST, EAD, NCST, NCST, EAD, Institutions Institutions EAD, NHBGM EAD, Data Collection EAD/Academic Responsibility for Responsibility Data Collection Sector Reviews Sector Research Study Research Study Research Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Instruments/ Strategy final final Final Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Data Collection & Reporting Frequency of of Frequency Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm data collection MOV Evaluation Report Evaluation Report Progress Inventory Report Reports Study Capacity Reports Evaluation Report Evaluation Report Evaluation Reports Training Evaluation/Review Reports Inventory Report Awareness Materials Produced 1 3 2 5 5 9 10 50 20 25% 20% Target Target (2025) 0 0 0 0 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 (2015) Baseline Trend in Trend in the Trend Indicators A National Biodiversity Information A National Biodiversity Information Established Facility inventory institutions An updated of in biodiversity issues involved biodiversity gaps and Number of identified areas priority research institutions with the Number of carry to capacity out biodiversity research biodiversity research Number of implemented programs institutions with the Number of manage and monitor to capacity biodiversity implementation of programs manage to trained people of Number biodiversity Inventory traditional knowledge, of and practices updated innovations campaigns awareness Number of conducted Outcome Indicator 1: Indicator Outcome scientific/technical/ accessibility of traditional knowledge and its application Output Indicators 2: Indicator Outcome which traditional knowledge to degree full through respected and practices are participation and safeguards integration, the NBSAP in the implementation of Output Indicators Goals Objectives/ Objectives/ Objective 1: Objective Improve and Capacity Knowledge on Biodiversity Issues ANNEXE 4: MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN AND EVALUATION ANNEXE 4: MONITORING

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 66 67 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD for Local responsible responsible Government EAD, Ministry EAD, Data Collection Responsibility for Responsibility Desk Reviews Data Collection Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Research Studies Research Instruments/ Strategy Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Final Final Final Final Final Final Data Collection & Reporting Annual Annual Annual Frequency of of Frequency Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm data collection MOV Community Protocols Developed Reports Evaluation Evaluation Reports in Place Strategy Curricula Guidelines Developed Awareness Materials Produced Reports Progress Reports Progress Reports Progress 2 1 1 10 50 30 50% 100% Target Target (2025) 50% of 50% of population 0 0 0 0 0 0 Not Not Not (2015) Baseline Established Established Established Trends in Trends in Trend Indicators Number of community protocols community protocols Number of and implemented developed best traditional Number of knowledge and practices promoted and up-scaled A communication, education strategy and public awareness and for biodiversity developed operationalized in primaryBiodiversity integrated and secondary school curricula campaigns awareness Number of conducted Community-Based active Number of Institutions publications on Malawi’s Number of biodiversity developed Outcome Indicator 3: Indicator Outcome biodiversity and attitudes to awareness Output Indicators 4: Indicator Outcome biodiversity and ecosystem of integration service plans and sectoral into values policies development Goals Objectives/ Objectives/ Objective 2: Objective Mainstream Biodiversity Management Sectoral into and Local Development Planning

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 68 69 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD councils of Finance of Finance of EAD and local EAD and Ministry EAD and Ministry Desk Reviews Desk Reviews Desk Reviews Desk Reviews Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Research Studies Research Studies Research Administrative Data Administrative final final final final Final Final Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm Study Reports Study Strategy Reports Evaluation Guidelines Developed of Evaluation Plans, Sectoral Reports and Programmes LBSAPs Reports Progress Resource Mobilisation Strategy PPP Contracts PES Initiatives Annual Progress Reports Survey Reports 1 1 1 1 5 2 5 20 30 50% 100% 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 Trend in Trend degraded % of Evidence collected on the Evidence collected biodiversity to contribution of national economy and human well- being Biodiversity poverty linkages included in the MGDS III Guidelines for integrating policies and plans biodiversity into developed integrated sectors Number of biodiversity conservation issues Local Biodiversity Number of and Action Plans Strategies developed Mobilization A Biodiversity Resource and developed Strategy implemented ABS mechanisms and PPP Number of promoted approaches market-based Number of for biodiversity conservation, developed including PES initiatives, and implemented degraded habitats Number of identified Output Indicators 5: Indicator Outcome for effective resources mobilization of biodiversity programs implementation of Output Indicators 6: Indicator Outcome and restored habitats are terrestrial protected Output Indicators Objective 3: Objective Direct Reduce on Pressures Biodiversity

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 68 69 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD Fisheries Fisheries Fisheries Fisheries Fisheries Department Department Department Department Department Data Collection Responsibility for Responsibility Ministry Water of Ministry Water of Ministry Water of Data Collection Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Research Studies Studies Research Instruments/ Strategy Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative final Once Once Data Collection & Reporting annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Frequency of of Frequency Midterm and Midterm and Midterm data collection MOV Survey Reports Strategies Developed Program Documents Annual Progress Reports Guidelines in Place Program Documents Annual Progress Reports in Place Policy Annual Progress Reports Annual Progress Reports Reviewed and Strategies Plans Annual Progress Reports 5 2 1 5 5 1 5 5 2 10 0% 30% Target Target (2025) 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 100% 100% (2015) Baseline Trend in Trend Indicators Number of habitats with high species Number of diversity identified and strategies Number of for habitat restoration programmes and implemented developed protect to programmes Number of habitats developed Guidelines for watershed management developed on programmes Number of management watershed integrated developed legal water Number and type of fishing gear promoted Policy A National Wetlands developed for areas fish spawning Number of important fish species identified and protected or threatened Number of aquatic biodiversity endangered species conserved and plans for strategies Number of endemic fish species management of and implemented reviewed illegal fishing gears use of Indices of reduced in shallow waters Outcome Indicator 7: Indicator Outcome destructive of and intensity frequency fishing practices Output Indicators Goals Objectives/ Objectives/

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 70 71 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD Energy Forestry Forestry Forestry Forestry NHBGM MRA, EAD, MRA, EAD, Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture, Department Department Department Department Department of Department of Annual Reviews Research Studies Research Studies Research Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Final Final Final Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Quarterly Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm GIS Forestry Reports Program Documents Program Documents Reports Progress Annual Progress Reports Reports Progress Management Plan Reports Progress Equipment Procured Awareness Materials Produced Reports Training Reports Progress 5 7 8 1 2 10 60 50 20 20 plans/ 38% 10% policies legislations/ 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 31 3% plans/ 34% policies legislations/ % increase of area area of % increase in policy Trend Number of reforestation reforestation Number of and reviewed programmes implemented community-based Number of on conservationprogrammes and biodiversity forest sustainable use of and implemented developed forest improved Number of promoted management techniques consumers adopting of Percentage energy of sources alternative alien species A national invasive management plan developed alien species invasive Number of ecosystems identified in different IAS for management of Infrastructure procured campaigns awareness Number of on initiatives and capacity-building alien species conducted invasive officers enforcement Number of alien invasive monitor trained to species IAS eradicated/area Number of under IAS managed Outcome Indicator 8: Indicator Outcome cover under forest Output Indicators 9: Indicator Outcome legislation and management responses, of spread and prevent control plans to alien species invasive Output Indicators

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 70 71 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD Water Water Water Forestry Forestry Forestry Forestry MBS, EAD, MBS, EAD, MBS, EAD, Department Department Department Department Data Collection Department of Department of Department of Responsibility for Responsibility Data Collection Instruments/ Strategy Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Final Final Final Once Data Collection & Reporting Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Frequency of of Frequency Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm data collection MOV Progress Reports Progress Equipment Procured Reports Training Regulations Developed Reports Program PPP Agreement Documents Reports Progress Reports Progress Annual Progress Reports Annual Progress Reports REDD+ Progress Report Reports Progress 2 1 2 6 5 2 6 10 50 50% 100% 100% Target Target (2025) 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 20 100% (2015) Baseline Trend in Trend in Trends Indicators Number of pieces of equipment pieces of Number of environmental of for monitoring pollution procured capacity-building Number of of on monitoring initiatives pollution environmental pays on polluter Regulations and principle developed implemented the promote to Number programs of and recycling reuse reduction, developed wastes public-private Number of partnerships management on waste promoted policy and regulatory of Enforcement for pollution control frameworks strengthened energy alternative Number of promoted sources sustainable livelihood Number of promoted programs REDD+ Programs Number of identified and promoted afforestration Number of promoted programmes Outcome Indicator 10: Indicator Outcome the environment into pollutant release Output Indicators 11: Indicator Outcome change climate to resilience ecosystem Output Indicators Goals Objectives/ Objectives/

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 72 73 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) DNPW DNPW DNPW DNPW MPGRC MPGRC Forestry Forestry NHBGM NHBGM Ministry of Agriculture EAD, DNPW EAD, DNPW EAD, MPGRC and MPGRC Department Department Research Study Research Study Research Research Study Research Research Studies Studies Research Studies Research Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Final Final Final Final Once Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm Number of Number of Initiatives CourtNumber of Cases fines Number of Reports Progress Data List Red Reports Evaluation Reports Progress Strategies Developed Reports Progress Action Plan Developed Reports Progress Reports Progress Reports Progress Reports Progress 2 1 3 5 1 2 3 20 30 50 500 105 programmes 4 parks species 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 97 10 30 1 park species Trend in Trend in Trend Number of initiatives on PES initiatives Number of promoted legislation promoted of Enforcement court - number of cases; number of fines data list for Malawi updated Red wildlife corridors created Number of species reintroduced Number of on endangered strategies Number of and implemented species developed biodiversity hotspots Number of identified National Action Plans Number of POWPA for implementation of developed indigenous plant species Number of and protected cultivated in-situ conservation Number of sites plants cultivated of wild relatives of established and protected in gene land races kept Number of and botanic gardens banks Outcome Indicator 12: Indicator Outcome known abundance and distribution of species threatened Output Indicators 13: Indicator Outcome policy mechanisms effective number of genetic erosion reduce to implemented to genetic diversity related and safeguard plant and animal genetic resources Output Indicators Objective 4: Objective the Improve of Status Biodiversity

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 72 73 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) UNIMA UNIMA UNIMA MPGRC MPGRC MPGRC MPGRC MPGRC Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture Agriculture DARS, FRIM, DARS, FRIM, DARS, FRIM, DARS, AD, NHBGM, AD, Data Collection EAD, NHBGM, EAD, NHBGM, EAD, Responsibility for Responsibility Ministry Lands of Data Collection Research Study Research Research Studies Studies Research Studies Research Studies Research Instruments/ Strategy Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Final Final Final Once Data Collection & Reporting Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Frequency of of Frequency Midterm and Midterm and Midterm and Midterm data collection MOV Progress Reports Progress Reports Progress Reports Progress Reports Progress Guidelines Developed Reports Training Pieces of Equipment Land Use Maps Reports Study Reports Progress Reports Progress 1 5 3 3 1 25 10 10 20 10 8,000 Target Target (2025) 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 Not 6,000 (2015) Known Baseline Indicators Number of species collected and species collected Number of and natural history in herbarium kept collection collections with nutritive Number of established potential aimed at programmes Number of rights farmer’s promoting surveysNumber of document to traditional knowledge used for agro- biodiversity conservation conducted Guidelines for collection and conservation characterization of developed germplasm capacity-building Number of on collection, initiatives and conservation characterization of species equipment pieces of Number of for collection, procured and conservation characterization of species land use maps and Number of management plans updated studies on research Number of domesticated of genetic variation wild plants conducted activities harmonize Mechanisms to dealing with agro- organizations of biodiversity conservation developed conservation targeted Number of conducted research Goals Objectives/ Objectives/

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 74 75 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Annual Reviews Midterm Review Midterm Research studies Research Research Studies Research Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Once Once Once Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Reviews Progress reports Progress Biosafety Act and Regulations Developed Reports Training National Biosafety Building Capacity Plan Biosafety clearing house in place M&E Strategy Developed Reports Progress Policy Developed Reports Progress Reports Progress Reports Progress 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 40 10 100% 100% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trend Trend in Trend Biosafety Act and regulations revised Biosafety Act and regulations on campaigns Public awareness biosafety legislation conducted A national biosafety capacity- and building plan developed implemented A biosafety clearing house and mechanism developed operationalised for system monitoring An effective established biotechnology Biodiversity policy and legislation developed framework collaborative Number of developed management programs and implemented on programs awareness Number of biodiversity management income-generating Number of developed programs Outcome Indicator 14: Indicator Outcome in identification, assessment and that reward incentives of strengthening biodiversity and contribution to positive servicesecosystem and penalize adverse impacts Output Indicators 15: Indicator Outcome distribution, condition and sustainability services ecosystem of for human well- being Output Indicators Objective Objective 5: Enhance the Benefits All from to Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 74 75 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD EAD Data Collection Responsibility for Responsibility Data Collection Annual Reviews Instruments/ Strategy Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Data Administrative Final Final Once Once Once Data Collection & Reporting Annual Annual Two Years Two Once Every Frequency of of Frequency Midterm and Midterm and Midterm data collection MOV Progress Reports Progress Regulations Developed Reports Progress Strategy Developed Reports Training M&E Strategy Developed in Place Structures Mechanisms in Place 1 5 1 8 1 1 1 100% Target Target (2025) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (2015) Baseline Trend in access Trend Indicators Regulations on Access and Regulations and Benefit Sharing developed operationalized sensitization and Number of activities on the ABS and awareness IPR legislation for strategy A valorization biodiversity in Malawi developed capacity-building Number of and trainings in initiatives and negotiations, regulation GR and TK compliance of monitoring users conducted and tracking for monitoring A system ABS legislation compliance to and operationalised developed Institutional and administrative the for implementation of structures established Nagoya Protocol A national mechanism for documentation, management and ABS to related information sharing of developed Outcome Indicator 16: Indicator Outcome genetic and equity in benefit sharing of resources Output Indicators Goals Objectives/ Objectives/

Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annexe 4: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 76

ANNEXE 5: STRATEGIC PLAN FOR BIODIVERSITY 2011-2020 AND THE AICHI BIODIVERSITY TARGETS

“Living in harmony with nature”

VISION

The vision of this Strategic Plan is a world of “Living in harmony with nature” where “By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.”

THE MISSION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN

The mission of the Strategic Plan is to “take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life and contributing to human well- being and poverty eradication. To ensure this, pressures on biodiversity are reduced, ecosystems are restored, biological resources are sustainably used and benefits arising out of utilization of genetic resources are shared in a fair and equitable manner, adequate financial resources are provided, capacities are enhanced, biodiversity issues and values mainstreamed, appropriate policies are effectively implemented and decision-making is based on sound science and the precautionary approach.”

STRATEGIC GOALS AND THE AICHI BIODIVERSITY TARGETS

Strategic goal A. Address the Underlying Causes of Biodiversity Loss by Mainstreaming Biodiversity Across Government and Society

Target 1: By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.

Target 2: By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.

Target 3: By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out, or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio-economic conditions.

Target 4: By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.

Annexe 5: Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the AICHI Biodiversity Targets 77 Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025)

Strategic Goal B. Reduce the Direct Pressures on Biodiversity and Promote Sustainable Use

Target 5: By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced.

Target 6: By 2020, all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits.

Target 7: By 2020, areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity.

Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.

Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.

Target 10: By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.

Strategic Goal C. Improve the Status of Biodiversity by Safeguarding Ecosystems, Species and Genetic Diversity

Target 11: By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes.

Target 12: By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.

Target 13: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.

Annexe 5: Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the AICHI Biodiversity Targets Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (2015 – 2025) 78

Strategic Goal D: Enhance the Benefits to All from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Target 14: By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.

Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification.

Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation.

Strategic Goal E. Enhance Implementation Through Participatory Planning, Knowledge Management and Capacity-Building

Target 17: By 2015, each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.

Target 18: By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels.

Target 19: By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred and applied.

Target 20: By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.

Annexe 5: Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the AICHI Biodiversity Targets

Environmental Affairs Department Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining Private Bag 394 Lilongwe 3, Malawi