CEMAL YILDIRIM Bilimsel Düşünme Yöntemi -Yazılar, Bildiriler, Tartışmalar

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CEMAL YILDIRIM Bilimsel Düşünme Yöntemi -Yazılar, Bildiriler, Tartışmalar BİLGİ YAYINLARI / ÖZEL DİZİ : 35 ISBN 975 - 494 - 660 - 4 97 . 06 . Y . 0105 . 1109 Birinci Basım Haziran 1997 BİLGİ YAYINEVİ Meşrutiyet Cad. 46 / A Telf : 431 81 22-434 12 71 434 49 98 - 434 49 99 Faks: 431 77 58 06420 Yenişehir - Ankara BİLGİ DAĞITIM Narlıbahçe Sok. 17/1 Telf : 522 52 01 - 526 70 97 Faks: 527 41 19 34360 Cağaloğlu - İstanbul CEMAL YILDIRIM Bilimsel Düşünme Yöntemi -Yazılar, Bildiriler, Tartışmalar- BİLGİ YAYINEVİ kapak düzeni: fahri karagözoğlu BİLGİ YAYINLARI / ÖZEL DİZİ İsmet İnönüHatıralar 1 İsmet İnönüHatıralar 2 Gülsün Bilgehan Mevhlbe Şemsi BelliFikriye Ali Naci Karacan Lozan Konferansı ve İsmet Paşa Kâmuran Gürün Türkler ve Türk Devletleri Tarihi Kâmuran Gürün Savaşan Dünya ve Türkiye Dr. Çetin YetkinSiyasal iktidar Sanata Karşı Memduh AytürKalkınma Yarışı ve Türkiye Nâzım Hikmet Kuvayı Milliye B. RusselEndüstri Toplumunun Geleceği Raymond Aron Sosyolojik Düşüncenin Evreleri İrfan Erdoğan - Korkmaz Alemdar İletişim ve Toplum Aysel EkşiÇocuk, Genç, Ana Babalar Şerafettin Turan Türk Kültür Tarihi Şerafettin Turan Türk Devrim Tarihi I "İmparatorluğun Çöküşünden Ulusal Direnişe" Şerafettin Turan Türk Devrim Tarihi II "Ulusal Direnişten Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne" Şerafettin Turan Türk Devrim Tarihi III "Yeni Türkiye'nin Oluşumu /1. Bölüm, 1923 - 1938" Şerafettin Turan Türk Devrim Tarihi III "Yeni Türkiye'nin Oluşumu/2. Bölüm, 1923 - 1938" Şerafettin Turan Kanuni Süleyman Dönemi Taht Kavgaları Şükran Kurdakul Çağdaş Türk Edebiyatı /1 Meşrutiyet Dönemi I Şükran Kurdakul Çağdaş Türk Edebiyatı / 2 Meşrutiyet Dönemi II Şükran Kurdakul Çağdaş Türk Edebiyatı / 3 Cumhuriyet Dönemi I Şükran Kurdakul Çağdaş Türk Edebiyatı / 4 Cumhuriyet Dönemi II Cemal Yıldırım Bilimsel Düşünme Yöntemi -Yazılar, Bildiriler, Tartışmalar- Cahit Talaş Türkiye'nin Açıklamalı Sosyal Politika Tarihi Prof. JaeschkeYeni Türkiye'de İslamlık Claude Cahen İslamiyet I "Doğuşundan OsmanlI Devletinin Kuruluşuna Kadar" Gustave Edmund von Grunebaum İslamiyet II "Osmanlı Devletinin Kuruluşundan Günümüze Kadar -1 Gustave Edmund von Grunebaum İslamiyet III "Osmanlı Devletinin Kuruluşundan Günümüze Kadar - 2 dizgi : font matbaacılık ve tanıtım hizmetleri telf : 230 30 30 baskı : cantekin matbaacılık yayıncılık ticaret ltd. şti. telf : 384 34 35 - 384 34 36 - 384 34 37 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ......................................................................................................................... 7 A)..BİLİM FELSEFESİ: DENEMELER.......................................................................9 1. Bilime Genel Bir Bakış................................................................................ 11 2. Bilim Felsefesinin İşlevi...............................................................................16 3. Bilim Felsefesinin Felsefe İçindeki Yeri ...................................................... 21 4. Bilimsel Düşünme: Niteliği ve Yöntemi................................................ .......27 5. Matematiksel Düşünme: Yapısı ve Bilimdeki Yeri ...................................... 34 6. Fesefe Açısından Bilim ile Din.................................................................... 43 7. Bilim ile İdeolojinin Bağdaşmazlığı............................................................. 53 8. Diyalektik Materyalizm ve Bilim (I).............................................................. 63 9. Diyalektik Materyalizm ve Bilim (II)............................................................. 69 10. Bilimsel Yöntemin Yeterlik Sorunu..............................................................78 11. İndüksiyon Sorunu ve Çözüm Arayışları.................................................... 86 12. Bilimsel Düşünmede İndüksiyonun Yeri ................................................... 100 13. Bilimde Nedensellik...................................................................................107 14. Bilimsel Ussallık ve Ölçütleri.....................................................................117 15. Kuramsal Terimlerin Anlam Sorunu..........................................................125 16. Bilimsel Kuramların Yeterlik Ölçütleri............................................... ........129 B) BİLGİ KAVRAMI...............................................................................................135 1. Bilişsel İletişim........................ ...................................................................137 2. Felsefede Bilgi Kavramı............................................................................ 142 3. Doğruluk Kuramları................................................................................... 147 4. Metafizik Üzerine Bir İrdeleme .................................... ............................. 153 5. Felsefenin Kimliği...................................................................................... 162 5 C. BİLİM - KÜLTÜR İLİŞKİSİ................................................................................ 165 1. Bilimin Gelişim Süreci-Kısa Bir Bakış- ..................................................... 167 2. Bilimsel Nesnellik ve Değer Yargıları.......................................................186 3. Bilim ve Eğitim..........................................................................................192 4. Uygarlık Nedir?.........................................................................................197 5. Özgürlük Kavramı.....................................................................................202 6. İnanç ve Kurumsal Boyutlarında Din........................................................208 7. Kültür Bağlamında Bilim...........................................................................213 8. Bilimin Neresindeyiz?...............................................................................218 9. Bir Bilim Politikası Oluşturmaya Doğru .................................................... 224 D) TARTIŞMALAR............................................................................................... 231 1. Astroloji Bilim midir?................................................................................. 233 2. Bilimsel Açıdan Psikanaliz........................................................................242 3. Darvvincilik: Tepkiler ve Eleştiriler............................................................247 4. Einstein'ın Bilimsel Yöntem Anlayışı -Bir Eleştiri- ....................................251 5. Bilimsel Yönteme "Hayır!" mı? ................................................................. 257 6. Bilime İdeolojik Bakışlar ........................................................................... 267 7. Kavram Kargaşasına Açıklık:................................................................... 274 a) Bir "Eleştiri"ye Yanıt............................................................................ 274 b) "Matematik Önermeleri"...................................................................:..276 c) "Duyu Deneyi ve Gerçek Deney"........................................................279 8. Eleştirel Düşünme.................................................................................... 281 E) SONUÇ.............................................................................................................285 BİLİM FELSEFESİNE TOPLU BİR BAKIŞ...................................................... 287 BİBLİYOGRAFYA..................................................................................................307 6 ÖNSÖZ Bu kitabı oluşturan deneme, bildiri ve tartışma yazıları, bilim felsefesin­ de değişik konuları işlemekle birlikte, ortak bir hedefe yöneliktir: Bilimsel dü­ şünme yöntemine açıklık getirmek, bilimi metafizik ve astroloji türünden söz­ de bilimlerden ayıran temel ölçütleri belirlemek! Okuyucu hemen her yazıda kavramsal çözümleme, eleştirel yaklaşım ve özgür tartışmanın belirgin ör­ neklerini bulacaktır. Felsefe, hiç değilse çağdaş anlamda, bilgi, varlık ve değer yargılarına ilişkin kavramsal sorunları irdeleme, açıklığa kavuşturma etkinliğidir. Bilim felsefesi de bu çerçevede bilimin amaç, yöntem ve kuramsal yapısını açıkla­ maya yönelik eleştirel ve çözümsel bir çalışmadır. Kuşkusuz, bu türden bir çalışma için kişinin belli bir düzeyde bilgi ve deneyim birikimine sahip olma­ sı gerekir; ama daha önemlisi entelektüel ilgi, bağımsız düşünme istenci, derinlemesine anlama ve değerlendirme çabasıdır. Bu kitap öyle bir çabayı göze alabilen okurlar için yayına girmiştir. Ama sorulabilir: Yaşadığımız ortamda, kitabın öngördüğü nitelikte ye­ terli bir okur kesiminden günümüzde söz edilebilir mi, artık? Bu sorunun aşı­ rı bir karamsarlığı yansıttığı söylenebilir, kuşkusuz; ne var ki, ülkemizde nü­ fus artışına koşut entelektüel bir büyümeden söz edilemeyeceği de bir ger­ çek! Son yıllarda, özellikle görsel medyanın kuşatması altında, evrensel de­ ğerlerin, en başta da entelektüel ilgilerin, yok olmaya yüz tuttuğu bir dönem­ den geçiyoruz. Bir yanda, geçim uğraşı içinde çırpınan eğitimsiz ya da eği­ tim düzeyi yetersiz çoğalan yığınlar; öte yanda, vurgun veya emeksiz kazan­ cın ölçü tanımaz çılgınlığını yaşayan "yeni yetme" bir kesim! Böylesine çar­ pık ve yoz bir ortamda gerçek sanat ve düşün ürünlerine ilginin çapı ne ola­ bilir? Ancak, tüm olumsuzluklara karşın, bu ürünlerin kaynağı henüz kuru- madıysa, bunu büyük ölçüde kimi kişi ve kurumların özveri isteyen hizmet tutkusuna borçluyuz. Aydınlığa dönük o tutkuyu besleme ve genişletme bir uygarlık misyonu, 7 kaçınamayacağımız bir görevdir. Yüzyıllarca medrese geleneğinin etkisinde felsefe ve bilime kapalı kalmış yerleşik tutumu kırmanın, kültür dünyamızı gerçek
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