Exceptions and limitations to copyright IRIS Plus IRIS Plus 2017-1 Exceptions and limitations to copyright European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2017 ISSN 2079-1062 ISBN 978-92-871-8470-2 (print edition) Director of publication – Susanne Nikoltchev, Executive Director Editorial supervision – Maja Cappello, Head of Department for Legal Information Editorial team – Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Sophie Valais European Audiovisual Observatory Authors Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Sophie Valais European Audiovisual Observatory Translation Marco Polo Sarl, Roland Schmid Proofreading Philippe Chesnel, Johanna Fell, Jackie McLelland Editorial assistant – Sabine Bouajaja Marketing – Markus Booms,
[email protected] Press and Public Relations – Alison Hindhaugh,
[email protected] European Audiovisual Observatory Publisher European Audiovisual Observatory 76, allée de la Robertsau, 67000 Strasbourg, France Tel.: +33 (0)3 90 21 60 00 Fax: +33 (0)3 90 21 60 19
[email protected] www.obs.coe.int Cover layout – ALTRAN, France Please quote this publication as Cabrera Blázquez F.J., Cappello M., Fontaine G., Valais S., Exceptions and limitations to copyright, IRIS Plus, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2017 © European Audiovisual Observatory (Council of Europe), Strasbourg, 2017 Opinions expressed in this publication are personal and do not necessarily represent the views of the Observatory, its members or the Council of Europe. Exceptions and limitations to copyright Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez Maja Cappello Gilles Fontaine Sophie Valais Foreword In the beginning, information was free. “Not who said it, but what was said - this was what mattered”.1 But with time, as soon as the connection between information and power, including religious power, became clear, copyright was introduced as a property right, with privileges to those who would take care of reproducing written texts, either manually, as in the case of monks, or in print after Gutenberg’s era, and distributing them to a wider audience.