Aerial Frame Survey Along the Southwest Coast of India
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UNDP/FAO PELAGIC FISHERY INVESTIGATION PROJECT FIRM- I ND/75/038 ON THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF INDIA January 1979 PHASE II - PROGRESS REPORT No.3 AERIAL FRAME SURVEY ALONG THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF INDIA FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS January 1979 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication de not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission, with a statement of . the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the u"nited Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1979 (iii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This is one of a series of technical progress reports prepared and issued by the Project (Phase II) at irregular intervals. This progress report on the Aerial Frame Survey conducted by the Pelagic Fishery Project, in September 1978, has been prepared by the participants in the survey namely: Dr. G.P. Bazigos Fishery Resources Officer Team Leader FAO Consultant Mr. S.R. Coppola FAO Consultant Mr. K.C. George Senior Biologist, PFP Mr. K. Krishna Rao Senior Biologist, PFP Mr. V.N. Bande Biologist, PFP Mr. G.P. Edwin Daniel Research Assistant, PFP Any comments or criticism are welcome and should be addressed to: The Project Manager UNDP/FAO Pelagic Fishery Project P.O. Box 1791 Cochin 682016 India (v) PREFACE The concept of aerial surveys for estimating the fishery resources and various related parameters is new to a country like India, but the UNDP/FAO Pelagic Fishery Project, Cochin had conducted three such surveys in 1972, 1973 and 1974, mainly for estimating the pelagic fishery potential in the Project area extending from Tuticorin in the south to Ratnagiri in the north along the south-east and south-west coasts of India. The present survey, the fourth in the series, has been planned by Dr. G.P. Bazigos (FAO Consultant) and conducted under his leadership. The objective of this survey was primarily for obtaining a synoptic picture of the fishing effort distribution and localization of the inshore fishing industry in the Project area with a view to correlating it with the distribution of the resources located by the acoustic surveys of the Project. The survey was conducted using an 8-seater Twin-Beech aircraft chartered from M/s Goldensun Aviation, Bombay, from 27 to 30 September 1978, This report includes accounts of the structure of the fisheries of the Project area such as information on non-mechanized and mechanized fishing crafts, gears, resources, fishing seasons and grounds and the presentation, analysis and critical analysis of the data collected during the survey. It gives me great pleasure to record here my appreciation of the most devoted, sincere and hazardous work put in by the scientific personnel, viz. M/s. G.P. Bazigos and S.R. Coppola, Consultants from FAQ-Rome, M/s. K.C. George, K.K. Rao, V.N. Bande and Edwin Daniel from the Pelagic Fishery Project for the completion of the programme successfully. The cordial and helpful attitude of the pilots and crew of the aircraft, especially Capt. Kataria, Capt. Kulkarni and Capt. Ashar is also gratefully acknowledged. I also wish to acknowledge the cooperation and help extended by the Project Manager, Mr. W.R. Murdoch for organizing this survey. M.s. P~abhu V.lltec.:t.o~ (vii) CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: AN OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM 1 CHAPTER 2: NON-MECHANIZED FISHERIES, FISHIN& CRAFTS AND FISHING GEAR 3 CHAPTER 3: MECHANIZED FISHERIES, FISHING CRAFTS AND FISHING GEAR 11 CHAPTER 4: RESOURCES, FISHING SEASONS AND FISHING GROUNDS OF THE PROJECT AREA 13 CHAPTER 5: FISHING VILLAGES AND LANDING CENTRES 18 CHAPTER 6: THE SURVEY DESIGN OF AFS 21 6.1 Aerial Pilot Frame Survey 25 6.2 Description of the plane used 25 6.3 Cost items 26 6.4 Coverage Check Survey {CCS) of the AFS 26 6.4.1 De-biasing the estimated number of marine 26 mechanized fishing boats seen on the water 6.4.2 De-biasing the estimated number of canoes 28 seen on the water CHAPTER 7: ESTIMATED SURVEY MAGNITUDES 29 CHAPTER 8: ESTIMATED SECONDARY MAGNITUDES 37 CHAPTER 9: COMPARISON OF THE ESTIMATES CALCULATED BY AFS 45 WITH THE OFFICIAL STATISTICS 9.1 Mechanized marine fishing boats 45 9.2 Non-mechanized marine fishing boats 50 9.2.1 Estimated validity coefficients, 52 non-mechanized marine fishing boats (viii) CHAPTER 10: THE LOCALIZATION PATTERN 54 10 .1 The concentration pattern of non-mechanized fishing boats 54 10.2 The concentration pattern of mechanized fishing boats 62 10.3 The geographic relation between non-mechanized 64 and mechanized fishing boats CHAPTER 11: DISTANT ANALYSIS 66 11.1 Spatial distribution pattern of non-mechanized 66 marine fishing boats 11.1.1 Estimated mathematical models, 68 non-mechanized marine fishing boats 11.2 Spatial distribution pattern of mechanized 73 marine fishing boats 11,2.l Estimated mathematical models - 75 mechanized marine fishing boats CHAPTER 12: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 79 APPENDIX 1 81 APPENDIX 2 97 REFERENCES 103 - 1 - CHAPTER 1: AN OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM A large-scale Aerial Frame Survey (AFS) based on the census approach was conducted during the period 27 to 30 September 1978. The Survey covered the entire Project area (see Figure 1.1). The main objectives of the AFS can be summarized as follows: 1. To assess the area distribution and level of localization of the inshore sector of the fishing industry 2. To provide current estimates of the number of operational fishing crafts seen by type and by major fishery, i.e. non-mechanized fishery and mechanized fishery 3. To provide information of the level of fishing activity of the operational fishing boats at the beginning of the fishing season Because in the present Aerial Frame Survey the calculated estimates of the surveyed magnitudes are presented on an area-zone basis of 20 n.mi, the results of the survey can easily be matched with the results of the large-scale acoustic surveys of the Project area tabulated on 1° latitude basis (= 60 n.mi). The stratification system of the AFS provides also the basis for the comparison of the results of the AFS with the official statistics published on a state basis. This simpli fies our study for a critical analysis of the findings. The report is divided into 12 Chapters. Specifically, in Chapters 2-5, we discuss the organic structure and other characteristics of the fisheries of the Project area. The presentation, analysis and critical analysis of the results of the survey are given in Chapters 6-11. Conclusions and recommentations are presented in the last Chapter of the report. N I ,,-4-----+-- -- -- ---------+- - I I 10°L--l--------+--------t------:- ,.t+ ··--r------- 1 I i I I I t' t------r-------t-- F!S, 1.1 n . - 3 - CHAPTER 2: NON-MECHANIZED FISHERIES, FISHING CRAFTS AND FISHING GEAR It is estimated that about 80 percent of the marine fish produced in India is caught by non-mechanized fishing crafts. The limit of their operations generally do not exceed 10 n .mi from the shore 1 however, the longlining crafts operate in more distant waters. The non-mechanized crafts usually operate within 40 m depth contour except in the southern sector where they operate in deeper waters due to the narrow continental shelf. Wind power and rowing are the modes of propulsion. Recently some mechanized boats are engaged for towing the crafts to and back from the fishing grounds. Dugout canoes, plank-built boats with or without outrigger and the raft-like catamarans are the major crafts. The canoes and catamarans differ in dimensions depending upon the type of fishing they are used for. Shore seines, boat seines, gill nets, drift nets, longlines, handlines and cast nets are used for fishing in the area. The _crafts and gears operated are characteristic for the different zones depending on the type of coastline and fisheries of the area (see Figures 2.la-e and 2.2a-d}. Figure 2 .1 (a} Dug-out canoe (b} Plank-built canoe with outrigger - 4 - (c) Plank boat (Tuticorin type) (d) Boat catamaran (e) Raft catamaran - 6 - (b) Beach seine (Rampan) (c) Indigenous boat seine - 7 - (d) Chinese dip-net RATNAGIRI - MANGALORE ZONE Craft Mainly 3 types of indigenous non-mechanized crafts are existing in the zone - they are: 1. Plank-built canoes with outrigger 2. Built-up boats 3. Dugout canoes 1. ~!~~~=~~~!!_~~~~~~-~~!~-~~!~~gg~~~: These are essentially dugout canoes, with few planks stitched on the sides to raise the freeboard. There are several local variations. The canoe used in shore-seine Rampan - operations on the Konkan coast - has a narrow keel and the upper planks spread out more to accommodate big seines and are provided with outriggers. 2. ~~~!!:~E-~~~!~: These are plank-built boats with carvel-type planking arrangement. In between two planks, cotton soaked in glue is packed to make the boat water-tight. Ratnagiri-type boats differ from Satpati-type boats of the Bombay region in having pointed bows, straight but narrow keels and low gunwales. These are equipped with sail and rudder and used for sea fishing.