PREFACE Objective of environment statistics is to provide information about the environment, its most important changes over time and across locations, and the main factors that influence them. Ultimately, environment statistics aim at providing high quality statistical information to improve knowledge of the environment, to support evidence-based policy and decision making, and to provide information for the general public, as well as for specific user groups. Environment statistics are multidisciplinary and cross-cutting, involving numerous sources and stakeholders Environment statistics aggregate, synthesize and structure environmental and other data according to statistical methods, standards and procedures. It is the role of environment statistics to process environmental data into meaningful statistics that describe the state and trends of the environment and the main processes affecting them. Not all environmental data are used in the production of environment statistics. The Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) provides a framework that marks out environmental data that fall within its scope and then structures, synthesizes and aggregates them into meaningful statistics. The scope of environment statistics covers biophysical aspects of the environment and those aspects of the human sub-system that directly influence and interact with the environment. Within this scope, environment statistics describe the state and changes of environmental conditions, the quality and availability of environmental resources, the impact of human activities and natural events on the environment, the impact of changing environmental conditions, as well as the social actions and economic measures taken by societies to avoid or mitigate these impacts and to restore and maintain the capacity of the environment to provide the services that are essential for life and human wellbeing. Environment statistics support evidence based policy making by enabling the identification of environmental policy issues and the objective quantification of measures and impacts of policy initiatives. They strengthen assessments through quantitative metrics, making analyses more robust through the use of timely and comparable data. The type, the level of thematic, spatial and temporal aggregation and the format of environment statistics depend on the type of the user and the intended purpose of use. The main products of environment statistics are detailed tabulated environment statistics series, environmental accounts and environmental indicators As an endeavor to know our environment, the Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala, has been bringing out the publication. This publication has been categorized into different chapters so as to make it easy for reference. The Department would like to express gratitude to all parties concerned for their co- operation and assistance in providing the required data. This publication is an outcome of earnest effort of I & ES Division under the guidance and supervision of Smt. Radhamani, Addl. Director. Comments and suggestions towards improving future reports would be greatly appreciated. Thiruvananthapuram, V. RAMACHANDRAN 27/05/2016 DIRECTOR GENERAL C O N T E N T S UNIT UNIT Page NO I ENVIRONMENT & ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION 01 DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS IN II 09 KERALA III BIODIVERSITY OF KERALA 20 IV ATMOSPHERE 53 V LAND AND SOIL 91 VI WATER 120 VII HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 146 C O N T E N TS TABLE PAGE DESCRIPTIVE ITEMS NO. NO I. ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION 1.1 Some Impacts of Development Activities on Environment 3 1.2 Local, Regional and Global Effects of Pollution 4 1.3 Some Major Pollutants and their Sources 5 1.4 Water Born Disease and their Causative Factors 7 1.5 Pollutants and their related Health Hazards 8 II. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS IN KERALA Environment Statistics : Frame Work and Indicators Kinds of Environmental Pollution III. BIODIVERSITY OF KERALA 3.1 Flora Statistics : Kerala and India 24 3.2 Fauna Statistics : World, India and Kerala 25 3.3 Forest Area 25 3.4 Classification of Forest types of Kerala 26 3.5 Geographical area of Forest types in Kerala 26 3.6 Forest cover in Kerala 27 3.7 Comparative Situation of Forest Cover in Kerala 27 3.8 District wise Forest Area 28 3.9 Diversion of Forest Land for non forest use Since the Enforcement of 29 Forest 3.10 Current Protecetd area Status 29 3.11 List of Biosphere Reserve 30 3.12 Community Reserve 30 3.13 National Parks and Wild life Sancturies in Kerala 31 3.14 National Parks and Wild life Sancturies in Kerala 32 3.15 Area of Tiger Reserves in Kerala 33 3.16 Elephant Census in Kerala 33 3.17 Location of major Zoos in Kerala 33 3.18 Division wise area of Plantation 35 3.19 Out turn of major Forest Produce 36 3.20 Procuremen t of major Forest Produce 36 3.21 The distribution of Plantation area of Species 37 3.22 Plant Species at risk and threatened in endangered category 38 3.23 Marine Fishing Villages in Kerala 39 3.24 Inland Villages in Kerala 41 3.25 District wise Fish Production in Kerala 42 3.26 Year wise Fish Production in Kerala 42 3.27 Inland Fishery Resources of Kerala 43 3.28 Kerala Marine Fishery Resources 44 3.29 Livestock population as per 2012 Census 45 3.30 Details of Backyard Poultry in Rural and Urban Combined for Fowls 46 Number of Equipments used in Livestock Sector Rural & Urban 3.31 47 combined Details of Backyard Poultry in Rural and Urban Combined for Fowls 3.32 48 under Chickens below 5 months 3.33 Details of Backyard Poultry in Rural and Urban Combined for Ducks 49 3.34 Details of Dogs, Rabbits and Elephants in Rural and Urban Combined 50 Number of Non Households Enterprises and Institutions Owning 3.35 51 Animals/Poultry Birds in Rural and Urban combined Number of Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats and Pigs per Thousand 3.36 52 Households in Rural and Urban combined IV. ATMOSPHERE 4.1 District wise Wind Power Installed Capacity 54 4.2 Monthly mean Relative Humidity of Observatories in Kerala 56 4.3 Monthly mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature of Observatories 57 in Kerala 4.4 District wise Annual Average Rainfall 59 4.5 Beneficiaries of Bio Gas Plant 68 4.6 District wise Level of SO2, NO2 and Rspm in Residential Areas under 69 Natioanl Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme during 2013 4.7 District wise Level of SO2, NO2 and Rspm in Industrial Areas under 70 Natioanl Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme during 2013 4.8 Air Quality in Important Cities in Kerala 70 4.9 Ambient Air Quality Data 2013 – Annual Average 71 4.10 Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise 73 4.11 Effects of Noise Pollution in Human Health 73 4.12 Major Indicators showing Operatioanl Efficiency of KSRTC 74 4.13 Working of Kerala State Road Transport Corporation 74 4.14 Category-wise Growth of Motor vehicles in Kerala 75 4.15 Newly Registered Motor Vehicles in Kerala 76 4.16 Complying Status of Grossly Polluting Industries 77 4.17 Electricity Generating Capacity of Kerala (Mw) 81 4.18 Electricity Generating Capacity of Kerala (Mu) 81 4.19 Plan wise Growth of Electricity Sector in Kerala 82 4.20 Renewable Energy in Kerala State for the year 2013 83 4.21 Installed Generating Capacity 83 4.22 Wind Power Installed Capacity 83 4.23 Generating Capacity, Maximum Demand and Load Factor 84 4.24 The details of Indian Standards for Maximum permissible limits for 85 Industrical Effluent Discharges 4.25 Cumulative Comparison of Power Supply position in Kerala 86 4.26 Average Gaseous composition of Dry Air in the Troposphere 86 4.27 Natioanl Ambient Air Quality Standards 87 4.28 Registered Motor Vehicles in Million plus City of Kerala 87 4.29 Summary of Health Effects of Basic Air Pollutant 90 V. LAND AND SOIL 5.1 Classification of Area on the Basis of Land Utilization 2012-13 94 5.2 Net Area Irrigated Source wise 2012-13 95 5.3 Gross Area under Irrigation (Crop wise ) 2012-13 96 5.4 Area and production of Important Crops in Kerala 2012-13 97 5.5 Irrigated Area Source wise 98 5.6 Area, Production, Productivity of Plantation Crops in Kerala, India 99 5.7 Chemical Utilization in Kerala 100 5.8 Soil Types in Kerala - District wise 101 5.9 Mineral wise details of Area covered by Mining Leases 104 5.10 Production and Royalty of Minerals in Kerala 2012-13 106 5.11 Heavy Mineral Deposits in Kerala 108 5.12 District wise Important Land Categories of the State 110 5.13 Consumption of Chemical Fertilizers in Kerala 111 5.14 Out Turn of Major Forest Products 112 5.15 Kerala Major Natural Disasters 114 5.16 Frequently Occuring Natural Disasters in Kerala 2012-13 119 VI. WATER 6.1 Primary Water Quality Criteria for bathing water 121 6.2 Water Quality Criteria 122 6.3 Storage levels in Reservoirs 123 6.4 Name of Reservoirs 124 6.5 Biological Water Quality Criteria 126 6.6 Navigable Waterways in Kerala 127 6.7 District wise Brackish Water Area in Kerala 129 6.8 Fresh Water Lakes in Kerala 130 6.9 Backwaters in Kerala 131 6.10 List of Major Rivers in Kerala 133 6.11 Minimum and Maximum observed values of Water Quality Parameters 135 at PWD sites and River Stations 6.12 Watersheds 140 6.13 District wise Distribution of Coast Line of Kerala 142 6.14 Summary of Major Components of Dynamic Ground Water Resources 143 of Kerala 6.15 Annual Ground Water Recharge 2010-11 144 6.16 Ground Water Resources 2008-09 145 VII. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 7.1 Profile of Kerala State 147 7.2 Current Population of Kerala 148 7.3 Urban – Rural Number of Households, Total Population, Male, Female 149 7.4 District wise SC/ST Population