PPLLEEDDGGEE MMAANNUUAALL

Tenth Edition - 2003

PLEDGE MANUAL of the SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY

Edited by

EDWARD A. HURST Treasurer & Information Systems Manager

TENTH EDITION - 2003

Printed in U.S.A.

ii SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY

THIS PLEDGE MANUAL IS THE PERSONAL PROPERTY OF

______

CLASS OF ______CURRICULUM ______(graduation year)

WHO WAS PLEDGED BY______CHAPTER ON ______(date)

THE PLEDGE CLASS WAS FORMALLY INITIATED ON ______(date)

AND CONSISTED OF:

Pledge Brother Home Town Curriculum Graduation

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

iii ACTIVE CHAPTER OFFICERS

Chapter ______Address ______

CHIEF ENGINEER ______

VICE CHIEF ENGINEER ______

SECRETARY ______

BUSINESS MANAGER ______

RUSH CHAIRMAN ______

HOUSE MANAGER ______

CHAPLAIN ______

GUIDE ______

PLEDGEMASTER ______

ASSOCIATE EDITOR, THE CASTLE ______

SCHOLASTIC CHAIRMAN ______

RISK REDUCTION CHAIRMAN ______

GENERAL CONVENTION DELEGATE ______

CHAPTER COUNCILOR ______

FACULTY ADVISOR ______

ALUMNUS ADVISOR ______

ALUMNI CHAPTER OFFICERS

PRESIDENT ______

VICE-PRESIDENT ______

SECRETARY ______

TREASURER ______

EDITOR ______

RISK REDUCTION CHAIRMAN ______

iv PREFACE, TENTH EDITION

In the nearly 6 years that have past since the Ninth Edition of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Pledge Manual was printed, Sigma Phi Delta has undergone unparalleled changes. Three new active chapters have been chartered, previously inactive alumni chapters are being re-activated, the National Office has been restructured and virtually every office on the Supreme Council has changed holders. Now, as we begin a new millenium, the time has come to give a new face to the Fraternity's most important instrument of training and knowledge. In bringing this Pledge Manual up to date, an emphasis was placed on preserving the order of presentation, while utilizing a more consistent and modern format. It is hoped that this new look, combined with the time-tested content itself, will yield a more effective pledge training experience.

The pledges of the undergraduate, or active, chapters of the Sigma Phi Delta are its future. If the Fraternity is to be successful, if it is to grow in numbers of chapters and members, if it is to fulfill its object, then these pledges must be inculcated with the ideals, principles and history of the Fraternity. In this way, their continued interest in and support of the Fraternity as an active and as an alumnus should be assured. An organization can be appreciated to its fullest extent only by those who thoroughly understand it and who have a complete knowledge of the organization and its purposes and objectives.

This Pledge Manual combines, as did the previous nine editions, the most complete information available from many sources on the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, its role and purpose. Past issues of the CASTLE, copies of the Convention Minutes, private communications and many years of personal experience have all been sources of information for this Manual. This publication is more than a Manual for Pledges. It is, in reality, the sole location where most of the history of our Fraternity can be found in one volume.

This Manual is meant to be the personal, permanent, possession of the pledge so that, following initiation, he may continue to grow in knowledge of the Fraternity by reference to this work. If, while a pledge, one lesson per week is studied, the assignment should not be excessive and the subject matter can be readily assimilated. The specific order in which the material is studied depends on the individual Chapter of the Fraternity and its Officers. There are few active members who cannot learn more of the history, goals and ideals of our Brotherhood than they presently know, thereby improving their insight and perception. All members are encouraged to retain this Manual throughout their adult life.

Membership in the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity is not for the brief few years of undergraduate study but for the entire lifetime of the member. The training the pledge receives may well determine the activity of the undergraduate member and the continued support and interest of the alumnus member.

This book is dedicated, not alone to our pledges, as have been most of the past editions, but to the entire membership of our Brotherhood.

Fraternally,

Edward A. Hurst Treasurer & Information Systems Manager

Fairfax, Virginia January 20, 2001

v PREFACE, FIRST EDITION

For many years, the training of future Sigma Phi Delta members has been through the whims and fancies of the individual chapters. The adequacy of this instruction in many cases has not been too complete. Therefore, there has been a definite need for a pledge training program at a National level. With this thought in mind this Pledge Manual was written to provide a useful guide and a required course for all chapters in their pledge training.

Many suggestions have been received as to the contents of this manual. A lot of these ideas have been incorporated into the logical sequence of the study outline. The material covered by the various lessons provides a complete review of our Constitution and Statutory Code along with general information about our Fraternity and your College or University.

If your pledge class meets on a weekly basis, one lesson per week would not be too difficult an assignment. The Pledge Master should have a posted chart showing lessons to be covered during the pledge's training period, including dates. It will be his duty to question the pledges on their current assignment using the questions in the Manual. He will also report to the active Chapter the pledge's progress from time to time.

The Pledge Master should see that the Constitution and Statutory Code is readily available. If any pledge is having trouble with his lessons, designate some Active Member to help him.

It is hoped that this method of pledge orientation will provide a better understanding of Sigma Phi Delta and will promote our high ideals of brotherhood. A more thorough knowledge of our Fraternity should result in better cooperation, universal thinking and a better-informed Fraternity.

ORVILLE J. BANASIK

Fargo, North Dakota November 1, 1953

vi PLEDGE MANUALS of the SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY

First Edition - Office of the Central Province Councilor, Fargo, North Dakota November 1, 1953, by Orville J. Banasik

Second Edition - Office of the Grand President, Urbana, Illinois January 1, 1959, by Robert J. Beals

Third Edition - Office of the Grand President, Urbana, Illinois January 1, 1962, by Robert J. Beals

Second Printing - Office of the Grand President, Naperville, Illinois January 1, 1966, by Robert J. Beals

Fourth Edition - Office of the Grand President, Naperville, Illinois October 1, 1968, by Robert J. Beals

Second Printing - Office of the Grand President, Cincinnati, Ohio September 1, 1971, by Robert J. Beals

Fifth Edition - Office of the Executive Secretary, East Liverpool, Ohio September 1, 1978, by Robert J. Beals

Sixth Edition - Office of the Executive Secretary, East Liverpool, Ohio September 1, 1984, by Robert J. Beals

Seventh Edition - Office of the Executive Secretary, East Liverpool, Ohio January 1, 1988, by Robert J. Beals

Eighth Edition - Office of the Executive Secretary, East Liverpool, Ohio January 1, 1991, by Robert J. Beals

Ninth Edition - Office of the Executive Secretary, East Liverpool, Ohio November 1, 1995, by Robert J. Beals

Tenth Edition - Office of the Treasurer & Information Systems Manager, Fairfax, Virginia January 1, 2003, by Edward A. Hurst

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS

OUR FRATERNITY...... 1 CODE OF ETHICS...... 1 WHAT IS A FRATERNITY? ...... 2 STATUS OF A PLEDGE...... 3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERSHIP...... 5 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRATERNITIES ...... 7 THE GREEK ALPHABET...... 9 ACTIVE CHAPTERS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA...... 10 ALUMNI CHAPTERS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 12 INSIGNIA OF SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 13 BLAZON FOR THE SIGMA PHI DELTA COAT OF ARMS...... 15 HERALDIC REPORT ON THE BLAZON FOR THE SIGMA PHI DELTA COAT OF ARMS...... 16 FRATERNITY PUBLICATIONS...... 19 SIGMA PHI DELTA EFFICIENCY CONTEST...... 20 EFFICIENCY CONTEST WINNERS...... 21 THE RISK REDUCTION POLICY of THE SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY...... 22 THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 25 LEGISLATIVE...... 25 JUDICIAL...... 25 EXECUTIVE...... 26 BOARD OF TRUSTEES ...... 26 ENDOWMENT FUNDS...... 26 FINANCES ...... 27 SIGMA PHI DELTA FOUNDATION...... 27 FRATERNITY LAWS...... 27 PROVINCES ...... 28 ACTIVE AND ALUMNI CHAPTERS...... 28 MEMBERSHIP...... 29 PLEDGESHIP...... 29 SPECIAL DAYS ...... 30 GENERAL CONVENTIONS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 31 PROVINCE CONVENTIONS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA...... 33 CENTRAL PROVINCE...... 33 EASTERN PROVINCE...... 35 WESTERN PROVINCE...... 37 THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF SIGMA PHI DELTA...... 39 GENERAL MANAGERS of SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 45 EXECUTIVE SECRETARIES OF SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 45 TREASURERS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 45 EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 45 BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF SIGMA PHI DELTA ...... 46 BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE SIGMA PHI DELTA FOUNDATION...... 50 PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE...... 51 A HISTORY OF SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY...... 55 1923 - 1931 ...... 55 1931 - 1939 ...... 59 1939 - 1952 ...... 61 1952 - 1960 ...... 63 1960 - 1968 ...... 66 1968 - 1974 ...... 68 1974 - 1984 ...... 70

viii 1985 - 1989 ...... 74 1990 - 1995 ...... 77 1996 - 2001 ...... 81 PLEDGE LESSONS...... 85 Lesson One...... 85 Lesson Two ...... 85 Lesson Three...... 85 Lesson Four...... 86 Lesson Five...... 86 Lesson Six...... 86 Lesson Seven ...... 87 Lesson Eight...... 87 Lesson Nine...... 88 Lesson Ten ...... 88 Lesson Eleven ...... 89 Lesson Twelve ...... 89

ix Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

OUR FRATERNITY

The object of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity shall be to promote the advancement of the Engineering Profession; to foster the advancement of Engineering Education; to instill a greater spirit of cooperation among Engineering Students and Organizations; to inculcate in its members the highest ideals of virtuous manhood, good citizenship, obedience to Law, and Brotherhood; and to encourage excellence in scholarship.

CODE OF ETHICS

The Code of Ethics of Sigma Phi Delta is founded upon the basic principles of truth and honesty. The quotation "Whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest" should be the light guiding the footsteps of an Engineer toward service and success.

An Engineer should at all times be mentally, physically, and morally clean, and should conduct himself as a gentleman. He should be courageous in following his own convictions, mentally awake to make use of every opportunity, and should consider the welfare of others before his own.

To his superiors, an Engineer should be dutiful; to his co-workers, helpful; to his subordinates, generous; to all men, brotherly. An Engineer should take a good grip on the joys of life. He should play the game like a man. He should fight against nothing so hard as his own weaknesses, and should endeavor to gain in strength. He should live so that his actions shall never besmirch his own honor, and thus maintain the honor of the Engineering Profession.

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WHAT IS A FRATERNITY?

A Fraternity is fundamentally a group of college students congenial in tastes and character, living together happily because they have something in common with each other. A fraternity house differs from a dormitory or a boarding house in that its success, financial and otherwise, depends upon the cooperation of its members. It is something, which should be described in terms of friendship and brotherhood. Common aims, common names, common worries, common problems, and common plans weld the group into one homogeneous body.

The benefits which may be derived from a Fraternity are found in the opportunities which the student enjoys for independent action, for developing self-reliance, for taking personal responsibility, for working out his own problems, and for assisting in the solution of problems common to others around him. The relationship, which exists between the members of the Fraternity, a brotherhood that is more than a mechanical union, is a most potent force in a student's life. The running of the chapter house may be a business proposition, but in the personal relations between the members there must be something of sentiment, some affection, some warm regard of one man for another, and some interest in his progress and welfare. There must be a unity of feeling, which binds all the members closely together as if they were blood brothers.

To fulfill its purpose, the Fraternity must give its members higher ideals of life. Unless its influence is such as to make men more honest in their work and in their business relations, cleaner in their lives and cleaner in their talk, more temperate in eating and more temperate in drinking, better students, better men and better citizens, it is failing in the purpose for which it was founded. The purpose of every fraternity member should be to enlarge upon the ideals of his fraternity, to exemplify them more fully in his own daily life and to impress them more forcefully upon the undergraduate members with whom he comes in contact.

Just as the perfect home life is not attained except through sacrifice and unselfishness and mutual concessions so the fraternity life must be a period of sharing and working for the good of the whole, rather than the good of the individual. The fraternity is no stronger than the men who are its members. If a man can be a drone or dissolute, or disinterested in the ideals of the fraternity and not lose standing in the group, there is something wrong with his fraternity's ideals. The pledge period is devoted and directed toward the development of the attitudes and ideals, which are essential to the success of the organization.

Today, our schools are doing an excellent job in teaching technical knowledge and practical skill. Yet many a graduate from our colleges and universities has an unbalanced education. Education cannot be attained solely from the textbook and the laboratory. There is more to a complete life than salary and position. The well-educated man has learned to be tolerant of others, to know the value of friendship, and to do his duty to his fellowman and to his profession. A well-educated man goes beyond the textbook and the laboratory report and becomes familiar with the faculties of the college, with the history and the aims of his Alma Mater, with the attitudes and the Customs of his community. More than this, he makes a conscientious effort to be a contributing part of these bodies.

The fraternity offers the finest training ground available for the development of potential qualities -- qualities which, in the non-fraternity men, may never be developed. The chapter, which does not stress scholarship, is the exception. One of the ideals expressed by most of the fraternities is the development of character.

A fraternity is many things -- a home where the member learns cooperation and tolerance; a social program where the individual acquires poise and courtesy; an ideal for the man to follow while in college and also after graduation. To quote: "To afford stimulating associations; to offer inspiration in the quest for knowledge; to give discipline in social cooperation -- this, in short, is the purpose of the fraternity".

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STATUS OF A PLEDGE

A man who has agreed to join a college fraternity is usually called a pledge, and he will be known by this term until he has been formally initiated into the society. As a rule, student society is hard on the newcomer and will expect both conformity and discipline from him.

Frequently the pledge knows little or nothing of his status. In some instances this may be due to limited knowledge on his part, and in others, it may be due to the fact that circumstances arise due to the mismanagement on the part of the chapter officers, which develop situations contrary to his preconceived notions.

A Fraternity is more of an ideal than a fact. Its members are expected to be ever striving toward the true brotherhood, but being human, they are subject to many faults which prevent the fraternity from becoming the ideal brotherhood that is being striven after. For this reason, it is well for the pledge to know something of his rights, his privileges and his duties.

When a man is pledged, he surrenders none of his legal or social rights, none of his personal or family ties, and none of his moral or religious ideals and standards. His status changes only in that he has assumed certain additional obligations and responsibilities. This will usually require some adaptation, since an individuals rights or capacities are limited. His rights remain, but unless he is willing to adapt himself as much as possible to the fraternity's ways and standards, he may find that he is not welcome. He will learn more and more about these ideals as his pledgeship continues.

The fraternity chapter professes to provide a home for its members. If the pledge resides in this home, he has a right to expect a reasonable home-like atmosphere, comfortable quarters, good food, reasonable privacy, and study conditions which permit plenty of quiet concentration, free from constant interruption. He has the right to expect that his clothing, books and other property will not be used by others without his permission. However, he has no right to demand more than he pays for.

A fraternity claims to be a brotherhood, and although a pledge is not yet a member, he has the right to expect a brotherly attitude and brotherly treatment from the members. He may be given certain tasks to perform and be expected to study certain things diligently, but he still may expect fair consideration and treatment.

Because members have received improper treatment while they were pledges, it does not give them the right to become abusive to pledges or to demand certain things merely because they themselves received such treatment. Pledges, on the other hand, should refrain from going around with a chip on their shoulders.

The Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity recognizes that improper treatment of pledges may sometimes, in some organizations, be an acceptable norm. The phrase "hazing" is often applied to this improper treatment. Hazing is not condoned in the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. Hazing is defined (in the Laws of the Fraternity) "as the performing of an act or insisting or encouraging another to perform an act, which may cause or create a risk to physical or mental health. Such acts include, but are not limited to, the following: requiring a person to ingest alcohol or any substance; causing excessive fatigue - mental or physical; preventing a person from having at least six hours of sleep in any 24-hour period; paddling, anything that could cause unreasonable discomfort, pain, fright, disgrace, injury or degradation; and any act that violates any federal, state, provincial or local statute or university policy."

A fraternity is held responsible, to a large extent, for the social behavior of its members, and a pledge should expect that the members will properly conduct themselves. Clean conversation and moral and gentlemanly conduct on the part of the members is essential so that the atmosphere of the chapter house may be kept on a wholesome level. A pledge is thoroughly justified in speaking his mind on any moral issue or in declining to take part in any activity which he feels is objectionable upon such grounds.

A pledge of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity is expected to conduct himself as a gentleman. He should defend gentlemanly standards of honor, morality and fair play. Courtesy and consideration should be shown to others at all times. Pledges should not be snobbish in dealing with persons not affiliated with the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity.

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Certain obligations are assumed upon becoming a pledge. No man should pledge a fraternity unless he can give a reasonable amount of time to its activities. Thin includes work around the chapter house, participation in social and other extra-curricular activities of the chapter and, as an active member, holding office in the chapter.

Without money the fraternity cannot survive. The pledge, no less than the active member, is expected to pay his chapter bills when due. Every pledge should realize from the very moment of his affiliation with a fraternity that he is assuming certain financial obligations and that these obligations must be considered in a strictly business sense, devoid of fraternal sentiment. The fraternity is justified in severing connections with a pledge, or with a member, who fails to pay his bills promptly.

The college man's first duty is application to scholarship. This is a duty he owes to his college, his fraternity, his parents and himself. No other activity is as important and none should be allowed to interfere with his efforts to secure a reasonable degree of attainment in his course of study. Sigma Phi Delta expects its members and its pledges to maintain a high scholastic average.

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERSHIP

In becoming a member of an organization such as the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, the individual incurs several responsibilities which may not be readily apparent in the first rush of pledging nor, perhaps, in the early days of active membership.

First, it must be assumed that, by joining a fraternity, the individual is interested in furthering the ideals of the group, that he is willing to work with and for the brothers, that he is willing to share in the experience of community living. Not every man can, or wants to, be president. While the president is a very important office in the Chapter, he can serve best when assisted by capable men in the other offices of the Chapter. It is the responsibility of every member to assume the duties of Chapter office if his brothers elect him to that office and if he has the capabilities and qualifications to carry out the functions of that office. No office should be considered as too trivial for any member. Once in office, the incumbent must continually strive to better himself and his office. Those members not elected to office must give their wholehearted support to the Chapter program.

The Chapter program is fraternal, professional, academic, social and athletic. Some phases may be of more interest to the individual than others, but only the full support of the membership for each phase will make the complete program a success. In Sigma Phi Delta, professional development through scholastic attainment is stressed. Each member must develop academically for himself and for his Chapter. The college graduate who has best made use of the facilities the college and the fraternity have to offer is the one who has fully realized the value of a college education. No phase of the Chapter program can be neglected if the member is to be truly educated.

These programs take money, which comes from the dues and the fees of the membership. Any member who is delinquent in his financial relationships with the Chapter is placing an unfair burden on his brothers. The responsibility the member has in paying his own bills and in insisting that everyone else pay up cannot be stressed too highly. One of the things that the Chapter must teach is fiscal responsibility. It is truly the brotherly thing to help the delinquent member realize his responsibility and to hold him accountable for payment.

Most of the Chapters of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity have a Building Fund which is used toward payment for the present Chapter house or for the purchase of newer, or larger, chapter quarters. In some instances, this Fund is retired during the undergraduate career. In most instances, the Fund is paid off following graduation. Whether the agreement be legal or moral, it is the responsibility of the member to keep good faith and to meet this obligation of membership.

It is relatively easy, as an undergraduate member, living in the Chapter house, to keep an active interest in the welfare of the Fraternity. It is another problem for the alumnus member. It should be borne in mind that once a man is initiated into membership In the Fraternity, he is a member for life. The Alumni Chapter of the Fraternity is to provide the fraternal, professional and social activities for the alumnus, in part, that the Active Chapter does for the undergraduate. With the press of everyday living, the family, the outside social contacts, the member must remember his responsibility to support the program of his alumni chapter. The alumnus member provides the necessary stability to the Fraternity. In the Alumni Chapter, also, the member must be willing and ready to assume responsibility of office so that the details necessary to the operation of the Chapter are carried out by more than a few. If elected as an officer, the member must work to provide a program, which will interest his brothers.

Every organization, if it is successful, must continue to grow in numbers and in stature. It is the responsibility of every member to watch for good prospective members for the Chapter. It is every member's responsibility to work toward the establishment of new chapters of the Fraternity. Alumni are in a particularly good position to do this as they go out from the undergraduate chapter to jobs on other campuses or in communities close to campuses. The more chapters the Fraternity has, the more efficient the operation of the organization will be. As we increase in numbers we increase in stature.

Membership in a fraternity carries with it prestige. Membership carries with it responsibility. Without the latter, the former is impossible. It is the responsibility of every member to do as much for his Fraternity as his best

Page 5 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 efforts will permit, to support its program completely, to continue his loyalty and interest in the Brotherhood of Sigma Phi Delta throughout a lifetime of service.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRATERNITIES

It is well for the fraternity man to know something of the history of the Greek-letter movement in the United States and Canada. Fraternities and sororities are a unique North American institution in that they have no European or Asian counterpart.

The early colleges developed in this country slowly. For many years they remained small and student activities were closely controlled. Even in 1820, Yale was the largest college in the country with 371 students! The small numbers rendered the fraternity unnecessary and made its functioning difficult.

The first American college fraternity of which we have record appeared at the College of William and Mary in 1750 and continued to exist until 1772. It was named "The Flat Hat Club" and was secret, literary and social in character, with a grip and a badge, and held regular meeting.

Somewhat later, at the same college, in Williamsburg, Virginia, a new organization was formed. On December 5, 1776, Phi Beta Kappa was founded. At first, it was similar to other literary societies of the day in that its program consisted of essays, orations and debates. Later, it developed a grip, ritual, and plans for expansion. Up to 1831, Phi Beta Kappa resembled the other college fraternities of those and later times. Later, it was denounced at Dartmouth, its secrets published at Harvard and Yale. In 1831, the Fraternity was transformed into its present-day role as an honor society.

The next Fraternity was organized at the University of North Carolina around 1812. Its founders were four Phi Beta Kappas who did not belong to a chapter. It expanded to include twenty-one chapters, but the national group was never strong and the political differences of the Civil War resulted in its demise.

Other fraternities were founded, but the first several failed to last for long. In the third and fourth decades of the nineteenth century, there appeared a number of social fraternities. By 1850, there were fifteen, with branches spreading in all directions. By 1865, there were twenty-five, two of which were founded in the South. The total number of chapters established up to this time was 375. Of these, ninety-one were inactive, largely due to a strong faculty opposition. Many resorted to a sub-rosa existence. From 1869 to 1890, but one new fraternity was added. Since this time growth of fraternities has been rapid. In 1922, there were 2,000 active chapters and fifty-five men's nationals with about one-half million graduate. Today, despite the problems of the 1960's, when several fraternities became inactive and membership in Greek organizations was looked on with disfavor, there are over 60 men's nationals in existence.

The first fraternity house was established as a result of a conflict between the students and faculty at the University of Michigan. The president had demanded that the Students sever their affiliations with all fraternities. The members refused to do this. They met secretly in an abandoned log cabin in a nearby forest. This was in 1845. Through the intercession of several organizations, this faculty stand was reversed and the fraternities permitted to grow. The first modern fraternity house was built and opened for meetings only, at Williams College, in 1864. It was ten years later before a house was used for members to live in.

During this period, there were many bitter struggles between students and faculty. Alumni control had not yet been started. Fraternities had not found themselves and lacked a mission. The turning point came in 1888. With the increase in the number of new universities, which were developing in the West, the fraternity system expanded. The fraternities were able to solve the critical housing problems that developed. The faculties threw some of the responsibility of government upon the students and gave them needed encouragement and cooperation to accomplish the desired ends. The average fraternity house ceased to be a loafing place and became more of a workshop. Competition between houses became less bitter and more wholesome.

In 1869, the first Professional Fraternity was formed. This trend has continued until practically every field of endeavor has one or more professional fraternities. In general, the professional fraternities are somewhat smaller than the general or so-called "social" fraternities.

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In 1908, the general fraternities organized the National Interfraternity Conference. Representatives from the various member fraternities met annually to consider the problems confronting the Greek system. This organization has cooperated fully with the colleges and universities and has faced the criticism directed at the fraternity system. It has helped to correct the faults, which were inherent in the system.

Early in 1928, the Conference of Law Fraternities contacted the various professional fraternities concerning the formation of a Professional Interfraternity Conference. Twenty-seven fraternities attended the first meeting on March 2, 1928. The Conference established as qualifications for membership: (1) the profession must be generally recognized by universities and colleges as a profession by the creation of courses therein in separate colleges or schools leading to a degree; (2) the fraternity must have a recognized Code of Ethics, generally accepted as binding upon the members thereof; (3) the profession must recognize the duty of public service as binding on the members thereof; and (4) the profession must require principally mental rather than manual or artistic labor for its successful prosecution.

Officers of the Professional Panhellenic Association (founded in 1925) and the Professional Interfraternity Conference met jointly and separately in Indianapolis, Indiana, on October 19 - 22, 1977, and voted to consolidate both organizations into the Professional Fraternity Association (PFA), representing thirty-four national and international fraternities with over one and one-half million members.

Today, three classes of fraternities exist. First are the honor societies and honor fraternities. Almost every branch of learning has one or more such organizations. Members are selected primarily on the basis of scholastic attainment and usually not until they have completed at least two years of college work. They seldom attempt a social program and admit into membership fraternity and non-fraternity men and women equally.

The general fraternities offer membership to students in practically any branch of academic endeavor. Most of these fraternities have chapter houses and pursue a well-rounded program of activities, giving rise to the commonly used term, "social" fraternities.

The professional fraternities admit to membership students who are enrolled in a particular curriculum or school. Sometimes, they border on the honorary fraternities, selecting only men or women who have been enrolled one or more years and who have indicated promise in the particular field of endeavor. Their program is primarily professional and is planned to supplement the college courses.

Some professional fraternities, however, have developed into social fraternities and differ but little from the general fraternities. The main difference is the practice of admitting only those pursuing a particular course of study, while the general fraternity admits without regard to curriculum. Thus, the professional fraternities band together men (and sometimes women) who are pursuing a similar course of study, making it possible for them to aid each other to a greater extent than is usual in the general fraternity.

There are three fraternities in the United States and Canada specializing in engineering: Triangle Fraternity, a member of the National Interfraternity Conference; Theta Tau Fraternity and Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, members of the Professional Fraternity Association. All are social as well as professional, having houses on the various campuses and following a social and athletic, as well as a professional, program.

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THE GREEK ALPHABET

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ACTIVE CHAPTERS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

1. Alpha - Founded at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, on April 11, 1924.

2. Beta - Founded at the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, on May 2, 1926. (Now Inactive)

3. Gamma - Founded at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas, on May 11, 1927. (Now Inactive)

4. Delta - Founded at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, on January 25, 1928.

5. Epsilon - Founded at North Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, North Dakota, on May 21, 1928. (Now, North Dakota State University)

6. Zeta - Founded at Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, on April 26, 1929. (Now Inactive)

7. Eta - Founded at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on May 23, 1931.

8. Theta - Founded at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, on April 24, 1932.

9. Iota - Founded at the Chicago Technical College, Chicago, Illinois, on October 12, 1935. (Now Inactive)

10. Kappa - Founded at Tri-State College, Angola, Indiana, on May 25, 1947. (Now Tri-State University)

11. Lambda - Founded at Indiana Technical College, Fort Wayne, Indiana, on May 11, 1951. (Now Indiana Institute of Technology) (Now Inactive)

12. Mu - Founded at the University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, on July 14, 1951. (Now Inactive)

13. Nu - Founded at the University of California, Berkeley, California, on December 6, 1952. (Now Inactive)

14. Xi - Founded at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, on May 2, 1953. (Now Inactive)

15. Omicron - Founded at the Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, on May 3, 1958. (Now Inactive)

16. Pi - Founded at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Institute, Miami, Florida, on September 10, 1960. (Later, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida) (Now Inactive)

17. Rho - Founded at Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, on December 18, 1955. (Now Inactive)

18. Sigma - Founded at the California State College at Long Beach, California, on February 1, 1969. (Now Inactive)

19. Tau - Founded at Loyola University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, on April 11, 1970. (Later, the Loyola-Marymount University) (Now Inactive)

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20. Upsilon - Founded at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, on April 8, 1989. (Now Inactive)

21. Phi - Founded at South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, on May 4, 1991.

22. Chi - Founded at the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 10, 1999. (Now Inactive)

23. Psi - Founded at the University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, on April 11, 1999.

24. Omega - Founded at Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, on May 13, 2000.

25. Beta Alpha - Founded at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, on January 5, 2003

26. Beta Gamma -

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ALUMNI CHAPTERS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

1. Los Angeles Alumni - Chartered in Los Angeles, California, on July 15, 1926. Associated with Alpha Active Chapter.

2. Delta Alumni - Chartered in Chicago, Illinois, on May 16, 1930. Associated with Delta Active Chapter.

3. Fargo Alumni - Chartered in Fargo, North Dakota, on July 22, 1953. Associated with Epsilon Active Chapter.

4. Milwaukee Alumni - Chartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 18, 1955. Associated with Eta Active Chapter. (Now Inactive)

5. Vancouver Alumni - Chartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, on February 12, 1948. Associated with Theta Active Chapter.

6. Iota Alumni - Chartered in Chicago, Illinois, on April 26, 1953. Associated with the now-Inactive Iota Active Chapter.

7. Kappa Alumni - Chartered in Angola, Indiana, on Novemb er 3, 1952. Associated with Kappa Active Chapter.

8. Fort Wayne Alumni - Chartered in Fort Wayne, Indiana, on October 14, 1958. Associated with the now inactive Lambda Active Chapter. (Now Inactive)

9. Mu Alumni - Chartered in Los Angeles, California, on August 24, 1953. Associated with the now-Inactive Mu Active Chapter. (Now Inactive)

10. San Francisco Bay Area Alumni - Chartered in San Francisco, California, on June 21, 1957. Associated with the now-Inactive Nu Active Chapter. (Now Inactive)

11. Seattle Area Alumni - Chartered in Seattle, Washington, on March 26, 1963. (Now Inactive)

12. Winnipeg Alumni - Chartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba, on June 21, 1965. Associated with the now-Inactive Xi Active Chapter. (Now Inactive)

13. Twin Cities Alumni - Chartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on July 24, 1965.

14. Central Illinois Alumni - Chartered in Peoria, Illinois, on September 28, 1974. Associated with the now-Inactive Rho Active Chapter. (Now Inactive)

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INSIGNIA OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

1. The Name of the Fraternity is represented by the capital form of the Greek letters Sigma (S ), Phi (F ), Delta (D ) which stand for Science, Friendship and Duty.

2. The Symbol of the Fraternity is the Castle.

3. The Colors of the Fraternity are Red and Black.

4. The Flower of the Fraternity is the American Beauty Rose.

5. The Motto of the Fraternity is "Pro Bono Professionis", which is translated "For the Good of the Profession".

6. The Pledge Button, illustrated below, is described as: "A red triangular background on which is a black Castle, the whole bordered in gold".

7. The Membership Badge, illustrated on the next page, is described as: "A triangle having concave corners on which are superimposed three smaller triangles having concave sides and having their vertices at the center of the badge on which is placed a ruby. The smaller triangles, which contain the letters Sigma, Phi and Delta, are black, the background between them being white. A gold star is located near each of the vertices of the large triangle. The border may be engraved gold or may be jeweled. The crown pearl badge has four pearls on each side of the badge. The ruby point badge has two rubies and two pearls on each side, the pearls being in the middle and the rubies at the outside".

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8. The Membership Card, containing the name of the member, his school, the date of initiation and the assigned General Number is given to each new Member at the time of initiation. On the obverse side, the printing is superimposed on a representation of the Seal of the Fraternity. On the reverse side, the Code of Ethics of the Fraternity is carried. The card is signed by the Grand President, the Executive Secretary and the member.

9. The Membership Certificate, giving the name of the member, his Chapter, and the date of initiation, is given to each member. This Certificate is signed by the Grand President, Executive Secretary, Chapter President and Chapter Secretary.

10. The Fraternity Flag, illustrated below, is 4' x 6' cotton bunting or nylon. The design is black letters and Castle on a red field. This is a standard flag, that is, reading correctly from left to right on one side and in reverse on the other.

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BLAZON FOR THE SIGMA PHI DELTA COAT OF ARMS

Gules, a pall or, between, in chief two retorts crossed argent, in dexter base a quill sable surmounting a key in saltire, of the third, in sinister base a hammer fesswise of the fourth debruising a compass, points downward, of the third; over all the escutcheon of pretense, azure, charged with a castle or, masoned sable, with a bordure argent.

Crest, over a duke's helmet and a torse of the colors, a dexter cubit arm, proper, grasping a thunderbolt, winged or

Mantling: Gules doubled, or Supporters: Two lions, rampant, proper Motto: Sigma Phi Delta, in upper and lower case Greek letters

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HERALDIC REPORT ON THE BLAZON FOR THE SIGMA PHI DELTA COAT OF ARMS

ARMS Refers to the Coat of Arms as a whole.

GULES is the Heraldic term for red. It is represented in monotone by equal distant vertical lines. This refers to the color of the shield.

PALL is the Y-shaped ordinary, which divides the SHIELD into three divisions. It finds its origin as a scarf in the shape of the letter "Y", forming part of the vesture of a Roman Catholic Prelate. It is introduced as the principal bearing of the Archbishops of Canterbury, Armagh and Dublin.

OR is the Heraldic term for gold or yellow. It is represented by equal spaced dots and refers to the color or metal of the PALL.

BETWEEN is a preposition describing that the ordinary mentioned lies in the center of other charges to be described.

IN CHIEF is a phrase locating the top center of the SHIELD.

TWO RETORTS describes two chemical condensing apparatus.

CROSSED designates that the tapered stems lie one upon the other.

ARGENT is the Heraldic term for white or silver and is represented in monotone by no line or dot formation whatsoever. It refers to the color of the RETORTS.

IN DEXTER BASE is the lower right hand side of the SHIELD, the left to the observer. Here we find a QUILL surmounting a KEY.

SABLE is the Heraldic term for black and is represented in monotone by solid color or with cross- hatched lines from top to bottom and left to right.

IN SALTIRE is a Heraldic phrase explaining that these two symbols are crossed diagonally.

OF THE THIRD is a Heraldic phrase describing the color of the KEY, being the third color mentioned in the BLAZON, namely, argent or silver.

IN SINISTER BASE is a Heraldic phrase describing the location in the lower left hand corner of the shield, to the right of the observer.

A HAMMER as the word described refers to a mechanic's tool.

FESSWISE defines the horizontal position of this tool.

OF THE FOURTH is a Heraldic phrase indicating that this hammer is colored black, the fourth color mentioned in the BLAZON

DEBRUISING signifies that the hammer debruises or lies over another charge to be described next.

A COMPASS is the charge, which is debruised by the HAMMER.

POINTS DOWNWARD indicates the position of the COMPASS.

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OF THE THIRD has been described above and refers to the COMPASS.

OVERALL merely means that in the center of these charges we find a small SHIELD.

AN ESCUTCHEON OF PRETENSES is the small SHIELD mentioned above.

AZURE is the Heraldic term for blue and is represented by equal spaced horizontal lines which refers to the color of the SHIELD of the PRETENSES.

CHARGED WITH A CASTLE means that a CASTLE is shown on a SHIELD OF PRETENSES.

OR has been defined previously.

KASONED means merely that the CASTLE has been shown in masoned or bricked formation.

SABLE has been described previously.

WITHIN A BORDURE means that the SHIELD OF PRETENSES is decorated with a border.

ARGENT has been defined previously.

CREST is that part of the COAT OF ARMS, which lies above the HELMET and the MANTLING.

OVER A DUKE'S HELMET is in error. The HELMET is not necessarily that of a duke, but the HELMET of a sovereign. It would be, therefore, more exact to describe this HELMET, which is shown in front view with the visor opened, as the HELMET of the nobility.

A TORSE OF COLORS refers to the CREST WREATH, the little six divisional affair immediately above the HELMET, alternately colored gold and red.

DEXTER means merely the right side.

A CUBIT ARM combined with the word DEXTER means a right arm cut off at the wrist, issuing from the CREST WREATH.

PROPER is a phrase designating that it is shown in natural or proper colors, here flesh.

GRASPING A THUNDERBOLT means that the fingers and thumb hold within them the representation of a bolt of LIGHTNING.

WINGED indicates that the LIGHTNING has wings spread.

OR has been described previously.

MANTLING refers to the lacy-like cloak that emanates from behind the HELMET and drapes itself gracefully along the top of the SHIELD.

GULES has been described previously.

DOUBLED means that the MANTLING is twisted in certain parts so that it shows both the outside and the lining, or the inside. Thus, the MANTLING is both red and gold.

OR has been described previously.

SUPPORTERS described the two Heraldic LIONS, which are reared and leaning toward the SHIELD on either side.

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RAMPANT indicates the rearing position of the LIONS.

PROPER has been previously described.

MOTTO is the phrase for the SCROLL RIBBON beneath the SHIELD, on which appears SIGMA PHI DELTA in upper and lower case Greek letters.

The words SIGMA, PHI and DELTA are the initials of three Greek words, the meaning of which is disclosed to the initiate at the time of his formal initiation into the Fraternity.

SIGMA PHI DELTA LOGOTYPE

The logotype of Sigma Phi Delta fraternity was adopted on December 17, 2002. It embodies our symbol, the Castle, our letters SFD, and our profession ”Engineers.”

SIGMA PHI DELTA SLOGAN

The slogan of Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity was adopted on November 19, 2002, and recognizes us as the only international engineering fraternity: Sigma Phi Delta, The Premier International Fraternity of Engineers.

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FRATERNITY PUBLICATIONS

1. The CASTLE. The Fraternity publishes an exoteric magazine, known as the Sigma Phi Delta CASTLE, devoted to the Interests of the Fraternity, engineering and college life and other information of general interest. This magazine is traditionally published twice a year, generally around December 1 and May 1 of the college year. An experiment was undertaken in 1984 to publish this magazine more frequently in a six to eight page publication rather than the sixteen to twenty-four page editions published twice each year. For a time, starting in 1965, every fifth year's December issue used to contain a Directory of the Fraternity membership. With the advent of the Internet and the Fraternity's online membership database, hardcopy publication of the membership directory is not as essential.

The staff of the CASTLE consists of an Editor, a Circulation Manager, Chapter Associate Editors (Historians) and such assistants as may seem desirable. The Editor and Circulation Manager may be the same person, if desired. The Editor of the CASTLE is a member of the Supreme Council and of the General Convention. He receives no salary. The Circulation Manager is an appointed staff member and receives a salary and an expense account. The Executive Secretary of the Fraternity handles the monies in the CASTLE Fund, as he does all other Funds in the National Office Treasury. The Editor of the CASTLE is elected at the General Convention for a two-year term; the Circulation Manager is appointed by the Grand President, upon recommendation of the Editor and with the approval of the Supreme Council.

2. The STAR. The STAR is an esoteric publication issued by the Fraternity at least twice times a year and mailed on or around October 1 and April 1 of each year. It is issued to all members of the Fraternity. In the experiment to change the circulation of the CASTLE, the publication of the STAR would be combined with the more- frequent and smaller CASTLE, and the Fraternity would have one publication, perhaps four to six times per year.

At present, the Fraternity Law provides that the Grand President edits the STAR. Included in the material are summarized reports on the activities of the Chapters, of the National Officers, of membership changes, and such other news for members of the Fraternity only as the Grand President desires.

3. Monthly Communiqué. The Executive Secretary and Treasurer publish, in electronic form, monthly communiqués, which are available to read online by all National Officers, all Active and Alumni Chapters, and to any interested members having access to the Internet. These communiqués consist of minutes of all monthly online Supreme Council meetings, announcements and current information on any item of concern to the membership of the Fraternity and the Fraternity's Financial Statements. The Internet has facilitated communication with all units of the Fraternity as well as the hundreds of electronically connected alumni members.

4. What Fraternity? This small booklet is based on an article written by the First Grand President. Certain changes have been made to bring it up to date. It is used by the chapters in their Rush program and as a source of information in their pledge lessons. This is supplied to the Chapters at a nominal fee to cover the cost of printing.

5. Pro Bono Professionis. This brochure, in color, includes a summary of the history and activities of the Fraternity. It is one of the better items available for use in a Rush program. It is meant to augment the locally prepared Active Chapter Rush Brochure. It is supplied to the Chapters at a nominal fee. It is of a size to slip into an envelope for mailing to prospective pledges and their parents.

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SIGMA PHI DELTA EFFICIENCY CONTEST

During the college year 1933 - 1934, the Supreme Council of Sigma Phi Delta inaugurated the Sigma Phi Delta Chapter Efficiency Contest. Its purpose was to provide an impetus for a more effective and efficient chapter operation. Each Chapter was allotted points for the various categories, and the organization submitting the highest total number of points was awarded a large bronze plaque. A Chapter that won this award three times in succession was allowed to keep the trophy. Permanent trophies are held by Alpha and Epsilon Chapters.

World War II halted contest participation until 1949 when the Contest was revived. A small plaque was designed which could be presented on an annual, and permanent, basis. In order to increase interest and Chapter entries, the Contest was revised by the Tenth General Convention in 1953. This version helped to further the purpose of the Contest.

The Twelfth General Convention, in 1957, revised the Contest considerably. Where, in the past, the Chapter had made the entire submission, sending the Forms to the Grand Vice-President, who made the final evaluation, the new Contest was submitted by several agencies. The Grand President sent one section on each of the undergraduate Chapters in the Fraternity, as did the Executive Secretary; the Province Councilor submitted one section for each undergraduate Chapter under his jurisdiction; and the individual Chapter submitted an entry. The Grand Vice- President determined the maximum number of points any one chapter could attain and the final score was based on a percentage of possible points that the individual undergraduate Chapter had attained. This improved the chances of the smaller Chapter.

The Seventeenth General Convention added a fifth section to the Contest in 1968, this section being submitted by the Editor of the CASTLE, recognizing the importance of and devoted primarily to the publications of the Fraternity.

The Contest was completely revised by the Supreme Council at the Twenty-First General Convention in 1975, and it became effective on January 1, 1976. This new form gives increased emphasis on the activities of the Chapter while recognizing the importance of the reporting and communications with other offices of the Fraternity.

In an attempt to derive more points, thus more credit, from the individual Chapter portion of the Contest, the Supreme Council decided that a semi-annual, rather than an annual, submission would be made by the undergraduate Chapters, these reports being due on July 1 and March 1 of the year. However, the response from the Chapters indicated that they did not care for the frequent reporting and the Contest returned to the annual submission by all offices.

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EFFICIENCY CONTEST WINNERS

When the Chapter Efficiency Contest was reinstated in 1949, it was tabulated on the academic year. This continued until 1953, at which time the tabulations were changed to a calendar year basis.

1990 - Epsilon Chapter 1951 - Kappa Chapter 1991 - Delta and Epsilon Chapters 1952 - Epsilon Chapter 1992 - Eta Chapter 1953 - Delta Chapter 1993 - Epsilon and Eta Chapter 1954 - Delta Chapter 1994 - Kappa Chapter 1955 - Eta Chapter 1995 - Kappa Chapter 1956 - Epsilon and Eta Chapters 1996 - Eta and Kappa Chapters 1957 - Eta Chapter 1997 - Epsilon Chapter 1958 - Eta Chapter 1998 - Kappa Chapter 1959 - Eta Chapter 1999 - Kappa Chapter

1960 - Eta Chapter 2000 - Kappa Chapter 1961 - Kappa Chapter 2001 - Kappa Chapter 1962 - Kappa Chapter 2002 - Eta and Omega Chapters 1963 - Kappa Chapter 2003 - 1964 - Delta and Kappa Chapters 2004 - 1965 - Delta Chapter 2005 - 1966 - Delta Chapter 2006 - 1967 - Rho Chapter 2007 - 1968 - Rho Chapter 2008 - 1969 - Rho Chapter 2009 -

1970 - Kappa Chapter 2010 - 1971 - Rho Chapter 2011 - 1972 - Rho Chapter 2012 - 1973 - Kappa Chapter 2013 - 1974 - Rho Chapter 2014 - 1975 - Rho Chapter 2015 - 1976 - Delta Chapter 2016 - 1977 - Delta Chapter 2017 - 1978 - Rho Chapter 2018 - 1979 - Alpha Chapter 2019 -

1980 - Rho Chapter 2020 - 1981 - Eta Chapter 2021 - 1982 - Delta Chapter 2022 - 1983 - Delta and Kappa Chapters 2023 - 1984 - Delta Chapter 2024 - 1985 - Delta and Eta Chapters 2025 - 1986 - Delta Chapter 2026 - 1987 - Pi and Delta Chapters 2027 - 1988 - Delta Chapter 2028 - 1989 - Eta and Epsilon Chapters 2029 -

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THE RISK REDUCTION POLICY of THE SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY

SIGMA PHI DELTA is an association of congenial minds and kindred souls founded for the specific purpose to influence the development of mind, heart and character. Its Object: To promote the advancement of the Engineering Profession; to foster the advancement of Engineering Education; to instill a greater spirit of cooperation among Engineering students and organizations; to inculcate in its members the highest ideals of virtuous manhood, good citizenship, obedience to law, and brotherhood; and to encourage excellence in scholarship, represents the basic principles that form the philosophical underpinnings which guide its actions in the development of future leaders.

Like the larger society, and the universities and colleges at which its Chapters reside, Sigma Phi Delta is not a police state. Indeed, it employs no law enforcement agents, nor was it ever founded or chartered to do so. It regards its members as subjects of the Host College or University first, and members of Sigma Phi Delta second. however, Sigma Phi Delta is an organization that advises and encourages its members to conform to and to abide by the Laws of the Land and the policies, rules and regulations of the Host Institution, but under its structure, it does not possess the authority or capability to actually enforce such laws, policies, rules and regulations.

In addition, Sigma Phi Delta has adopted certain laws and rules of governance to which its members are expected to abide (see the Constitution and Statutory Code) subject only to the laws of the land and the rules, regulations and policies of the Host Institution. Failure of any member to abide by said laws and rules may be punishable by suspension or expulsion from membership, removal from elected or appointed office within the Fraternity, or the suspension or revocation of a Chapter’s Charter.

The following rules and regulations are the propriety of Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity and they are in effect immediately for each Chapter of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity.

I. Risk Reduction Committee: Upon taking office, the Chapter Chief Engineer shall appoint a Risk Reduction Chairman and Committee, whose names shall be forwarded to the National Office of the Fraternity. The charge to the Committee shall be to review all areas of potential chapter liability and to implement a full Chapter Risk Reduction Plan coordinated through all relevant officers of the Chapter. The Committee shall also seek the advice and counsel of the appropriate College or University official.

II. Education of Initiates:

A. Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program - to be conducted for the entire Chapter immediately and to each new pledge class henceforth. (University administrations usually have programs on this subject.)

B. Sexual Abuse Program - to be conducted for the entire Chapter immediately and for each new pledge class henceforth. (University administrations usually have programs on this subject.)

C. Fire Prevention Program - to be conducted for the entire Chapter (including pledges) each fall and spring; to include fire drills, posting and discussion of evacuation routes, etc. (Contact the local Fire Marshall for assistance.)

D. Criminal Liability Education Program - to be conducted for the entire Chapter immediately and for pledge classes henceforth. (Contact campus security, the local District Attorney, Police Chief or a local attorney.)

E. Health Education Program - to be conducted to ensure that the Chapter facility y meets all health codes and that the Chapter is aware of current health risks collegians face in their personal lives. (Contact Host Institution’s health services or appropriate local medical professionals.)

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F. Basic Legal Concepts - to be introduced for the entire Chapter immediately and for each pledge class henceforth. (Contact Host Institution’s legal assistance officer, or show Sigma Phi Epsilon’s or Alpha Tau Omega’s or a similar film as a part of the presentation.)

III. Social Activities of the Chapter Must Meet the Following Criteria:

A. The ILLEGAL use, possession, sale or distribution of any controlled substance, including alcohol, at Chapter functions shall be strictly prohibited.

B. No alcoholic beverages may be purchased through the Chapter Treasurer nor may the purchase of same for members or guests be undertaken or coordinated by any member or pledge in the name of or on behalf of the Chapter.

C. No Chapter members, collectively or individually, shall purchase for, serve to, or sell alcoholic beverages to any minor (i. e., those under legal “drinking age”.)

D. No Chapter members shall provide alcoholic beverages to members or guests by selling tickets or cups, by charging admission fees, by taking up a collection (passing the hat), or by using any other direct or indirect means of collection monies from persons attending Chapter functions.

E. No Chapter shall serve, or permit the use, possession or consumption of alcoholic beverages at Chapter rush functions. In addition, each Chapter is expected to be an active proponent of “dry rush” among all fraternities on campus.

F. No Chapter may host an “open” party (social function). Individual non-members attending a Chapter function may do so only by specific written (or approved verbal) invitation of Chapter members who shall assume responsibility for the welfare of said guests and for any damage to chapter premises caused by those guests. A list of individual guest’s names must be maintained and monitored at the door or entry to the function. The safety and welfare of each guest must be an assumed responsibility of the individual member who invited said guest.

G. Valid identification of those claiming to be entitled legally to consume alcohol at chapter functions (where legal consumption is permitted) must be checked for their correct age. The possession, distribution or consumption of alcoholic beverages at said functions must not violate federal, state, and local laws and ordinances as well as the rules and regulations of the Host Institution.

H. At any and all Chapter functions where the legal consumption of alcoholic beverages is permitted, alternate or non-alcoholic beverages and food shall be served. At such functions, trained individuals, who will commit themselves not to consume alcoholic beverages or illegal or controlled substances shall be appointed or hired to be on duty at all exits in order to check the sobriety level of invited persons arriving or leaving chapter functions, and to prevent uninvited and/or intoxicated guests from entering.

I. If any member or guest appears to be even slightly intoxicated, at any chapter function, the chapter members shall escort said member or guest from the function. The chapter must not permit intoxicated persons to drive automobiles or to walk themselves home, but rather they must be accompanied by a responsible member who has not consumed alcoholic beverages or any illegal or controlled substance.

J. Where alcoholic beverages are served or consumed legally (i.e., by those of legal age) such beverages shall be served only in non-transparent containers for purposes of reducing peer pressure on those who choose not to consume said beverages or those who are not of legal age.

K. No chapter shall permit, tolerate, encourage or participate in “drinking games” at any chapter function.

L. Any and all alcoholic beverages shall be strictly prohibited from being served to, provided for, or purchased for any pledge or initiated member in connection with any and all aspects of the pledge education program.

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M. Intoxication of any member or pledge at any chapter function or at any other time shall be deemed conduct unbecoming a gentleman and the Chapter’s Executive Committee shall invoke full provisions of the law should such circumstances occur, including fines and/or suspension or expulsion for a continual pattern of drunken behavior. Habitual violators shall be advised to seek qualified counseling.

IV. Premises of the Chapter:

A. The Chapter premises shall be inspected twice annually by the Fire Marshall and local health officials, with reports to be forwarded immediately to the Housing Corporation and to the National Office. Any and all violations must be corrected immediately.

B. Maximum occupancy numbers for house and rooms for all group activities shall be posted conspicuously and shall not be violated.

C. Proper fire exits must be marked with diagrams posted.

V. Hazing:

No Chapter shall conduct hazing. In addition to the definition included in the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Constitution and Statutory Code, Section 100, the following definition shall apply:

Any action taken or situation created, intentionally, whether on or off Fraternity premises, to produce mental or physical discomfort, embarrassment, harassment or ridicule. Such activities may include, but are not limited to, the following: paddling in any form; creation of excessive fatigue; physical or psychological shocks; quests, treasure hunts; scavenger hunts, road trips or any other such activities carried on outside or inside the confines of the chapter house; the wearing of public apparel which is conspicuous and not normally in good taste; engaging in public stunts and buffoonery; morally degrading or humiliating games and activities; late work sessions which interfere with scholastic activities; and any other activities which are not consistent with Fraternity Law, Ritual or policy or the regulations and policies of the hose educational institution.

VI. All chapters shall encourage and cooperate fully with local Interfraternity/Panhellenic Risk Reduction Policies and Programs and shall encourage their University to sponsor Risk Reduction seminars annually.

VII. Punishment for violation of Sigma Phi Delta’s rules and regulations may include: probation, suspension or revocation of the Chapter charter; probation, suspension or expulsion of the individual(s) involved; the denial of membership to pledges who allow themselves to become involved in any of the aforementioned.

(This Risk Reduction Policy was adopted by the Twenty-Seventh General Convention on September 5, 1987, and is reprinted herein to ensure distribution and compliance with the provisions contained in the Policy.)

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THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

The general government of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity consists of a General Convention, a Supreme Council, and such other units as are provided for in the Constitution and Statutory Code of the National Organization, the By-Laws of the separate Provinces and the By-Laws of the individual Active and Alumni Chapters. The Fraternity is composed of those persons who have been or who shall be duly initiated into membership.

LEGISLATIVE

General Convention: The supreme legislative power of the Fraternity rests in the General Convention, which is a continuous body. Regular sessions of the Convention are held every odd-numbered year. Business of the Convention is transacted by mail between sessions.

The General Convention is composed of the Members of the Supreme Council, the Executive Secretary, one delegate from each of the Active Chapters and one delegate from each of the Alumni Chapters. The Delegate from the Active Chapter must be enrolled in the Engineering College or in a curriculum leading toward a Degree in Engineering at the school where his Chapter is located.

The Officers of the General Convention are a Chairman (who is the Grand President if he is in attendance or the Grand Vice-President, if the Grand President is absent), a Vice-Chairman (who is the Grand Vice-President if he is present and not serving otherwise), a Secretary (who is the Executive Secretary, during sessions, if he is present), a Guide and a Chaplain (who are elected at the opening session of the Convention, and a Historian (who is the Editor of the CASTLE is he is present). In the event that any of the Permanent Officers are absent, the positions are filled by election at the opening session of the Convention. The Grand President may appoint a Parliamentarian to assist him. Between sessions of the Convention, the Grand President acts as Secretary of the General Convention.

On all matters coming before the General Convention, every Member is entitled to one vote. No proxies are permitted on any matter. A Quorum consists of two-thirds of the Members representing the Active Chapters and two Members of the Supreme Council.

REFERENCE: Constitution, Articles I, II, III; Statutory Code, Titles I, II.

Supreme Council: Legislative powers subordinate to the General Convention are held by the Supreme Council, subject to the Laws of the Fraternity. The Supreme Council is composed of the Grand President, the Grand Vice-President, the Editor of the CASTLE, the Councilor from each Province, and the Executive Secretary as an ex- officio member. Business of the Supreme Council is general, limited to matters not requiring General Convention action, or which has been Specifically delegated to it by Fraternity Law. Business may be transacted in session or by correspondence. The Grand President acts as Secretary to the Council and presides at any Supreme Council meetings. The Grand President does not vote on Supreme Council proceedings unless his vote would result in a tie, or unless a tie vote exists. In the former case, a clear majority is necessary to pass the legislation. Members of the Supreme Council are elected at General or Province Conventions, as appropriate, except that the Executive Secretary is appointed by the Grand President, with the approval of the Supreme Council.

REFERENCE: Constitution, Article III, Sections 4, 5 and 6; Statutory Code, Titles III, V.

JUDICIAL

The supreme judicial power of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity rests in the General Convention. Subordinate judicial powers are given to the Supreme Council and to the individual Active Chapters. Every member of the Fraternity is under the original jurisdiction of the Active Chapter of which he is or was last a member. Any charges, which might lead to expulsion, suspension, a fine, or a reprimand of the member must be handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Constitution and Statutory Code.

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REFERENCES: Constitution, Article IV; Statutory Code, Title IV.

EXECUTIVE

The executive powers of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity are vested in the Grand President, assisted by the Members of the Supreme Council and such others as the Fraternity Law provides. The Grand President, as executive head of the Fraternity, is responsible for the general welfare of the Fraternity. He coordinates the work of the entire Fraternity, appoints the Executive Secretary and members of regular or special committees, as needed. The Grand President handles all correspondence with organizations or individuals who are not members of the Fraternity, unless otherwise provided for. He receives periodic reports from the officers assisting him in carrying out the functions of the Fraternity.

The Grand Vice-President is responsible for the Expansion and Efficiency programs of the Fraternity. He performs such additional duties as may be required by the Grand President.

The Executive Secretary keeps all the necessary records and has charge of all Funds of the Fraternity, with certain exceptions. He is charged with the business operation of the Fraternity and is directly responsible to the Grand President for the conduct of his office. A close cooperation must exist between the Grand President and the Executive Secretary in all matters relating to Fraternity operations.

The Province Councilors are charged with the operation of the affairs of their respective Provinces and of the Chapters contained therein. They are responsible to the Grand President for the proper conduct of their offices.

REFERENCE: Constitution, Article V; Statutory Code, Title V.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

The Board of Trustees of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity is charged with the acquisition and maintenance of all real property and all other property and equipment of the National Fraternity. The Board is in charge of all Endowment Funds of the Fraternity. The Board of Trustees and the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity are incorporated in the State of California, having been incorporated on September 29, 1952. Membership on the Board is composed of the Grand President; the Executive Secretary, ex-officio; and two Members elected at a session of the General Convention. The latter two members are elected for staggered four-year terms. Two of the elected Members (which may include the Grand President) must be resident in California and not more than two elected members may be alumni of the same active chapter.

REFERENCE: Constitution, Article V, Sections 8, 9 and 10; Statutory Code, Title VI.

ENDOWMENT FUNDS

The Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity has two Endowment Funds - the General Endowment Fund and the CASTLE Endowment Fund. These funds are administered by the Board of Trustees.

The General Endowment Fund is made up and collected from: (1) a portion of the undergraduate initiation fee; (2) such other funds as may be contributed to the Fraternity for this purpose or such surplus funds as may be appropriated to this Fund by the Supreme Council or the General Convention. Its purpose is to promote the building of a nations' headquarters building, to include a national library, museum and o house the national administrative offices of the Fraternity. This Fund is also used to promote the building or purchase of houses for the active chapters of the Fraternity. In September 1984, the interest accrued from this Fund was first used to fund an undergraduate scholarship program in each of the undergraduate chapters of the Fraternity.

The CASTLE Endowment Fund is made up and collected from a portion of the undergraduate initiation fee. The principal of this Fund is meant to be kept intact and invested. The income from this Fund is used to administer

Page 26 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 the Fund, to publish the CASTLE magazine, or for any other necessary expenses of the Fraternity, as authorized by the Supreme Council.

The Treasurer pays, in a quarterly basis, such income as may be available, to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Board of Trustees. Semiannually, interest income from the Endowment Funds is transferred to the Executive Secretary from the Board of Trustees. Depending on the Supreme Council authorization for the use of these Funds, the interest may be added to the principal of the appropriate Fund or used for other Fraternal objectives.

REFERENCE: Statutory Code, Title VII.

FINANCES

The income of the National Office of the Fraternity is derived from: (1) annual undergraduate National dues paid by each active member; (2) annual National dues paid by each Alumni Chapter; (3) initiation fees paid by each undergraduate initiate; (4) charter fees paid by each undergraduate and alumni chapter; (5) Interest income from the investments of the Fraternity; and (6) contributions from alumni and friends of the Fraternity.

Each undergraduate initiate pays eighty dollars, plus the cost of the badge and other Fraternity jewelry of his choice, at the time of initiation. Each active member pays annual undergraduate National dues, half on October 1 and half on March 1 of each year. Each Alumni Chapter pays annual National dues of one hundred dollars per year. The Charter fee for the establishment of an active chapter is one hundred dollars; of an alumni chapter is also one hundred dollars.

Initiation fees from the undergraduate members are apportioned into the General Fund, the CASTLE Fund, the Convention Fund, the General Endowment Fund and the CASTLE Endowment Fund. The Annual Dues are divided into the General, Convention and CASTLE Funds. All other income, unless specifically designated otherwise, is placed in the General Fund of the Fraternity. Alumni contributions, in a program established in 1976, are used to fund the General Fund, the CASTLE Fund, the Scholarship Fund and the Expansion Fund.

REFERENCE: Statutory Code, Title VIII.

SIGMA PHI DELTA FOUNDATION

Realizing that there are many things that a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit foundation can do that the Fraternity, a 501(c)(7) organization, cannot do, in 1991, the Fraternity organized the Sigma Phi Delta Foundation, with offices in the State of Ohio. Contributions to the Foundation, when used for the purposes specified, are tax deductible in the United States of America. The Officers of the Board of Directors are three: a President, Vice President and Secretary-Treasurer. Board members are elected for six-year terms and may succeed themselves only once.

The purposes of the Foundation are to promote and support education, educational aims and educational institutions, and to faster intellectual excellence through scholarships and other means, to cultivate useful citizenship, to promote and encourage religious, moral, civic and social responsibility and to carry out such purposes through contributions to corporations, trusts, community chests and funds organized and operated exclusively for educational, religious, charitable, scientific or literary purposes, no substantial part of the activities of which consist of the carrying on of propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation or participating in or intervening in (including the publishing or distributing of statements) any political campaign on behalf of any candidate for public office, and no part of the net earnings of which insure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual, and otherwise.

FRATERNITY LAWS

The Laws of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity consist of the Constitution, the Statutory Code, the Ritual, Acts of the Supreme Council, and Executive Orders.

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The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Fraternity and all other Laws must be in accord with it. The Statutory Code contains the necessary rules and regulations to provide for the proper operation of the Fraternity and to provide specifications and restrictions on badges and other insignia. The Ritual contains the ceremony for the initiation of members, the installation of officers and the formal pledging ceremony. Interpretation of the Constitution and the Statutory Code is the responsibility of the Supreme Council.

Acts of the Supreme Council consist of m4nor regulations or provisions, which require frequent changes. Executive Orders include all orders issued by the Executive Offices of the Fraternity, not in conflict with any of the foregoing Laws. Executive Orders, as well as Acts of the Supreme Council, may be appealed to the General Convention in case of question regarding conflict with other Laws of the Fraternity.

REFERENCE: Constitution, Article X.

PROVINCES

The National Fraternity is divided into districts, known as Provinces, embracing such territory as the General Convention may determine. At present, there are three Provinces - Eastern, Central and Western, each representing approximately one-third of the United States and Canada along a north-south boundary. The boundaries were set in 1948 along north-south lines and remained in effect until 1990. The back cover of this Manual shows the boundaries as established in 1990 and which are in effect at this time.

In September, 2002, the General Convention voted to streamline the organization of the fraternity by eliminating the Provinces as a level of governance. However, Province Conventions will continue to be held in even numbered years, alternating with the General Convention. These are held concurrent with retreats or other brotherhood type events, where the focus is on brotherhood, tutorials, training, and developing a written Rush Plan. The only business conducted is to elect the Province Councilor.

REFERENCE: Statutory Code, Title X.

ACTIVE AND ALUMNI CHAPTERS

Active Chapters of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity may be established at any college or university offering a degree in an engineering curriculum which is approved by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), successor organization to the Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD). This provision is necessary for membership in the Professional Fraternities Association, in which Sigma Phi Delta is one of the two engineering fraternities. It assures that the undergraduate membership meets or exceeds the professional standards expected of engineers. A separate group governs the accreditation of Engineering curricula and engineers in Canada but it works closely with ABET in the United States.

An Active Chapter consists of the undergraduate members, pledges, such alumni members as signify their intention of remaining or becoming subject to the Laws of that Chapter, and faculty members. Alumni members on the active roll must be regularly enrolled students in the school where the Chapter is located.

An Active Chapter may provide for dues and assessments of its members, may adopt a set of By-Laws and such other Rules as may be necessary, provided that the By-Laws, rules and regulations must be approved by the Supreme Council before they become effective. Regular meetings of the Chapter are to be held at least twice each month during the academic year.

Alumni Chapters may be established in any city or locality upon petition of not less than ten resident alumni members in good standing. Such petition will be submitted to and approved by the Supreme Council.

An Alumni Chapter may adopt By-Laws, may assess dues and may adopt such other rules as may be necessary for the operation of the Chapter. An Alumni Chapter does not have the power to confer membership in the Fraternity. Most of the Alumni Chapters are incorporated for the purpose of holding property and most of the undergraduate Chapter houses are owned by the alumni chapter associated with that active chapter.

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REFERENCE: Constitution, Articles VII and VIII; Statutory Code, Titles XI, XIII and XIV.

MEMBERSHIP

There are four classes of membership in the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity: undergraduate, alumni, faculty and honorary. An Undergraduate Member is one who is an undergraduate student at the college or university at which the Chapter is located. An Alumnus Member is one who had been an undergraduate at the time of graduation or withdrawal from school or who is a regularly enrolled graduate student at a college or university at which an active chapter is located. Faculty Membership is conferred upon members of the Engineering and allied faculties of the university or college where the active chapter is located. Honorary Members are outstanding engineers elected to the Fraternity-at-large by the General Convention.

Active and Alumni members may not hold dual membership in any other general or professional fraternity. Faculty and Honorary Members may be members of other fraternities, either general or professional.

REFERENCE: Constitution, Article VI; Statutory Code, Title IX.

PLEDGESHIP

To be eligible for pledgeship, a man must be a regularly enrolled student working toward a degree in Engineering at the school where the Chapter is located, or, with special permission from the General Convention, working toward a degree in a four-year ABET accredited engineering technology curriculum at the School where the chapter is located. Before a man may be initiated, he must have been enrolled at the School for at least one term, he cannot be on probation, his grades must be equal to those required for graduation, he must be in good standing in the school, and must have been a pledge for a prescribed minimum period of time. No person may remain continuously a pledge for more than two semesters or three-quarters. At the end of such time, a pledge is automatically rescinded. A man must be a Pledge for at least three-fourths of a semester or one full quarter prior to initiation, except that the Supreme Council may approve a shortened pledge period for cause. Time of pledging is from the time of formal pledging at the time of initiation, provided an established pledge training program is in effect during that time.

Each undergraduate chapter is required to maintain a pledge training school, for which this Manual is prepared. Prior to initiation, the pledge must be examined on his knowledge of the Fraternity and must pass an examination by a grade of at least 70%. No pledge may be subjected to any indecent or dangerous ordeal during his pledgeship. Pledges will not be hazed, as defined in an earlier section of this Manual. At the same time, the pledge is prohibited from destroying or appropriating property belonging to others, to other chapters or to the National Fraternity. The single exception to this is the Rip-Off Trophy which each Chapter is expected to maintain for this purpose.

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SPECIAL DAYS

April 11 of each year is observed as Founder's Day of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. Each Chapter is expected to observe this day with an appropriate ceremony, which shall include such features as the Grand President prescribes.

CASTLE Day is celebrated each year during the month of October. The Province Councilor designates the nature of the program, which is to be held at this time.

REFERENCE: Statutory Code, Title XVI, Article 59.

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GENERAL CONVENTIONS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

First - Held on April 15 and 16, 1927, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Second - Held on September 3 and 4, 1929, in Austin, Texas, with Gamma Chapter as Host Chapter.

Third - Held on September 1 and 2, 1931, in Fargo, North Dakota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fourth - Held on June 29 and 30 and July 1, 1933, in Urbana, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fifth - Held on July 29, 30 and 31, 1936, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Sixth - Held on June 29 and 30 and July 1, 1939, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, with Epsilon Active and Minneapolis Alumni Chapters as Host Chapters.

Seventh - Held on January 2, 3 and 4, 1948, in Chicago, Illinois, with Iota Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eighth - Held on September 1, 2 and 3, 1949, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Ninth - Held on September 3, 4 and 5, 1951, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Tenth - Held on September 3, 4 and 5, 1953, in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eleventh - Held on September 1, 2 and 3, 1955, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twelfth - Held on September 5, 6 and 7, 1957, in Hamilton Lakes, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirteenth - Held on September 3, 4 and 5, 1959, in Berkeley, California, with Nu Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fourteenth - Held on August 31, September I and 2, 1961, in Oak Park, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fifteenth - Held on August 29, 30 and 31, 1963, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with Lambda Chapter as Host Chapter.

Sixteenth - Held on September 2, 3 and 4, 1965, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with Xi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Seventeenth - Held on August 30 and 31 and September 1, 1967, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eighteenth - Held on August 28, 29 and 30, 1969, in Chicago, Illinois, with Iota Chapter as Host Chapter.

Page 31 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

Nineteenth - Held on September 2, 3 and 4, 1971, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twentieth - Held on August 30 and 31 and September 1, 1973, in Moorhead, Minnesota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-First - Held on August 28, 29 and 30, 1975, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-Second - Held on September 1, 2 and 3, 1977, in Peoria, Illinois, with Rho Active and Central Illinois Alumni Chapters as Host Chapters.

Twenty-Third - Held an August 30 and 31 and September 1, 1979, near Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Active and Kappa Alumni Chapters as Host Chapters.

Twenty-Fourth - Held on September 3, 4 and 5, 1981, in Daytona Beach, Florida, with Pi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-Fifth - Held on September 1, 2 and 3, 1983, in Urbana, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-Sixth - Held an August 29, 30 and 31, 1985, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-Seventh - Held on September 1, 2 and 3, 1987, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-Eighth - Held on August 31, September 1 and 2, 1989, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with Xi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-Ninth - Held on August 29, 30 and 31, 1991, in Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirtieth - Held on September 2, 3 and 4, 1993, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirty-First - Held on August 31, September 1 and 2, 1995, in Fargo, North Dakota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirty-Second - Held on August 28, 29 and 30, 1997, in Brookings, South Dakota, with Phi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirty-Third - Held on July 15, 16 and 17, 1999, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirty-Fourth - Held on July 19, 20 and 21, 2001, in Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirty-Fifth - Held on July 24, 25, and 26, 2003, at Champaign, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirty-Sixth - Held on 2005, in ______

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PROVINCE CONVENTIONS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

CENTRAL PROVINCE

First - Held on September 9 and 10, 1950, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Second - Held on September 5 and 6, 1952, in Fargo, North Dakota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

Third - Held on September 24 and 25, 1954, in Chicago, Illinois, with Iota Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fourth - Held on September 28 and 29, 1956, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with Xi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fifth - Held on September 5 and 6, 1958, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Sixth - Held on September 23 and 24, 1960, in Fargo, North Dakota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

Seventh - Held on September 28 and 29, 1962, in Chicago, Illinois, with Iota Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eighth - Held on September 25 and 26, 1964, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with Xi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Ninth - Held on September 23 and 24, 1966, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Tenth - Held on September 20 and 21, 1968, in Fargo, North Dakota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eleventh - Held on September 19 and 20, 1970, in Chicago, Illinois, with Iota Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twelfth - Held on September 22 and 23, 1972, in Peoria, Illinois, with Rho Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirteenth - Held on September 27 and 28, 1974, in Oak Park, Illinois, with Iota Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fourteenth - Held on October 29 and 30, 1976, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with Xi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fifteenth - Held on October 7 and 8, 1978, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Sixteenth - Held on September 19 and 20, 1980, in Fargo, North Dakota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

Seventeenth - Held on September 17 and 18, 1982, in Peoria, Illinois, with Rho Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eighteenth - Held on September 7 and 8, 1984, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with Xi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Nineteenth - Held on August 29 and 30, 1986, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twentieth - Held on September 23 and 24, 1988, in Fargo, North Dakota, with Epsilon Chapter as Host Chapter.

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Twenty-First - Held on November 9 and 10, 1990, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with Xi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-Second - Held on September 4, 5 and 6, 1992, in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, as part of the First Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Third - Held on September 2, 3 and 4, 1994, in Rosemont, Illinois, as part of the Second Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Fourth - Held on August 30, 31 and September 1, 1996, in Urbana, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Third Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Fifth - Held on July 30, 31 and August 1, 1998, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Fourth Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Sixth - Held on June 29, 30 and July 1, 2000, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Fifth Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Seventh - Retreat held over the weekend of 18-20 January, 2002, near Eau Claire, WI.

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EASTERN PROVINCE

First - Held on December 2 and 3, 1950, in Urbana, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Second - Held on October 4 and 5, 1952, in Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter.

Third - Held on October 9 and 10, 1954, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with Lambda Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fourth - Held on October 20 and 21, 1956, in Urbana, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fifth - Held on September 26 and 27, 1958, in Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter.

Sixth - Held on September 30 and October 1, 1960, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with Lambda Chapter as Host Chapter.

Seventh - Held on October 19 and 20, 1962, in East Lansing, Michigan, with Omicron Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eighth - Held on November 27 and 28, 1964, in Miami, Florida, with Pi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Ninth - Held on October 14 and 15, 1966, in Champaign, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Tenth - Held on October 18 and 19, 1968, in Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eleventh - Held on October 23 and 24, 1970, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with Lambda Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twelfth - Held on November 24 and 25, 1972, in Daytona Beach, Florida, with Pi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirteenth - Held on October 11 and 12, 1974, in Champaign, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fourteenth - Held on September 24 and 25, 1976, in Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fifteenth - Held on October 27 and 28, 1978, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with Lambda Chapter as Host Chapter.

Sixteenth - Held on November 28 and 29, 1980, in Daytona Beach, Florida, with Pi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Seventeenth - Held on October 29 and 30, 1982, in Champaign, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eighteenth - Held on October 12 and 13, 1984, in Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter.

Nineteenth - Held on October 24 and 25, 1986, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, with Lambda Chapter as Host Chapter.

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Twentieth - Held on September 2 and 3, 1988, in Daytona Beach, Florida, with Pi Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-First - Held on October 6 and 7, 1990, in Champaign, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twenty-Second - Held on September 4, 5 and 6, 1992, in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, as part of the First Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Third - Held on September 2, 3 and 4, 1994, in Rosemont, Illinois, as part of the Second Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Fourth - Held on August 30, 31 and September 1, 1996, in Urbana, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Third Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Fifth - Held on July 30, 31 and August 1, 1998, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Fourth Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Sixth - Held on June 29, 30 and July 1, 2000, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Fifth Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Seventh - Retreat held at Ohioplye State Park in southwestern Pennsylvania, on June 7-9, 2002.

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WESTERN PROVINCE

First - Held on September 20 and 21, 1952, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Second - Held on September 4 and 5, 1954, in Santa Monica, California, with Mu Chapter as Host Chapter.

Third - Held on September 1 and 2, 1956, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fourth - Held on August 30 and 31, 1958, in Berkeley, California, with Nu Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fifth - Held on September 2 and 3, 1960, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Sixth - Held on August 31 and September 1, 1962, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Seventh - Held on September 4 and 5, 1964, in Berkeley, California, with Nu Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eighth - Held on September 2 and 3, 1966, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Ninth - Held on August 30 and 31, 1968, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Tenth - Held on September 5 and 6, 1970, in Berkeley, California, with Nu Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eleventh - Held on September 1 and 2, 1972, in Long Beach, California, with Sigma Chapter as Host Chapter.

Twelfth - Held on November 1 and 2, 1974, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Thirteenth - Held on November 12 and 13, 1976, in Los Angeles, California, with Tau Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fourteenth - Held on October 14 and 15, 1978, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Fifteenth - Held on September 26 and 27, 1980, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Sixteenth - Held on October 9 and 10, 1982, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host Chapter.

Seventeenth - Held on October 6 and 7, 1984, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter.

Eighteenth - Held on September 9 and 10, 1988, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host.

Nineteenth - Held on November 9 and 10, 1990, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Chapter as Host.

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Twentieth - Held on September 4, 5 and 6, 1992, in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, as part of the First Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-First - Held on September 2, 3 and 4, 1994, in Rosemont, Illinois, as part of the Second Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty- Second - Held on August 30, 31 and September 1, 1996, in Urbana, Illinois, with Delta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Third Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Third - Held on July 30, 31 and August 1, 1998, in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Fourth Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Fourth - Held on June 29, 30 and July 1, 2000, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter as Host Chapter, as part of the Fifth Tutorial and Joint Province Convention.

Twenty-Fifth - Because of the distances involved, two Western Province Retreats were held: One was at Evans Lake in the Vancouver area over the weekend of January 18-20, 2002. The second was held at Camp Arbolado, near Los Angeles, on February 1-3, 2002.

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THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

1926-1927 Grand President Gilbert H. Dunstan, Alpha (1) Grand Vice-President H. R. Rosenow, Beta (2) Grand Secretary-Treasurer F. E. Ridley, Alpha (3) Field Representatives M. B. Pritchard, Alpha (4) Nathan E. Way, Beta (5)

1928-1929 Grand President Maurice B. Nelles, Beta (69) Grand Vice-President Orris Shattuck, Jr., Beta (71) Grand Secretary-Treasurer Ralph M. Sherick, Alpha (25) Field Representatives Gilbert H. Dunstan, Alpha George H. Tomkins, Beta (77)

1930-1931 Grand President Maurice B. Nelles, Beta Grand Vice-President William A. Rundquist, Epsilon (211) Grand Secretary-Treasurer Irving L. Peabody, Gamma (138) Field Representatives Gilbert H. Dunstan, Alpha Donald W. Brown, Delta (197) (Resigned, replaced by Cornelius E. Hogeboom, Beta (64)

1932-1933 Grand President William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Grand Vice-President William C. Hellings, Alpha (21) (Resigned, replaced by Francis J. Simonitsch, Epsilon (210)) Grand Editor Gilbert H. Dunstan, Alpha Northern Province Councilor Cornelius E. Hogeboom, Beta (64) Southern Province Councilor Murvan M. Maxwell, Zeta (297)

1934-1935 Grand President William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Grand Vice-President Francis J. Simonitsch, Epsilon (210) (Resigned, replaced by Albert A. Wells, Delta (192)) Grand Editor Gilbert H. Dunstan Northern Province Councilor Cornelius E. Hogeboom, Beta Southern Province Councilor Murvan M. Maxwell, Zeta Western Province Councilor Donald J. MacLaurin, Theta (564)

1936-1937 Grand President William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Grand Vice-President Albert A. Wells, Delta Grand Editor Cornelius E. Hogeboom, Beta Member-at-Large Gordon J. Griffith, Eta (476) Northern Province Councilor Delbert R. McNew, Iota (737) Western Province Councilor John H. Ganzenhuber, Alpha (374)

1938-1939 Grand President William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Grand Vice-President Albert A. Wells, Delta Editor of the CASTLE Cornelius E. Hogeboom, Beta Councilor-at-Large Gordon J. Griffith, Eta Northern Province Councilor Delbert R. McNew, Iota Western Province Councilor John H. Ganzenhuber, Alpha

1940-1947 Grand President William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Grand Vice-President John G. Ganzenhuber, Alpha Councilor-at-Large David J. McDonald, Epsilon (677) Northern Province Councilor John J. Dunphy, Eta (463) Western Province Councilor John MacDermot, Theta (783)

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1948-1949 Grand President LeRoy C. Horpedahl, Epsilon (1264) Grand Vice-President David McDonald, Epsilon (677) Editor of the CASTLE William A. Rundquist, Epsilon (211) Eastern Province Councilor Wilfred Hamilton, Kappa (1646) Central Province Councilor John Gray, Iota (1585) Western Province Councilor John G. Ellis, Alpha (38)

1950-1951 Grand President Russell C. Smith, Delta (208) Grand Vice-President LeRoy C. Horpedahl, Epsilon (1264) Editor of the CASTLE Carl E. Huxley, Alpha (1188) Eastern Province Councilor Robert J. Beals, Delta (1248) Central Province Councilor John Gray, Iota Western Province Councilor John G. Ellis, Alpha

1952-1953 Grand President Robert J. Beals, Delta (1248) Grand Vice-President Albert G. Shore, Theta (1137) Editor of the CASTLE Carl E. Huxley, Alpha (Resigned June 9, 1952, replaced by Edwin A. Witort, Delta (1555) on July 1, 1952) Eastern Province Councilor Lester R. Medlen, Lambda (2357) Central Province Councilor Russell C. Smith, Delta (Resigned on October 1, 1952, replaced by Orville J. Banasik, Epsilon (1572)) Western Province Councilor John G. Ellis, Alpha

1954-1955 Grand President Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President Albert G. Shore, Theta Editor of the CASTLE Edwin A. Witort, Delta Eastern Province Councilor Lyle D. Oleson, Kappa (1632) Central Province Councilor Orville J. Banasik, Epsilon Western Province Councilor John G. Ellis, Alpha

1956-1957 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President Orville J. Banasik, Epsilon Editor of the CASTLE Lyle D. Oleson, Kappa Eastern Province Councilor Ronald D. Hughes, Lambda (2871) (Resigned on November 1, 1956, replaced by Joseph F. Bowers, Lambda (3155)) Central Province Councilor Raymond J. Kipp, Eta (2196) (Resigned on September 1, 1956, replaced by William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta (2496)) Western Province Councilor Philip R. Field, Alpha (2330)

1958-1959 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President Orville J. Banasik, Epsilon Editor of the CASTLE Lyle D. Oleson, Kappa Eastern Province Councilor Marion B. Stults, Lambda (2962) (Succeeded by Charles E. Peterson, Kappa (3165) on January 1, 1959) Central Province Councilor William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta (Resigned on July 1, 1959, replaced by Virgil D. Miller, Epsilon (3345) on September 3, 1959) Western Province Councilor Philip R. Field, Alpha (Succeeded by Barnard C. Johnson, Nu (2795) on January 1, 1959)

1960-1961 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President John G. Ellis, Alpha (38) Editor of the CASTLE Lyle D. Oleson, Kappa (Resigned on April 1, 1960, replaced by John Gray, Iota, on April 4, 1960) Eastern Province Councilor Charles E. Peterson, Kappa (3165) Central Province Councilor Virgil D. Miller, Epsilon (Resigned on July 1, 1960, replaced by Joseph M. Mann, Epsilon (3044), on October 1, 1960)

Page 40 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

Western Province Councilor on January 1, 1961, by Barnard C. Johnson, Nu (2795) (Succeeded William W. Wilson, Mu (3102))

1962-1963 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President John G. Ellis, Alpha Editor of the CASTLE John Gray, Iota (Resigned on February 11, 1963, replaced by Orville J. Banasik, Epsilon, on February 11, 1963) Eastern Province Councilor Charles E. Peterson, Kappa Central Province Councilor Joseph M. Mann, Epsilon (Resigned an October 1, 1962, replaced by Richard J. DeJonghe, Iota (2114) on October 1, 1962) Western Province Councilor William H. Wilson, Nu

1964-1965 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President Lyle D. Oleson, Kappa (Resigned on October 16, 1964, replaced by Allyn E. Harth, Epsilon (2316) on December 5, 1964) Editor of the CASTLE Orville J. Banasik, Epsilon Eastern Province Councilor Charles E. Peterson, Kappa (Resigned on January 20, 1965, replaced by Robert D. Malinowski, Delta (4047) on January 20, 1965) Central Province Councilor Richard J. DeJonghe, Iota (Succeeded by William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta (2496) on January 1, 1965) Western Province Councilor William H. Wilson, Mu (Resigned on February 1, 1964, replaced by W. Robert McIlvenna, Alpha (1257) on February 1, 1964. McIlvenna was recalled by the General Convention on September 1, 1965, replaced by John G. Ellis, Alpha, (38) on September 1, 1965)

1966-1967 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President William M. Jermain, Jr. Eta (2496) (Resigned on January 1, 1967, replaced by Michael J. Deuel, Eta (3680) on January 1, 1967) Editor of the CASTLE Orville J. Banasik, Epsilon Eastern Province Councilor Robert D. Malinowski, Delta (Resigned on January 20, 1967, replaced by Joseph M. Mann, Epsilon (3044) on January 28, 1967) Central Province Councilor Robert S. Morrison, Xi (2883) Western Province Councilor John G. Ellis, Alpha

1968-1969 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President Michael J. Deuel, Eta Editor of the CASTLE Orville J. Banasik, Epsilon Eastern Province Councilor Joseph M. Mann, Epsilon (Succeeded on January 1, 1969, by Terrill G. Hicks, Delta (3652) Central Province Councilor Robert S. Morrison, Xi (Succeeded on January 1, 1969, by Theodore W. Olsen, Rho (4731)) Western Province Councilor Kenneth R. Gielow, Nu (3550)

1970-1971 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President Kenneth J. Puckall, Xi (4485) (Resigned on August 29, 1970, replaced by Gerald A. Kraatz, Rho (4728) on August 29, 1970) Editor of the CASTLE Albert H. Perdon, Sigma (5175) Eastern Province Councilor Terrill G. Hicks, Delta (Resigned on April 21, 1970, replaced by Charles E. Newell, Lambda (4911) on April 21, 1970) Central Province Councilor Theodore W. Olsen, Rho (Succeeded on January 1, 1971, by Dennis E. Kroll, Rho (4896)) Western Province Councilor Kenneth R. Gielow, Nu (Resigned on March 1, 1970, replaced by Charles A. Freberg, Alpha (4512) on March 1, 1970)

1972-1973 Grand President Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Grand Vice-President Gerald A. Kraatz, Rho (4728)

Page 41 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

Editor of the CASTLE Dale A. Hachtel, Rho (4725) Eastern Province Councilor Charles E. Newell, Lambda (4911) (Resigned on February 1, 1972, replaced by James M. Fleming, Kappa (4795), who was succeeded on January 1, 1973, by Frank J. Fronczak, Jr., Delta (5238), who resigned on August 11, 1973, and was replaced by James F. Sapienza, Delta (5194)) Central Province Councilor Dennis E. Kroll, Rho Western Province Councilor Charles A. Freberg, Alpha (4512) (Succeeded on January 1, 1973, by Robert D. Malinowski, Delta)

1974-1975 Grand President Gerald A. Kraatz, Rho (4728) Grand Vice-President Russel K. Sanford, Kappa (5262) Editor of the CASTLE Dale A. Hachtel, Rho Eastern Province Councilor James F. Sapienza, Delta (5194) (Resigned on March 15, 1974, succeeded by Benjamin L. McCash, Delta (4900) on March 15, 1974) Central Province Councilor Dennis E. Kroll, (Rho) (Succeeded on January 1, 1975, by Craig Nolan, Iota (5044), who resigned on August 1, 1975, to be succeeded by Robert A. Wilcopolski, Iota (5038) on August 1, 1975) Western Province Councilor Robert D. Malinowski, Delta (Resigned on December 1, 1974, replaced by Philip G. Robinson, Tau (5494), who was recalled by the General Convention on June 1, 1975, to be replaced by Bruce C. Myatt, Alpha (5573) on September 1, 1975)

1976-1977 Grand President Benjamin L. McCash, Delta Grand Vice-President Richard N. Zigler, Kappa (5219) Editor of the CASTLE Dale A. Hachtel, Rho Eastern Province Councilor Arnold A. Taube, Delta (5536) (Succeeded on January 1, 1977, by Robert A. Wileopolski, Iota, who resigned on August 31, 1977, to be replaced by Richard N. Zigler, Kappa, while also serving as Grand Vice-President) Central Province Councilor Robert A. Wilcopolski, Iota (Succeeded on January 1, 1977, by Dennis E. Kroll, Rho) Western Province Councilor Bruce C. Myatt, Alpha (Resigned on April 1, 1977, replaced by Raymond T. Lulewicz, Delta (5635) on April 1, 1977)

1978-1979 Grand President Benjamin L. McCash, Delta Grand Vice-President Robert A. Podoll, Epsilon (5677) Editor of the CASTLE David E. Vosecky, Delta (4959) Eastern Province Councilor Richard N. Zigler, Kappa (Resigned on March 17, 1979. The position was vacant for the remainder of the calendar year.) Central Province Councilor Douglas H. McFadzean, Xi (5608) Western Province Councilor Raymond T. Lulewicz, Delta (Resigned on April 1, 1978, replaced by Robert M. Ferrell, Alpha (5426) on April 1, 1978)

1980-1981 Grand President Benjamin L. McCash, Delta Grand Vice-President Robert S. Giurato, Delta (5100) Editor of the CASTLE David E. Vosecky, Delta Eastern Province Councilor Anthony R. Phillips, Pi (5886) Central Province Councilor Douglas H. McFadzean, Xi Western Province Councilor Robert M. Ferrell, Alpha (Resigned an September 25, 1980, replaced by Walter A. Hornby, Xi (5771) on September 28, 1980)

1982-1983 Grand President William J. Reinert, Delta (3178) Grand Vice-President Robert S. Giurato, Delta Editor of the CASTLE David E. Vosecky, Delta Eastern Province Councilor Anthony R. Phillips, Pi (Resigned on November 1, 1982, replaced by Donald J. Nelson, Delta (6090) on November 1, 1982) Central Province Councilor Douglas H. McFadzean, Xi (Resigned on September 18, 1982, replaced by Jacob L. LaRue, Epsilon (5729) on September 18, 1982)

Page 42 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

Western Province Councilor Walter A. Hornby, Xi

1984-1985 Grand President William J. Reinert, Delta Grand Vice-President Dennis E. Kroll, Rho Editor of the CASTLE David E. Vosecky, Delta Eastern Province Councilor Donald J. Nelson, Delta Central Province Councilor Jacob L. LaRue, Epsilon (Resigned on March 10, 1984, replaced by George J. Flanders, Rho (6122) on March 10, 1984) Western Province Councilor Walter A. Hornby, Xi

1986-1987 Grand President William J. Reinert, Delta Grand Vice-President George J. Flanders, Rho (6122) Editor of the CASTLE David E. Vosecky, Delta Eastern Province Councilor James C. Kwock, Alpha (6444) Central Province Councilor James P. Schleck, Epsilon (6184) Western Province Councilor Michael Schulz, Epsilon (6244)

1988-1989 Grand President George J. Flanders, Rho Grand Vice-President James P. Schleck, Epsilon Editor of the CASTLE LeRoy Kadrmas, Epsilon (6289) Eastern Province Councilor James C. Kwock, Alpha (Resigned on September 15, 1989, replaced by G. Mark Shaw, Delta (6321) on September 15, 1989) Central Province Councilor Donald J. Nelson, Delta Western Province Councilor Michael Schulz, Epsilon (Succeeded on January 1, 1989, by Bradley T. Fiechtner, Epsilon (6332))

1990-1991 Grand President William J. Reinert, Delta (3178) Grand Vice-President Brian S. Nissley, Kappa (6601) Editor of the CASTLE LeRoy Kadrmas, Epsilon Eastern Province Councilor G. Mark Shaw, Delta (6321) (Succeeded on January 1, 1991, by David A. Forder, Delta (6619)) Central Province Councilor Donald J. Nelson, Delta (Succeeded on January 1, 1991, by Michael L. Fox, Eta (6656)) Western Province Councilor Bradley T. Fiechtner, Epsilon (Succeeded on January 1, 1991, by Randall J. Hein, Delta (6662))

1992-1993 Grand President Paul A. Lindner, Delta (6621) Grand Vice-President Keith A. Colombo, Pi (6015) Editor of the CASTLE Edward A. Hurst, Alpha (6501) Eastern Province Councilor David A. Forder, Delta Central Province Councilor Michael L. Fox, Eta (Succeeded on January 1, 1993, by Jason E. Lukas, Eta (6799)) Western Province Councilor Randall J. Hein, Delta

1994-1995 Grand President Paul A. Lindner, Delta Grand Vice-President Dennis E. Kroll, Rho (4896) Editor of the CASTLE Peter J. Zingelman, Eta (6804) Eastern Province Councilor David A. Forder, Delta (Resigned on April 22, 1995. Replaced by Eric P. Messerschmidt, Delta (6419) on August 30, 1995) Central Province Councilor Jason E. Lukas, Eta (Resigned on April 22, 1995. Replaced by Michael W. Louden, Delta (6891) on August 30, 1995) Western Province Councilor Randall J. Hein, Delta

1996-1997 Grand President Scott F. Everett, Epsilon (6544) Grand Vice-President Paul A. Lindner, Delta

Page 43 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

Editor of the CASTLE Joseph J. Welinski, Delta (6046) (Resigned on February 22, 1997. Replaced by Burt A. Wagner III, Delta (6896), as Communications Director on August 30, 1997) Eastern Province Councilor Eric P. Messerschmidt, Delta (Resigned on on August 30, 1997. Replaced by Michael L. Votaw, Kappa (6860) on August 30, 1997) Central Province Councilor Michael W. Louden, Delta (Succeeded on January 1, 1997, by Jason W. Larson, Epsilon (7044)) Western Province Councilor Randall J. Hein, Delta (Succeeded on January 1, 1997, by Benjamin D. Prins, Theta (6812))

1998-1999 Grand President Paul A. Lindner, Delta Grand Vice-President Scott F. Everett, Epsilon (Resigned on April 26, 1999. Replaced Keith J. Hileman, Kappa (7289) on April 26, 1999) Communications Director Burt A. Wagner III, Delta Eastern Province Councilor Michael L. Votaw, Kappa Central Province Councilor Jason W. Larson, Epsilon (Resigned on March 7, 1998. Replaced by J. Christopher Perez, Eta (6802) on July 30, 1998) Western Province Councilor Benjamin D. Prins, Theta

2000-2001 Grand President Paul A. Lindner, Delta Grand Vice-President Keith J. Hileman, Kappa Communications Director Burt A. Wagner III, Delta Eastern Province Councilor Michael L. Votaw, Kappa Central Province Councilor J. Christopher Perez, Eta (Resigned on February 26, 2001. Replaced by Michael J. Stelzner, Eta (7339) on February 26, 2001) Western Province Councilor Benjamin D. Prins, Theta (Resigned on July 1, 2000. Replaced by Kevin D. Oldknow, Theta (7153) on July 1, 2000)

2002-2003 Grand President Derek R. Troy, Alpha (7232) Grand Vice-President Keith J. Hileman, Kappa Communications Director Alixandre R. Minden, Kappa (7436) Eastern Province Councilor Michael L. Votaw, Kappa Central Province Councilor Michael J. Stelzner, Eta (Succeeded on January 1, 2003 by Matt C. Hayes, Eta (7585) on January 1, 2003) Western Province Councilor Kevin D. Oldknow, Theta (Resigned on January 1, 2002. Replaced by Darren Farnworth (7297), Theta on January 1, 2002)

2004-2005 Grand President ______Grand Vice-President ______Communications Director ______Eastern Province Councilor ______Central Province Councilor ______Western Province Councilor ______

Page 44 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

GENERAL MANAGERS of SIGMA PHI DELTA

1928 Gilbert H. Dunstan, Alpha (1) 1929-1931 William C. Hellings, Alpha (21) 1931-1933 Walter C. Nelson, Epsilon (234) 1934-1949 Russell C. Smith, Delta (208) 1950-1951 Warren E. Porter, Iota (1953) 1952-1957 John Gray, Iota (1985)

(On December 31, 1957, the Office of General Manager was eliminated and was superseded by the Office of Executive Secretary, which became operational on January 1, 1958.) EXECUTIVE SECRETARIES OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

January 1, 1958 to July 1, 1959 Joseph F. Bowers, Lambda (3155) (Resigned) July 1, 1959 to January 1, 1963 William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta (2496) (Resigned) January 1, 1963 to June 1, 1964 Michael J. Deuel, Eta (3680) (Resigned) June 1, 1964 to January 20, 1965 J. Patrick Carey, Eta (4141) (Resigned) January 20, 1965 to January 21, 1967 Charles E. Peterson, Kappa (3165) (Resigned) January 21, 1967 to January 13, 1968 Robert D. Malinowski, Delta (4047) (Resigned) January 13, 1968 to June 1, 1968 Donald G. Janiak, Iota (4122) (Removed from Office by the Supreme Council) June 1, 1968 to January 1, 1974 William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta January 1, 1974 to July 1, 1998 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta (1248) (Retired) July 1, 1998 to January 1, 2000 Edward A. Hurst, Alpha (6501) January 1, 2000 to June 1, 2001 Derek R. Troy, Alpha (7232)

(On January 1, 2000 the appointed offices of Treasurer and Merchandise/Fundraising Manager were created to assist in the duties of the Office of Executive Secretary)

TREASURERS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

January 1, 2000 to ______Edward A. Hurst, Alpha (6501)

(On June 1, 2001, the office of Executive Director was created as Sigma Phi Delta’s first full-time salaried position. This office encompasses the duties of Executive Secretary, Circulation Manager and Merchandise/Fundraising Manager)

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS OF SIGMA PHI DELTA June 1, 2001 to ______Robert R. Featheringham, Lambda (3798)

Page 45 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF SIGMA PHI DELTA

The Board of Trustees of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity was established by an Act of the Second General Convention in 1929. The Board of Trustees became functional for the first time in 1952, however, when the Endowment Funds of the Fraternity were turned over to the Board by the General Manager, who had managed the Funds to this date. The transfer of funds was carried out when the Fraternity was Incorporated in the State of California on September 29, 1952.

1930-1931 Maurice B. Nelles, Beta (69) Albert B. Collins, Alpha (11) M. B. Pritchard, Alpha (4)

1932-1933 William A. Rundquist, Epsilon (211) Albert B. Collins, Alpha M. B. Pritchard, Alpha

1934-1935 William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Albert B. Collins, Alpha M. B. Pritchard, Alpha

1936-1937 William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Albert B. Collins, Alpha M. B. Pritchard, Alpha

1938-1938 William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Albert B. Collins, Alpha M. B. Pritchard, Alpha

1940-1941 William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Gordon Strong, Epsilon (402) Abner M. Ingebretson, Epsilon (338)

1942-1947 William A. Rundquist, Epsilon Walter S. Eschbach, Alpha (598) Jack A. Cortright, Alpha (1276)

1948-1949 LeRoy C. Horpedahl, Epsilon (1264) Jack A. Cortright, Alpha J. W. B. Stanley, Alpha (706)

1950-1951 Russell C. Smith, Delta (208) J. W. B. Stanley, Alpha Jack A. Cortright, Alpha

1952-1953 Robert J. Beals, Delta (1248) Richard C. Sandusky, Alpha (939) W. Robert McIlvenna, Alpha (1257)

1954-1955 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Richard C. Sandusky, Alpha W. Robert McIlvenna, Alpha

1956-1957 Dr. Robert J. Beals , Delta Richard C. Sandusky, Alpha

Page 46 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

W. Robert McIlvenna, Alpha

1958-1959 Dr. Robert J. Beals , Delta W. Robert McIlvenna, Alpha Richard C. Sandusky, Alpha (Succeeded on January 1, 1959, by George 0. Neuman, Mu (2399)) Joseph F. Bowers, Lambda (3155), ex-officio from January 1, 1958, to July 1, 1959, succeeded by William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta (2496) on July 1, 1959)

1960-1961 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta George 0. Neuman, Mu W. Robert McIlvenna, Alpha (Succeeded on January 1, 1961, by A. Robert Nagy, Alpha (2323)) William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta, ex-officio

1962-1963 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta George 0. Neuman, Mu (Succeeded on January 1, 1963, by Paul M. Sapp, Alpha (73)) A. Robert Nagy, Alpha William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta, ex-officio (Succeeded on January 1, 1963, by Michael J. Deuel, Eta (3680)

1964-1965 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta A. Robert Nagy, Alpha (Succeeded on November 1, 1965, by James E. Sublett, Jr., Alpha (2103)) Paul M. Sapp, Alpha (Deceased March 28, 1964, succeeded by John G. Ellis, Alpha (38) on March 28, 1964) Michael J. Deuel, Eta, ex-officio (Succeeded on June 1, 1964, by J. Patrick Carey, Eta (4141), who was succeeded on January 20, 1965, by Charles E. Peterson, Kappa (3165))

1966-1967 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta John G. Ellis, Alpha James E. Sublett, Jr., Alpha Charles E. Peterson, Kappa, ex-officio (Succeeded an January 21, 1967, by Robert D. Malinowski, Delta (4047))

1968-1969 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Brian F. George, Nu (3549) James E. Sublett, Jr., Alpha (Succeeded on January 1, 1969, by Robert D. Malinowski, Delta) Donald G. Janiak, Iota (4122), ex-officio (Succeeded on June 1, 1968, by William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta (2496))

1970-1971 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Brian F. George, Nu (Succeeded on January 1, 1971, by Michael J. Deuel, Eta (3680) Robert D. Malinowski, Delta William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta, ex-officio

1972-1973 Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta Michael J. Deuel, Eta Robert D. Malinowski, Delta William M. Jermain, Jr., Eta, ex-officio

1974-1975 Gerald A. Kraatz, Rho (4728) Michael J. Deuel, Eta Robert D. Malinowski, Delta Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1976-1977 Benjamin L. McCash, Delta (4900)

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Michael J. Deuel, Eta Robert D. Malinowski, Delta (Resigned on April 15, 1977, succeeded by Ernest L. Cody, Eta (3869) on April 15, 1977) Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1978-1979 Benjamin L. McCash, Delta Michael J. Deuel, Eta Ernest L. Cody, Eta Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1980-1981 Benjamin L. McCash, Delta Michael J. Deuel, Eta Ernest L. Cody, Eta Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1982-1983 William J. Reinert, Delta (3178) Michael J. Deuel, Eta Ernest L. Cody, Eta Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1984-1985 William J. Reinert, Delta Michael J. Deuel, Eta Ernest L. Cody, Eta (Succeeded on January 1, 1985, by Steven D. Reichwein, Alpha (6281)) Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1986-1987 William J. Reinert, Delta Michael J. Deuel, Eta (Succeeded on January 1, 1987, by James C. Phillips, Alpha (6341) Steven D. Reichwein, Alpha (6281) Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1988-1989 George J. Flanders, Rho (6122) James C. Phillips, Alpha Steven D. Reichwein, Alpha Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1990-1991 William J. Reinert, Delta (3178) Steven D. Reichwein, Alpha James C. Phillips, Alpha (Succeeded on January 1, 1991, by Scott E. Zerga, Alpha (6562)) Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1992-1993 Paul A. Lindner, Delta (6621) Steven D. Reichwein, Alpha Scott E. Zerga, Alpha Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1994-1995 Paul A. Lindner, Delta Steven D. Reichwein, Alpha Scott E. Zerga, Alpha Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1996-1997 Scott F. Everett, Epsilon (6544) Steven D. Reichwein, Alpha (Succeeded on January 1, 1997, by Bruce C. Myatt, Alpha (5573)) Scott E. Zerga, Alpha Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio

1998-1999 Paul A. Lindner, Delta

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Bruce C. Myatt, Alpha Scott E. Zerga, Alpha (Succeeded on February 14, 1999, by Roger Fischer, Alpha (6553), following the death of Trustee-elect William J. Trader, Delta (1180) on November 4, 1998) Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta, ex-officio (Retired on July 1, 1998, succeeded by Edward A. Hurst, Alpha (6501) on July 1, 1998)

2000-2001 Paul A. Lindner, Delta Bruce C. Myatt, Alpha Roger Fischer, Alpha Derek R. Troy, Alpha (7232), ex-officio

2002-2003 Derek R. Troy, Alpha Bruce C. Myatt, Alpha Roger Fischer, Alpha (Succeeded on January 1, 2003, by Adam C. Lynch, Alpha (6854)) Robert R. Featheringham, Lambda (3798), ex-officio

2004-2005 ______

Page 49 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE SIGMA PHI DELTA FOUNDATION

The Sigma Phi Delta Foundation was established in 1991 as a not-for-profit, 501(c)(3), organization, which could accept (U.S.) tax-deductible contributions for educational purposes. It was incorporated on November 5, 1991, in the state of Ohio. The three Officers of the Foundation’s Board of Directors are: a President, Vice President and Secretary-Treasurer. Board members are elected for six-year terms and may succeed themselves only once. One Board member is elected every two years at the General Convention.

1992-1997 William J. Reinert, Delta (3178) Gary L. Ray, Kappa (4526) Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta (1248)

1998-2003 William J. Reinert, Delta (Succeeded on January 1, 2000, by Dennis E. Kroll, Rho (4896)) Gary L. Ray, Kappa (Succeeded on January 1, 2002, by Charles D. Shrontz, Lambda (4618)) Dr. Robert J. Beals, Delta

2004-2009 ______

2010-2015 ______

Page 50 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002

PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE

Practically any meeting of consequence is governed by parliamentary law. A knowledge of the general principles and practices will serve as an invaluable aid throughout life. It is important that a pledge become acquainted with these Rules in order to better take his place in a formal house meeting after initiation. He will also be much better qualified for leadership in campus activities if he understands, and uses, these practices.

The list of rules and definitions which follow are by no means complete. For a complete consideration, the reader's attention is directed to the latest edition of Robert's Rules of Order or Jones' Parliamentary Procedure at a Glance. Other books of equal value are in your campus library and one such book should be a part of the Chapter library.

In most organizations, the following general order of Business is followed:

1. CALL TO ORDER: The Chairman says: "The meeting will please come to order".

2. ROLL CALL: Members may say "present' as their names are called, or the Secretary may take a silent roll call.

3. MINUTES : The Secretary reads a record of the last meeting. In most organizations, a member moves to "receive" or "accept" or "approve" the Minutes after they are read. If there are mistakes they are corrected before they are approved or accepted. The use of "approved" or "accepted" has the same connotation. The use of "receive" is of lesser stature and does not necessarily imply either approval or acceptance but the desire of the organization to get the concerned material in the Minutes of the meeting.

4. OFFICER'S REPORTS: Often limited to a Report from the Treasurer, but others may report at this time.

5. COMMITTEE REPORTS: First come reports from "Standing" or permanent committees, then reports from "Ad hoc" or "Special" committees. Depending on the organization, reports are received or accepted. The explanation of the difference of these two motions is discussed above and will be enlarged upon later.

6. SPECIAL ORDERS: Important business previously designated for consideration at this meeting, perhaps referred from a previous meeting to be considered at this time.

7. UNFINISHED OR OLD BUSINESS: This is business left over from previous meetings. It might resemble "Special Orders" and sometimes the two are combined. Special Orders must be considered. Unfinished business might be overlooked.

8. NEW BUSINESS AND RESOLUTIONS: The introduction of new topics for consideration by the group is "New business". At this time, announcements of other subjects and topics for information of the group may be made.

9. ADJOURNMENT: The meeting ends by a vote or by general consent (or by the Chair's decision if the time of adjournment was prearranged by vote.

The following terms are used in the conduct of meetings and should be learned by all attempting parliamentary procedure:

THE CHAIR: This is the chairman of the meeting. This, in the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, is normally the Chapter Chief Engineer in Chapter meetings. He is to be addressed as “Mr. Chairman” or “Mr. President” or possibly “Brother Chairman”, in the case of house meetings or Fraternity Conventions. This form of address should

Page 51 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 be used to the Member occupying the Chair, even if he should be only temporarily in charge, as when the vice- president presides in lieu of the president.

MINUTES : The minutes are the record of previous meetings. They should be taken as completely as the situation warrants. Motions should be recorded verbatim, where this is possible. The Chair calls on the Secretary to read the Minutes of the previous meetings. After the reading, the Chairman asks, “Are there any corrections or additions?” Any changes are made and then the Minutes “stand approved as read (or printed, in the case of Convention Minutes)”. Even minor changes to the Minutes should be confirmed by vote. Expunging from the Minutes requires a unanimous vote and should seldom be attempted.

REPORTS: These reports follow the reading of the Minutes. First comes the reading, or the summarization, of the Officers’ Reports. The Chair will have a listing of the Standing Committees and should ask for their Chairmen to report in the order of importance. He may ask, “Has the Social Committee a Report?” If the Committee has a Report, the Chairman of the Committee rises, addresses the Chair, is recognized and proceeds to give his Committee’s report. If there is no Report, the Chair is so advised and the next Report is called for.

RECIEPT OR ACCEPTANCE OF A REPORT: While this was mentioned briefly on the previous page, it is discussed in greater detail here. Normally, after a report is given, it must be received or accepted before it becomes a part of the Official Record, or Minutes, of the organization. While “to accept” a Report is in common usage, the correct form is “to receive” a Report unless it is the intent of the Member to give approval to everything contained in that report. The Chair may say, “You have heard the Report of the Social Committee. What is your pleasure?” A Member addresses the Chair, is recognized, and says: “I move that the Report of the Social Committee be received”. The Motion is seconded by another Member and the Chair states, “The motion is made and seconded to receive the Report of the Social Committee. Is there any discussion?” The Member moving receipt has the first opportunity to support his motion. Discussion on the Report may or may not occur. Discussion should be restricted to whether or not to receive the Report. As soon as it is obvious to the Chair that the discussion is terminated or that sufficient discussion has been held on the subject, he may say, “All in favor of the motion to receive the Report will say ‘aye’. All opposed say ‘no’. The ‘ayes’ have it. The motion is carried and the Report is received.” Should the ‘no’s’ prevail, the Report is not accepted and is not included in the Minutes of the meeting. “Receiving” a Report does not adopt any of the provisions of the Report, while “accepting” or “adopting” the Report implies adoption of the total content of the Report. If there are items within the Report which should be adopted, a motion to this effect should be made, either after the Report has been received or at a later time, perhaps under New Business, if this is the wish of the Chair and the assembly.

FLOOR: All business must be introduced by motion or by presenting a report; this being done only after the speaker “obtains the floor”. To obtain the floor (or the opportunity to speak), one rises (or raises his hand) and addresses the presiding officer. It is not considered good form to interrupt a speaker and is not tolerated in well-run organizations. There are a couple of situations which might arise where this is permissible, but they are not discussed here.

RECOGNITION: The Chair will "recognize the Member" by saying "Brother Speaking without such recognition is to be avoided since it destroys the order of the meeting. The Chair must ensure that everyone has the opportunity to speak and this can be accomplished by requiring that any member "have the floor" before he is permitted to speak.

MOTION, MAIN OR ORIGINAL: Before any business should be discussed, a motion to effect the business should be brought to the floor. A motion is a formal proposal to the meeting that the organization take certain action or actions. It is often in the form: Chairman, I move that the Chapter hold a dance next Saturday night".

SECOND: Almost every motion must be seconded before further action can be taken, or it dies. The "seconding" indicates that there is at least one additional member who is willing to support the motion. He addresses the Chair, is recognized, and says "I second the motion".

STATEMENT: Before any debate takes place on the subject, the Chair reads or "states" the motion in the form in which it will be discussed. If the motion is complicated or unusually long, the Chair may direct the

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Secretary to read the motion as he has recorded it. Any necessary changes in wording can be made, at this time, by the initiator and seconder of the motion to cause it to say what they wanted to be discussed.

QUESTION: As soon as the motion has been stated by the Chairman (or read by the Secretary), it becomes a "Question" and the Chair calls for "Remarks" or "Discussion".

SECONDARY MOTIONS OR AMENDMENTS : During the discussion, any member desiring to modify the Main Motion may indicate his wish by saying "I moved to amend the Main Motion to add: 'The dance will be held in the Chapter Room from 9 p.m. to midnight"'. This secondary motion, or amendment, must be seconded as was the Main Motion. The amendment cannot be contrary to the content of the Main Motion, but may modify or limit it, if this appears necessary or desirable. The Chair proceeds with the discussion of the Amendment as with the Main Motion. All desiring to participate in the discussion must first be recognized by the chair. Obviously, only one Member can have the floor at any one time.

DISCUSSION: When the Chair assigns a Member the floor, he cannot be interrupted by either the Chairman or any Member except in the case of "Objection to Consideration", "Point of Order", a call for "Orders of the Day" or "Question of Privilege", or in case of a Motion to "Reconsider".

A call for "Orders of the Day" is a Motion demanding that the present discussion be dropped and that the Chair announce the next matter to be taken up in accordance with the organizations established business routine. A "Question of Privilege" refers to the privileges or rights of the Meeting in matters of physical comfort, such as the inability to hear, heating or ventilating the room, or ineligibility or misconduct of the Member, and the complainant may interrupt the speaker to address the Chairman. "Objection to Consideration" may be called when a topic offensive to the Members present is brought up. "Point of Order" may be raised when the speaker violates decorum, makes obviously false or misleading statements or engages in slander.

PUTTING THE QUESTION: After it is obvious that discussion is over, the Chair will state the original motion in its final amended form prior to voting. If amendments have been made and were duly seconded, they must be voted upon in the inverse order in which they were made, that is, the last amendment will be voted on first. Once all amendments pertaining to the Main Motion are adopted (or rejected), the amended Motion is voted upon.

Sometimes, members feel that sufficient discussion has been held on a Motion and will say "Question". This merely means that that individual is ready to vote. Discussion does not have to be limited or to end unless there is a formal motion to "Move the Previous Question". The alert Chairman must note the difference and not stifle debate.

VOTE: There are a great variety of methods for casting Votes. Voting may be done by voice - 'aye (I)' or 'no'; by a show of hands; by rising; by written ballot; or by Roll Call. In most matters, a clear majority is necessary to carry the question. In some matters pertaining to the Laws of the organization, a larger majority, perhaps 2/3 or 3/4 affirmative is required.

GENERAL CONSENT: Meetings are frequently expedited by passing Questions by "General Consent". The Chair may ask, "Are there any objections to ______?" If no one objects, the matter passes. But if even one objection is made, a vote must be taken. The rights of the members and the power of the Chair come from a desire to promote a democratic atmosphere in the meeting and yet to maintain an orderly conduct. Nothing is more useless than a meeting in which nonsense and frivolity have the upper hand.

RIGHTS OF MEMBERS IN MEETINGS : Normally, a member may speak any number of times on any Question unless the majority has limited the debate for democratic reasons. It is a general rule that every Member who is in a meeting room at the time the Question is stated has not only the right but the duty to vote.

POWER OF THE CHAIR: The Chair has the power, and the responsibility, to enforce order; to decide in what order speakers shall be recognized; to refuse to recognize speakers who, in his opinion, intend to obstruct business by nonsense; and to appoint committees. If the Chairman is a Member of the organization, he may vote on every motion, although it is not mandatory that he do so. Since the only instances in which his vote will change the result is a tie vote, the Chairman frequently votes only in case of a tie vote or where his vote will create a tie vote; where the outcome of the vote cannot be known until the ballots are counted (such as a written, secret, ballot), the

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Chair will also vote. Blank ballots are generally considered as favoring the prevailing side of the voting, essentially reducing the majority needed to carry a vote.

The president, or chief engineer, of the Fraternity Chapter must be acquainted with the National Fraternity Constitution and Statutory Code, with the Statutes of the University or College, with the Province By-Laws, and with the local Chapter By-Laws. A knowledge of these Laws prevents many mistakes. it should be pointed out that only the Supreme Council is authorized to interpret the Laws of the National Fraternity.

QUORUM: To ensure that a representative assembly is present at a Meeting, most organizations state in their By-Laws the number of Members who must be present for business to be legally conducted. This may be expressed either as a number or as a percentage. In the General Convention of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, it is stated "two-thirds of the Members representing the Active Chapters and two members of the Supreme Council. Often, it is a majority of the Chapter membership, plus one or more elected officers of the Chapter.

PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE: Parliamentary procedure is the best way to get things done efficiently at meetings, but it only works if you use it right! To do this, OBTAIN THE FLOOR properly; MAKE MOTIONS that are in order; SPEAK, clearly and concisely; and OBEY the rules of debate. Most of all, be courteous. It is possible to use parliamentary procedure to obstruct the progress of a meeting. The careful Chairman will ensure that this does not happen.

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A HISTORY OF SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY

The founding of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity on the campus of the University of California at Los Angeles was the outgrowth of a third attempt to establish a professional engineering fraternity on that campus. Two previous attempts had been made to organize an engineering fraternity at the University but both groups thus formed had terminated into general, or social, fraternities.

1923 - 1931

In the Fall of 1923, a group of engineering students at the University of Southern California considered the idea of forming an engineering fraternity. The idea was considered and temporarily discarded due to the unsuccessful previous attempts. In the Spring of 1924, however, the group met to formulate their ideas into action. The first meeting of this group was held at the University YMCA, commonly called "The Red Barn" or "The Barn". For many years there has been confusion as to the exact date of the first meeting. From a recently discovered "Minute Book", the date of this first meeting was found to be on April 2, 1924. This Minute Book, a student composition pad, consists of the record of the activities of this student group for the first year of its life.

The Minutes of this first meeting are here recorded exactly as written for the interest they may have:

"April 2, 1924

"Meeting called to order by C. J. Robinson, acting president. The object of forming a national professional engineering fraternity was discussed. It was decided that there would be no necessity for having a house.

"Plans were discussed for forming a local fraternity. Committees were formed to draw up the constitution and bylaw. Those named were: Payne, Black, Collins, Severence, Kahlert, Robinson and Wells.

"The next subject in order was that of pins, a committee was chosen composed of Young, Foster, Clare, Black, these working in conjunction with the officers. This committee was also to work on the name of the fraternity.

"The meeting was ajorned (sic) until Friday April 11, at 12:00 sharp.''

Charles Kahlert acted as Secretary at this meeting at which C. J. Robinson presided as president. Albert B. Collins was chairman of the constitution and by-laws committee. As near as can be determined, the men present at this meeting were C. J. Robinson, Earl C. Payne, Archie Black, Albert B. Collins, W. Severns, Charles G. Kahlert, Addison E. Wells, C. J. Young, H. B. Foster, Monte Clare , George Shindler, H. B. Wilcox and Charles Fuller.

April 11, 1924, is considered to be the founding date of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. At the meeting on this date, the discussion centered on the name for this new fraternity. First considered was Psi Delta Sigma, but this was rejected because of conflict with the name of another fraternity. Discussion on the name was then deferred until the meeting of April 21, 1924. The group adopted a constitution and by-laws and voted to increase the number of the charter membership to twenty. Actually, the eighteen men listed in this history are considered as the Charter Members of the Fraternity. Added to the list at this time were M. B. Pritchard, Harry H. Lembke, Ross Stoker and LeRoy Henzie.

The name "Sigma Delta Phi" was suggested at the meeting on April 21. At this time, the pin committee was given the added responsibility of choosing colors for the organization. A committee was chosen to draw up a formal petition to the Faculty Committee of the University of Southern California for recognition. Named to the Committee were Kahlert, Payne and Black. At the meeting on April 25, 1924, the name of this new fraternity was

Page 55 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 changed to "Sigma Phi Delta". Although a meeting was held on May 2, the Minutes record no progress on any pending issue.

The group adopted the colors Red and Black on May 9, 1924. The pin design established by the Committee was: "The badge shall consist of a triangle having concave corners on which are superimposed three smaller triangles having concave sides and having their vertices at the center of the badge in which is placed a ruby. The smaller triangles, which contain the letters Sigma, Phi and Delta are black, the background between them being white. The border is set with pearls, six on each side". At this meeting, the group elected to Faculty Membership Professors Robert M. Fox, Hugh C. Willett, Philip S. Biegler, Charles W. Lawrence, Clarence E. Guse and Allen E. Sedwick.

The election of officers was held at a special meeting on May 15, 1924. Elected were: Ross Stoker, president; Charles Fuller, first vice president; Archie Black, second vice-president; Charles Young, secretary; and Addison E. Wells, treasurer. The Charter Members were presented their badges by President C. J. Robinson on May 26, 1924. Gus Tapley was admitted as a regular and Charter Member at this meeting.

At a supper meeting on June 3, at the Delta Phi Delta chapter house, three pledges were given their oaths. Included were Walter Scott, Gilbert H. Dunstan and Burdette Ives. The newly elected officers were installed. The group considered the possibility of becoming a national fraternity in 1925. The secretary was instructed to write to a number of colleges requesting information concerning the existence of professional engineering fraternities on the campuses. It was decided that Sigma Phi Delta should not take part in campus politics.

The first meeting of the fall term was held on September 23, 1924. The group discussed whether they should form a national fraternity of their own or merge with an existing fraternity. At a meeting an October 6, a Committee was appointed to write a Ritual. The first indication of a social program was the acceptance of an offer from Addison E. Wells to hold an informal reception at his father's home on December 19, 1924. To be invited were active members, faculty members, alumni and pledges.

The Pledge Pin, consisting of "the Castle on a triangle background", was adopted on October 16, 1924. This was suggested by a Committee composed of Kahlert, Lembke, and Young. At this same meeting, a Ritual for Initiation was adopted.

The first formal initiation, using the new Ritual, was held on Wednesday evening, November 12, 1924, at 6:15 p.m. Initiated in this first pledge class were Gilbert H. Dunstan, Walter Scott and Burdett Ives (a 100% pledge class!). It was on this date that future Grand President Robert J. Beals celebrated his first birthday - without a single thought of Sigma Phi Delta. A rushing smoker was held on Tuesday, January 13, 1925, to include "members, pledges and prospective pledges".

Officers for the spring semester were elected on January 19, 1925. These were M. B. Pritchard, president; Harry H. Lembke, first vice-president; Walter Scott, second vice-president; H. B. Faster, secretary; G. Sawyer, treasurer; and Albert B. Collins, national secretary. One of the outstanding items of business at the January 26 meeting was: It was moved and seconded that we advance enough money to the National Secretary to enable him to trade in his typewriter and purchase a new one. The money to be returned in installments. The motion carried. The spring semester officers were installed on February 4, 1925, and a pledge class of six men was initiated.

The motto For the good of the profession was adopted on March 6, 1925. The design for a Fraternity Crest was considered. Addison E. Wells was appointed a Committee of One to design the Crest. The death of Professor Lawrence on March 1, 1925, saddened the new Fraternity. On March 9, the idea of a cabin in the mountains was considered and committees were appointed to look into the availability of lumber and supplies.

The Crest of the Fraternity was adopted an March 16, 1925. This Crest was "a small shield, divided into four parts, horizontally and vertically. In the upper left quadrant is a circle, or target, also divided into quadrants, alternately colored white and black. This whole is on a white field. In the upper right corner, colored black, is a white bolt of lightning. In the lower left (black) quadrant is displayed a masoned castle. In the lower right (white) quadrant is displayed a condensing apparatus, or retort. Surmounting the shield is a small lion supporting the name of the Fraternity. The Motto Pro Bono Professionis is placed in scarfing around the bottom of the shield".

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A membership certificate, to be presented to each member at the time of initiation was adopted on April 21, 1925. There was some discussion on presenting a pennant instead of a certificate, but this motion was tabled (apparently permanently). On May 26, the election of officers for the fall semester was held. Elected were Gilbert H. Dunstan, president; William Rose, first vice-president; H. Audermeulen, second vice-president; Darrell Diamond, secretary; Brother Kelly, treasurer; Charles G. Kahlert, national secretary; and Walter B. Baisch, business manager of the newly established engineering newspaper. These officers were installed on June 3, 1925, at an end-of term banquet. The newspaper was to be sold to students in the Engineering College at USC.

The following fall, with the organization on a firm footing, the nationalization secretary, Walter Baisch, began a determined effort to secure contacts that would nationalize Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. This effort was rewarded with the receipt of a telegram on Sunday, April 11, 1926, from Delta Pi Sigma, founded at the University of South Dakota on April 29, 1922. This telegram announced their acceptance of the tentative plans to form Sigma Phi Delta into a national fraternity. The details were quickly worked out, a slight badge change was made, and the new National Constitution was approved on May 3, 1926. The Alpha Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity was to be at the University of Southern California and the Beta Chapter at the University of South Dakota. Though May 3, 1926, is considered the Charter Date for Beta Chapter, the formal initiation of its Charter Members was held on May 8, 1926.

The government of the new Fraternity was vested in a Supreme Council of five members, with General Conventions to be held every two years. The first Supreme Council was composed of Gilbert H. Dunstan (Alpha), Grand President; H. R. Rosenow (Beta), Grand Vice-President; Frank E. Ridley (Alpha), Grand Secretary Treasurer; and Members Nathan E. Way (Beta) and M. B. Pritchard (Alpha). Ralph M. Sherick (Alpha) was appointed Assistant Grand Secretary soon thereafter, inasmuch as Brother Ridley went east and it was desired to keep the National office in Los Angeles for the time being. Gilbert H. Dunstan was president of Alpha Active Chapter and Grand President of the National Fraternity coincidentally for the short period until he graduated. No other man has held such dual office in this Fraternity and no other undergraduate has been Grand President.

The assignment of Fraternity General Numbers is of interest. The original Supreme Council were accorded the honor of the first five numbers: Dunstan, No. 1; Rosenow, No. 2; Ridley, No. 3; Pritchard, No. 4; and Way, No. 5. In recognition of his early presidency, Clarence J. Robinson (always known as C. J.) was assigned General Number 6. Earl C. Payne (Alpha) was given No. 7; G. S. Tapley (Alpha), No. 8; Charles G. Kahlert, No. 9; and Addison E. Wells, No. 10.

The Charter President of Beta Chapter appears to have been Maurice Nelles; the Charter Secretary Albert Muchow. There were either fifteen or sixteen men initiated into Beta Chapter on May 8, 1926, but the records are not completely clear.

The Constitution provided for the issuance of a quarterly magazine, and the first issue appeared late in June 1926, in mimeographed form. The Grand President was the Editor of the publication. Eight mimeographed numbers were issued. Beginning with Volume III, the CASTLE became a printed publication.

The following year, on Friday and Saturday, April 15 and 16, 1927, the First General Convention was held in Los Angeles, with Alpha Active Chapter acting as Host, assisted by the Los Angeles Alumni Chapter, which had been chartered the previous summer. It is reported that the Convention was quite successful in spite of the fact that Alfred Gerber, representing Beta Chapter, was the only member at the Convention not from the Alpha Chapter. In order to promote the Chapter Expansion campaign, the Convention recommended that the two Members of the Supreme Council be given this work, with the title of Field Representative. The Code of Ethics was adopted at this time. General Numbers (as listed above) were set up for the Fraternity. Maurice Nelles, Charter President of Beta Chapter, was elected the second Grand President of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity.

Gilbert H. Dunstan, first Grand President of Sigma Phi Delta, first pledge, in the first class initiated, first CASTLE Editor, first General Manager, with General Number No. 1, was born near Santa Ana, California, on February 20, 1903. According to Fraternity records, he received the degree in Civil Engineering in 1926 and in Electrical Engineering (both from USC) in 1927. He died in Long Beach, California, on October 25, 1969. He had

Page 57 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 been a member of the Fraternity for almost 45 years. He devoted his life to engineering education, serving on the Faculty of several West Coast and Southern United States universities.

Maurice Nelles, second Grand President, was born on October 19, 1906, in Madison, South Dakota. He graduated from the University of South Dakota with a degree in Chemical Engineering in 1927.

On the Monday following the adjournment of the First General Convention, petitions from the University of Texas (Austin, Texas) arrived, being the result of work done there by R. J. McMahon, a member of Alpha Chapter who was then attending the University of Texas. The group was granted a Charter as Gamma Chapter of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, which was formally installed on May 11, 1927, by Gilbert H. Dunstan. Twenty-three members were initiated at this time. John E. Hoff was Charter President and W. N. Patterson was Charter Secretary.

During the Fall, Albert A. Wells, brother of Addison E. Wells, a Charter Member of Alpha Chapter, was organizing a group of engineering students at the University of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois. J. K. Milligan, of Alpha Chapter, who was then attending the University of Illinois, assisted in the formation of this group. Petitions were sent out around the end of the year and this group of men, seventeen in number, were installed as Delta Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity on January 25, 1928, by Gilbert H. Dunstan, then Field Representative, and J. K. Milligan. Albert A. Wells was Charter Chapter President and Gordon W. Brown was Charter Chapter Secretary.

Brother Dunstan had been working on a revision of the Constitution, which was adopted early in April 1928. Probably the most important change from the previous Laws was the creation of the Office of General Manager, an appointive position. With the adoption of this new Constitution, Brother Dunstan was appointed First General Manager of the Fraternity.

During the Spring Semester of 1928, the General Manager had correspondence with the Delta Pi Fraternity, organized at the North Dakota Agricultural College in Fargo, North Dakota, on May 13, 1913. This Fraternity had established a house in 1919, after reorganizing at the conclusion of World War I and had made rapid progress since that time. They petitioned for Charter as a Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta and Maurice Nelles, Grand President, installed them as Epsilon Chapter on May 21, 1928, with thirty-two initiates. Charter Chapter President was William A. Rundquist; Chapter Secretary was Walter E. Nelson. The Fraternity, which was four years old, had five active chapters, an Alumni Chapter in Los Angeles, and an informal club in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, composed of Members who were working for the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, this latter group having been organized in 1927.

Sometime in 1928, the Fraternity adopted a new publication, The STAR, which was to be an esoteric publication, meant to cover policy and to provide information of interest to and for members only. At this time, a separate Office of Grand Editor of the CASTLE was created. Naturally, Gilbert H. Dunstan was the first man to hold this Office.

On February 18, 1929, Gilbert H. Dunstan had spoken with J. E. Rogan and R. G. Werner concerning the formation of a Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta at Tulane University, where he was then teaching. These students were interested and immediately began contacting others. On April 26 and 27, 1929, the Zeta Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta was installed at Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, by Brother Dunstan. The Chapter Officers were initiated on the first day and the remainder of the Chapter on the following afternoon. Seventeen men were included as Charter Members, led by Charter President Robert G. Werner and Chapter Secretary Alfred J. Roth, Jr.

The Second General Convention was held in Austin, Texas, with Gamma Chapter as Host, on September 3 and 4, 1929. National dues were increased from $2 to $10 per year. The fees for Life Membership were abolished and the Endowment Funds were established. It was decided to reduce the number of pearls on the active badge from fifteen (changed from the original eighteen when Beta was installed) to twelve (with four on each side). The use of stones other than pearls was allowed by this Convention. The American Beauty Rose was adopted as the Official Flower of the Fraternity. The recognition button, a gold or silver CASTLE, to be worn on the lapel, was adopted at this time.

At this Second General Convention, the organization of the Fraternity was changed so that the General Convention became continuous and the sovereign body of the Fraternity. Prior to this time, any Convention action

Page 58 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 had to be referred back to the Active Chapters for approval. Two Provinces were established. The Supreme Council was changed to include the Grand President, Grand Vice-President, Province Directors, and one Member-at-Large. The Council held legislative and judicial powers. The Executive Powers of the Fraternity were vested in the Grand President and his Cabinet, composed of several members, each of whom would supervise some phase of Fraternity activity. Prior to this Convention, the Active Chapters elected such members to Honorary Membership as they deemed eligible, with the approval of the Supreme Council. The Honorary Members were members of the Active Chapter into which they were initiated. After the Convention, Honorary Members were Members-at Large, being elected by the Supreme Council. Dual membership, which had been permitted up to this time, was henceforth prohibited. From that date, only members of engineering curricula who were not members of any other fraternity, general or professional, were eligible for membership in Sigma Phi Delta.

The Second General Convention also established a Supreme Court, consisting of three members, each member being elected for a six-year term. So far as the Fraternity records show, the only men to hold these offices were Wilfred O. Morganthal (Epsilon), Chief Justice; Simeon V. Kemper (Alpha) and Albert Muchow (Beta). There is no record of their having functioned in any capacity. At the same time, the Convention established a Board of Trustees to administer the monies of the newly-created Endowment Funds. The Board became functional for the first time in 1952, however, when the Fraternity was incorporated in the State of California. The salary of the General Manager was increased to twenty-five dollars per month, at which figure it remained until this Office was abolished in 1957. Classes of Membership were changed to eliminate Associate Members and to create Faculty Members. All Associate Members were Faculty Members, so this change seemed to be a good idea.

1931 - 1939

Sigma Phi had its inception in 1919, when a group of students in the College of Applied Science and Engineering at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, decided to discuss the organization of an engineering fraternity. The group adopted a badge, a Ritual and all other organization necessary for operation. In the Fall of 1927, to avoid conflict with Sigma Phi, a general fraternity, the group changed its name to Omega Sigma Phi. Grand President Maurice Nelles installed this group as Eta Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta on May 23, 1931. Fifty-four members (39 active, 11 alumni and 4 faculty members) were initiated at this ceremony. William J. Urban was Charter Chief Engineer; John J. Dunphy was Chapter Secretary.

Epsilon Chapter acted as Host to the Third General Convention in Fargo, North Dakota, on September 1 and 2, 1931. This Convention attempted to give the Province Councilors more power in the Fraternity. To enhance the position of an Honorary Member, it was decided that Honorary membership would be conferred by the General Convention. The Editor of the CASTLE replaced the Member-at-Large as a member of the Supreme Council. The Constitution and the Statutory Code were revised. The Statutory Code had been established by order of the Second General Convention. It is interesting to note that no further changes were made in the Laws of the Fraternity until the overall revision of the Fraternity in 1948. Elected as third Grand President of the Fraternity was Epsilon Chapter's Charter Chief Engineer, William A. Rundquist.

Early in 1929, Jack Cummings and Frank Gordon discussed the Possibility of forming a local social engineering fraternity on the campus of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia. They interested several others and the first meeting of Tau Lambda Fraternity was held on February 21, 1929. An official badge was adopted and the fraternity completely organized. Through the efforts of A. Dacre Scott, Alpha alumnus, this fraternity contacted Sigma Phi Delta and petitioned for Charter. On April 24, 1932, twenty-four active and one Honorary Member were installed as Theta Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta by Walter E. Nelson (Epsilon), General Manager of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, and A. Dacre Scott. Arthur J. Saunders, as Charter chapter President, and William L. Cunningham, as Chapter Secretary, lead the Chapter that made the Sigma Phi Delta international in scope.

Gamma Chapter experienced financial and pledging difficulties and on January 1, 1932, was granted permission by the Supreme Council to become inactive. A New York Alumni Chapter was established late in 1930 or early in 1931. Delta Alumni Chapter was organized in Chicago, Illinois, and was chartered on May 16, 1930.

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In 1932, the Fraternity adopted an Efficiency Contest, modeled along the lines of the Contests of other fraternities. Provided were sections for a professional program; for fraternity, professional, or civic research; for service to the school of Engineering; for chapter scholarship; for individual scholarship; and for chapter history. This contest was adopted and remained in effect, without change, until 1953. A large bronze plaque was awarded to the Chapter winning the annual contest. If awarded to one chapter three times, the plaque became the permanent possession of that Chapter. Alpha and Epsilon Chapters were so honored. Plans were set up for a Manual of Procedure and a Pledge Manual to assist the Chapters in their operation. The first Manual of Procedure for the Fraternity had been edited in 1927 by Gilbert H. Dunstan, as was the second edition.

In an apparent economy move, the Engineering College of the University of South Dakota at Vermillion was continued with the consolidation of the Engineering Schools of South Dakota and the School of Mines and State College, Brookings. With the consolidation, the Charter of Beta Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta was recalled by the Fraternity late in 1934 and Beta Chapter became in-active. The new school did not permit fraternities.

The Fourth General Convention, meeting in Urbana, Illinois, in 1933, with Delta Chapter as Host, made few changes in the organization of the Fraternity. The two Provinces, Northern and Southern, were expanded to three: Northern, Southern and Western, adding one more Province Councilor to the Supreme Council. Probably the most outstanding and far-reaching decision was made in the revision of the Fraternity Crest, or coat-of-arms. The business portion of this Convention was held in Urbana, Illinois. The Convention recessed to Chicago, Illinois, on Saturday for attendance at the World's Fair and for the Convention Dinner Dance. This appears to be the only General Convention held in two different cities.

The question of a Crest revision had been brought up at almost every Convention. The Crest adopted in the very early days of the Fraternity did not conform to the Laws of Heraldry. The design, which had been submitted to the Third General Convention, was considered to be too dead and lifeless, as well as too complicated. A Committee, composed of E. Fuhrmann (Zeta) and Murvan M. Maxwell (Zeta) drew up a revised Crest in April 1934. The Fourth General Convention ruled that the undergraduate members must wear the official badge, which was at that time reduced in size somewhat from the previous badge. Its size has not changed since this Convention. There was considerable opposition to allowing only the chased border badge since it was felt that the pearls were there to represent the original charter Members of the Fraternity. This action (of only the official badge) was reversed by a later Convention due to the continued violation, which this Law experienced. The Convention attempted to provide a Nominating Committee for National Officers, but there was too much opposition to this idea.

The Fourth General Convention elected to a second term of office as Grand President the Brother who had been Epsilon Chapter's Charter Chief Engineer, William A. Rundquist. Bill was born on January 3, 1906, in Billings, Montana. He graduated from North Dakota State College (then North Dakota Agricultural College) in 1929 as a Mechanical Engineer.

In 1909, a group of young men wished to bind themselves together not by the bond of casual friendship but with the ties of good fellowship and brotherly love, and so organized the first fraternity at the Chicago Technical College, Chicago, Illinois, to be known as Sigma Beta Epsilon. Through the efforts of A. A. Wells (Delta) and Russell C. Smith (Delta), General Manager of the Fraternity, a petition for Charter was submitted to the General Convention in December 1934. Because of its college location, there was some difficulty in interpretation of the Constitution and Statutory Code. It was finally decided that the prospective Chapter fulfilled the requirements of being at a "technical school of recognized standing, offering at least a four year course leading to a degree in one or more recognized branches of engineering". On October 1, 1935, nine undergraduate and two faculty members were initiated as Iota Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta. Installing officers were Cornelius E. Hogeboom, Northern Province Councilor; A. A. Wells, Grand Vice President; Russell C. Smith, General Manager; and Brothers E. Horning, G. W. Brown, R. L. Gougler and D. R. Groff, Delta alumni. Charter Chief Engineer was Peter M . Roumeliotis; Chapter Secretary was Russell H. Hanson. An interesting sidelight is the fact that when Russell C. Smith was appointed General Manager of the Fraternity in 1934 to succeed Walter E. Nelson, the entire National Office treasury consisted of around thirty-eight dollars.

Almost at the same time that the Fraternity gained Iota Chapter, it lost Zeta Chapter. In October 1935, due to financial and pledging difficulties, Zeta Chapter requested permission to go inactive. Due to poor chapter management and the Great Depression, Delta Chapter became inactive in 1934. This was to be the first Chapter to

Page 60 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 become inactive and to regain continued active status. On February 26, 1939, ten alumni and one Faculty Member of the former active chapter initiated six undergraduate members to reactivate Delta Chapter on the University of Illinois campus in Urbana, Illinois.

The Fifth General Convention, meeting in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1936 with Eta Chapter as Host, adopted the Crest, which had been designed by Brothers Maxwell and Fuhrmann. The Ritual was revised to conform to the new Crest. D. J. McLaurin (Theta) drew up the revision in the Ritual. The Convention removed the Office of Editor of the CASTLE from membership on the Supreme Council and reinstated the Member-at-Large as a Council member. The Class of membership of Associate Member was reinstated. The Editor of the CASTLE was made an appointive office, handled similar to that of the General Manager. The Convention made plans for a song book and instructed that it be ready for the following Convention. Elected to a precedent-setting third term was Grand President William A. Rundquist.

1939 - 1952

The Sixth General Convention met in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1939, with Epsilon Active and Minneapolis Alumni Chapters as Hosts. The Usual problems, problems that come up before every Convention, were discussed. The Ritual was reviewed and slight changes were made to conform more closely to the new Crest. The Chapters were presented with charter Certificates, signed by the Grand President and General Manager. The long-awaited song book was distributed at this time and the members introduced to the songs. In electing two members to the Board of Trustees, the Convention violated the Constitution by electing Brothers Strong and Ingbretson, both former Epsilon members (as was the Grand President) and none were resident in California where the Fraternity was supposedly chartered. (Not more than two members of the Board can be alumni of the same undergraduate chapter and two must be resident in California.) It is interesting to note, in reading the Minutes of the Sixth General Convention, that a colony had been organized on the University of California Campus at Berkeley, and "is only waiting sufficient numerical strength before petitioning us to for permission to affiliate with Sigma Phi Delta". This was to be the last General Convention of the Fraternity until after the troubled years of World War II.

The years of World War II saw most of the members inducted into the armed forces, the chapter houses vacant or rented to private sources or to the armed forces for use as dormitories, and the National officers occupied by other matters to the exclusion of the Fraternity. The Grand President, Brother Rundquist, was on active duty in the U. S. Army. The only National Officer who functioned during all of these trying years was the General Manager, Russell C. Smith. His interest in the welfare of the organization probably did more to keep the Fraternity in operation than any other single factor. Russ, as all of his friends called him, had been appointed General Manager in late 1933 or early 1934. There were indications of "money trouble" in the Fraternity, as alluded to earlier in this history. Russ was born on November 21, 1905, in Madison, Illinois. He was initiated in to Delta Chapter on April 19, 1929. He graduated in Mechanical Engineering in 1929 from the University of Illinois.

Once the members were released from military service following the War, chapter houses were reclaimed and a drive undertaken to build up the small memberships. When the call for expansion came from the National Office, Brother LeRoy Horpedahl (Epsilon), then serving on the faculty at Tri-State college, Angola, Indiana, saw the need for an engineering fraternity on that campus and proposed the establishment of a Sigma Phi Delta chapter. On February 5, 1947, his ideas were presented to a small group of students. Each student resolved to bring a friend to the next meeting. By February 19, 1947, the group had grown to thirty-five members. On May 25, 1947, thirty- nine undergraduates were installed as Kappa Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta, our first post-War Chapter. The installation team included General Manager Smith and Brother Horpedahl. Charter Chief Engineer of Kappa Chapter was Lyle D. Oleson; Chapter Secretary was Arthur J. Hanna.

This new Chapter sparked the Seventh General Convention as it met during the first four days of January, 1948, in Chicago, Illinois. After a lapse of eight years, the National organization needed considerable attention. Sweeping changes were made in the Constitution and Statutory Code of the Fraternity. The neverused Supreme Court was abolished and the judicial powers given to the General Convention, the Supreme Council and the individual active chapters. The Editor of the CASTLE was once again made an elective office and the Editor was returned to a position on the Supreme Council. Funds for the publication of the CASTLE and the STAR were

Page 61 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 reviewed. The STAR was returned to the editorship of the Grand President. Initiation fees were raised from $16.00 to $25.00 for an undergraduate member. The Class of membership of Associate Member was once again deleted. The position of Chapter Councilor was created to provide more continuity to the chapter. It was also hoped that this Office would take some of the burden off the National Officers. The Chapter Councilor was made Deputy Province Councilor and was given the right to approve initiation requests. He was made a member of the Province Convention of the Active Chapter he represented.

The Provinces were reorganized along north-south boundaries into the Western, Central and Eastern Provinces, dividing the United States and Canada roughly into thirds. Kappa Chapter was the lone Chapter in the Eastern Province. Vancouver Alumni Chapter petitioned for Charter. Work was continued on a Fraternity flag, the original design for which had been submitted by the Fourth General Convention. The Convention Minutes do not specify the design for this flag.

A Fraternity grateful for the work in chartering the first post-War Chapter elected as Grand President LeRoy C. Horpedahl (Epsilon). LeRoy was born in Glyndon, Minnesota, on April 13, 1924. He was initiated by Epsilon Chapter on March 28, 1943. He graduated from North Dakota State University (then North Dakota Agricultural College) in 1946 with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. He was later to serve a term as Grand Vice-President of the Fraternity. The extensive changes made in the Constitution and Statutory Code by this Convention were submitted to the individual Chapters for consideration, review and approval. The new Laws of the Fraternity were approved by the Chapters on November 1, 1948, and went into affect at that time.

The elimination of the racial and religious restrictive clause from our constitution was the most far-reaching change in the Fraternity Laws made during the Eighth General Convention in Los Angeles, California, in September 1949. Prior to this time, membership in Sigma Phi Delta had been restricted to Christian Caucasians and North American Indians. It was brought to the attention of the Convention that there were other organizations bearing the name Sigma Phi Delta and that our Fraternity had no legal claim to the name or the insignia. Only the badge design had been copyrighted. The banner, 61 x 61, of black felt, with the Fraternity Crest, the name "Sigma Phi Delta" and the Chapter designation, was adopted. Every Chapter was required to purchase this banner, with the National Office paying half the cost of the banner. Plans for a Pledge Manual, a Manual of Procedure, a Song Book and a Fraternity Flag were again discussed. It was brought out that the Fraternity was not incorporated in the State of California, or anywhere else, as had long been reported. "Temporarily", Province boundaries between the Central and Eastern Provinces, which went along the Illinois-Indiana borders, were "looped" so that Delta Active Chapter in Urbana, Illinois, was included in the Eastern Province to strengthen that organization. They were to remain this way until 1990.

This General Convention helped Brother Russell C. Smith to realize his highest Fraternity ambition when it elected him to be fifth Grand President of the Fraternity. He had served since 1934 as General Manager under two Grand Presidents. Coming into National prominence at this time also were John Gray (Iota) and John G. Ellis (Alpha), both of whom gave many years of dedication to the Fraternity.

On June 1, 1950, the idea of the formation of a new fraternity was presented by Vernon J. Basore to a group of students at Indiana Technical College in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The work started was halted, however, when Basore and his co-workers, Roger Fitzgerald and Richard Fischer were recalled to active duty in the armed forces of the United States. When, in the Fall of 1950, Basore returned to that campus, a local group calling themselves the Indiana Technical College Engineering Fraternity, was established. On March 11, 1951, a representative from Sigma Phi Delta, Central Province Councilor John Gray, met with the group and a petition for Charter as Lambda Chapter was submitted to the General Convention on March 18, 1951. Thirty-two members, including one Faculty Member, were installed by Grand President Russell C. Smith, Central Province Councilor John Gray, and Eastern Province Councilor Robert J. Beals (Delta) on May 11, 1951. Charter Chief Engineer Vernon J. Basore and Chapter Secretary Donald L. Grise led the new Chapter.

On the opposite side of the country, plans were being made for another Chapter. Ken Jonas and Richard Frankian of the University of California at Los Angeles, Santa Monica, California, were contacted by Bill Fowler and Ray Ericksen of Alpha Chapter. The organization was continued and a group of twelve men were initiated into the local organization at the Alpha Chapter house on the USC campus on April 6, 1951. This local group petitioned for Charter as Mu Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta, and was installed in the Alpha Chapter house on the USC campus on

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July 14, 1951, by Grand President Smith and Western Province Councilor John G. Ellis, now on the faculty of the California Maritime Academy near Vallejo, California. Twenty men were initiated, led by Charter Chief Engineer Kenneth L. Jonas and Chapter Secretary Alvin B. Smee.

Although the Constitution had long provided for Province Conventions and for other Province activities, there had been no effort to provide any such activities within the Fraternity. Central Province Councilor John Gray and Eastern Province Councilor Robert J. Beals organized their respective Provinces and held the first Province Conventions on September 9 and 10, 1950, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and on December 2 and 3, 1950, in Urbana, Illinois, respectively. The first Western Province Convention was not held until two years later.

1952 - 1960

Sweeping changes were made in the functioning of the Fraternity's National Office when new officers took over in 1952. The Ninth General Convention, meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia, with Theta Active Chapter and Vancouver Alumni Chapter as Hosts, elected former-Eastern Province Councilor Robert J. Beals to be the sixth Grand President of the Fraternity. Former-Central Province Councilor John Gray as appointed to the office of General Manager. Steps were immediately taken to incorporate the Fraternity and on September 29, 1952, the Fraternity was at last incorporated under the Laws of the State of California. The incumbent Trustees, who had never functioned in their offices, were asked to resign and men interested in the Offices were appointed. For the first time in the Fraternity's history, the monies of the General and CASTLE Endowment Funds were turned over to the Board of Trustees by the General Manager, whose office had controlled the Funds since their establishment. The first known meeting of the Board of Trustees was held in June 1952 in Los Angeles.

Trademarks on the Fraternity insignia, which had been discussed for many years, were petitioned in the United States and in Canada. The original trademark on the letters on the badge had been granted on December 8, 1930, and was renewed on April 24, 1951. Additional trademarks on the Sigma Phi Delta CASTLE (No. 572,392) were granted on March 24, 1953, and on the Sigma Phi Delta Crest (No. 580,750) were granted on October 6, 1953. In Canada, slightly different trademarks were granted. The name "Sigma Phi Delta" was covered by Trade Mark No. 44033 on August 6, 1952; the Crest was covered by Trade Mark No. 44034 on the same date; and the CASTLE was protected under Trade Mark No. 43852 on October 16, 1952. The National officers, including the members of the Supreme Council, General Manager and the Board of Trustees, were bonded under a blanket bond of $10,000. The annual, permanently awarded, Efficiency Contest plaque was made up to replace the formerly used rotating trophy, and was awarded to those chapters winning the Contest since its reinstitution. By-Laws from the Active and Alumni Chapters were forthcoming and the Alumni Chapters, most of whom had been operating for years without Charter, were made official Chapters of the Fraternity.

In the Fall of 1951, six seniors from Mu Chapter (UCLA) transferred to the campus of the University of California at Berkeley. Carrying with them the ideals of Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, they went about forming the nucleus of a Chapter on that campus. The men, Mal Walden, Dick Frankian, Roger Schaefer, Bob Spracklen, Dan Vrooman and Dick Harris, were assisted by Western Province Councilor John G. Ellis and Professor Harold B. Gotaas, an alumnus of Beta Chapter, then on the Faculty of the University of California at Berkeley. Twelve charter members were initiated as Nu Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta on December 6, 1952, by Grand President Robert J. Beals , Western Province Councilor John G. Ellis, and Professor David M. Wilson of the University of Southern California. Charter Chief Engineer of Nu Chapter was William R. Nichol and Chapter Secretary was Richard L. Burnell.

John G. Ellis, staunch advocate of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity on the West Coast, was initiated as a member of Alpha Chapter on February 14, 1930. He graduated in 1931 with a degree in Electrical Engineering. He was born in El Dorado, Kansas, on October 24, 1906, and died at his home in Vallejo, California, on January 11, 1977. He served the Fraternity officially as Western Province Councilor, Grand Vice-President and Member of the Board of Trustees. He served unofficially as mentor and example for generation of undergraduate members at Alpha, Theta, Mu and Nu Chapters.

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Interest in the formation of a Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg was created by a letter from Grand Vice-President Albert G. Shore (Theta) to the Dean of Engineering at the University of Manitoba. The matter was turned over to the Student Council who took no action. However, two of the Council members were engineers and they were sufficiently interested to write to Brother Shore for more information. These men were Barry F. Murphy and Barry J. Ferries, who were to be the Charter Chief Engineer and Chapter Secretary, respectively, when, with the assistance of Epsilon Chapter, fifteen men became sufficiently interested to be installed as Xi Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta by Grand President Robert J. Beals and Central Province Councilor Orville J. Banasik (Epsilon) on May 2, 1953.

The first Western Province Convention had been held in Los Angeles, California, on September 20 and 21, 1952. At this time, the Fraternity initiated as an Honorary Member A. Burton Metzger, who was born in New York, New York, on June 10, 1896. He graduated in Electrical Engineering from Pratt Institute in 1915. At the time of his initiation, he was Safety Engineer for the Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, and was assigned General Number 2600. He was the first Honorary Member to be initiated since the War.

The Tenth General Convention met at Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, in September 1953. The design for the Grand President's Key, representing the Fraternity symbol, the Castle, was adopted and the key was later struck and presented to each of the Chief Executives of the Fraternity. The Convention officially conferred upon Russell C. Smith the title and the honor of "Grand Old Man of Sigma Phi Delta", which title he wore proudly and with honor until his death on November 23, 1975, in Florida. The Manual of Procedure, the Pledge Manual and the Song Book were taken from the hands of the individual chapters and assigned to National officers for completion. As a result, the Pledge Manual, which had been discussed for many years, was ready for distribution by November 1, 1953, having been edited by Central Province Councilor Orville J. Banasik (Epsilon). The Manual of Procedure, assigned to General Manager John Gray, was distributed on April 1, 1954. Slight changes were made in the Pledging Ritual. The Efficiency Contest was altered from its long-standing format to provide better representation to the individual chapters. For the first time, individual National Officers, as well as the undergraduate chapters, filled out certain portions of Contest.

A Nominating Committee for National Officers, composed of the Province Councilors, was established by the Eleventh General Convention when it met in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in September 1955, with Eta Chapter as Host. One of the outstanding features of this Convention was the initiation of two Honorary Members during the proceedings. The National Officers acted as the Ritual team to initiate Harold John Holmquest, who had a son as an undergraduate member of Delta Chapter at the time, and Robert G. Johnson. John Cody Holmquest, the son, had been initiated by Delta Chapter on February 27, 1955. This family became one of the first Third Generation Families of Sigma Phi Delta when John Cody Holmquest, Jr., was initiated by Delta Chapter on January 29, 1978. There were no further initiations of Honorary Members into the Fraternity until 1977.

During the Twelfth General Convention at Hamilton Lake, Indiana, in September 1957, with Kappa Active and Alumni Chapters as Hosts, the form of Fraternity government was changed. The Office of General Manager was abolished and the Office of Executive Secretary was created. The method of selection of the Executive Secretary was the same as that for the General Manager, appointed by the Grand President with Supreme Council approval. However, the Executive Secretary became an ex-officio member of the Supreme Council and of Board of Trustees. His salary was left to the discretion of the Supreme Council, who set it at $500 per year, payable quarterly. John Gray, in serving as the last General Manager, was surpassed in length of service only by Russell C. Smith. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on December 22, 1918. He graduated from Chicago Technical College in 1948 with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. For a brief period in 1948, John was both Chief Engineer of Iota Chapter and Central Province Councilor. Joseph F. Bowers, the incumbent Eastern Province Councilor, was appointed as the first Executive Secretary of the Fraternity. He had been initiated by Lambda Chapter on October 6, 1955, and graduated from Indiana Technical College in 1956 with a degree in Radio Electronics. He was born on March 15, 1924, in Boynton, Pennsylvania. The Convention elected incumbent Grand President Robert J. Beals to a third term of Office.

Most extensive changes were made in the Constitution and Statutory Code at this Convention. Where previous Conventions had made alterations and word changes, this Convention took apart the Fraternity Laws and rearranged, edited, and deleted to give a completely new look to these Laws. Only minor changes have been made in the Laws since that time. A Ritual for the Installation of Chapter Officers was adopted. The Office of Chapter

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Councilor was removed as Deputy Province Councilor, though the Chapter Councilor remained as a member of the Province Convention.

On April 20, 1957, the first organizational meeting of the Sigma Phi Engineering Group was held at the home of Lyle D. Oleson (Charter Chief Engineer of Kappa Chapter), now Editor of the CASTLE, in East Lansing, Michigan, where he was a graduate student and a member of the engineering faculty. Seven undergraduates attended this first meeting. By the Fall of 1957, this group had grown to twenty-five members and petitioned for acceptance by the Michigan State University. The University decided to postpone approval of any further social fraternities on the campus. However, professional fraternities without a house were permitted. Accordingly, the group petitioned as a professional fraternity and were accepted by the University. This cleared the way for them to petition for Charter as a Chapter of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. They were installed as Omicron Chapter by Grand President Beals on May 3, 1958, with twenty undergraduate and one Faculty Member. Probably more National Officers were present for this installation than at any other Chapter installation. Grand President Robert J. Beals, Executive Secretary Joseph F. Bowers, Editor of the CASTLE Lyle D. Oleson, Eastern Province Councilor Marion B. Stults (Lambda) and Central Province Councilor William M. Jermain, Jr., (Eta) acted as the installation Ritual team. Schuyler D. Rogers was Charter Chief Engineer and Gerald W. Trabbic was Chapter Secretary.

The Twelfth General Convention felt the need for a commemorative plaque on the campus of the University of Southern California. On April 11, 1959, on the Thirty-Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Fraternity, Grand President Beals dedicated a brass plaque, which was mounted at ground level in concrete, on the USC campus. This plaque is at the corner near the site of the founding of the Fraternity. Present for the dedication was C. J. Robinson, first president of the Fraternity, as well as several members from Alpha and Nu Chapters. This plaque states, simply: "SIGMA PHI DELTA, An International Social Fraternity of Engineers, was founded on this site, April 11, 1924".

The Thirteenth General Convention was held at the Alumni House on the campus of the University of California at Berkeley, California, on September 3 - 5, 1959, with Nu Chapter as Host. The Supreme Council reported on the establishment of the Grand President's Trophy, to be awarded to any Chapter that has made a significant contribution toward establishing a new Undergraduate Chapter. The design of the Trophy is a wooden arch, 15 inches high, mounted on a wooden base which supports a male figure, Grecian, holding bolts of electricity. On the arch is a brass plate with the wording:

SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY Grand President's Award for Expansion Presented to ACTIVE CHAPTER YEAR

This Convention honored Brothers Joseph Bowers, John Ellis, John Gray and C. J. Robinson for their contributions to the Fraternity. The Grand President had made suitable certificates for presentation to the individuals. The Fraternity had long considered designs for the Fraternity flag. The Convention adopted the design shown elsewhere in this Manual, to be the Official flag of the Fraternity. The flag was designed by Grand President Beals. A Chapter jewelry display, in the form of a color photograph of the official jewelry, was supplied to each active chapter to assist them in their rushing. The Fraternity voted to invest a large portion of its monies so that they could be profit-making. This Convention made no changes in the Constitution and Statutory Code, which had been printed after the extensive revision by the previous Convention. One of the saddening features of this Convention was the news that Mu Chapter had become inactive due to a lack of membership. A Ritual for the Installation of Officers, which had been adopted by the Twelfth General Convention, was reaffirmed by the Thirteenth.

In being elected to a fifth consecutive term of office as Grand President, Robert J. Beals became the first Chief Executive to be elected to more than four terms, a record then held by William A. Rundquist, who served as Grand President for a total of sixteen years. Robert J. Beals was born in Decatur, Illinois, on November 12, 1923, and was initiated by Delta Chapter on February 14, 1943, in Urbana, Illinois. He graduated from the University of Illinois in 1947 with the baccalaureate degree in Chemical Engineering. Later, in 1950, he received the Master of Science Degree in Ceramic Engineering and, in 1955, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ceramic Engineering, both from the University of Illinois.

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Early in the summer of 1960, correspondence between Larry Rowley, representing a group of students at the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Institute in Miami, Florida, and the Grand President, was begun. On September 10, 1960, Grand President Beals and Executive Secretary William M. Jermain, Jr., installed Pi Chapter at that School. The well-laid installation plans were blown awry by the fury of Hurricane Donna, but fifteen charter members were initiated. A group of five officers, including charter Chief Engineer Larry C. Rowley and Chapter Secretary Robert J. Liddiard, had been initiated on the previous evening so that they could participate in the installation of the remainder of the Chapter or could conduct the final initiations if the National Officers could not stay because of the hurricane. Seldom has a Chapter had its beginnings under such stormy conditions.

1960 - 1968

The long-awaited Song Book, edited by Lyle D. Oleson, was made available to the membership in April 1960. This book combined Fraternity, school, religious, party and patriotic songs into one volume. The book is now out of print, but inasmuch as Fraternity singing seems to have gone out of style, it has not been reprinted.

The Fourteenth General Convention met on August 31 and September 1 and 2, 1961, at the Oak Park Arms Hotel, Oak Park, Illinois, with Delta Active and Delta Alumni Chapters as Hosts. This body extended to Brothers W. Robert McIlvenna and Lyle D. Oleson the gratitude of the Brotherhood for their efforts on its behalf. Suitably engrossed certificates were presented to these Brothers. Minor changes were made in the Statutory Code. The Office of Business Manager of the CASTLE was eliminated since, by recent practice, the Executive Secretary had been carrying out the functions of that office. The publication dates of the STAR were changed to the first of February, April and October. It was decided that Faculty and Honorary Members could be given any badge or key, reversing an earlier Law that only the key or pearl Bet badge could be used. A minor change was made in the Ritual for Formal Initiation, the first change since its adoption in 1940. Merger with the Theta Tau Fraternity, also a fraternity of engineers and a member of the Professional Interfraternity Conference, was considered by the Convention but was considered unwise.

As had the General Convention in Vancouver in 1951, the Fourteenth General Convention discussed, at length, the question of length of tenure of National Officers. It was the overwhelming consensus that no limit should be placed on the number of terms an officer could serve. The best man for the office, without regard to his length of service, should be elected to the office. At the same time, the Fraternity realized that, with the increased size of the organization and with the high degree of organization the Brotherhood enjoys, the more difficult it is for someone not familiar with the office to assume the responsibilities of a National Officer. Considerable thought was given to the establishment of a National officer Training Program. In post-Convention discussions and surveys, the consensus was that the best training for a National Office position is obtained while functioning as a Province Councilor. In this Office, the problems concerning the members are first faced and the awareness of the functions of National Office leadership is gained. The Convention elected the incumbent Grand President, Dr. Robert J. Beals, to a sixth term of office.

A first for the Fraternity occurred on March 2 and 3, 1963, when the entire Supreme Council met in a special session at the home of Grand President Beals in Naperville, Illinois. The Council considered expansion, alumni participation, forms and records, and other matters of concern to the Fraternity. A meeting was held with the National Officers of Triangle Fraternity with discussions centering on a possible merger between the two fraternities. The Seventh Edition of the Manual of Procedure was issued in early Fall of 1963. The Third Edition of the Pledge Manual was issued early in 1962.

Pi Chapter acquired a house at 503 NE 27th Street in Miami, Florida, on April 1, 1963. Delta Chapter moved from its long-time address (since 1946) in Urbana, Illinois, to a new chapter house in Champaign, Illinois, in July 1963.

The National Officer Training Program, adopted by the Fourteenth General Convention, was put into effect. Under this program, nominees for National and Province Offices receive copies of all correspondence to and from the incumbent and have a meeting or meetings with the incumbent, if this is geographically possible.

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The Fifteenth General Convention was held in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in late August 1963, with Lambda Chapter as Host. At this Convention, the Supreme Council raised the salary of the Executive Secretary from $500 to $700 per annum, payable quarterly. The Convention adopted a resolution honoring Brother William M. Jermain, Jr. The Grand President had a suitably engrossed certificate prepared for presentation. The point scores of the Chapter Efficiency Contest were revised and the entire Contest was continued on a percentile rating. A Professional Achievement Award, to be presented to alumni of the Fraternity who have made an outstanding achievement or contribution to the field of engineering, was established.

The Fraternity celebrated its Fortieth Anniversary in 1964. Grand President Beals visited each of the Chapters of the Fraternity during the biennium. For the first time, a member of Sigma Phi Delta held an office on the Board of Directors of the Professional Interfraternity Conference when Robert J. Beals was elected to the Board of Directors at the Atlanta, Georgia, meeting in 1964. A second meeting of the Supreme Council was held in Naperville, Illinois, on April 3 and 4, 1965, to evaluate the Fraternity progress, to lay the groundwork for better expansion effort and to provide for the more efficient operation of the Fraternity.

In April 1965, the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Institute moved its campus from Miami to Daytona Beach, Florida. Pi Chapter moved with the School, making this the first Chapter to change geographical locations.

The General Convention recalled incumbent Province Councilor W. Robert McIlvenna for failure to carry out the functions and duties of his office on September 1, 1965. Brother McIlvenna was succeeded by John G. Ellis (Alpha) in the first known recall of a member of the Supreme Council.

The Sixteenth General Convention of the Fraternity was held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in early September 1965, with Xi Chapter as Host. Two new Alumni Chapters, Winnipeg Alumni and Twin City Alumni (Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota) were present at this Convention. Interest rates on loans from the Endowment Funds of the Fraternity to housing corporations associated with undergraduate chapters of the Fraternity were increased from the 1929 level of 3% to a rate of 4 1/2%. The Office of Historian of the Convention was added and the Editor of the CASTLE was given this office if he is in attendance at the Convention. The Convention made official a procedure for the granting of gifts or bequests from friends of the Fraternity to be used for furthering the objects of the Fraternity. A few, minor, changes were made in the Statutory Code, the first changes made in four years. The Laws of the Fraternity were changed to provide for an Official Directory, published in the CASTLE, every five years, beginning in December 1965. Elected to a seventh consecutive term was Grand President Robert J. Beals.

Early in 1965, James Ransom, Delta Active, approached the faculty at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, about the formation of a chapter of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. On May 3, 1965, an interested group of fourteen students met with James Ransom, Ronald Davis and William Cocagne, all of Delta Chapter, for the purpose of establishing a Chapter. At a May 7 meeting, Eastern Province Councilor Robert D. Malinowski (Delta) met with 19 students and outlined the petitioning procedure. The group, on May 11, 1965, organized as Sigma Rho, a local engineering fraternity, for the purpose of petitioning the Bradley University for a Charter. Grand President Beals met with the group on May 24. Because of a delay in the granting of a Charter on the campus, the group was not able to petition for Charter as a Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta until late in 1965. On December 18, 1965, Grand President Beals, assisted by Executive Secretary Charles Peterson (Kappa) and Eastern Province Councilor Robert D. Malinowski, together with representatives of Delta, Kappa and Iota Chapters, installed Rho Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta on the Bradley Campus. Ten undergraduate and one Faculty Member were in the Charter Chapter. Charter Chief Engineer was Theodore W. Olsen and Chapter Secretary was Gerald A. Kraatz.

The chartering of Rho Chapter provided the first opportunity for the awarding of the Grand President's Trophy for Expansion. It was presented to Delta Chapter at the Seventeenth General Convention banquet in Los Angeles, California, on September 1, 1967.

Undergraduate member dues were raised by mail ballot vote of the General Convention in November 1966, from fifteen to twenty dollars per year. The increase became effective on April 1, 1967. At the same time, alumni chapter dues were increased from thirty to fifty dollars per year. This increase became effective on January 1, 1967. These represented the first National dues increases since 1953 although Province dues had been instituted in the interim.

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Trademarks, in Canada, on the CASTLE (NS 43852), the Coat of Arms (NS 44034) and the name SIGMA PHI DELTA (NS 44033) as used on jewelry and similar items were renewed for a second fifteen-year period in August 1967.

The Seventeenth General Convention of the Fraternity met on August 30 and 31 and September 1, 1967, in Los Angeles, California, with Alpha Active and Los Angeles Alumni Chapters as Hosts. The Convention added a fifth section to the Chapter Efficiency Contest. This Section is the responsibility of the Editor of the CASTLE and recognizes the importance of the publications of our Fraternity. The Convention also affirmed that, effective January 1, 1968, the business managers and treasurers of all undergraduate and alumni chapters would be required to be bonded. A certificate recognizing his continued interest in and his contributions to the Fraternity was presented to former Executive Secretary and Eastern Province Councilor Charles E. Peterson (Kappa). All forms and records of the Fraternity were reviewed. In the next edition of the Manual of Procedure, specimen forms would be completely filled in to illustrate the proper method of submission. Grand President Beals had completed sixteen years in the Office, having been elected eight times.

1968 - 1974

Grand President Beals became President of the Professional Interfraternity Conference in Chicago, Illinois, in Mach 1968, for a two-year term of Office. This is the first time that Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity had provided a President for the P.I.C.

Efforts of Grand Vice-President Michael J. Deuel (Eta) and Gene Irvin, expansion chairman of Alpha Active Chapter, were rewarded when a student group at California State College at Long Beach submitted a petition for charter as Sigma Chapter of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. This Chapter was installed in ceremonies at the Alpha Chapter House on February 1, 1969, by Grand President Beals, Grand Vice-President Deuel and Western Province Councilor Kenneth Gielow (Nu), assisted by undergraduate and alumni members of Alpha and Nu Chapters. Twenty-four undergraduates and two Faculty Members, led by Charter Chief Engineer Dennis Lambert and Chapter Secretary Mike Maronta, were in the Charter Chapter. This was the second Chapter to be installed in the Alpha Chapter house, the first being Mu Chapter in 1951.

The Eighteenth General Convention of the Fraternity was held in Chicago, Illinois, in late August 1969, with Iota Active and Iota Alumni Chapters as Hosts. The second Grand President's Trophy for Expansion was presented to Alpha Active Chapter at the Convention banquet on August 30, 1969, for the chartering of Sigma Active Chapter. Gene Irvin, so much responsible for the chartering of the Chapter, accepted the Award. A certificate of appreciation was presented to Brother Orville J. Banasik upon his retirement as Editor of the CASTLE. Brother Banasik, who was born on November 17, 1919, in Wales, North Dakota; initiated by Epsilon Chapter on January 19, 1947; graduated in Cereal Chemistry from North Dakota Agricultural College (later North Dakota State University); served the Fraternity as Central Province Councilor, Grand Vice-President and Editor of the CASTLE. He edited the First Edition of the Pledge Manual.

A standardized format for Chapter By-Laws was adopted by the Convention. The Executive Secretary's salary was raised from $700 per year (where it had been since January 1, 1964) to $1,000 per annum, payable quarterly, and to be effective an January 1, 1970. The Executive Secretary took over keeping a current mailing list of Members and the responsibility for the distribution of the CASTLE and the STAR, thereby eliminating the necessity for a Circulation Manager of the CASTLE. Dr. Beals was elected to a tenth consecutive term as Grand President of the Fraternity.

During February 1969, a group of sophomore students became interested in forming a fraternity for engineers at Loyola University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. One of the students, Yim-Hei (Joe) Yeung, contacted various national fraternities in the hope of establishing a Chapter on that campus. Dr. Beals was contacted by Mr. Yeung and arranged, through Grand Vice-President Michael J. Deuel (Eta), for a meeting between Sigma Phi Delta and the Loyola group. May 11 saw the official formation of a Committee for Tau Chapter. By-Laws were drawn up and plans for a Petition for Charter were made. The submission of the petition was delayed because the

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Interfraternity conference and Student Affairs Committee had no guidelines for the chartering of a new fraternity. Continued support was received from Gene Irvin, Alpha active, and Mike Deuel. On February 25, 1970, petitions were submitted to the General Convention of Sigma Phi Delta for Charter as Tau Chapter. Twenty-five actives and two Faculty Members were installed as Tau Chapter at the Alpha Chapter House on April 11, 1970, with Grand President Beals , assisted by former Grand Vice-President Michael J. Deuel, Trustee Robert D. Malinowski, newly appointed Western Province Councilor Charles A. Freberg (Alpha) and actives from Alpha and Sigma Chapters. This was the third chapter to be installed in the quarters at 817 West Thirtieth Street in Los Angeles, the Alpha Chapter house. James L. Wolcott was Charter Chief Engineer and Patrick D. Garvey was Chapter Secretary.

The fraternity situation on the Berkeley campus worsened as the fifty fraternities on the campus in the early 1960's decreased to twenty-three fraternities in 1970. Nu Chapter's membership continued to decline and, when the Tenth Western Province Convention was held in Berkeley in September 1970, only two active members remained in that Chapter. To all extents and purposes, Nu Chapter became inactive at that time and continued inactive until May 14, 1977, when five actives reactivated the Chapter. The San Francisco Bay Area Alumni Chapter requested permission, on May 1, 1971, to resume Alumni Association status.

The Nineteenth General Convention of the Fraternity was held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in early September 1971, with Eta Active Chapter as Host. The third Grand President's Trophy for Expansion was presented to Alpha Chapter for the chartering of Tau Active Chapter, the second such award for Alpha Chapter. By action of this Convention, this Trophy will henceforth be known as the GILBERT H. DUNSTAN TROPHY FOR EXPANSION. Primary subjects for discussion at the Convention included low membership in the Chapters, low finances in the treasuries, and ways of improving both. The Fraternity Ritual was revised somewhat and was reprinted for the first time since its adoption and printing in July 1940. The new Ritual was distributed in October 1971. Merger with Theta Tau Fraternity was again considered, but the Delegates were not favorable to being absorbed by the larger organization. The Delegates presented a Certificate of Appreciation, signed by all the Delegates, to Dr. Beals for twenty years of service as Grand President of the Fraternity and also elected him to an eleventh term as Grand President.

Grand President Robert J. Beals called the Twentieth General Convention of the Fraternity to order in Moorhead, Minnesota, on August 30, 1973, where Epsilon Active and Fargo Alumni Chapters were Hosts. This was to be the last Convention at which he would preside as Chairman in that he declined to accept further nomination to the Office of Grand President. In recognition of this long service, the Delegates voted to have a wood-mounted brass plaque engraved for presentation. The plaque reads:

"The Twentieth General Convention of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity on this date, the thirty-first of August, Nineteen Hundred and Seventy-Three, unanimously extends its gratitude and appreciation to DR. ROBERT J. BEALS for his twenty-two consecutive years of dedicated and unfailing service performed in the Office of Grand President, and his continued efforts in the advancement of the Engineering Profession and the goals of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity."

Efforts were extended for the establishment of a Little Sister Program for the Fraternity, though no definitive action was taken to make the program a National program at this time. Membership requirements were changed in that, upon petition, a Chapter could initiate as Member a student enrolled in an accredited Engineering Technology program. It was also decided that the Chapter Chief Engineer did not have to be enrolled in an engineering program during his tenure, which had been a requirement for untold years. However, the Convention Delegate must be an engineering student during his incumbency. Recognizing the trends in finance, the Convention increased the allowable limit for interest on loans to undergraduate chapter associated housing corporations from 4 1/2% to 6%. A greatly revised Chapter Efficiency Contest was advocated. Because of opposition to format, the matter was referred to a later action by the Supreme Council. The revised Contest was used, together with the established format, for 1974. Plans were formulated for the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Fraternity's Founding on April 11, 1974. Gerald A. Kraatz (Rho), who was Charter Secretary of Rho Chapter and who had served as Grand Vice-President, was elected as the seventh Grand President of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. Gerry was born on May 14, 1946, in Evanston, Illinois. He was initiated as a Charter Member of Rho Chapter on December 18, 1965. He graduated from Bradley University in Mechanical Engineering in 1968.

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It had been anticipated by the Twentieth General Convention that incumbent Executive Secretary William M. Jermain, Jr. would accept appointment to a third term as Executive Secretary, the Office he had held, on two separate occasions, for a total of nine years. In addition to this Office, be had served the Fraternity as Grand Vice- President and Central Province Councilor. Bill had been initiated by Eta Chapter on February 10, 1952, in the first formal initiation attended by the newly-installed Grand President Beals. Beals' General Number is 1248 (the only four-numbered geometric progression); Jermain's is 2496, exactly twice that of Beals. He graduated from Marquette University in June 1952 with a degree in Civil Engineering. Bill was born on February 21, 1928, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. When Jermain declined to accept appointment as Executive Secretary, the newly-elected Grand President Kraatz prevailed and former Grand President Robert J. Beals was appointed to the office of Executive Secretary, effective on January 1, 1974.

1974 - 1984

Recognizing the impact of inflation and the increase cost of all forms of service, the General Convention, by mail ballot on December 1, 1974, approved the increase in undergraduate initiation fees and National dues, to be effective on January 1, 1975. The initiation fee was increased to $30; the National dues were increased to $30 per annum payable in two installments on April 1 and November 1 of each year. Dues had last been increased in 1967.

The General Convention recalled Philip G. Robinson (Alpha) from the Office of Western Province Councilor, effective on June 1, 1975. This was the second known instance of removal of a member of the Supreme Council for failure to carry out the functions of his office. Interestingly, both incumbents had been Western Province Councilors.

The Twenty-First General Convention was to have been co-Hosted by Alpha, Sigma and Tau Active Chapters. However, in the period between the Twentieth and Twenty-First General Conventions, Sigma Chapter had drifted into inactive status. No exact date can be fixed in that the Chapter stopped reporting; stopped communicating; and stopped functioning. A new Alumni Chapter was represented at this Convention, however, when the alumni associated with the Rho Active Chapter formed the Central Illinois Alumni (CIA) Chapter, which was chartered in Peoria, Illinois, on September 28, 1974.

The Twenty-First General Convention convened in Los Angeles, California, in late August 1975, with Alpha Chapter as Host. In light of the increased activity of females in the engineering profession, the possibility of enlarging our Fraternity membership to include women was considered. It was pointed out that Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity had always been a social-professional fraternity of engineers and that the inclusion of women would not be in keeping with the social character of the Fraternity. It was noted that Tri-State College had become Tri-State University and that one or more engineering curricula had been accredited by the Engineers Council for Professional Development (E.C.P.D.). The Chapter Efficiency Contest, submitted for consideration in 1973 was approved for use by the Fraternity, effective on January 1, 1976. This was a vastly revised Contest with increased emphasis on chapter participation in preparation of the Report. Anticipating that the alumni of the Fraternity would want to help out in the current financial crunch, the Convention adopted the principle of an annual Alumni Solicitation for funds for specific purposes, for example, expansion, scholarship, publication of the CASTLE, help in student housing, or other general uses of the Fraternity. Later, retiring Grand President Kraatz was appointed the first Alumni Solicitation Coordinator. The Convention elected as the eight Grand President of the Fraternity Benjamin L. McCash (Delta). Ben was born on July 28, 1947, in Casey, Illinois. He was initiated by Delta Chapter on February 19, 1967, with General Number 4900. He graduated from the University of Illinois in 1959 with a degree in Agricultural Engineering.

In December 1976, the National Little Sister Program as adopted by the Fraternity. A Convention of Little Sisters had been held in Angola, Indiana, on September 25, 1976, at the time of the Fourteenth Eastern Province Convention. This has been the only such Convention of Little Sisters held to date.

Early in 1977, a group of undergraduate students at the University of California at Berkeley expressed interest in the reactivation of Nu Chapter on that campus. Grand President McCash and Grand Vice-President

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Richard N. Ziegler (Kappa) initiated five men into Nu Chapter on May 14, 1977, thereby reactivating the Chapter and ending the period of six years during which the Chapter was inactive.

The Twenty-Second General Convention of the Fraternity was convened in Peoria, Illinois, in early September 1977, with Rho Active Chapter and Central Illinois Alumni Chapter as Hosts. Finances, as usual, played a large role in the discussions. Alumni Chapter annual dues were raised from $50 to $75 per annum, effective January 1, 1978. Active member (undergraduate) annual National dues were raised to $40 per annum, payable on April 2 and November 1at $20 per member. The Alumni Solicitation program was continued. The Convention expressed ts appreciation to Editor of the CASTLE Dale Hachtel (Rho) for his dedication and service to the Fraternity as Editor for the past six years. The Convention elected incumbent Grand President Benjamin L. McCash to a second term in that Office.

One of the highlights of the Convention was the initiation as an Honorary member of the Fraternity Dr. Martin G. Abegg, President of Bradley University, on September 3, 1977. National Officers were the Ritual Team for the initiation. In recognition of his years of service to the Fraternity, the Convention named Dr. Robert J. Beals to succeed to the title long held by Grand Old Man Russell C. Smith, in the following resolution:

"We, the members of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, as represented in General Convention assembled, do resolve that BROTHER ROBERT J. BEALS has contributed for three decades to Sigma Phi Delta and as his contributions have been all but unique and are equivalent to those of BROTHER RUSSELL C. SMITH,

Therefore, it be further resolved that from this Convention onward, BROTHER ROBERT J. BEALS will bear the title formerly held by BROTHER RUSSELL C. SMITH and be known as "THE GRAND OLD MAN OF THE SIGMA PHI DELTA FRATERNITY."

Following the Convention, color photographs of the Fraternity jewelry were distributed to all undergraduate Chapters of the Fraternity. The Ninth Edition of the Manual of Procedure was distributed. The brochure "Pro Bono Professionis" and the booklet "What Fraternity?" were revised and reprinted.

In October 1977, the Professional Interfraternity Conference and the Professional Panhellenic Association merged into the Professional Fraternity Association. Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity continued to be a member of the new Association.

To implement the programs under consideration and to begin the planning program for the biennium 1978- 1979, the Supreme Council met at the home of Grand President Benjamin L. McCash in Burr Ridge, Illinois, on October 29 and 30, 1977. This was the third such meeting in the Fraternity's history, all having been held in Chicago suburbs. Former Editor Dale Hachtel was appointed Alumni Solicitations chairman for the biennium. The CASTLE was changed in format and method of printing. The Fraternity purchased an offset printing press and tried to print its own publications, the first issue of which appeared in the Winter 1977 CASTLE. Unfortunately, the press was limited in scope and ability, and this experiment was cancelled after about two issues. Plans were formulated for seminars to be held at the Fall 1978 Province Conventions on RUSH and CHAPTER FINANCIAL OPERATIONS.

Even as the Fraternity rejoiced in the return of Nu Chapter from inactive to active status, Iota Active Chapter was having extreme difficulty in gaining members. The Chicago Technical College had concentrated its efforts on special and short courses rather than on degree-granting engineering programs. The College had never been granted E.C.P.D. recognition for any program. Accordingly, on March 15, 1976, the Supreme Council approved inactive status for Iota Chapter. The Iota Alumni Chapter continued to be active. The Iota Chapter house was sold on December 21, 1976.

The fourth special meeting of the Supreme Council was held at the home of Grand President McCash in Burr Ridge, Illinois, on March 17 and 18, 1979. Plans for the Twenty-Third General Convention were formulated. The executive Secretary reported that, for the first time in Fraternity history, the National Office had opened a bank account in Canada, using the Assiniboine Credit Union, Ltd., in Winnipeg, Manitoba, as a repository for Canadian

Page 71 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 funds paid to the National Office. Travel reimbursement for National Officer travel had been seven cents per mile for many years. Effective at once, the reimbursement was raised to ten cents per mile. Interest on loans from the Board of Trustees to housing corporations of the Fraternity was increased from 6% to 10%. The Circulation Manager of the CASTLE's salary was increased from $50 to $200 per year, payable in four quarterly payments.

The Twenty-Third General Convention of the Fraternity convened on August 30, 1979, at the Potowatomi Inn, Pokagon State Park, Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Active and Kappa Alumni Chapters as Hosts. During the meeting, the Supreme Council reviewed the salary of the Executive Secretary and raised the annual stipend from its 1969 level of $1,000 to $1,200 per year, payable in quarterly payments, and to be effective on January 1, 1980. There were strong indications that during the biennium between the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third General Conventions, Nu Chapter had ceased to function. Failure to answer correspondence, a lack of formal initiations, the moving from the rented Chapter quarters all contributed to the inactivity of that Chapter. The Convention returned incumbent Grand President Benjamin L. McCash to a third term of office.

The Supreme Council held a fifth special meeting on April 3 and 4, 1981, in Burr Ridge, Illinois. Plans for the Twenty-Fourth General Convention were approved. Plans for a Disney World professional visit were discussed, with hopes that the behind-the-scenes working of that Park would be viewed. The format for the Nominations for the Professional Achievement Award was approved. To better understand the effect of cost increases over the years, the following table summarizes the sales price for the Code #113, #1 crown pearl, ruby points and center Fraternity badges from 1965 to date:

Year Beginning September 1 Badge Charge Chapter Sales Price 1965 – 1971 (gold) $15.64 $19.80 1972 – 1973 (gold) 20.00 25.00 1974 (Balclad) 23.75 30.00 1975 – 1976 (Balclad) 31.00 34.00 1977 – 1978 (Balclad) 34.10 37.50 1979 (Balclad) 38.20 42.00 1980 (Balclad) 51.55 57.00 1981 – 1983 61.90 68.00 1984 – 1990 64.95 71.50 1991 – 1995 71.43 75.00 1996 – 1997 75.60 83.00 1998 – 2001 78.80 86.75

The change was made from the gold badge to the Balclad, which was a gold plated badge, at the time of rapid increases in the price of gold. The rapid increase in 1980 was due to the large increase in the price of pearls and synthetic rubies.

The Twenty-Fourth General Convention of the Fraternity convened in Daytona Beach, Florida, on September 3, 1981, with Pi Active Chapter as Host. Interestingly, Pi Chapter was, at that time, in delinquent status for failure to pays its National and Province Dues and was unable to be represented at the Convention it had planned. Recognizing the impact of inflation and the increased costs of operating the Fraternity, the Convention increased undergraduate member dues from $40 per year to $60 per year; increased undergraduate initiation fees from $30 to $40; and increased alumni chapter dues from $75 to $100 per year. During past Conventions, the Fraternity Law had been changed with regard to the interest allowable on loans to housing corporations associated with the undergraduate chapters. To permit maximum flexibility and still control the interest rates, the Convention established the allowable interest rate to be "not higher than 2% below the U.S. Federal Discount Rate". The category of "Inactive Member", long suspected (but not proven) of being a haven for those who wanted to retain Fraternity membership but who did not wish to fulfill their fraternal obligations otherwise, was eliminated. This would preclude a student temporarily in financial or academic difficulties from lightening his loan and would require that undergraduate students remain totally committed or else resign from Fraternity membership.

The Engineers Council for Professional Development (E.C.P.D.), which had been established in the early 1930's, was reorganized as the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). E.C.P.D. was responsible for the accreditation of engineering programs at colleges and universities in the United States. ABET

Page 72 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 took over these functions after the reorganization. Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, in an effort to assure itself and others that its member chapters and students were "Professional" had adopted the criteria that at least one program at a school or college must be E.C.P.D. (or ABET) accredited before a Chapter could be established at that school. Iota Chapter at Chicago Technical College and Lambda Chapter at Indiana Institute of Technology were the two chapters established on campuses, which lacked this recognition. Both were chartered before the criteria were established.

The Convention elected as the ninth Grand President of the Fraternity another Delta alumnus, William J. Reinert. Bill was born on June 1, 1934, in Chicago, Illinois. He was initiated by Delta Chapter on November 19, 1955, with General Number 3178, and graduated from the University of Illinois in 1957 with a degree in General Engineering. He had a son, William T. Reinert, who was a member of Delta Chapter at this time. As had his two predecessors, Grand President Reinert appointed Dr. Robert J. Beals to be his Executive Secretary. With this appointment, Beals surpassed William M. Jermain, Jr., in total length of service in this Office.

Following tradition, the Supreme Council held a special meeting on November 19 and 20, 1982, at the Grand President's home in Mt. Prospect, Illinois, to review the operations of the Fraternity and to plan for its future. The low level of membership in the undergraduate chapters and the apparent lack of results in pledging were of concern to the Council. Tau Chapter had become inactive. Effort had been made to contact the last-known officers and some of the Ritual paraphernalia and Chapter records were recovered. The last known contact with Tau Chapter members had been made by the Western Province Councilor in early 1982.

At the Supreme Council meeting on August 31, 1983, immediately before the Twenty-Fifth General Convention, the Supreme Council established the salary of the Executive Secretary and the Circulation Manager of the CASTLE to be $1.00 per year, but that the Executive Secretary be allowed up to $300 per quarter for non- itemized expenses while the Circulation Manager would be allowed up to $50 per quarter for non-itemized expenses. The Supreme Council considered, for the third time in the Fraternity's history, a possible merger with the Theta Tau Fraternity. No decision was made as the matter was taken under investigation. The Fraternity entered the computer age when it authorized the Executive Secretary to purchase a word processor to assist in the operation of his Office. The CASTLE and the STAR had been on a computerized mailing list operated by one of the alumni, operating on his business computer, for several years.

The Twenty-fifth General Convention was Hosted by Delta Active Chapter on September 1 - 3, 1983, in Urbana, Illinois. The continued low undergraduate chapter membership, the diminished number of Faculty Members, and the lack of productive expansion effort since the chartering of Tau Chapter in 1970, were major items of concern at this Convention. The chapters had initiated less than one hundred members per year for the past decade. Executive Secretary Beals served as President of the American Ceramic Society, the professional organization of over 11,000 ceramic engineers and scientists in the United States (and around the world) during 1982 - 1983. The convention elected incumbent Grand President William J. Reinert to a second term of Office. The four (out of nine) Grand Presidents who are alumni of Delta Chapter have led the Fraternity all but two years since 1950! The Supreme Council approved the reappointment of Executive Secretary Beals to a sixth two-year term. Though this Office had been intended to be more permanent than the elective Offices in the Fraternity, no other Executive Secretary had held the Office, since its inception in 1958, for more than two consecutive terms.

Early in 1984, the Fraternity adopted a definitive statement on hazing. This definition is included in the Section "STATUS OF A PLEDGE" earlier in this Manual. With the increased number of women in programs in engineering, it was inevitable that the subject of women members in the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity should arise once again. There had been general consensus that the social nature of the Fraternity precluded women members. There has been increased participation by women, both engineers and non-engineers, as Little Sisters in the Fraternity.

Planning for the 1984 Province Conventions was accomplished at the now annual Supreme Council meeting in Mt. Prospect, Illinois, on March 30 and 31, 1984. The Board of Trustees of the Fraternity, in its January 14, 1984, meeting, had expressed interest in having some of its interest monies used as a Scholarship Fund for undergraduate members of the Fraternity. The Supreme Council decided that these scholarships should be around $500 per year per Chapter, with the purpose of the Fund being "to recognize outstanding 'active' members scholarship, fraternal, university and civic involvement". The evaluation would be babes: 60% on grade point average, 15% on fraternal involvement, 15% on university involvement, and 10% on civic involvement. The first

Page 73 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 scholarships were scheduled to be awarded on November 15, 1984, based on statistics from the 1983 - 1984 academic year.

In an effort to make news from the Chapters and individual members more timely, the Supreme Council decided to experiment with the idea of eliminating, at least temporarily, the publication of the STAR and to change the format of the CASTLE from a 16 to 24 page, twice a year, publication to a quarterly six to eight page, timely, publication. The first of the new CASTLES was to be printed in the fall of 1984. The location of the Province boundaries, established in 1948, was reconsidered but there was no consensus for changing their location at this time.

A bright spot on the horizon for the Fraternity, in this time of high costs and high interest, was the building by Kappa Active and Kappa Alumni Chapters of a new chapter house on the Tri-State University campus at Angola, Indiana. This was the first new chapter house in the Fraternity in several decades and the first completely new house known. The Chapter House was dedicated on October 13, 1984. In addition to the many actives and alumni of Kappa Chapter, Grand President Reinert and Executive Secretary Beals participated in the ceremonies. While the Fraternity was rejoicing with Kappa Chapter over its new house, the Lambda Chapter house forty miles away in Fort Wayne, Indiana, suffered heavy fire damage and the house was condemned by the City. The Chapter was in temporary living quarters and considerable concern was expressed about its viability. The Indiana Institute of Technology was not ABET-accredited and engineering enrollment was decreasing.

The Sixth Edition of the Sigma Phi Delta Pledge Manual was distributed in the Fall of 1984. The third printing of the formal Ritual for Initiation was made in late 1986 and distributed at that time. There were a few minor changes, but the Ritual has remained essentially unchanged since its adoption in 1940. The Constitution and Statutory Code of the Fraternity were reprinted and redistributed. Changes were minor in nature.

1985 - 1989

The Supreme Council met in Chicago, Illinois, on March 22 and 23, 1985, to review the status of the Fraternity and to prepare for the Twenty-Sixth General Convention. Of concern was the virtual inactive status of Rho Chapter. Members of the Supreme Council met in Naperville, Illinois, with the two remaining Rho Chapter members and with Rho alumni on March 23, 1985. The attitude and the reputation of the Chapter on the Bradley campus were not conducive to rushing and pledging. The Western Province asked, and received, permission to raise its dues to $20.00 per year. Pi Chapter had retired the mortgages on its two houses in Daytona Beach, Florida, and scheduled a mortgage burning for early May 1985.

The Supreme Council met before the Twenty-Sixth General Convention on August 28, 1985. The Executive Secretary was authorized to add a hard disk to his computer equipment. The Fraternity purchased the computer equipment being used by Editor Vosecky to publish the CASTLE. The Executive Secretary's compensation was reviewed. It was decided that his salary would remain at one dollar ($1.00) per year but that he would be allowed $1600 per year, payable quarterly, for non-itemized expenses. The Supreme Council, concerned over the increasing use of alcohol at rushing functions, mandated a Dry Rush for Fall 1985 and following years. This was not well received by some of the Chapters who were substituting alcohol for effort in rushing.

Held in Vancouver, British Columbia, on August 29, 30 and 31, 1985, the Twenty-Sixth General Convention was the first in Vancouver since 1951. The Fraternity was faced with continuing low enrollments and problems the Chapters need to solve to remain viable. To assist the Chapters in their rushing functions, the Grand Vice-President assembled all the available chapter literature into a book, which was distributed to the undergraduate chapters for new ideas and proven solutions. This had been done in an earlier year by Eastern Province Councilor Don Nelson. The concept of Joint Province Conventions, to provide more inter-chapter contact, was explored, but nothing developed from the idea. Yielding to inflation and the demand for increased activity from the National Office, undergraduate dues were increased from sixty to eighty dollars per year and undergraduate initiation fees were increased from forty to sixty dollars per year. Incumbent Grand President William J. Reinert was elected to a third term of office; Executive Secretary Beals was appointed to a seventh consecutive term of Office.

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The Supreme Council met in Mt. Prospect, Illinois, on April 5 and 6, 1986. The percentage scoring of the Scholarship Award was changed to 50% for grade point average; 30% for Fraternal involvement; and 20% for University and civic involvement. It was hoped that this would be an incentive to increased participation in fraternal activities. There were indications that Lambda Chapter was staging a comeback and plans were made to hold the Nineteenth Eastern Province Convention in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The Board of Trustees voted to provide new light boxes to the undergraduate Chapters to replace the boxes, which had been in use, in some Chapters, since 1939. In most instances, the plastic of the Coat of Arms was cracking and the cost of preparation of the individually painted transparencies was prohibitive. The Executive Secretary contracted with the supplier of the original transparencies to prepare a screen-printed Coat of Arms.

Shortly after the Nineteenth Eastern Province Convention, Lambda Chapter decided that the engineering enrollment at the Indiana Institute of Technology was too small and too disinterested in fraternities to continue to operate. Lambda Chapter went inactive, officially, on February 1, 1986. Their last formal initiation had been the initiation of four members on December 7, 1985. Rho Chapter, which had gone inactive in 1985, requested reactivation and initiated four new members on November 22, 1986. Since that time the chapter has grown in size and activity.

The Supreme Council meeting on March 13 and 14, 1987, was one of the most active in recent years. Held in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, it signaled the beginning of a new era in Fraternity operations. At the same time, the Council became increasingly aware of the pitfalls and risks of being an officer of a volunteer organization. The use of chemical substances, particularly alcohol, in the Chapter Houses and at Chapter functions; the possibilities of activities approaching hazing in some of the Chapters; chapter house safety and hazards; new tax laws affecting not- for-profit organizations; the tendency for people to sue for little or no reason; etc., increased the legal and financial responsibilities of being an officer. The question of permitting inactive status in an undergraduate chapter was again raised. Should married undergraduates be exempted from fraternal obligations? Over the past several years, the Federal Discount Rate had sunk to a low five percent. Recognizing that loans to housing corporations under existing laws could be made only at extremely low returns, the Council accepted the recommendation of the Board of Trustees to set a lower limit of five percent (5%) on any housing loan to a corporation associated with a Fraternity undergraduate chapter.

Shortly before the Twenty-Seventh General Convention, the Winnipeg Alumni Chapter reported that it had sold the Xi Chapter House at 77 Spence Street in Winnipeg. The house was unsuitable for more than two or three persons to live in and was in need of considerable repairs. Concern was immediate over the continued viability of Xi Active Chapter without a house in which to meet.

The pre-Convention meeting of the Supreme Council on September 2, 1987, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, continued the activity begun in March. Minor changes were made in the Chapter Efficiency Contest to give more credit for expansion and special activities in the Chapter. The United States Internal Revenue Service had ruled that interest income from investments of the Board of Trustees and of the National Office was not business-related but were taxable. It was discovered that the Fraternity Scholarship Program had not been approved by the IRS and the interest income used for still taxable. There was, however, a legal "out". If the monies for the Scholarships were "set aside" in a separate account, which could be used for no other purpose, such monies were not taxable. Of course, the Trustees and the Supreme Council set up such a set aside Fund for 1987 and subsequent years.

Triangle Fraternity had approached the Executive Secretary during the summer concerning the possibility of a consolidation of national offices, and other functions, of the two fraternities. Triangle National President James Marshall and Executive Director Jack Sargent met with the Supreme Council to explore the possibilities. Triangle Fraternity had thirty-two undergraduate chapters and three colonies at the time of this meeting. It was the consensus of both groups that a committee be formed to consider the feasibility of such action. This would not constitute a merger but a consolidation of activities, with both fraternities retaining their names, Rituals, etc. Immediately prior to the Convention, a letter was received from the Theta Tau Fraternity suggesting a merger. It was decided that a merger was out of the question and the Theta Tau offer was summarily rejected.

As is required at the time of every General Convention, the Supreme Council reviewed the compensation of the Executive Secretary and the Circulation Manager of the CASTLE. The one-dollar ($1.00) annual salary was

Page 75 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 retained but the non-itemized expense allowance for the Executive Secretary was increased to $2000 per year and for the Circulation Manager to $800 per year, effective January 1, 1988.

The Supreme Council adopted a "Risk Reduction Policy" (printed elsewhere in this Manual) to provide guidance to the Chapters and officers in those areas were liabilities and risks were prevalent. The General Convention later adopted the Policy as well. More stringent regulations on the use of controlled substances, especially alcohol, were proposed and adopted by the Twenty-Seventh General Convention. The Executive Secretary indicated that he and the Secretary-Treasurer of the Board of Trustees were covered under a financial bond.

The Twenty-Seventh General Convention met in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on September 3, 4 and 5, 1987, with Eta Active Chapter as Host. Members of the Milwaukee Alumni Chapter had petitioned for re-charter and were represented at the Convention for the first time in over twenty years. The format of this Convention reflected the new ideas surfacing in the Fraternity. Seminars were held on Legal Liabilities, Career Networking, Expansion opportunities and Procedures, and Rush Activities. The possibility of a Resume Book and a Fraternity program to provide resume access to the members was broached. Plans were made for the continued growth and expansion in each of the areas in an effort to reverse the low membership, low number of chapters, and limited Fraternity recognition.

Since its inception, the Fraternity had required that active chapters pay undergraduate dues after the six- month period in which they were incurred and then on a prorated basis. The Convention adopted a totally different approach in that undergraduate dues, effective March 1, 1988, would be due in advance and there would be no prorating of dues. Undergraduate member dues were retained at eighty dollars per year, but the due dates were changed from November 1 and April 1 to October 1 and March 1 of each year. Undergraduate and alumni initiation fees were increased from sixty to eighty dollars plus the cost of a badge. The Convention again considered the inclusion of women in the Fraternity membership, noting that inasmuch as we are social as well as professional, we are exempt from the Federal requirement that we admit women. The Convention decided to retain our all-male membership. The possibility of expanding our membership to include computer science majors was considered. Inasmuch as it might be considered as changing our engineering identity, no decision was made.

The 27th General Convention elected George J. Flanders, Rho alumnus, to be the tenth Grand President of the Fraternity for the biennium 1988 - 1989. Brother Flanders was born in Bunker Hill, Indiana, on June 3, 1960. He was initiated by Rho Chapter on February 11, 1979, with General Number 6122. He graduated in 1980 with a degree in Mechanical Engineering from Bradley University. He later obtained an MBA from Bradley. George is the second Rho alumnus to be Grand President. As the elections ended, for the first time since 1950 there was not an elected member as a National Officer from Delta Chapter. The Supreme Council approved the appointment of Dr. Robert J. Beals to an eighth term as Executive Secretary.

The first Supreme Council meeting outside the greater Chicago area was held on February 10 and 11, 1989, at the home of Grand President Flanders in Aurora, Colorado. All members of the Supreme Council attended the meeting. A business plan for the Fraternity was adopted, but was never fully implemented during Grand President Flanders' tenure. It was announced that Xi Chapter now had quarters at 71 Mapleridge Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba. They had purchased a frame construction bungalow in a residential area. Details of continuing a Career Network position within the Fraternity were discussed, with Scott Morrison, Delta alumnus, as the principal contact for this job-search office. In light of the pending installation of Upsilon chapter in the Central Province, the Council recommended to the 28th General Convention a consideration of changing Province boundaries. If changed, this would be the first change since 1948.

The resignation of Eastern Province Councilor James C. Kwock on September 15, 1989, preceded the appointment of G. Mark Shaw, Delta alumnus, as Eastern Province Councilor.

In the spring of 1987, James P. Schleck, then Central Province Councilor, and Dan Neal, Eta Chapter's Expansion Chairman, visited the University of Wisconsin-Madison with the intent of starting a student group toward charter as a chapter of Sigma Phi Delta. In the fall of 1987, Andrew Cotter, brother-in-law to James Schleck, enrolled in engineering at Wisconsin-Madison. During its formative months, Eta Chapter nurtured the new colony.

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On April 8, 1989, Grand President George J. Flanders installed Upsilon Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus. Assisting with installation were Grand Vice-President James P. Schleck, former Grand President William J. Reinert, Central Province Councilor Donald J. Nelson, Executive Secretary Dr. Robert J. Beals, and members from Eta and Kappa Active Chapters. Ten men made up the charter membership of Upsilon Chapter. They were Andrew A. Burns, Andrew B. Cotter, Daniel M. Prommelt, James A. Martinson, Robert C. Mutchler, David J. Uselmann, Jeffrey D. Wolfe, Thomas E. Wuttke, Arthur R. Ziesemer and Daniel R. Zinky. Arthur R. Ziesemer was Charter Chief Engineer and Andrew A. Burns was Chapter Secretary.

Executive Secretary Beals drafted amendments to the Constitution and Statutory Code of the Fraternity, which would provide for colony status for groups interested in becoming chapters of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. This more formal status of colony would provide better organizational structure, better recognition on the campus, and would provide a focus of activities on the campus. The General Convention, by mail ballot, approved the provisions on June 20, 1988, and they went into effect at that time. Members of a colony are not initiated members of Sigma Phi Delta but have the status of pledges of an undergraduate chapter.

The Twenty-Eighth General Convention was held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with Xi Active Chapter as Host, on August 31 and September 1 and 2, 1989. In a "first", the Convention elected former Grand President William J. Reinert, ninth president of the Fraternity, to be the eleventh Grand President for the biennium 1990 - 1991. The Convention planned for a Rush Seminar, at which all chapter rush chairmen would be expected to be present. This Seminar was planned by Central Province Councilor Donald J. Nelson and was held in Chicago, Illinois, on January 13 and 14, 1990. Realizing that the preponderance of Fraternity activities are financed in U.S. funds and that the Canadian member, while paying the same "face amount", was actually contributing about 80% to 85% support because of exchange rate, the Convention established that all dues, fees, jewelry items, supplies, etc. would be paid in U.S. currency or its equivalent. Jewelry and supplies had already been purchased under this provision. In another financial move, the Convention directed that a $50.00 registration fee be imposed on all chapter delegates to the Twenty-Ninth General Convention.

1990 - 1995

The Province boundaries were changed in January 1, 1990, to balance the number of chapters in each of the Provinces, insofar as possible. The Eastern Province - Central Province boundary, unchanged since 1948, would separate the Canadian Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, descend through Lake Michigan, follow the Wisconsin - Illinois border, then down the Mississippi River to its termination. This change moved Rho Active Chapter from the Central to the Eastern Province. Inasmuch as it has been policy that the principal alumni chapter associated with an undergraduate chapter be in the same Province, Central Illinois Alumni Chapter also moved to the Eastern Province. At the same time, Chicago, Illinois, and its immediate suburbs, was declared an "open city", enabling residents of the area to serve as officers in either Province.

For purposes of clarification, though no change was made at this Convention, the Central Province - Western Province boundaries separate the Canadian Provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, travel along the North Dakota-Montana-South Dakota borders, the South Dakota-Wyoming border, the Nebraska-Wyoming, Colorado- Kansas borders, the Oklahoma-New Mexico-Texas borders into Mexico.

Shortly after the 28th General Convention, Executive Secretary Beals began conversations with students at South Dakota State University in Brookings, South Dakota, about the formation of a colony. In 1934, the consolidation of the South Dakota state engineering programs at Brookings had forced Beta Chapter to go inactive. Former Grand Vice President Schleck and Epsilon Active Chapter continued the contacts. On April 20, 1990, Grand President Reinert established the group as Phi Colony of Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. SDSU rules require the colony to exist for one year prior to petition for charter as Phi Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta.

The Supreme Council met in the Chicago-land area for its annual meeting on February 16 and 17, 1990. All members of the Supreme Council, except for the Executive Secretary, were present. This was the first-ever Supreme Council meeting he had missed. On February 13, 1990, he had had a pacemaker installed and was just leaving the hospital. Plans were made for a Joint Province Convention in Fall 1990. A joint meeting would permit

Page 77 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 tutorials and information interchange unparalleled in separate conventions. However, insufficient interest was evidenced and the joint convention was cancelled.

The Supreme Council increased the mileage allowance for Fraternity travel from a long held $0.17 per mile to $0.20 per mile. The Grand President was authorized to purchase a computer for that office.

The Supreme Council met in the Chicago area for a March 1 and 2, 1991, meeting. The Council recommended that Dr. Richard Kenyon, the new President of Tri-State University, be initiated as an Honorary Member of the Fraternity at the 29th General Convention. Dr. Kenyon was elected an Honorary Member by the General Convention.

At different times, the criticism has been heard that the Supreme Council is made up of "older" alumni and out of touch with the undergraduate viewpoint. None of the incumbent Province Councilors stood for re-election at the 1990 Province Conventions. All three new Province Councilors were initiated into the Fraternity in 1986, graduated in May or June of 1990, and assumed office as Councilors on January 1, 1991.

Having fulfilled all of the requirements, the Colony at the South Dakota State University petitioned for Charter as Phi Chapter of the Fraternity. On May 4, 1991, Grand President William J. Reinert, Executive Secretary Robert J. Beals, Central Province Councilor Michael Fox and members of Epsilon Chapter formally installed Phi Chapter of Sigma Phi Delta in Brookings, South Dakota. Charter members included Marten H. Christensen, Chad D. Fletcher, Charles J. Hauck, Gary H. Kessler, William K. McGreevy, Jr., Gregory W. McLaughlin, John P. Meier, Jon A. Rokeh, Paul D. Scheier and Michael J. Teeman. Michael J. Teeman was Charter Chief Engineer and Chad Fletcher was Charter Chapter Secretary.

The Twenty-Ninth General Convention of the Fraternity was held on August 29, 30 and 31, 1991, in Angola, Indiana, with Kappa Chapter as Host Chapter. The Fraternity was in probably the worst crisis in its history. Incumbent Grand President William J. Reinert declined nomination for a fourth term and there were no candidates for this office or that of Grand Vice President. The Grand President and the Executive Secretary set up a meeting with the Theta Tau Fraternity to once again consider a merger of the two fraternities. A special issue of the STAR was sent to all members pleading for support of the Fraternity.

In response to the solicitation, there were three candidates for Grand President and three for Grand Vice President, two of whom were also candidates for Grand President. Paul A. Lindner, Delta alumnus, was elected to the office of Grand President for the biennium 1992 - 1993 and Keith Colombo, Pi alumnus, was elected to be Grand Vice President. Neither had held National or Province office prior to their election. David E. Vosecky, former Editor of the CASTLE, was elected to that office. However, David died of a massive heart attack on his forty-fourth birthday - September 17, 1995 - just two weeks after the close of the Convention.

The Convention raised the non-itemized expenses for the Executive Secretary to $2,500 per year plus a $1.00 annual salary. Similarly, the non-itemized expenses for the Circulation Manager of the CASTLE were raised to $1,000 per year plus a $1.00 annual salary. The Executive Secretary traded in a five-year old computer for a new modern one. The Sigma Phi Delta Housing Group, associated with Pi Active Chapter, reported that Pi Chapter was defaulting in payments and the housing group, as well as the Chapter, were in serious financial constraints.

In 1976, the Fraternity had tried to establish a Little Sister Program. Several of the Chapters had informal organizations for this purpose. At this Convention, the Fraternity decided to drop all references to Little Sister status throughout the Fraternity.

Executive Secretary Beals had been working on the establishment of the Sigma Phi Delta Foundation, a not- for-profit, 501(c)(3), organization, which could accept gifts for educational purposes. Contributions, in the United States, to this Foundation are tax deductible. Elected as the first Board of Directors were William J. Reinert, Delta alumnus; Gary L. Ray, Kappa alumnus; and Robert J. Beals, Delta alumnus. The Charter for this Ohio-based corporation was granted on November 5, 1991. The Board of Directors was elected by the General Convention, with two-, four- and six-year terms for the above listed Directors. William J. Reinert was elected by the Board to be the first President of the Foundation, Gary L. Ray was elected Vice President and Robert J. Beals was elected Secretary-Treasurer.

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A joint meeting of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity, represented by Grand President Paul A. Lindner, Past Grand President William J. Reinert, Past Grand President George Flanders, and Executive Secretary Robert J. Beals , and the Theta Tau Fraternity, represented by Grand Regent Dean W. Bettinger, former Grand Regent Randall J. Scheetz, Student Member of the Executive Council Michael T. Abraham, and Executive Director Robert E. Pope, was held at the Theta Tau Fraternity National Office in St. Louis, Missouri, on January 11, 1992. The purpose of the meeting was to explore the merger of the two engineering fraternities. Theta Tau had 28 undergraduate chapters, admitted women to those chapters desiring dual-gender status, and had a permanent National Office. There appeared to be a common interest in the merger until the matter of the name for the new organization was debated. Neither side was willing to compromise on the new name.

The challenge to the new Supreme Council of Sigma Phi Delta was great after the termination of the negotiations. Either we make a go of the Fraternity or we might have to accept Theta Tau’s conditions to save our chapters. Plans were formulated for the first Joint Tutorial and Province Conventions, to be held in the Fall of 1992 in Chicago, Illinois.

To assist the new Supreme Council to hit the ground running, the normally late winter Supreme Council meeting was held on November 9, 1991. With the death of the elected Editor, the Grand President appointed an Editor of the CASTLE, Edward A. Hurst, Alpha alumnus. Several years ago, the unrelated business income from the Board of Trustees' investments was set aside for scholarships. Each chapter was eligible for a $500 scholarship. If a chapter failed to provide a nominee, that amount went to another chapter who then had two scholarships. Plans were formulated for the First Joint Tutorial and Province Conventions. Specific goals for the biennium were established, based on the Object of the Fraternity.

A colony had been established earlier at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. The colony had petitioned for Charter as Chi Chapter of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity but failed to maintain the required ten members up to formal installation. They continued their colony for a few more years. A representative had attended the 29th General Convention and the First Joint Province Conventions without official status. By 1997, the lack of support by the Dean of the College of Engineering, coupled with the death of one of the Colony members, contributed to a lack of will on the part of the colonists to create a chapter, and the effort there was shelved.

The First Tutorial and Joint Province Convention was held in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, on September 4, 5 and 6, 1992. Eight hours were devoted to tutorials on Fraternities and the Law, Financial Record Keeping, Rush, Pledge Program, Expansion, Housing Corporation Concerns, Electronic Bulletin Board. The Foundation held its first formal meeting after incorporation. Goals on Objectives for the Fraternity were expanded and formalized. National Dues for undergraduate members were raised from $80 to $90 per year. Eastern and Western Province dues were raised from $30 to $40 a year while the dues for the Central Province remained at $30 per year. Province Conventions met for several hours during the overall session.

Continuing a long-standing practice, the Supreme Council held a winter meeting on February 19 and 20, 1993, in Des Plaines, Illinois. Plans were formulated for the Thirtieth General Convention. Efforts were made to once again publish issues of the STAR.

The Thirtieth General Convention was held in Los Angeles, California, on September 2, 3 and 4, 1993. Pi Chapter members had moved en masse from their Chapter houses in Daytona Beach, Florida, leaving the housing board with almost $130,000 in renovations with no chapter to support them. A summons was issued for the Chapter to appear at a hearing during the 30th General Convention. After the hearing, the General Convention found the Chapter guilty on the charges of conduct prejudicial to good order, delinquency in accounts and violation of the Oath of Initiation. The Chapter was officially reprimanded, as provided for in the Statutory Code. They were instructed to provide 200 man-hours of labor to repair the trashing of the chapter houses. Failure to comply could result in a change of penalty to suspension.

Of considerable concern to the Delegates was the subject of a dual-gender organization. To remain strictly professional would require opening our membership to women engineers. The consensus was that we should be a social fraternity of engineers, which would permit us to retain our single-gender membership.

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Tutorials were held during this Convention on Rush, Pledging and Membership, Chapter Operations, Budgeting and Financial operations, Alumni Relations, Housing and Risk Reduction. The consensus was that we had packed too much in too little time. Grand President Paul Lindner was elected to a second term in that Office. The Convention was unable to elect a Grand Vice President or Editor of the CASTLE. Both officers were appointed later by the Grand President. Former Central Province Councilor and Grand Vice President Dennis E. Kroll, returned as Grand Vice President. Executive Secretary Beals was reappointed to an eleventh two-year term of office, thereby equaling his twenty-two years as Grand President.

The Supreme Council met on February 18 and 19, 1994, in Des Plaines, Illinois. Fraternity Goals and Objectives were reviewed. Plans were formulated for the Second Tutorial and Joint Province Convention. They were revised to more closely parallel the Object of the Fraternity.

The Second Tutorial and Joint Province Convention was held in Rosemont, Illinois, on September 2, 3 and 4, 1994. Pi Chapter failed to respond to the reprimand and the call for service to the chapter, as directed by the Thirtieth General Convention. The Supreme Council called for the revocation of the Pi Active Chapter Charter unless the members responded by October 1, 1994. There was no response from the members of Pi Chapter and its Charter was revoked on October 1, 1994.

The subjects for this second tutorial included Budgeting, Pledging, National Office Concerns, Financial Record Keeping, Expansion, Rush, Alumni Chapter Concerns, Risk Reduction and Active Chapter Management. Incumbent Province Councilors were returned to office. As usual, it was not possible to find candidates to serve as Province Secretaries. National Officer recruitment was a continued concern.

A Pledge Fee of $10.00 was established. For this fee, the individual Pledge receives a copy, of the Pledge Manual, Manual of Procedure, Constitution and Statutory Code and Code of Ethics. The fee is submitted at the time of notification of pledging by the Chapter.

The long-delayed meeting of the Supreme Council was held on April 21 and 22, 1995, in Arlington Heights, Illinois. The major emphasis of this meeting was National Officer recruitment. The Eastern and Central Province Councilors resigned on this date. Replacements were not found until the Thirty-First General Convention. An individual letter was sent to each alumnus; a special issue of the STAR was distributed. Once again, the Fraternity lacked candidates going into a General Convention. It was the consensus that the Delegates had been worked quite hard at the two Tutorials and the intervening General Convention. A more liberal schedule, including a plant trip and some social functions, were scheduled for the Thirty-First General Convention.

Responses from the chapters towards the Fraternity Scholarship were lagging. To promote interest, the Contest was changed. Where, previously, the contest was based solely on grade point average, fraternal involvement and civic and university involvement, the new Scholarship was based on a white paper plus the above- listed items. The first topic assigned was "The Role of Social Engineering Fraternities in the Next Decade". The $500 stipend was raised to a $1000 stipend, with $200 of the award going to the undergraduate chapter. Two such scholarships were to be awarded Fraternity-wide.

As a result of the extensive search for candidates, there were candidates for all National Offices when the Thirty-First General Convention met in Fargo, North Dakota, on August 31, September 1 and 2, 1995. Alpha Omega Epsilon Sorority is a four-chapter sorority, founded in 1988, with chapters at Marquette University, University of North Carolina at Raleigh, South Dakota School of Mines and Milwaukee School of Engineering. Julie Heinrich, their National Executive Board President, attended the 31st General Convention. It is the intent of both engineering organizations to work together an expansion. A Memorandum of Understanding was drawn up between the two organizations.

Tutorials were held on Rush, Pledging, National Officer Recruitment and Expansion. The agenda was more relaxed than at previous conventions. One session was dedicated to professional development through two plant tours. Another session was set aside for a paint ball "war" among the delegates.

Since the reorganization of the Fraternity after World War II, in 1948, one Epsilon alumnus and two Rho alumni each held two-year terms as Grand President. During the remaining forty-two years, the Grand President

Page 80 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 was a Delta alumnus. This Convention elected Scott Everett, an Epsilon alumnus, to lead the Fraternity during the following biennium. Former Grand President Paul A. Lindner accepted the office of Grand Vice President to concentrate on expansion of the Fraternity. Executive Secretary Beals accepted appointment to a twelfth consecutive term in that office.

Following the precedent of four years earlier, the Supreme Council met on November 17 & 18, 1995, in Des Plaines, Illinois, to permit the new Council to have its plans in motion by January 1, 1996. In addition to reviewing the goals for the biennium, the Supreme Council established the new national offices of Deputy Province Councilor for Expansion, to assist the Grand Vice-President in expansion at the Province level. Upon reviewing the duties of all National Officers and noting the added duties of Circulation Manager as maintainer of the Fraternity’s newly established World Wide Web site and on-line directory system, the Supreme Council voted to increase the non- itemized expenses for the Circulation Manager to $1,500 per year.

The growth of the Internet in the 1990’s spawned dramatic improvements in communications at all levels within the Fraternity. By 1995, over half the National Officers and active Chapters had their own e-mail addresses and use of this medium was increasing rapidly. Sigma Phi Delta’s World Wide Web site offered general information about the Fraternity to the world, and offered members a searchable, up-to-date online directory of home addresses, e-mail addresses and “home pages” of Sigma Phi Delta Brothers. The Web site and online directory system had its origins as an electronic bulletin board system, developed in 1992 by then Editor of the CASTLE, Edward A. Hurst.

1996 - 2001

By 1996, there were several other indications of the major improvements in communications and participation at the National level. One was the coordinating of monthly Supreme Council conference calls by Grand President Scott Everett. Another indicator was the convening of an unprecedented second Supreme Council meeting this winter in the Chicago area, to plan and budget the Third Joint Province Convention. 100% of the Supreme Council was in attendance at both meetings. And thirdly, was the long-awaited publication of the first CASTLE in over two years.

At its meeting in Elk Grove Village on March 30, 1996, the Supreme Council voted to transfer $2,000 in funds from the General and Convention Funds to the Expansion Fund, to aid in the expansion campaign headed by Grand Vice-President Paul A. Lindner.

The Third Joint Province Convention was held on August 30, 31 and September 1, 1996, in Champaign- Urbana, Illinois with Delta Chapter as Host chapter. This was the first Joint Province Convention to have a chapter as host. Tutorial topics included Rush, Budgeting and Finances, Sigma Phi Delta Values, Chapter Operations, Expansion, and Communications. Events accompanying the Convention included a campus tour, a demonstration of the Virtual Reality Cave in the Beckman Institute Building, a cookout at Delta Chapter, the formal initiation of five new Delta Chapter members, and a formal dinner.

Of concern to the Fraternity was the fact that Rho chapter, which had re-activated in 1986, was not represented at the last two Conventions. No one was living in Rho’s chapter house, which had been condemned by the City of Peoria, and the Central Illinois Alumni chapter decided not to invest in restoring the house. The members of Rho chapter failed to return to the house in the Fall of 1996, and the chapter was decidedly rendered inactive at that time.

A Supreme Council Meeting was held in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, on February 22, 1997. At this meeting, Grand President Everett reviewed the progress made towards meeting the Fraternity’s goals set last year. Motions included increasing the number of awarded undergraduate scholarships to three, $1000 “Undergraduate Achievement Awards”, with $250 going to the recipient’s chapter. To improve the effectiveness of chapter visitations by National Officers, it was requested that the visiting officer submit a chapter visitation report to the Supreme Council before any travel expenses will be paid. A motion was passed to vacate the office of Editor of the Castle. Editor Joseph Welinski, who was too busy to carry out his duties and only able to produce one issue of the

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CASTLE in his 14 months holding that office, effectively resigned. A draft copy of a new Expansion and Rush brochure, which was developed by Deputy Province Councilor for Expansion, Tom Walker, was distributed to the Supreme Council for comment. The Council felt that 100 gratis copies should be distributed to the undergraduate chapters, and that additional copies can be sold as needed.

A historic Thirty Second General Convention of Sigma Phi Delta was held on August 28-30, 1997, in Brookings, South Dakota, with Phi Chapter as host. Executive Secretary Beals had a new pacemaker installed the day before the Convention and could not attend. This was the first Convention missed by Brother Beals in forty-six years. Following his absence from Convention, “Grand Old Man” Robert J. Beals announced that he would be retiring from the office of Executive Secretary after this term and asked Grand President Lindner to appoint his successor. The brotherhood was re-awakened to the significance of his role as Executive Secretary of the Fraternity. At the Supreme Council meetings, paralleling the General Convention, there was much discussion of the duties of the office of Executive Secretary as well as the roles and responsibilities of the Grand President, Editor of the Castle and Circulation Manager. One outcome of this assessment was the renaming of the office of Editor of the Castle to Communications Director and the creation of the separate appointed office of Information Systems Manager. The Communications Director would take on all duties related to publishing, marketing, and maintaining a consistent image for the Fraternity. The Information Systems Manager, reporting to the Communications Director, would be responsible for the Fraternity’s image in electronic form, including its World Wide Web site and e-mail identities. To that effect, changes to the Constitution and Statutory Code were drafted and approved by mail vote of General Convention. It was also the consensus that some of the duties of the Executive Secretary could be appointed to new assistant positions or assigned to other existing National Officers.

During the business sessions of the Convention, open discussion was held on the topics of Goal Setting, Risk Reduction and Alcohol Policy, and whether Sigma Phi Delta should become a dual-gender Fraternity. On the latter topic, one group suggested that a “separate but equal” organization is needed, whereby the Fraternity would have both all-male and/or all-female Chapters at any given university, but that co-ed houses would not work. The overall consensus though was, once again, that the Fraternity should try and succeed as a single-gender Fraternity. A convention proposal to change the title and responsibilities of the Editor of the Castle to Communications Director (CD) was passed unamiosly by mail ballot. The CD not only is responsible for the publishing of the Castle, but also he will supervise the Circulation and Web Managers.

In other business, the General Convention approved for Honorary membership, Steven Foor, the father of Kappa Chapter active Mason Michael Foor, who died in the Spring at age 19. Active chapter National dues were increased by $10 to $110 per annum, and 5% of these dues are now to go into an Expansion Fund, with the General Fund apportionment changing to 33%. Delta Alumnus Burt A. Wagner III, was elected to immediately fill the vacant office of Editor of the Castle, and assume the added responsibilities of the new Communications Director office for the 1998-1999 biennium. Eric P. Messerschmidt resigned as Eastern Province Councilor to devote his efforts to a special Sigma Phi Delta expansion/marketing project, and strongly recommended Kappa Alumnus Michael L. Votaw to be his replacement. Brother Votaw was unanimously voted into the position. The General Convention also elected as Board of Trustees member, Delta Alumnus William J. Trader. Unfortunately, Brother Trader passed away in the following year, before his term as Trustee was to have started. Robert J. Beals was elected to a second and final term of the Sigma Phi Delta Foundation Board of Directors.

A Supreme Council meeting was held in the Chicago area on November 8, 1997 to plan for the biennium 1998-1999. The Supreme Council met again on March 7-8 1998 in Vancouver, BC for further biennium planning and for establishing the details for the Fourth Joint Province Convention. Theta Chapter hosted the Fourth Joint Province Convention and Tutorial, July 30 - August 1, 1998. Events included a barbecue at the Theta house, a plant tour of CREO products, initiation of an honorary member, Richard Hancock, a visit to a salmon hatchery, and a banquet at the botanical gardens.

A new toll-free number was established, 1-877 SIG PHIS (877-744-7447) which is directed to the Executive Secretary’s office. A Chat Room page was opened on the Internet Relay Chat (IRC), allowing brothers and officers to chat about any topic. This capability allowed for monthly online Supreme Council meetings. The Fraternity's financial books and jewelry inventory were automated using Quickbooks 6.0.

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On December 12, 1998 a colony was established at the University of Delaware. Under the leadership of Brother Keith Hileman and Kappa Chapter actives, visits were made to the University of Cincinnati where a number of engineering students expressed interest in joining Sigma Phi Delta.

In order to reduce the amount of paper work and cost of printing, Fraternity forms, Meeting Minutes, and Constitution and Statutory Code were posted to the World Wide Web site. These documents will no longer be supplied in printed form but should be downloaded and printed at the local level.

On the 75th Anniversary of the Fraternity's founding, two chapters were installed, the first, Chi Chapter at the University of Cincinnati on April 10, 1999 and the second was Psi Chapter at the University of Delaware. The charter members of Chi Chapter were: Jeffrey S. Ackerman, Joshua E. Bare, Keith E. Daegele, Shaun M. Limber, Brandon A. Lynne, Andrew E. Pierson, Dale W. Schaefer, Michael J. Starr, Rob C. Sweet, Adam W. Swejk, Robert Charles Thomas, and Charter Chief Engineer Zachary Khang D. Vuong. The charter members of Psi Chapter were: Gregory A. Aluise, Michael D. Day II, Eric A. Fine, Charter Chief Engineer Leonard J. French Jr., Donald J. Hancock, Aaron S. Knipe, Jeffrey J. Robinson, Brian K. Scramlin, William E. Sedutto, John W. Soisson, Matthew S. Underhill, Mike P. Vansant, and Erich C. Weigert .

Also in the Spring of 1999, Grand Vice President Scott Everett resigned his position to be succeeded by Brother Keith Hileman. Brother Adam Lynch was appointed to the newly created position of Director for International Expansion. Brother Jimmy Jones of Delta Chapter was awared the $3000 eight-month internship to provide assistance to the National Office.

Sigma Phi Delta's Silver Anniversary was celebrated in style at the 34th General Convention, hosted by Alpha Chapter. It was held at the Regal Biltmore hotel in Los Angeles, California, on July 15-17, 1999. The professional program included a visit NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena. The Supreme Council made a monetary award to Kappa Chapter for its extraordinary efforts in bringing Psi Chapter to reality. The Fraternity expressed its appreciation to Brother Robert J. Beals, for attending the Convention to receive the Fraternity's Professional Achievement Award, and for his dedication to the Fraternity during nearly 50 of its 75-year history and his continued service on the Sigma Phi Delta Foundation Board of Directors. The General Convention heard an address by Alpha Omega Epsilon’s National Executive Board Vice President, on joint efforts to expand the two organizations. The General Convention directed a committee to approach Phi Beta Epsilon engineering Fraternity (in the Philippines) to seek an agreement on their joining Sigma Phi Delta. The Supreme Council decided to break up the duties of the office of the Executive Secretary. Brother Hurst was appointed to the new position of Treasurer, responsible for the Fraternity’s finances, and Brother Derek Troy was appointed to the position of Executive Secretary, responsible for administrative duties, minutes, and forms. A third position was Merchandising Chair, to be responsible for all merchandise and jewelry orders of the Fraternity, and Brother Hurst was appointed to that position on an interim basis. A fourth position, Information Systems Manager, was also being filled on an interim basis by Brother Hurst.

Later in 1999, an effort to establish a Chapter at Rutgers University for both Sigma Phi Delta and Alpha Omega Epsilon had slowed. However, it was noted that AOE's expansion efforts were more successful recently than Sigma Phi Delta's.

Brother Mike Golden of Delta Chapter was awarded a $3000 internship to be served through June 2000. Starting February 1, 2000, two additional internships were awarded to Tom Mercer (Epsilon) and Alix Minden (Kappa). Brothers Mercer and Minden assisted the National Office through October 1, 2000.

On April 5, 2000 the Supreme Council voted unanimously to recognize a Colony at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Omega Chapter was then chartered on May 13, 2000. This historic day accomplished the milestone of completing all single Greek Letter chapter designations for Sigma Phi Delta. The charter members of Omega Chapter were : Jonah Charles Blake, Golam M. Bokhtier, Jeffery K. Chang, Endrit Gjona, William S. Irvine Jr., Jeremy Nacer, Ankoor Naik, Michael J. Torntore, Charter Chief Engineer Steven A. Weiss, and Jonathan Werner.

The Fifth Joint Province Convention was held between June 29 and July 2, 2000, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with Eta Chapter hosting. Key pieces of business emanating from the Convention were: (1) that Delta Chapter

Page 83 Pledge Manual of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity Tenth Edition - 2002 would be realigned to the Central Province; (2) the Petition of the Colony at Rutgers to become Omega Chapter was accepted unanimously; and (3) the National Director position, that would sweep together the offices of Executive Secretary and Circulation Manager, was approved. In addition Grand President Lindner reported a strengthening of the partnership with AOE. However, this has helped AOE the most; SPD helped them start at least four chapters at schools in the US and Canada. Grand President Lindner also reported that the Fraternity had an incident where an active chapter did not follow the Risk Reduction Policy. The chapter and individual members found themselves with serious challenges from the university and local law enforcement. He reminded all that Sigma Phi Delta set up the Risk Reduction policies to educate the members of the risks they face and give them a framework to minimize their liability. The professional program was a tour of both Harley Davidson Engine plant and Miller Brewing Company.

In order to reduce damage when items are “stolen” by a visiting Chapter, the Supreme Council directed that each chapter build a Rip-off Trophy that would be the only item that allowed to be taken from chapters by a visiting chapter. The trophy shall be obvious and shall be able to be taken without damage. As partial repayment for damage caused to the Delta house, Kappa Chapter was directed to construct a Master Rip Off Trophy.

At its Chicago area meeting of April 6-8, 2001, the Supreme Council interviewed several qualified candidates for the newly created Executive Director position, and on June 1, 2001 Brother Robert R. Featheringham, an alumnus of Lambda Chapter, inaugurated the position of Executive Director of Sigma Phi Delta. This is the Fraternity’s first full-time paid position to handle the fraternity affairs. This position was set up for a two year trial period, after which the Executive Director's effectiveness will be evaluated and a decision about the future of the position will be made at that time.

The 34th General Convention was hosted by Kappa Chapter at Tri-State University in Angola, Indiana, on July 19-21, 2001. Attending this convention were a group of representatives from the Sigma Phi Delta Colony at Virginia Commonwealth University, as well as three representatives from Zeta Phi Sigma, an engineering sorority at VCU. At this convention a Chapter health system was instituted to provide a consistent basis to determine how well chapters are meeting the ideals of Sigma Phi Delta. The professional event was a tour of the Cooper-Standard plan in Auburn, Indiana. Tutorials were presented on Risk Reduction, Chapter Financial Management, Rush and Recruiting, and the Fraternity’s initiative, Engineers United, seeking to work together with Women in Engineering organizations for the benefit of the Engineering profession. The General Convention voted: 1) to assist the formation of Zeta Phi Sigma at VCU; 2) to initiate a general fundraising initiative of all members. Elected to succeed Paul Lindner as Grand President, was Derek R. Troy, the first Alpha Chapter alumnus to serve as Grand President since founding member Gilbert H. Dunstan.

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PLEDGE LESSONS

To assist the Pledge Trainer in the proper training of the future members of Sigma Phi Delta, it is recommended that the study of the Pledge Manual be divided into twelve lessons. The following questions may be used as a guide in preparing the presentation of the material or the examination.

Lesson One

Our Fraternity 1. Give the Object of the Fraternity (verbatim).

Code of Ethics 1. Of what significance is our Code of Ethics? 2. On what is the Code of Ethics founded? 3. Do you know of other organizations with a Code of Ethics?

What is a Fraternity? 1. What benefits can be derived from fraternity membership? 2. What is a fraternity?

Status of a Pledge 1. What is a pledge? 2. What may a pledge expect from the active members of the Chapter? 3. What should the Chapter be able to expect from a pledge? 4. What are the requirements to be a pledge in the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity? 5. What is meant by the term "hazing"?

Lesson Two

Responsibilities of Membership 1. What responsibilities does an undergraduate member have toward the Fraternity? 2. What responsibilities does an alumnus have toward the Fraternity? 3. Who is responsible for the expansion effort of the Fraternity? 4. Is it "fraternal" to insist that a member or pledge meet his financial commitments? His fraternity commitments?

The Development of Fraternities 1. Why did fraternities develop? 2. Name the oldest college fraternity and state where and when it was founded. 3. Name the oldest existing fraternity and state where and when it was founded. 4. When did schools and faculties realize the value of the fraternity system? 5. Where was the first fraternity house established? When? 6. What are the classes of fraternities that exist today? 7. What does each of the classes of fraternities offer its members? 8. To what interfraternity conference does Sigma Phi Delta belong?

Lesson Three

The Greek Alphabet 1. Be able to write the Greek alphabet, both upper and lower case.

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Parliamentary Procedure 1. List, in order, the items for the General order of Business in Most organizations. 2. Who is responsible for preserving order in a meeting? 3. What are Minutes of a meeting? 4. What is meant by having the floor? 5. What is the significance of accepting a report? Of receiving a report? Of adopting a provision? 6. Who is entitled to vote in most meetings? 7. What is a quorum? What constitute a quorum in your undergraduate Chapter? 8. What methods of voting are available? What are the advantages of each? When may the Chair vote? 9. What is meant by a Question of Privilege? Identify them and explain when they may be used. What are Robert’s Rules of Order?

Lesson Four

Active Chapters of Sigma Phi Delta 1. List the present active Chapters of Sigma Phi Delta and their locations. 2. In what Province is each of the active chapters located? 3. What chapters are inactive and where were they located? 4. What chapters have been inactive and returned to full active status? 5. Who was the Charter Chief Engineer and Chapter Secretary of your active chapter?

Alumni Chapters of Sigma Phi Delta 1. Identify the alumni chapters associated with an active chapter, naming each. 2. Why are some alumni chapters given Greek names and others geographical identifications? 3. What are the principal functions of alumni chapters?

Lesson Five

Blazon and Coat of Arms 1. Sketch the Fraternity Coat of Arms. 2. Describe the various features present on the Coat of Arms. 3. When was this Coat of Arms adopted by the Fraternity? 4. How does this present Coat of Arms differ from its predecessor?

Insignia of Sigma Phi Delta 1. Identify all of the insignia of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity. 2. What is the symbol of the Fraternity? 3. What is the flower of the Fraternity? 4. What is the motto of the Fraternity? When was it adopted? 5. What insignia are presented to the member upon initiation? 6. Sketch the pledge button and the active badge, with labels indicating the colors used on each portion. 7. Describe the pledge button. 8. Describe the active badge. What is the significance of the jewels? 9. Sketch the design of the Fraternity flag.

Lesson Six

Fraternity Publications 1. What is the difference between an exoteric and an esoteric publication? 2. What are the publications of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity? 3. Who is the editor of each publication? 4. Name the staff of the CASTLE. How are they paid? 5. Write the words of at least one Fraternity song.

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Sigma Phi Delta Efficiency Contest 1. What is the purpose of the Sigma Phi Delta Chapter Efficiency Contest? 2. What Chapters have won permanent possession of trophies? 3. How many times has your chapter won the Efficiency Contest? 4. What chapter has won the Contest the most times since 1951?

Risk Reduction Policy of Sigma Phi Delta 1. What is the purpose of the Risk Reduction Policy? 2. What criteria govern the use of alcohol or controlled substances? 3. What is hazing and when is it permissible? 4. What is an "open party"? When is it permissible? 5. What is "Dry Rush"?

Lesson Seven

The National Organization of Sigma Phi Delta Legislative, Judicial and Executive Powers

1. What is the membership of the General Convention of Sigma Phi Delta? 2. When are regular sessions of the General Convention held? 3. May special sessions be held? How? What is their authority? 4. Who has floor privileges at a General Convention? 5. Who are the Officers of the General Convention? 6. What constitutes a quorum at a General Convention? 7. What power does the Supreme Council have? 8. Where is the supreme judicial power of the Fraternity? Was it always in this body? 9. Name the members of the current Supreme Council (by office and by name). 10. In whom are the executive powers of the Fraternity vested? 11. What are the responsibilities of each member of the Supreme Council? 12. What are the offenses cognizable by the Fraternity? 13. What are the penalties if found guilty of an offense against the Fraternity? 14. Who may try a member for an offense against the Fraternity?

Lesson Eight The National Organization of Sigma Phi Delta Board of Trustees, Endowment Funds, Finances, Fraternity Laws, Provinces

1. Who are the current members of the Sigma Phi Delta Board of Trustees? Are they elected or appointed? 2. Do all members of the Board have the right to vote? 3. What is the principle function of the Board of Trustees? 4. What residence requirements, if any, are there for the Board of Trustees? 5. What constitutes a quorum for a Board of Trustees' meeting? 6. What funds do the Board of Trustees administer? 7. For what purposes are these Funds collected and maintained? 8. Who collects these Funds and how are they disbursed? 9. From what sources are these Funds collected? 10. In the order of importance, what are the Fraternity's Laws? 11. Who is responsible for the interpretation of the Constitution and Statutory Code of the Fraternity? 12. What are the Provinces of the Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity? What are their names and roughly what geography do they embrace? 13. In what is the government of the Province vested? 14. When are Province Conventions held?

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15. What are the National Dues for an active member? For an alumni Member? Of an alumni chapter? What initiation fees does an undergraduate pay? An alumni member? A faculty member? An Honorary member? 16. From where are the funds for the Province administration obtained? 17. What Province dues does an undergraduate member pay? An alumni member? An Alumni Chapter? How does the calculation of Province Dues differ, if any, from the calculation of National Dues for an undergraduate member?

Lesson Nine

The National Organization of Sigma Phi Delta Active and Alumni Chapters, Membership, Pledgeship, Special Days

1. What are the requirements for the establishment of an active chapter? 2. What are the requirements for the establishment of an alumni chapter? 3. What is an alumni association? How does it differ from an alumni chapter? 4. Describe the composition of an active chapter. 5. What are the classes of membership in the Fraternity? Who may propose each class for membership? 6. What are the requirements concerning dual membership? 7. What are the requirements for initiation into the Fraternity? 8. What are the requirements for pledgeship in the Fraternity? 9. What are the required officers of an active chapter? 10. What chapter advisors does the active chapter have? Name the advisors of your chapter and their offices. 11. What is each of the chapter advisor's functions? 12. How are the advisors selected and installed? 13. What is the significance of April 11 in the Fraternity? 14. What sort of program is held on April 11? Who specifies the program? 15. Why is CASTLE Day held? Who specifies the program?

Lesson Ten

The Supreme Council of Sigma Phi Delta

General Managers and Executive Secretaries

Board of Trustees of Sigma Phi Delta

Board of Directors of the Sigma Phi Delta Foundation

General Conventions and Province Conventions 1. Who were the members of the first Supreme Council, what office did they hold and from what chapters were they? 2. Who was the only man to be both Grand President and Chapter President at the same time? 3. Who are the members of the current Supreme Council, what office do they hold and from what active chapter are they? 4. Who was the first Editor of the CASTLE? 5. Who was the first General Manager of the Fraternity? Who held this office for the longest period of time? 6. Who was the first Executive Secretary of the Fraternity? Who held this office for the longest period of time? 7. When was the Fraternity incorporated? Where? Why there? 8. When did the Board of Trustees become a functioning body? Who are the current members of the Sigma Phi Delta Board of Trustees? 9. Where and when was the first General Convention held? 10. How many General Conventions have been held? Where will the next one be held? 11. When was the first Province Convention held? Where? Who was the presiding officer?

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12. Name all of the Grand Presidents of Sigma Phi Delta and give their undergraduate chapter. 13. What man held the Office of Grand President for the longest period of time? Who was second in tenure? Who was elected to the Office on two separate occasions? 14. Why was the Sigma Phi Delta Foundation established? When? Who are the current members of the Board of Directors of the Sigma Phi Delta Foundation?

Lesson Eleven

A History of Sigma Phi Delta Fraternity 1. Where and when was Sigma Phi Delta founded? 2. Who was the first president of Sigma Phi Delta? 3. When was the first formal initiation held? 4. Who designed the badge of Sigma Phi Delta? 5. Why was Sigma Phi Delta organized? 6. What were some of the problems encountered by the founders? 7. Name the two men who held the title "Grand Old Man of Sigma Phi Delta". 8. Name the Honorary Members of Sigma Phi Delta. 9. Who held office for the Most terms as Grand President?

Lesson Twelve

Active and Alumni Chapter officers 1. List the principal officers of your chapter, both by name and by position. 2. Who are the officers of the alumni chapter associated with your undergraduate chapter (if any)? 3. Who is your Chapter Councilor? What are his duties? 4. Who is your Alumnus Adviser? What are his duties? 5. Who is your Faculty Advisor? What are his duties? 6. What are the names of the members of your pledge class? 7. Name the hometowns of the members of your pledge class. 8. Name the engineering majors of the members of your pledge class. 9. When was your undergraduate chapter founded? Who were its officers?

The Undergraduate Chapter shall add such other questions as it may wish pertaining to the History of the Individual Chapter, the House and Pledge Rules of the Chapter, or the History and Traditions of the campus where the Chapter is located.

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