Andean Past

Volume 8 Article 5

2007 Edwin Nelson Ferdon, Jr. (June 14, 1913 - November 13, 2002) Earl H. Lubensky deceased

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons

Recommended Citation Lubensky, Earl H. (2007) "Edwin Nelson Ferdon, Jr. (June 14, 1913 - November 13, 2002)," Andean Past: Vol. 8 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol8/iss1/5

This Obituaries is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EDWIN NELSON FERDON, JR. (JUNE 14, 1913 - NOVEMBER 13, 2002)

Earl H. Lubensky University of Missouri-Columbia

Photo courtesy of Vearl Ferdon

Edwin Nelson Ferdon, Jr. was born in St. interest in Scandinavia by sending him books Paul, Minnesota and grew up in Aurora, Illinois. from that part of the world. Ed cherished his ties When he was sixteen years old his father, Edwin to the Norse countries throughout his life, but Nelson Ferdon, Sr., took a job with the Ameri- he considered himself first and foremost an can Art Works and the family moved to archaeologist, as he indeed was, although he Coshocton, Ohio.1 His mother, Julie Omeyer also made significant contributions to the re- Ferdon was proud of her Norwegian heritage. lated disciplines of geography and ethnography. Her cousin, Thor Odegard, maintained Ed’s Through his research he greatly increased our understanding of ancient Ecuador, Peru, Mex- ico, the American Southwest, and the South 1 From the 1880s to the 1950s, Coshocton was an impor- Pacific. tant production center for advertising art. Lithographs on tin and paper, signs, calendars, celluloid novelty objects, and trays were made for breweries, soft drink manufactur- Ed’s life may be divided into three periods: ers, and ice cream factories, among other clients. The his early years (1913-1939); his Ecuadorian American Art Works made the now-famous Coca Cola years (1939-1945); and his Southwestern years trays, as well as glass objects, and calendars.

ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007): 9-32. ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 10 when he was resident in Santa Fe, New Mexico THE EARLY YEARS (1945-1961) and Tucson, Arizona (1961-2002). During his early years he became an archaeolo- Ed Ferdon’s first experience in archaeology gist. He participated in archaeological projects occurred about 1931 when he, accompanied by in the United States Southwest and in Latin his younger brother and some friends, initiated America. In his Ecuadorian years he conducted an Eagle Scout excavation of a threatened extensive survey and limited excavations. While Hopewell mound near his home (Ferdon 1998: living in New Mexico he continued to write 11; Thompson 2003a, 2003b).2 Later that year, about Ecuador and renewed his early fascination while a student at Marietta College (ibid:20), he with the American Southwest and Mexico. He attended the annual meeting of the Archaeolog- also became interested in the South Pacific and ical Institute of America. There he met Edgar remained so for the rest of his life. By the time Lee Hewett (ibid:23-24; Thompson 2003a). he moved to Arizona he had developed an Hewett encouraged Ferdon to go to archaeologi- expertise in folk museums. They became the cal field school in New Mexico. In 1932 he subject of much of his work at the Arizona State participated in the University of New Mexico’s Museum. Jemez Field School (Ferdon 1998:22-29; Gifford and Morris 1985:406 citing a personal commu- Several important scholars had a profound nication from Ferdon), traveling there on his influence on Ed Ferdon. While still in his teens Harley Davidson. In 1933 he was once again he moved into the circle of Edgar Lee Hewett, working at the Jemez site (Ferdon 1998:29-33) who founded the Museum of New Mexico and and in 1934 was on the Chaco Canyon team directed it until his death in 1946. This influ- (ibid:32-40). Under the direction of Reginald G. ence is reflected in Ferdon’s biography of Fisher, Ferdon undertook a small stratigraphic Hewett (Ferdon 1993a). The United States excavation at the Jacal Site, five miles north of ambassador to Ecuador, Boaz Long, was another Chaco Canyon (Ferdon 1954a). important figure in Ferdon’s life. Long helped Ed in every possible way during his time in Ecuador. Ferdon traveled with Hewett to Peru and Long succeeded to the directorship of the Mu- Bolivia in 1935, hiking over 200 miles (Ferdon seum of New Mexico after Hewett’s death, so 1998:40-53; Thompson 2003a, 2003b), to their collegial relationship continued. Ed Ferdon Central America in 1936, and to Guatemala and also published a biography of Long (Ferdon southern Mexico in 1937 (Ferdon 1998:55-57). 1956). Thor Heyerdahl interested Ferdon in the During this latter expedition Ferdon took possible connections between pre-historic charge of a reconnaissance plane table survey of mainland South America and the South Pacific the ruins at Tonalá, Chiapas (Ferdon 1949, (Ferdon 1963, 1978). Heyerdahl was Norwe- 1951a, 1953a). In 1948 he returned to Tonalá, gian, and no doubt their shared ethnicity helped staying until the next year. With aid from the bond Ed and Thor. Ferdon participated in Viking Fund he completed the survey (Ferdon Heyerdahl’s Easter Island excavations and 1998:106-108). In 1938 he returned to New served as Heyerdahl’s co-editor (Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1961, 1965). 2 Ferdon himself inspired an archaeologist-to-be through This obituary concentrates on Ferdon’s the Boy Scouts. As a scoutmaster, he led a group of New Mexican boys on a tour of Southwestern ruins. Ferdon Ecuadorian years and the writing he did after he influenced Tom Weaver, one of the participants and now left that country, but it does not exclude the an emeritus professor at the University of Arizona, to other phases of his life. become an archaeologist and cultural anthropologist (Anonymous 2003; Thompson 2003b). 11 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr.

Mexican fieldwork, excavating at Hermit’s Cave In 1939 Ferdon entered graduate school at in the Guadalupe Mountains, under the overall the University of Southern California or USC direction of C.B. Schulz of the Nebraska State (Ferdon 1998:65). However, before he could Museum (Ferdon 1946a; 1998:65-67). The earn a degree the School of American Research project later formed the basis of his master’s posted him to Ecuador, where he completed his thesis (ibid:66). In the meantime, Ed had trans- master’s degree. This seems to have required the ferred to the University of New Mexico, earning submission of a thesis and two or three research a B.A. in anthropology and geology in 1937. He papers. His thesis is a report on the excavation supported himself by serving as Hewett’s chauf- of Hermit’s Cave which was subsequently pub- feur, traveling with him for more than 100,000 lished (Ferdon 1946a). miles (Thompson 2003b). The research papers submitted drew upon Ferdon published an account of his 1935 his Ecuadorian experience. One, preliminary in experience with Hewett in Peru (Ferdon 1938). nature, was presented to the Geography Depart- In this article he demonstrated his acute obser- ment of USC under the title “Notes to Accom- vational ability, accurately recording details of pany a Climatic Map of Ecuador”. The second, place names, road and bridge construction, presented to the Anthropology Department, is differences in routes, and the rerouting of roads, “Certain Functional Figurines from the Coast of as well as the historic connections between Ecuador”, a partial study of the Konanz collec- roads extant in the 1930s and ancient Inca ones, tion. The third is “Prehistoric Burial Customs especially the road from Cusco to Ayacucho. and their Distribution in Ecuador”. This last Ferdon postulated the “existence of an early paper was a preliminary plan that Ferdon hoped intercourse between the people of the Peruvian to develop with expanded distributional studies coast and those of the highlands well before the (Ferdon 1942c:3). He later plotted the distribu- advent of the great Inca confederacy of Tawant- tion of Indian tribal units and Negro peoples in i-suyo [sic]” (ibid:111) based on the influences Ecuador (ibid, Ferdon 1947c; Ferdon 1950a:1- present in the designs of coastal pottery from 7). Ferdon received his M.A. degree in absentia the two early highland cultures, Tiwanaku in 1942. (Tiahuanaco) and Chavín. Ferdon concluded that “it may be possible that many of the later Although Ferdon began work towards a so-called ‘Inca roads’ are, in truth, early pre-Inca Ph.D., he never attained it. In May 1942, pre- trade routes merely built and placed in a more sumably after all his Master’s degree require- serviceable form by the later Inca confederacy” ments were complete, Ferdon debated whether (ibid:111-112), but this could not then be pro- he should go to Lima to take the exams required ven. for a doctorate, or whether he could have the exams administrated in Ecuador by Jacinto Jijón Ed Ferdon was a gifted storyteller. His y Caamaño, a well-respected scholar (Ferdon account of the Peruvian highland trail preceded 1942c:1). In June 1942 he wrote that “Ambas- a number of other tales he delighted in telling, sador Long is very much interested in the ar- especially about times when he encountered rangements made by [Hewett] at U.S.C. for the almost unsurmountable difficulties. His storytell- working out of certain of my Doctor’s credits ing related not only his early Peruvian experi- down here. . . He has been interested in working ences, but also his later adventures in Ecuador, out some arrangement with Universities for the in the American Southwest, in Mexico, and in giving of credits to graduate students working in the South Pacific Islands. the Latin American field. . . Any arrangement ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 12 made by U.S.C. for my work would serve as a Ferdon’s research design evolved over time. His stepping stone for him” (Ferdon1939-43, Report initial mission was “an archaeological survey of 31). Whether this proposed arrangement came the old northern Inca province with an excava- to fruition is unclear. In 1953-54, after returning tion of a selected site” (Anon. 1945:127). In his from South America, Ferdon undertook further article,“The Ecuadorian Research Project,” he graduate studies at the University of Michigan stated the project had as its primary goal “an (Ferdon 1998:114-118). His “Studies in Ecua- archaeological reconnaissance of the Ecuadorian dorian Geography” (Ferdon 1950a) was proba- highlands and coast” (Ferdon 1945a:12) with a bly a preliminary and partial draft of his pro- “secondary objective the compiling of an ethno- posed dissertation. According to James Griffin, logical map of the same area” (ibid). A third who served as a member of Ferdon’s Michigan project was the stratigraphical excavation of an committee, he would have been approved for ancient fishing village near La Libertad. He the Ph.D. degree if he had been able to adhere characterized the purpose of the survey as “to to the timing requirements for examination locate and record as many of the principal (personal communication c. 1985). historic sites in the prescribed area as was feasi- ble” (ibid:13). In 1939 Ed married Constance Etz whom he met at Marietta College (Ferdon 1998:21, 65, Ferdon’s activities in Ecuador were followed 67-70 ). The couple went to Ecuador in Decem- closely by the School of American Research in ber of that year. They worked together in South the reports of its annual meetings. In the 1943 America, and together had three children: report Ferdon’s “stimulation of museum devel- Richard Etz, born April 30, 1946, Derre, born opment in the principal cities” (School of Amer- April 21,1949, and Julie, born December 25, ican Research 1943:33) was mentioned, as was 1950. Constance Etz Ferdon died in 1969. In the suspension of his archaeological work “to 1972 Ferdon married Lola Vearl Galbraith, who make his services available to our government survives him. for an important piece of research in connection with war activities” (ibid:33-34). Ferdon’s work THE ECUADOR EXPERIENCE with the Cinchona Mission was not to be made public at that time. The 1944 report mentioned Ferdon and Constance arrived in Ecuador in that “Mr. Ferdon has been engaged in special December 1939. His assignment was for five war work for the government and has been years. World War II intervened, however, and granted an additional six months’ leave to from 1943 to 1945 he was part of the Misión continue in that service” (School of American Cinchona, Quinine Mission, or Cinchona Mis- Research 1944:6). sion (Ferdon 1998:88-93, 96-97). Through his surveys of the published litera- In various articles, published mainly in El ture Ferdon identified the areas of Ecuador not Palacio, the Museum of New Mexico’s journal, yet covered by archaeological investigation, Ferdon related details of his assignment to principally the coastal area with a “large part of Ecuador by the School of American Research in Ecuador . . . only lightly glossed over” (Ferdon conjunction with Ecuador’s Academia Nacional 1940a:141). These gaps inspired Ferdon’s work de Historia and USC (Anon. 1939, 1940, 1945; of surface collection mainly throughout the Ferdon 1939-43, Report 31, 1940a, 1940b, coast, but also in the sierra. He recognized the 1940c, 1941a, 1941b, 1941c, 1942c, 1998). In potential value of potsherds in determining “the the absence of clear instructions from Hewett, identification of ancient culture areas within 13 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr.

[Ecuador’s] bounds, the historical development Tolita submitted to the Ecuadorian Department of each, and the relationship of these cultures of Mines, was that Yannuzzelli was indeed one with the other and to neighboring cultures mining gold from the site, mainly in the form of beyond the Ecuadorian boundaries” (ibid). He ancient gold artifacts and gold extracted by a described his methodology in detail and stated washing process from crushed ceramic artifacts, his hope to “publish the results in some practical especially figurines. These objects were certainly form” (ibid:144). He was not able to fulfill his archaeological, and as such valuable, but gold hope, but added that “we must depend on future nuggets or drops, according to the report, may Ecuadorian archaeologists to carry the work have been either the result of pulverization of forward, adding to whatever start we may make” artifacts or may have been natural gold. (ibid). Ferdon and Corbett reported that Yan- La Tolita nuzzelli employed 24 men who hauled 960 carts of artifacts and dirt a week to the machine to In 1940 Ed Ferdon, his colleague John M. wash and extract gold. Although Ferdon be- Corbett, and their wives, journeyed to the lieved that the report to the Department of northern and central coast of Esmeraldas Prov- Mines resulted in “the government stopping ince with financing from the Ecuadorian De- [Yannuzzelli’s] destruction of the site,” (per- partment of Mines, a part of the Ministry of sonal communication) nothing was ever done. Agriculture (Ferdon and Corbett 1941). They The pillage of La Tolita is one of the most concentrated their efforts on the site of La egregious cases of archaeological destruction in Tolita or Pampa de Oro, even then famous, or modern history. Even today inhabitants of the infamous, as a large, ancient Indian ruin, or a nearby village of La Tolita consider the site to functioning gold mine, depending on who might be their special reserve for the exploitation of be thinking or talking about it. The Ferdons and ancient pottery and other artifacts, including Corbetts had the primary purpose “of securing a gold. Recently village people received visitors report on certain gold mining operations being with the curse “down with the Banco Central!” carried on at the site” (Ferdon 1940c:257). It (vidi), which was trying to declare La Tolita to was owned by Donato Yannuzzelli, described be a national historic site and park and to relo- unflatteringly to Dr. Hewett as a “squat, slightly cate the local inhabitants. bald, mustached little Italian” (School of Ameri- can Research 1941:3), whereas the published Archaeological survey report “Reconnaissance in Esmeraldas” (in every other respect identical to the monthly reports) In his report on “The Work in South Amer- simply says he “proved to be a hospitable ica” (Ferdon 1942a) Ferdon told of his odyssey Italian”(Ferdon 1940c:260). Ferdon described with David Basile from Quito to Ibarra, then the culture of the people of the area. Recount- westward on a circuitous and torturous route to ing the journey to La Tolita by boat, horse, and the land of the Cayapas, along the coast by foot, the report is an entertaining travelogue as burro, by sail canoe, by truck, and by foot, well as skilled ethnographic reporting. It in- through Jama and Coaque, surveying archaeo- cludes descriptions of about 25 sites that Ferdon logical sites when they could. It is truly a story surveyed and recorded during the trip. to read for excitement and vicarious pleasure.

What is clear from this report, as well as During his archaeological work in Ecuador, from a report in Spanish on the mission to La Ferdon drafted reports with detailed maps of the ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 14

118 sites he surveyed in all, 99 in the coastal The third section of Ferdon’s “Studies in area and 19 in the sierra. Ferdon collected Ecuadorian Geography”, written with the col- artifacts from the surface, or from man-made or laboration of Malcolm H. Bissell, covers “The erosion cuts, at 62 sites, both on the coast and Climates of Ecuador”, and contains detailed in the mountain provinces (Lubensky charts of rainfall, temperature, and wind pat- 2000/2001:376-377). Ferdon’s reports, copies of terns, with monthly wind roses, for several which are in my possession, show the meticulous regions of the country. The data were taken and clear notes that he made on forms he specif- from the Boletín Meteorológico of the National ically devised. Guayas Province was most heavi- Observatory in Quito for the years 1930-34 and ly covered, but not to the extent that Ferdon 1936-37. wished (Ferdon1941e:38). There, 41 sites were surveyed and collections were made from 27. Figurines Ferdon developed a site identification system with “E” for Ecuador, followed by the site num- Ed Ferdon became a close friend of Max ber, and finally a lower case initial representing Konanz of Guayaquil. According to Ferdon, the province. For instance, La Libertad was Konanz was the owner of the finest collection of designated E-1-g or site number 1 in Guayas Esmeraldas archaeological material in Ecuador. province. He also received donated collections Konanz generously placed his entire collection from four additional sites in the coastal area and at Ferdon’s disposal, allowing a rather thorough the eastern jungle or Oriente. study to be made (Ferdon 1945b:221).

Geographical schema Ferdon developed a figurine typology based broadly on four groups: (1) human, (2) anthro- Among Ferdon’s contributions to the geog- pomorphic, (3) animal, and (4) bird. Under raphy of Ecuador is a systematic division of the each group he discerned a number of types, major geographical regions of that country’s totaling 17 for the entire collection, each with coastal areas (Ferdon 1950a:9-34). Shell Oil descriptions of attributes so detailed that ordi- Company and Standard Oil Company were nary observers could not be expected to appre- exploring and systematizing the geography of hend them. Ferdon carefully cross-checked his Ecuador’s oriente or eastern selva regions and it analysis of figurines with Max Uhle’s descrip- seemed best to concentrate in areas not covered tions, mainly of those from La Tolita (Uhle by those corporations. In “Notes on the Cultural 1927:22-30) and from examples in the collec- Geography of Coastal Ecuador”, Ferdon divided tions of the School of American Research. the coast from the Colombian border to the Ferdon described the method of figurine manu- mouth of the Guayas River into eight discrete facture, noting if they were mold-made or hand- sections, each differing from the others in cli- modeled, or both (Ferdon 1945a:223-242). mate, topography, and agro-economic potential. These are I. the Río Santiago Basin, II. The Ferdon seems to have been influenced by Delta Region of Northern Esmeraldas, III. The Max Uhle’s theory that important aspects of Esmeraldas Coastal Fringe, IV. The Developing ancient Ecuadorian culture had diffused from Coast of Northern Manabí, V. The Manabí the Maya area (1927:34-39). Ferdon concluded Savanna, VI. The Hills of Colonche and Paján, that mold-made figurines first appeared in the VII. The Santa Elena Peninsula, and VIII. The Valley of Mexico at Teotihuacan and in the Guayas Savanna and the Monsoon Crescent. Petén Maya region about A.D. 900. Assuming that the use of the mold for figurine manufac- 15 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr.

ture spread southward from the Maya region recovered from that excavation, including, Ferdon believed that its arrival on the Ecua- metal, shell, botanical remains, and bone have dorian coast must have been after A.D. 900, yet to be analyzed. La Carolina contrasts with and possibly as late as A.D. 1100. (Ferdon the nearby site of La Libertad itself (E-1-g) 1945a:223). On the basis of information en- within the town of La Libertad. This site was coded in figurines, Ferdon produced a highly mainly occupied in the much later Manteño detailed description of clothing and other cul- Phase (Ferdon 1941d:35-38, 1942b:77; Wagner tural practices that should provide a basis for and Hale 1994). further analysis of these figurines. Ferdon later became aware that Uhle’s Mesoamerican diffu- Ferdon published a series of accounts of the sion model had not stood the test of time. In a La Libertad excavation (Ferdon 1941d:35-38, note to me sent with a copy of one of the re- 1941g:204-210, 1942b:75-81), briefly describing ports, Ferdon wrote, “if I recall correctly, it was objects of flaked and smoothed stone, clay Gordon Willey, who rather chastised me for artifacts such as figurines, spindle whorls, beads, suggesting that [the] mould diffused from Meso- and worked sherds, shell objects such as fish America.” Although Uhle’s Maya diffusion hooks, earrings, nose rings, lip plugs, beads, and model has been out of favor for decades, paral- buttons, as well as bone, wood, and metal ob- lels between Ecuadorian and Mexican traits are jects. now well established (Cubillos 1955; Ferdon 1945b:223; Hosler 1994:15-17, 86-124; Lu- Ethnographic research bensky 1991:293; Meggers and Evans 1966 and references therein; Paulsen 1977). Both Ferdon and his wife were intensely interested in the living cultures of the indige- La Carolina and La Libertad site nous peoples of Ecuador. While he pursued his archaeological assignment and his quinine Ferdon’s assignment to excavate a selected mission, they visited the places where these site was carried out at the western edge of the people lived, they made notes of their observa- town of La Libertad on the Santa Elena Penin- tions, and they reported information about the sula, at a site called La Carolina (E-2-g; Ferdon people and their environment. Constance Etz 1939-43, Reports 12, 14, 16-20, 1940a, 1940b, Ferdon published an article entitled “Market 1940c). A report on the excavation was made Day at Otavalo, Ecuador” (Ferdon 1940) based by Michael Patrick Simmons in the form of a on a visit there in 1940. She described in color- Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University ful detail what many tourists saw then and until of Arizona (Simmons 1970). Simmons’ exami- recently when the Otavalo market became more nation of the collections from this site showed of a tourist attraction than a place where Indi- occupation by only the earliest Ecuadorian ans traded for everyday necessities. ceramic cultures, that is, by Formative and early Regional Development Period occupations Ferdon arranged for a collection of including Valdivia, Machalilla, Chorerra or ethnographic artifacts to be donated by Karl T. Engoroy, and Guangala. Simmons extended Goldschmid to the Museum of New Mexico. extraordinary praise to Ferdon, a member of his These arrived in Santa Fe after the Second Final Examination Committee, for his assis- World War, and were described by Ferdon, tance. Ferdon emphasized to me that Simmons’ along with notes about the Jívaros or Shuar as work encompassed, however, only ceramic they are now called (Ferdon 1947b). Gold- vessel sherds, and that all the other materials schmid had previously worked for the Shell Oil ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 16

Company of Ecuador, which was helpful to Ed hazards and hurdles. His mission was to find the on his several trips to the eastern jungle region. type of Cinchona tree with the best bark for production of quinine, a quest that had been Ferdon collated information which Shell and going on since the mid-eighteenth century the Standard Oil Company had accumulated on (http://diderot.alembert.free.fr/Q.html ; con- Ecuadorian ethnic groups, Shell in the Oriente sulted 7 December 2006). With the help of a and Standard Oil in the coastal region. Ferdon native of the area, and after several failures, used these data to produce an ethnic map of appropriate trees were discovered in an almost Ecuador, and published “Notes to Accompany inaccessible spot. Only a certain type of specially a Present Day Ethnic Map of Ecuador” (Ferdon trained horse, it was said, would allow its owner 1947c). These notes then formed the first even to mention the Río Upano. Ferdon was section of Ferdon’s “Studies in Ecuadorian accompanied by his friend, Danish businessman Geography” (Ferdon 1950a:35-76). Olaf Holm,3 who later developed a career in Ecuadorian archaeology. On such trips Ferdon Soon after his return to the United States, never failed to keep his eyes and ears open for Ferdon (1945c) put together, from his notes of information about possible archaeological sites. a field trip in 1942, the story of a “Mountain At least five were found and recorded on this Colony in Ecuador” named Buenos Aires, on trip, several reached only by sliding down a the western slopes of the Andes in Imbabura steep wet slope with arms thrashing the air until Province. This was a newly formed Negro com- they could find a root or vine to hold onto munity that had desperate needs requiring (Ferdon 1952a:241). immediate attention. Ferdon’s story is about a minga formed to help settle those problems. The In a letters to me dated April 4, 1988, people of the entire province were called upon Ferdon summarized the physical difficulties in to participate in this native Ecuadorian custom, Ecuador during the early 1940s “never have I a communal work project to aid and improve worked under such frustrating conditions.” The the economic and social position of a local frustrations were caused by “money, time, biases group. Ferdon left no one who read his story in about . . . work, and limitation on transport doubt about the details of an Ecuadorian minga, capabilities . . . with no burros available.” which he compared to a North American barn- raising. Nevertheless, Ferdon surmounted these problems to a considerable extent and estab- Cinchona Mission lished good relationships with his Ecuadorian colleagues. The head of the Quinine Mission, After the Second World War had ended, Ferdon was able to publish an account of his first trip to the eastern slope of the Andes from 3 Olaf Holm (1915-1996) was born in Denmark and first Riobamba to the town of Macas for the Cin- came to Ecuador in 1940 to manage a cacao plantation. chona Mission (Ferdon 1952a). He traveled He resided in Ecuador from then until his death. For many through an almost impenetrable part of Jívaro years he directed the Museo Antropológico del Banco country in tropical eastern Ecuador. The Jívaros Central in Guayaquil. He was the polymath author of over were then thought to be headhunters and 100 scholarly publications and the editor (1951-74) of Cuadernos de Arqueología e Historia published by the makers of tzantzas, but Ferdon found them quite Guayas Casa de la Cultura. Olaf Holm is remembered for amiable. The trip was grueling and required the international support he attracted for Ecuadorian overcoming what appeared to be impossible archaeology and for his personal kindness to many (Astu- dillo 1992; Guemaraes 1997; Stothert 2001). 17 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr.

Froelich Rainey,4 told in National Geographic In 1958 Ferdon reviewed Tumaco (Notas magazine of his recruitment of Ferdon and arqueológicas) by Julio César Cubillos (Ferdon several others, characterizing them as men who 1958a). The book covers an area in Colombia, “were willing to quit their own work to help in just across the border from, and closely related the war emergency” (Rainey 1946:342). Rainey to northwest Ecuador. Its precolumbian culture described the farewell dinner given when the is variously called the Atacames, Tumaco, La time came for the North Americans to return to Tolita, or Esmeraldas. Ferdon took careful note the United States as a “spontaneous expression of Cubillos’ contentions about relations with of the mutual consideration developed between Mesoamerica. He brought up a number of men of two nations who had learned to under- considerations relevant to Ecuador and the stand one another” (ibid:363). Amazon, and reached the conclusion, as he usually did when thinking about alternatives to Book reviews and engagement with issues in Ecua- any thesis presented, that solutions may be dorian archaeology found with further careful excavations.

After leaving Ecuador, Ferdon always kept Ferdon carefully reviewed the thesis pre- his interest in work being done there. His ideas sented by Betty J. Meggers et al. (1965:158-171) can be followed in a series of book reviews he about a possible correlation between Valdivia published. John Collier and Anibal Buitrón’s ceramics and Japan’s Jomon pottery. Ferdon The Awakening Valley, a photographic story of expressed the hope that more field work in the Otavalo Indians, brought Ferdon’s highest Colombia and Ecuador “will also lead to more praise (Ferdon 1950b). Ferdon summarized in a thorough distributional studies and to attempts very useful manner much of the artifact descrip- to clarify the nature and potential results of tion in Geoffrey H. S. Bushnell’s monumental random transoceanic contacts by peoples with work The Archaeology of the Santa Elena Penin- different cultural traditions” (Ferdon 1966b: sula in Southwest Ecuador. He seemed to agree 1732). He questioned the hypothesis that storm- with Bushnell about parallels with Costa Rican swept Jomon fishermen landed and settled in an materials (Ferdon 1953b), but missed Bushnell’s already existing nonceramic Ecuadorian Indian mistake in attributing a Valdivia site to the post- fishing culture, by pointing out that there was conquest period. “not one fragment of evidence in any of the Valdivia Phase sites excavated indicates that pottery was superimposed on an underlying non- ceramic culture” (ibid).

4 Froelich Rainey (1907-1992) conducted archaeological This was not the only time Ferdon criticized research in Haiti and in Eskimo territory. He was the first Betty J. Meggers’ theoretical positions. In her anthropology professor at the University of Alaska, influential article “Environmental Limitation on Fairbanks (1935-1942). During the Second World War he was a member of the U.S. Board of Economic Warfare. the Development of Culture” she stated that After the war he became director of the University “the level to which a culture can develop is Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. While at Penn dependent upon the agricultural potentiality of he initiated or led approximately 230 archaeological the environment it occupies” (Meggers 1954: expeditions intended to support the model of people first 815). Ferdon pointed out that Meggers did not entering the New World via the Bering Strait. He estab- lished Expedition magazine and, during the 1950s, was a differentiate between natural agricultural poten- popular quiz show host (www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/ tial and the potential that a culture could create information/biography/pqrst/rainey_froelich.html ; con- through its knowledge, agricultural techniques, sulted 11 December 2006; Chávez 2005:281). ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 18 and tools. Ferdon believed that the impact of independently fluctuating El Niño current, cultural factors on an environment could allow uncertainties about the nature of mangrove for sufficient productivity to support high cul- propagation, coastal uplift from tectonic forces, ture (Ferdon 1959). Thus Ferdon anticipated a misunderstanding of the displacement of the the more detailed observations, excavations, Intertropical Front, and purely cultural forces and reconstructions of Robert Carneiro (1960, such as independent over-exploitation, may 1961, 1979, 1987), William Denevan (1966), have been factors in the ebb and flow of occupa- Clark Erickson (Balée and Erickson 2006), tion of the Santa Elena Peninsula. Ferdon Michael J. Heckenberger et al. (2003), Donald considered his idea probabilistic, capable of Lathrap (1970), Anna Roosevelt et al. (1991), being confirmed or negated by “nothing greater and William I. Woods and colleagues (Glaser than a localized geological, soil, and paly- and Woods 2004; Lehmann et al. 2003) among nological study of the Peninsula with emphasis others. on Holocene sediments” (Ferdon 1981a:625).

Ferdon developed his own system of rating My encounters with Ed Ferdon and work on his agricultural potential. He concluded that “there collections is very little, if any, correlation between poten- tial ratings and cultural achievement, certainly Many of Ed Ferdon’s fellow archaeologists, none in the Americas if we concern ourselves who had worked with him during his stay in with prehistoric peoples” (1959:12). “High Ecuador, still remembered him when I was cultural development has come about in areas United States Consul General in Guayaquil in considerably less than perfect for agriculture 1971. They told me about his site survey under natural conditions, the most startling in throughout Ecuador and the collections he this respect are the region around Cuzco, the amassed. Principal among these colleagues were west coast of Peru, and the Middle Gila valley of Olaf Holm, Miguel Wagner,5 and Carlos Ze- Arizona” (ibid). As Ferdon saw it “it is not so vallos Menéndez.6 Others, including Ernesto much the natural environment as related to agriculture that controls the limits to which a culture might achieve, but rather the cultural 5 Miguel Wagner Velasco was a Guayaquil florist, art environment” (ibid:14). collector, amateur archaeologist, and naturalist who had a serious interest in orchid research. He also studied cloud In a further extension of his Ecuadorian forest bats and their place in native coastal mythologies. As a young man he accompanied Ed Ferdon on many of interest, Ferdon (1981a) published a critique of his coastal surveys. Ferdon stayed at his family’s hacienda a study by malacologist and physician Akkaraju on the Río Taura and Wagner joined Ferdon’s expeditions Sarma (1974). Sarma contended that increased to Babahoyo and Colimes (Ferdon 1941c:3). Wagner was presence in Santa Elena Peninsula excavations a friend of Emilio Estrada, Olaf Holm, Carlos Zevallos, of a hydrophytic mangrove-specific mollusc, and Presley Norton. Wagner participated in the excava- tion of several sites, including El Cangrejito on the Anadara tuberculosa, which is dependent on the southwest coast of Guayas province. flow of brackish water from interior sources that nourishes the mangroves, indicated periods of 6 Archaeologist and historian Carlos Zevallos Menéndez wetter climate. Such times, according to Sarma, (1909-1981) is principally known for his work on the were more propitious for human settlement than Ecuadorian Formative, and on ancient Ecuadorian art and metalwork in general. His excavations revealed that intervening periods of exceptionally dry climate, Valdivians at the San Pablo site were maize farmers which resulted in abandonment of the area. (Raymond and Burger 2003:2). In 1945 he founded the Ferdon concluded that such factors as the Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana “Benjamín Carrión”, Núcleo del Guayas and became its first president, a post 19 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr.

Luis Piana,7 Jorge Marcos Pino,8 Julio Enrique excavated on weekends in 1972-73 (Lubensky Estrada Ycaza,9 and Presley Norton10 still talked 1974, 2000/2001:374-375). about him. I became interested in Ferdon’s work and set about to discover where he and his Most of Ferdon’s Ecuadorian collections collections had gone. One of the sites Ferdon were in the Museum of New Mexico in Santa surveyed was on the Hacienda Ayalan, where I Fe, but he was living in Tucson, Arizona. When I attended the 1978 meeting of the Society for American Archaeology there I visited him at the Arizona State Museum where he worked. he retained until 1962. Its museum is named for him. We had already been in correspondence since 1973. Through our mutual friend Miguel Wag- 7 Chemical engineer Luis Piana Bruno (b. 1939) is the son ner I had learned about Ferdon’s excavation of Italian immigrants. He ran the family business while developing his interests as an avocational archaeologist. near La Libertad on the Santa Elena Peninsula. Between 1966-1968 he worked with Carlos Zevallos. He excavated on Puná Island and maintained a private From 1973 until shortly before his death, archaeology lab. From 1970 he supported the archeologi- Ferdon and I communicated frequently by cal fieldwork of Hans Marotzke, forming a museum phone and by letter. I sent 33 letters to Ed and collection that was totally destroyed by fire in 1991. After this disaster, Piana discontinued his archaeological he wrote 29 to me. Ferdon’s letters were fre- involvement. quently extensive and discussed many aspects of Ecuadorian and South Pacific archaeology. 8 Jorge Marcos Pino (b. 1932) was a student of Carlos Zevallos Menéndez and Donald Lathrap. Since the late In 1983 I spent a week in the Museum of 1960s he has made important contributions to the archae- ology of Guayas province and has helped to elucidate the New Mexico studying the Ferdon collections. I role of Ecuador in the larger context of the prehistory of had already received copies of all of Ferdon’s the Americas. He is the discoverer of the important notes on his surface collections. I made copies of Valdivia site of Real Alto and has written about the the museum inventory cards related to Ferdon’s relationship between the Huancavilcas ethnic group and material. I also photographed the entire collec- the Incas, and most recently, about the water reservoirs (albarradas) of the Guayas coast. tion of whole vessels that Ferdon had acquired in Ecuador as gifts (mainly from the owner of 9 Julio Enrique Estrada Ycaza (1917-1993) was an econo- the Hacienda La Tolita) and as purchases mist, historian, civic activist, and journalist who focused authorized by the School of American Research. his attention on his native city of Guayaquil and its I arranged for a loan from the Museum of New surrounding region. He was president of Guayaquil’s Junta Cívica (Municipal Council) and Director of the Archivo Mexico to the Anthropology Museum of the Histórico del Guayas (now part of the Banco Central del University of Missouri-Columbia of the Ferdon Ecuador). Through his study of primary sources he surface collections stored in the Museum of corrected many popular misunderstandings related to the New Mexico. Later, additional collections were history of Ecuador. discovered in the Museum’s cellar and sent to 10 Anglo-Ecuadorian archaeologist Presley Norton (1932- Columbia to augment the loan. As work pro- 1993) was the discoverer and excavator of the Valdivian gressed my late wife Anita and I traveled to site of Loma Alta (Raymond and Burger 2003:3-4) and Tucson and Ed and his wife Vearl visited Co- the co-excavator of the Salango site. He also worked on lumbia, Missouri twice to discuss his collections the Isla de la Plata. Norton amassed a large collection of and my work on them face-to-face. Recently, Ecuadorian artifacts which formed the basis of a pioneer- ing traveling exhibition (Lathrap et al. 1975). Norton’s the Ferdon collections have been transferred to artifacts eventually became part of the collections of the the Maxwell Museum at the University of New Banco Pacífico and later of the new Banco Central Mexico in Albuquerque for permanent curation. museum in Guayaquil. ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 20

I developed a computerized attributes ap- was not great, “only about three feet of shelf proach for analysis and classification of the space, and consists of material published prior to sherds (see Chávez 1977 for an earlier ap- 1945”. It included such difficult-to-find and proach). In frequent consultation with Ferdon, valuable items as the major works by Jijón y who responded with sincere interest and help, I Caamaño and Verneau and Rivet plus early wrote my doctoral dissertation for the University issues of the Boletín de la Academia Nacional de of Missouri on 35 sites in Esmeraldas Province Historia de Quito and Max Uhle’s work Tome- that Ferdon surveyed, and from collections he bamba. The Ellis Library at the University of made at six of those sites (Lubensky 1991). Fer- Missouri, Colombia accepted about half of Ed don said, “Heaven forbid that I should ever Ferdon’s Ecuadorian library. I have the remain- have to work with the complicated sherd classi- der in my personal possession, mainly prints, fication that you have developed–it scares me papers, and miscellaneous documents. I would just to look at all those sheets you sent me” like to find an institution that would accept (personal communication, 29 February 1990). them. On February 21, 1997, Ed sent me “just a note to let you know that I like the arrangement Since 1983 I have further analyzed Ferdon’s you have made regarding my Ecuadorian library entire Ecuadorian surface collection, presenting ‘loan’. I am happy that the volumes are being a series of conference papers(Lubensky 1992a, used and are available to students.” 1992b, 1993, 1994). After completing my doc- torate, I was appointed Adjunct Research THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST AND MEXICO Associate in Anthropology at the University of Missouri. In that capacity I utilized Ferdon’s Upon his return from Ecuador in May 1945 collections to instruct students in archaeological Ferdon resumed the position of Research Asso- research, providing them at the same time an ciate in Charge, Hispanic Studies, at the Mu- interesting introduction to ancient Ecuadorian seum of New Mexico and was also associated ceramics. with the School of American Research in Santa Fe. In 1957 he became Acting Associate Direc- Two students, Julie Wagner and Pamela tor of the Museum of International Folk Art, a Hale, presented a paper based on their analysis unit of the Museum of New Mexico. In this of Ferdon’s La Libertad collection at the 1994 capacity he visited Scandinavian museums Midwest Conference on Andean and Amazo- (Ferdon 1998:136-140).The following year he nian Archaeology and Ethnohistory and pub- was promoted to Associate Director in Charge lished it (Wagner and Hale 1995). Other stu- (ibid:136; Thompson 2006a). He held this dents, including Steve Velasquez and Jessica position until 1960 when he became Coordina- Coats, prepared unpublished papers on aspects tor of Interpretation for the Division of Anthro- of Ferdon’s work and collections. In my opinion pology at the Museum of New Mexico. such student papers may be suitable for publica- tion. During his New Mexico years Ferdon turned his interests back to the American Southwest In late 1993 Ed wrote me that one of the and Mexico, taking up a strand that began “most difficult decisions I must make with during his pre-Second World War years with advancing age is what to do with all of those Hewett. In 1961 he moved to Tucson, Arizona, wonderful books I picked up over the years in becoming the Associate Director of the Arizona my effort of developing a worthwhile research State Museum. Ferdon’s success in pulling the library”. He stated that his Ecuador collection Museum of International Folk Art out of a 21 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr. slump had influenced Emil Haury to invite Ed to in Mexico’s Chihuahua and Durango states take up that position. Ed Ferdon devoted much under the sponsorship of the School of Ameri- of his time at Arizona to educational and public can Research. activities (Raymond H. Thompson, personal communication 23 October 2006). In 1978, Comparative and critical studies when the State of Arizona ruled that no one could hold an administrative post beyond age Ferdon made two major contributions to 65, he became an ethnologist at the Museum, a comparative studies of ancient Southwestern position he held until his retirement in 1983 and Mexican cultures. Somewhat ahead of his (Thompson, personal communication, June 24, time, in 1955 Ferdon published a study of the 2003). many architectural parallels between prehistoric Mexico and the American Southwest (Ferdon Excavations in New Mexico and Reconnaissance 1955). He compared rectilinear, contiguous- in Chihuahua and Durango roomed buildings constructed on the ground surface with subterranean houses, and con- During his years at Santa Fe Ferdon did field trasted the Mexican tendency to orient build- work at several sites. One is a pit-house near ings in the cardinal directions with the Puebloan Belén, New Mexico called the Olguin site practice of haphazard layout and room size. He (Ferdon and Reed 1950). Two others are the discussed presumed religious structures, espe- Quarai and the Abo State Monuments near cially kivas, ball courts, and large platform Mountainair, New Mexico (Ferdon 1952b). At mounds. He pointed out that in the U.S. South- the Olguin site, Ferdon and his team recovered west cremation had been the most common only surface sherds. They assigned the site to means of disposal of the dead, but inhumation the Cañada Cruz phase of the Río Abajo appeared acceptable as an alternate method. He Branch, equivalent roughly to Pueblo III of c. made pottery comparisons, noting the introduc- A.D. 1200. tion of Gila Polychrome.

Ferdon worked on a site near Apache Creek, Points of similarity also existed with agricul- New Mexico, which was under threat of de- tural practices, especially irrigation. Hohokam struction by highway construction (Peckham et water management systems reached dramatic al. 1956). There he discovered a pit house of the proportions both in the size of main canals and Three Circle Phase, estimated to date between the extent of land under irrigation. Ferdon A.D. 900 and A.D. 1000. Ferdon recorded over concluded that “all factors point to the invasion, 300 sherds, the bulk of them of the Alma type, not necessarily by force of arms, of the Hoho- as well as manos and metates. Ferdon watched kam by a people of alien culture” during the the heavy earth moving equipment come in, Classic Period (ibid:27). Ferdon believed that strip the surface of the site, and begin removal Puebloan peoples from Mexico were likely of the hill which was, presumably, obliterated. invaders, but they lived side-by-side with the His work is a prime example of the mitigation of Hohokam for around one hundred and fifty the destruction of a cultural resource. Ferdon’s years, keeping their identity separate. This is an experience at the Apache Creek site initiated exceedingly rare phenomenon in the history of his interest in salvage archaeology. cultural contacts. Ferdon noted also that there was little evidence of linguistic differences, or of In 1955, Ferdon conducted archaeological the production by the Hohokam of Mexi- reconnaissance of the Sierra Madre Occidental can-like arts and crafts. Ferdon speculated on ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 22 the several ways that foreign traits could have in late Teotihuacan contexts and links the two come to the American Southwest. For instance, sites. In the 1970s Tula was excavated by a team trading groups could have invaded from Mexico. from the University of Missouri who demon- Alternately, after the fall of Tula II in A.D. 68 strated that the site was indeed the ancient according to Eric Thompson’s Scheme B (Eric Toltec center (Diehl 1974; Healan 1988). Thompson 1941:103 cited by Ferdon 1955:23) the exodus of “various governmental and mili- In his review of Design Motifs of Ancient tary leaders from their homeland” (ibid:30) Mexico by Jorge Enciso (Ferdon 1954b), Ferdon could have accounted for the proposed invasion. points out that only a few paragraphs are de- Ferdon concluded that it seemed reasonably voted to the subject of designs on stamps. These certain that “Mexican architectural influences are sufficient for the person primarily interested are present in the prehistoric cultures of the in design as such and only casually interested in Southwest” (ibid:31). Ferdon pointed out that the history of motifs, or the functions of the there had been little in the way of up-to-date objects that carried them. Because most of the archaeological explorations upon which to base stamps known up to this point were in private comparisons, and that the source, time, and collections, they lacked detailed proveniences. method of intrusion from Mexico into the Ferdon discerned that a serpent design illus- Southwest could be better determined only after trated in Enciso’s book is almost identical to one a sustained study of the area between the Valley from Esmeraldas Province Ecuador that was in of Mexico and the Southwest had been under- the Konanz collection (ibid:277). taken. Even at 82 Ferdon could not refrain from Twelve years later Ferdon continued to questioning “long held and tacitly unproven question conventional wisdom and search for concepts” (Ferdon 1995:11). As part of an alternative answers to cultural questions. In introduction to a volume on the Grand “The Hohokam ‘Ball Court’: An Alternate View Chichimeca he reviewed the history of his of its Function” he showed that Pimian speaking involvement in Southwestern archaeology. He peoples, the apparent descendants of the Hoho- stated that his 1955 paper on Mexican-South- kam, utilized structures similar to the supposed western architectural parallels “seemed to have Hohokam ball courts as ceremonial dance served as an opening to legitimize . . . the intro- courts. This might reflect similar use of analo- duction of much needed research to ascertain gous structures for dance ceremonies by the the nature and degree of possible influence of Hohokam, an alternative interpretation to the prehistoric Mexican cultures upon the ancient ball game introduced from Mexico (Ferdon peoples of the American Southwest” (ibid:8). He 1967:9-11). reiterated his belief that “some form of direct person-to-person contact between prehistoric In Southwestern and Mexican archaeology, Mexican peoples to the south and those of ethnography, and geology, as in the field of southwestern cultures to the north had taken Ecuadorian studies, Ferdon used the book place” (ibid:9) a position that ran "into a near review format to express his critical opinions. solid wall of stolidly accepted traditional theory" He appears to have agreed with Alberto Ruz (ibid:10) that southwestern cultures had devel- Lhuillier and Jorge Acosta that the site of Tula oped independent of influential contact from de Hidalgo was the real Toltec center, not Teo- Mexico (ibid), “a dictum that had been ex- tihuacan (Ferdon 1945d). Mazapán pottery, pressed back in 1945 by Emil Haury and was typical of the earliest levels of Tula, also appears still alive and well” (ibid:11). He praised one of 23 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr. his colleagues, Charles Di Peso, who, after permanent settlements (Heyerdahl and Skjöls- excavating the great prehistoric site of Casas vold 1956). The concept of transpacific contacts Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico on the rim of the was a driving force for all of Heyerdahl’s South area of potential contact between Mexico and Pacific expeditions. When Heyerdahl invited the American Southwest, published a report (Di Ferdon to participate in the 1955-56 Easter Peso 1974) which revived interest in the Mex- Island expedition Ed accepted, in spite of the ico-Southwest contact issue, making it “unques- required absence from his family for many tionably clear that a strong Mexican influence months (Ferdon 1998:118-121, 130). It was the had prevailed during the Casas Grandes prehis- great adventure of his life, cementing his inter- toric past” (Ferdon 1995:11). Charles Di Peso, est in the South Pacific, the peopling of its many Ferdon asserted, was one of those “few creative islands, and the cultures of their inhabitants, souls who are so strongly dedicated to advancing past and present. the boundaries of knowledge that they are willing to accept the professional risks involved” Ferdon thought long and hard about his (ibid:12). work on the South Pacific. He was aware of the great value of ethnography to the study of Ferdon could have been talking about Southwestern archaeology. However, during himself. Only people with his courage and Ed’s lifetime Southwestern specialists recognized imagination combined with extensive practical that there have been four hundred years of experience in the survey and excavation of change from the Spanish contact to the present. Southwestern, Mexican, Central American, and It became clear that it was an error to combine Andean sites, and a broad and deep knowledge all the facts from that four hundred year period of archaeological literature were equipped to see to create a generic picture of Southwestern the similarities and differences in the archaeo- people for use as an ethnographic analogy. logical record of those regions. In the days However, this was exactly what Pacific scholars before jet travel and the internet distribution of were still doing. Ed recognized that this ap- books, there were few such people. proach was just as much a problem for Oceania as it had been for the Southwest. He addressed SOUTH PACIFIC the issue by producing four books on contact period ethnography of the four major Polynesian The South Pacific phase of Ferdon’s life centers. Realizing that acculturation had pro- began when he met Thor Heyerdahl in 1949 ceeded very rapidly once Western ships began to (Ferdon 1998:110-112). Ferdon and Heyerdahl visit the islands, Ed drew his ethnographic forged a close and life-long friendship. In 1953 syntheses only on the basis of the earliest Euro- Heyerdahl invited Ed to take part in the 1953 pean accounts. His visits to the Pacific islands Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to the familiarized him with the current situation Galapagos, led by Heyerdahl with participation there, as well as with the details of their geogra- by Arne Skjölsvold, William Mulloy, Carlyle phy, but did not include any new ethnographic Smith, and Eric Reed, the latter of the U.S. research. National Park Service. Ed was taking graduate courses at the University of Michigan at the Ferdon’s Easter Island archaeological reports time, and so was unable to accept (ibid:115). are cited frequently. His most extensive excava- This expedition led to confirmation that Ecua- tions were at the ceremonial site of Orongo. At dorian Indians reached the Galapagos in pre- all the sites he excavated his concentration columbian times although they did not establish seems to have been on their structures (Ferdon ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 24

1961a, 1961b, 1961c, 1961d, 1961e, 1961f, have been the original home of at least one 1961g, 1965a 1965b, 1965c). He analyzed their group of Polynesians to settle on Easter Island architecture in detail and described associated sometime in the distant past (Ferdon 1981c:3). sculpture, pictographs, painting, and motifs. He noted bird motifs, the use of dance paddles Significant, especially for Andeanists, is decorated with a stylized face with the weeping Ferdon's comparison of Easter Island culture eye motif, and depiction of several styles of traits, as determined from excavations, with the boats. Ferdon spoke of the worship of two gods, possible origin, or origins, of those traits (Ferdon Makemake and Haua, depicted in architectural 1961b:255). “We can no longer limit ourselves designs, and their roles in the bird cults of Easter to a search of other Polynesian islands for the Island. direction, or directions, from which cultural stimuli and trait migration came. . . The voyage Ferdon’s excavation at Orongo caused him of the Kon-Tiki raft and finding of Peruvian to ponder the massive fires that once burned at [and Ecuadorian] sherds on the Galapagos the pan-island ceremonial center. It seemed Islands have clearly opened up the western clear that fire was closely associated with ritual regions of the New World as a possible source of on this eastern outpost of Polynesia. The native Polynesian objects, ideas, and people” (Ferdon custom of welcoming approaching visitors with 1961g:533). Ferdon admitted that there is a bonfires was observed by various European substantial group of traits and complexes in the explorers to New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, Easter Island culture which have wide distribu- the Cook Islands, and other places in the Pa- tion in Polynesia, but “archaeological excava- cific. It had been thought to be a warning to tions in Polynesia have not advanced efficiently other islanders of the arrival of foreigners. as yet to determine when and from which island However, Ferdon concluded, after careful study these traits came” (ibid). There are some traits, of the accounts, that the fires must have been however, that are not characteristic of Polyne- “designed to abrogate what appeared to be sia, or are completely absent there but appear on potential danger,” being “some form of ritualistic Easter Island. On the other hand, there are protection” (Ferdon 1986:472); in other words, apparent counterparts to some Easter Island a way of putting aside their fear about the ap- traits on the western mainland of South Amer- proach of foreigners. Ferdon lamented that the ica. Though not many, they are “sufficient in use of such ceremonial fires declined in later number to make it difficult to reason that they years and disappeared by 1830, “well before the are all the result of separate, independent inven- full significance of their various manifestations tions” (Ferdon 1961g:533) and the “apparent could be studied at first hand” (ibid). American parallels should be noted and their possible evidence of diffusion to Easter Island In his summary of Easter Island house types, seriously considered” (ibid). These include the Ferdon described in detail the structure and prepared plaza with ceremonial structures on design of the boat-shaped thatch houses which two or more sides, precisely fitted stone struc- he likened to overturned canoes (Ferdon tures, the corbel-vaulted roof, solar observation 1961e:333). He speculated on the origin and devices, the bird-man cult, cremations, reed rationale of this unique design. Later Ferdon water-crafts, the weeping eye motif, ear spools, formulated the idea that the design may have and the sweet potato. been inspired by the unique superstructure, sails, and rigging on ancient double canoes from the Ferdon argued that taro, a common Polyne- Tuamotu Islands, which Ferdon believed to sian root crop, was the dominant precolumbian 25 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr. domesticate of northern New Zealand. Some of shock value for him. The first was W.F. scholars believed that there had been a Libby’s exposition of the radiocarbon dating precolumbian introduction of the sweet potato method (Stubbs and Ferdon 1949:293). The from South America into that area (Ferdon second was Gordon Ekholm’s exhibit emphasiz- 1988a; O’Brien 1972). Ferdon analyzed the ing similarities in objects and art forms from history, biology, and cultural usages of both the American Indian, Pacific Island, and southeast taro and the sweet potato, concluding that, Asian cultures. Ferdon thought this formidable without doubt, the sweet potato was a array of material substantiated “the thesis of postcolumbian introduction to New Zealand psychic unity of mankind” (ibid:294). Once “but then adapted to the New Zealand environ- Ferdon became involved in South Pacific ar- ment by applying the field and storage tech- chaeology he was able to apply his extensive niques already developed by the Maori for taro” knowledge of ancient New World cultures to (Ferdon 1988a:1). the problem of transpacific migrations and contacts. In all his work in the South Pacific he In addition to his article on Easter Island searched for evidence related to Heyerdahl’s house types (Ferdon 1961a, 1961e), Ferdon belief that Indians traveled from South America published “Notes on Present-Day Easter Island- in their own vessels and settled in the islands of ers” (1957), then a report on Easter Island the Pacific. A cautious diffusionist, Ferdon exchange systems (1958b), one on Orongo “Sun concluded that he saw no solid evidence that Stones” (1988b), and another on stone chicken American Indians first settled Polynesia. How- coops (2000). These articles recorded his ethno- ever, he accepted the possibility that American logical observations. Indians may have made exploratory contacts in the Pacific. He demonstrated through an analy- After finishing their work on Easter lsland, sis of wind, wave, and current patterns that the Heyerdahl and his team went west to Pitcairn settlement and cultural development of the Island, to Rapa Iti in the Morotiri Group, to islands of the Pacific most likely involved a Tahiti in the Society lslands, to Raiatea, and melange of successive influences with settle- then to Hiva Oa in the Marquesas (Heyerdahl ments succeeding or dying out, and with people 1958:360). These visits provided Ferdon with constantly and repeatedly moving from and to inspiration for other studies about the settle- all parts of the Pacific, including the west coast ment, migrations, and the peoples of the Pacific. of South America. He argued that Polynesians did not have a single origin point. Ferdon wrote an article on the status of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers who Ferdon’s general synthetic books on South helped settle Pitcairn Island (1958c). Of great Pacific islands and island groups include Early interest to Ferdon was the biological mixing of Tahiti as the Explorers Saw It, 1767-1797, (Fer- the original Pitcairn settlers, nine British sailors don 1981b) and Early Tonga as the Explorers Saw who had left their fellow seamen in Tahiti, six It, 1615-1810 (Ferdon 1987). Ferdon also Tahitian men, and eleven Tahitian women. prepared an article on Tahiti for the Encyclope- dia of World Cultures (Ferdon 1991). Ferdon published a paper on Polynesian Origins (Ferdon 1963), subsequently reprinted. Ferdon had the opportunity in 1990 to In 1949 Ferdon had attended the XXIX Interna- revisit the Marquesas as guest lecturer on the tional Congress of Americanists in New York Wind Star cruise ship. These visits plus the City. Two presentations made there had a kind recorded observations of two men, William ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 26

Pascoe Crook11 and Edward Robarts12 provided ored him by establishing the Edwin N. Ferdon Ferdon with the basis for his book on Early Scholarship Fund at the University of Arizona. Observations of Marquesan Culture, 1595-1813, He is buried in the East Lawn Palms Cemetery, (Ferdon 1993b). At the time of his death, Tucson (Anonymous 2002). Ferdon was at work on a book about early Hawaii. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful for the assistance of Raymond H. Thompson, CONCLUSION Emeritus Director of the Arizona State Museum who was Ed Ferdon’s colleague during his Arizona years and Ed Ferdon was able to see a broad picture, influenced him greatly. I also appreciate the help of Vearl while still controlling small details. In his article and Julie Ferdon and Henning Bischof. Johanna Eubank “Why Archaeology?” he wrote that it should of the Arizona Daily Star helped to track down a reference. make us humble to realize “that we alone have References Cited not built the world around us” (Ferdon 1947a:18). He strove to show that archaeology Note: This bibliography includes as many publications by brings “knowledge and ways of life of those Edwin Nelson Ferdon, Jr. as the author was able to people in the dim past who had much to offer, identify. It also includes obituaries of Ferdon. Works not but never quite got around to learning how to cited in this paper are indicated by an asterisk (*). put it down in writing” (ibid). It’s no small Printed sources accomplishment to do this for one part of the world, or one period of time. However, Ferdon, Anonymous during the course of his long life, acquired 1939 School to Inaugurate Ecuador Work. El Palacio expertise in the geography and ancient and 46(9):219. contemporary cultures of several major regions. 1940 Ferdon Arrives in Ecuador. El Palacio 47(1):17. 1945 Ferdon’s Work in Ecuador. El Palacio 52(6):127- He expanded our archaeological knowledge of 128. Ecuador, Mexico, the U.S. Southwest and the 2002 Edwin Nelson Ferdon, 89. Honolulu Daily Adver- South Pacific. He was an astute, even a pre- tiser, 26 November 2002. scient critic, and an accomplished synthesizer. http://w2.byuh.edu/library/Obituaries/2002/F. He was also a very engaging man who is missed htm (consulted 22 August 2006). 2003 Funeral Notices. Arizona Daily Star, November by many friends, colleagues, and family mem- 16, 2003, Final Edition, Tucson/ Region Section, bers, including Amanda Ferdon, James Warren, p. B4. and David Warren, his three grandchildren and Astudillo de Parra, Lucia his great grandchild Lily Petterson, who hon- 1992 A “Museum Viking” in Ecuador. Museum 173, volume 44(1):17-19 (Paris: UNESCO). Balée, William and Clark Erickson, editors

11 2006 Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies William Pascoe Crook (1775-1846) was a Congrega- in the Neotropical Lowlands. New York: Columbia tional missionary and schoolmaster. He took up residence University Press. in the Marquesas in June 1797 and remained there until Carneiro, Robert L. 1799. He and the Reverend Samuel Greatheed compiled 1960 Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: A Closer Look at a dictionary of a Polynesian language and an account of Its Implications for Settlement Patterns. In Men the Marquesas. In 1803 he rejoined the South Seas and Cultures, edited by Anthony F. C. Wallace, mission, working in Australia, where he established a pp. 229-234. Philadelphia: University of Penn- school, and in Tahiti. sylvania Press.

12 1961 Slash-and-Burn Cultivation among the Kuikuru Englishman Edward Robarts deserted his post as cook and Its Implications for Cultural Development in on a whaling ship and lived in the Marquesas. He pub- the Amazon Basin. In The Evolution of Horti- lished an account of his time there (1798-1806) (Robarts cultural Systems in Native South America: Causes 1974). 27 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr.

and Consequences; a Symposium, edited by Jo- 1940b Investigación arqueológica en el Ecuador. Boletín hannes Wilbert, pp. 47-67. Antropológica, Supple- de la Academia Nacional de Historia 19(55):103- mento Publicación 2, Sociedad de Ciencias Na- 108 (a translation of Ferdon 1940a). turales La Salle (Caracas, Venezuela). 1940c Reconnaissance in Esmeraldas (Part 1). El Pala- 1979 Factors Favoring the Development of Political cio 47(12):257-272. (Reprinted, with minor Leadership in Amazonia. El Dorado 4:86-94 revisions, as Exploration in Esmeraldas Basin, (Greeley, Colorado). Taken from an Extract from Ferdon’s Monthly 1987 Further Reflections on Resource Concentration Reports of the School of American Research, and its Role in the Rise of the State. In Studies in Archaeological Survey of Ecuador, Numbers 8, the Neolithic and Urban Revolutions: The V. Gor- 9, 10, & 11, July, August, September, October don Childe Colloquium, edited by Linda Man- 1940, pages 1-9. Appendix 1(1). Thirty-fourth zanilla, pp. 245-260. Oxford: BAR International Annual Report of the Schools of American Research Series 349. of the Archaeological Institute of America 33-34 Chávez, Karen L. Mohr (1941). (Santa Fe, New Mexico). 1977 Marcavalle: The Ceramics from an Early Horizon 1941a Reconnaissance in Esmeraldas Concluded from Site in the Valley of Cusco, Peru, and Implications the December Number. El Palacio 48(1):7-15. for South Highland Socioeconomic Interaction. (Taken from an extract from Ferdon’s Monthly Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Reports Numbers 8, 9, 10, & 11, July, August, Philadelphia. September, October 1940, of the School of 2005 Alfred Kidder II in the Development of Ameri- American Research, Archaeological Survey of can Archaeology: A Biographical and Contex- Ecuador, pp. 9-15. (Santa Fe, New Mexico). tual View. Andean Past 7:251-309. 1941b Exploration in Esmeraldas Basin. Thirty-fourth Cubillos, Julio César Annual Report of The School of American Research 1955 Tumaco: Notas arqueológicas. Bogotá: Editorial of the Archaeological Institute of America, pp. 33- Minerva. 35. (Santa Fe, New Mexico). Dart, Allen 1941c Exploration in the Guayas Basin. (Taken from an 2002* Ed Ferdon. Glyphs: The Monthly Newsletter of the extract from Ferdon’s Monthly Report of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society. An School of American Research, Archaeological Affiliate of the Arizona State Museum, University of Survey of Ecuador, Number 22, September Arizona 53(6):7. 1941.) Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the School Denevan, William of American Research of the Archaeological Institute 1966 The Aboriginal Cultural Geography of the Llanos de of America, pp. 38-41 (Santa Fe, New Mexico). Mojos of Bolivia. Berkeley: University of Califor- 1941d The Excavation at La Libertad. El Palacio nia Press. 48(2):38-42. (Reprinted in Thirty-fourth Annual Diehl, Richard A., editor Report of the Schools of American Research of the 1974 Studies of Ancient Tollan: A Report of the Univer- Archaeological Institute of America, Minutes of the sity of Missouri Tula Archaeological Project. Co- Annual Meeting 1941, Appendix 1(2):35-38, 40- lumbia: University of Missouri-Columbia, De- 42. (Santa Fe, New Mexico). partment of Anthropology. 1941e Exploration in the Guayas Basin. (Taken from an Di Peso, Charles extract from Ferdon’s Monthly Report of the 1974 Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the School of American Research, Anthropological Grand Chichimeca, Volume 1. Flagstaff, Arizona: Survey of Ecuador. Number 22, September, Northland Press. 1941. Appendix 1, III. Thirty-fourth Annual Ferdon, Constance Report of the School of American Research of the 1940 Market Day at Otavalo, Ecuador. El Palacio Archaeological Institute of America: Minutes of the 47(8):165-171. Annual Meeting, pp. 38-41. (Santa Fe: New Ferdon, Edwin Nelson, Jr. Mexico). 1938 A Peruvian Highland Trail. El Palacio 44(16- 1941g Preliminary Notes on Artifacts from La Libertad, 18):111-130. Ecuador. El Palacio 48(9):204-210. 1939-43 Monthly Reports of the School of American 1942a The Work in South America. Thirty-fifth Annual Research, Archaeology Survey of Ecuador to Dr. Report of the School of American Research of the Hewett, numbers 1-44, December 1939-July Archaeological Institute of America: Minutes of the 1943. On file in the archives of Andean Past. Annual Meeting, pp. 20-25. (Santa Fe, New 1940a The Archaeological Survey of Ecuador. El Pala- Mexico). cio 47(6):137-144. ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 28

1942b Excavaciones arqueológicas cerca de La Liber- 1954a A Surface Jacal Site in the Chaco Basin. El tad, Provincia del Guayas. Boletín de la Academia Palacio 61(2):35-42. Nacional de Historia 22(59):77-81 (A translation 1954b Review of Design Motifs in Ancient Mexico by of Ferdon 1941d). Jorge Enciso. El Palacio 61(8):276-278. 1942c Year 1942 Summary Report of the School of 1955 A Trial Survey of Mexican-Southwestern Architec- American Research Archaeological Survey of tural Parallels. Monograph of the School of Ecuador. On file in the archives of Andean Past. American Research 21. (Santa Fe, New Mex- 1945a The Ecuadorian Research Project. Thirty-eighth ico). Annual Report of the School of American Research 1956 Long–Long Ago and Today. El Palacio 63(11- of the Archaeological Institute of America: Minutes 12):324-331. of the Annual Meeting, pp. 12-17. ( Santa Fe, New 1957 Notes on Present-day Easter Islanders. Southwest Mexico). Journal of Anthropology 13(3):223-238. 1945b Characteristic Figurines from Esmeraldas. El 1958a Review of Tumaco (Notas arqueológicas) by Julio Palacio 52(11):221-245. (Reprinted in Papers of César Cubillos. American Antiquity 23(3):327- the School of American Research 40:1-25 (1945). 328. (Santa Fe, New Mexico). 1958b Easter Island Exchange Systems. Southwestern 1945c A Mountain Colony in Ecuador. El Palacio Journal of Anthropology 14(2):136-151. 52(7):129-137. 1958c Pitcairn Island, 1956. Geographic Review 48(1): 1945d Review of The Excavation of Ancient Tula in 69-85. Guía Arqueológica de Tula by Alberto Ruz 1959 Agricultural Potential and the Development of Lhuiller. El Palacio 52(7):145-147. Cultures. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1946a An Excavation of Hermit’s Cave, New Mexico. 15(1):1-19. Reprinted in the Bobbs-Merrill Monographs of the School of American Re- Reprint Series in the Social Sciences A-64 search 10. (Santa Fe, New Mexico). (1960). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. 1946b* Millionth Map of Hispanic America Completed. 1961a Easter Island House Types. El Palacio 68(1):28- El Palacio 53(4):90-92. 46. Also in Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1961, Report 1947a Why Archaeology? El Palacio 54(1):16-18. 13, pp. 329-336. 1947b Jívaro Collection Arrives. El Palacio 54(1):22- 1961b The Ceremonial site of Orongo. In Heyerdahl 24. and Ferdon 1961, Report 3, pp. 221-255. 1947c Notes to Accompany a Present Day Ethnic Map 1961c Sites E-4 and E-5. In Heyerdahl and. Ferdon of Ecuador. El Palacio 54(7):155-169. 1961, Report 10, pp. 305-311. 1949 Survey of the Ruin of Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico. 1961d Stone Houses in the Terraces of Site E-21. In El Palacio 56(8):227-229. Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1961, Report 11, pp. 1950a Studies in Ecuadorian Geography. Monographs of 313-321. the School of American Research 15 ( Santa Fe, 1961e Easter Island House Types. In Heyerdahl and New Mexico). Ferdon 1961, Report 13, pp. 329-336. 1950b Review of The Awakening Valley by John Collier, 1961f Site E-6, and Easter Island Hare Moa. In Heyer- Jr. and Anibal Buitrón. El Palacio 57(4):121-123. dahl Ferdon 1961 Report 15, pp. 381-383. (San- 1951a The Granite Ruin of Tonalá. Archaeology ta Fe, New Mexico). 4(2):83-88. 1961g A Summary of the Excavated Record of Easter 1951b* Article on Photographic Methods Recom- Island Prehistory. In Heyerdahl and Ferdon mended for Archaeologists. El Palacio 58(3):96. 1961, pp. 527-535. 1952a Exploring Ecuador’s Rio Upano, El Palacio 1963 Polynesian Origins. Science 141:499-505. Re- 59(8):223-250. printed in New Roads to Yesterday: Essays in 1952b Treasure Hunt at Abo and Quarai. El Palacio Archaeology; Articles from Science, edited by 59(9):288-290. Joseph R. Caldwell, pp. 231-246 (1966). New 1952c* Review of Landscape: Human Geography of the York: Basic Books. Also reprinted in Peoples and Southwest, edited by J[ohn] B[rinkerhoff] Jack- Cultures of the Pacific: An Anthropological Reader, son, 1(1-2; 1951). El Palacio 59(2):64-67. edited by Andrew P. Vayda, pp. 95-111 (1968). 1953a Tonalá, Mexico: An Archaeological Study. Mono- Garden City, New Jersey: Natural History Press. graph of the School of American Research 16. 1965a A Reconnaissance Survey of Three Fortified (Santa Fe, New Mexico). Hilltop Sites. In Thor Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1953b Review of The Archaeology of the Santa Elena 1965, Report 2, pp. 9-21. Peninsula in South-West Ecuador by Geoffrey H.S. Bushnell. American Antiquity 19(1):98-99. 29 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr.

1965b A Summary of Rapa Iti Fortified Villages. In 2000 Stone Chicken Coops on Easter Island. In Essays Heyerdahl and Ferdon 1965, Report 4, pp. 69-75. in Honor of Arne Skjölsvold: Seventy-five Years, 1965c Surface Architecture of the Site of Paeke, Taipi edited by Paul Wallin and Helene Martinsson- Valley, Nukuhiva. In Heyerdahl and. Ferdon Wallin, pp. 37-43. The Kon-Tiki Museum Occa- 1965, Report 9, pp. 117-122. sional Papers 5. Oslo: Kon-Tiki Museum Insti- 1966a* One Man’s Log. London: Allen and Unwin. tute for Pacific Archaeology and Culture His- 1966b The Prehistoric Culture of Ecuador, a review of tory. Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Ferdon, Edwin Nelson, Jr. and John M. Corbett Valdivia and Machalilla Phases by Betty J. Meg- 1941 Depósitos arqueológicos de la Tolita. Boletín de la gers, Clifford Evans, and Emilio Estrada. Science Academia Nacional de Historia 21(57):5-15. 152:1731-1732. (Translation from English of report to the Ecua- 1966c* Our Cultural Heritage and Arizona Highways. dorian Department of Mines entitled Archaeo- Tucson: Arizona State Museum. logical Investigation of La Tolita [1941]). 1967 The Hohokam “Ball Court”: An Alternative Ferdon, Edwin Nelson, Jr. and Emma M. Cappeluzzo View of Its Function. Kiva 33(1):1-14. 1966* A Double Duty Docent Program. Museum News 1978 Thor Heyerdahl and the Polynesian Question. 33(1):1-14. Research in Norway 1978:59-64. (Oslo: Forsk- Ferdon, Edwin Nelson, Jr. and Erik K. Reed ningsnytt). 1950 A Pit-House Site near Belén, New Mexico. El 1981a Holocene Mangrove Formations on the Santa Palacio 57(2):40-41. Elena Peninsula, Ecuador: Pluvial Indicators or Ferdon, Julie Ecological Response to Physiographic Changes? 1998 Oral History Interview: Edwin Nelson Ferdon, American Antiquity 46(3):619-626. Jr., November-December, Tucson, Arizona. 1981b Early Tahiti as the Explorers Saw It, 1767-1797. Copy on file in the archives of Andean Past. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Gifford, Clark A. and Elizabeth A. Morris 1981c A Possible Origin of the Easter Island Boat- 1985 Digging for Credit: Early Archaeological Field shaped House. Asian Perspectives 22(1):1-8. Schools in the American Southwest. American 1984* In the Shelter of Caves: Caves as Human Habita- Antiquity 50(2):395-411. tions: Their Nature and Importance to Archaeolo- Glaser, Bruno and William I. Woods gists. Tucson: Arizona State Museum. 2004 Amazonian Dark Earths: Explorations in Space and 1986 Ethnohistoric Evidence for the Use of Ritual Fire Time. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. as a Protective Mechanism in Polynesia. Journal Guemaraes, Susana of the Polynesian Society 95(4):468-474. 1997 Olaf Holm (1915-1996). Journal de la Société des 1987 Early Tonga as the Explorers Saw it, 1615-1810. Americanistes 83:316-320. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Healan, Dan M., editor 1988a A Case for Taro Preceding Kumara as the Domi- 1988 Tula of the Toltecs: Excavations and Survey. Iowa nant Domesticate in Ancient New Zealand. City: University of Iowa Press. Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):1-5. Heckenberger, Michael J., Afukaka Kuikuro, Urissapá 1988b In Defense of Orongo “Sun Stones”. Journal of Tabata Kuikuro, J. Christian Russell, Morgan Schmidt, the Polynesian Society 97(1):73-77. Carlos Fausto, and Bruna Franchetto 1991 Tahiti. In Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 2003 Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Park- 2, Oceania, edited by Terence E. Hays, pp. 305- land? Science 301:1710-1714. 307. Boston: G.K. Hall. Heyerdahl, Thor 1993a Introduction: Edgar L. Hewett: The Nature of 1958 Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Chicago: the Man. In Ancient Communities in the American Rand McNally. Desert by Edgar L. Hewett, edited by Albert H. Heyerdahl, Thor and Edwin N. Ferdon, Jr., editors Schroeder, pp. 11-19. Monograph Series 1. 1961 Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition Albuquerque: Archaeological Society of New to Easter Island and the East Pacific, 1955-1956, Mexico. volume 1, Archaeology of Easter Island. Mono- 1993b Early Observations of Marquesan Culture, 1595- graphs of the School of American Research and 1813. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. the Museum of New Mexico 24(1) (Santa Fe). 1995 The Early Setting. In The Grand Chichimeca: 1965 Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition Essays on the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of to Easter Island and the East Pacific, 1955-1956, Northern Mesoamerica, edited by Jonathan E. volume 2, Miscellaneous Papers. Monographs of Reyman, pp. 8-12. Worldwide Archaeology the School of American Research and the Kon- Series 12. Aldershot, England: Avebury Press. tiki Museum 24(2) (Santa Fe). ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 30

Heyerdahl, Thor and Arne Skjölsvold of Michigan, Ann Arbor, February 26, 1994. On 1956 Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the file in the archives of Andean Past. Galapagos Islands. Memoirs of the Society for 2000/2001 Report, Current Research. Andean Past 6:372- American Archaeology 12, supplement to Ameri- 373. can Antiquity 22(2), part 3. Meggers, Betty Jane Hosler, Dorothy 1954 Environmental Limitation on the Development 1994 The Sounds and Colors of Power: The Sacred of Culture. American Anthropologist 56:810-824. Metallurgical Technology of Ancient West Mexico. Meggers, Betty Jane and Clifford Evans, Jr. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: MIT 1966 Mesoamerica and Ecuador in Handbook of Middle Press. American Indians, volume 4 Archaeological Lathrap, Donald W. Frontiers and External Connections, edited by 1970 The Upper Amazon. London: Praeger. Gordon Ekholm and Gordon Willey, pp. 243- Lathrap, Donald W., Donald Collier, and Helen Chandra 264. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1975 Ancient Ecuador: Culture, Clay and Creativity; Meggers, Betty J., Clifford Evans, and Emilio Estrada 3000-300 B.C. Chicago: Field Museum of Natu- 1965 Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The ral History. Valdivia and Machalilla Phases. Smithsonian Lehmann, Johannes, Dirse C. Kern, Bruno Glaser, and Contributions to Anthropology 1 (Washington, William I. Woods D.C.). 2003 Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties and O’Brien, Patricia Management. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 1972 The Sweet Potato: Its Origin and Dispersal. Kluwer Academic Publishers. American Anthropologist 74:342-365. Lubensky, Earl H. Paulsen, Allison C. 1974 Los cementerios de Anllulla: Informe preliminar 1977 Patterns of Maritime Trade Between South sobre una excavación arqueológica. Boletín de la Coastal Ecuador and Western Mesoamerica: Academia Nacional de Historia 58(123):16-23. 1500 B.C. - A.D. 600. In The Sea and the Pre- 1991 The Ferdon Collections of Prehistoric Ceramic Columbian World, edited by Elizabeth P. Benson, Vessels and Sherds from Esmeraldas Province, pp. 141-160. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Ecuador. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mis- Oaks. souri, Columbia. Peckham, Stewart, Fred Wendorf, and Edwin N. Ferdon, 1992a Update on Analysis of the Ferdon Ceramic Jr. Collections from Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. 1956 Excavations Near Apache Creek, New Mexico. Paper presented at the Midwest Conference on Highway Salvage Archaeology 2(8):17-86. Andean and Amazonian Archaeology and Rainey, Froelich Ethnohistory, University of Illinois at Urbana- 1946 Quinine Hunters in Ecuador. The National Champagne, March 1, 1992. On file in the Geographic Magazine 89(3):341-363. archives of Andean Past. Raymond, J. Scott and Richard L. Burger 1992b The Ferdon Prehistoric Ceramic Collections 2003 Introduction. In Archaeology of Formative Ecua- from Ecuador: An Exercise in Ceramic Classifi- dor: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 7 and 8 cation and Analysis. Paper presented at the October 1995, edited by J. Scott Raymond, Northeast Conference on Andean and Amazo- Richard L. Burger, and Jeffrey Quilter. Washing- nian Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Colgate ton, D.C.: Dumbarton. Posted on line at www. University, Hamilton, New York, November 11, doaks. org/ Ecuador/ Ecuador00. pdf. 1992. On file in the archives of Andean Past. Robarts, Edward 1993 The Ferdon Archaeological Site Survey in 1974 The Marquesan Journal of Edward Robarts, 1797- Ecuador: An Exercise in Ceramic Classification 1824, edited by Greg Dening. Canberra: Austra- and Analysis. Paper presented at the 33rd Annual lian National University Press. Meeting of the Institute of Andean Studies, Roosevelt, A. C., R. A. Housley, M. Imazio da Silveira, S. Berkeley, California, January 8, 1993. On file in Maranca, and R. Johnson the archives of Andean Past. 1991 Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric 1994 Color Classification System for Use with PARA- Shell Midden in the Brazilian Amazon. Science DOX and Designed for Ecuadorian Ceramics. 254:1621-1624. Paper presented at the Twenty-Second Annual Sarma, Akkaraju Midwest Conference on Andean and Amazo- 1974 Holocene Paleoecology of South Coastal Ecua- nian Archaeology and Ethnohistory, University dor. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 118:93-134. 31 - Lubensky: Edward Nelson Ferdon Jr.

School of American Research of the Archaeological Institute of America 1941 Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the School of Amer- ican Research of the Archaeological Institute of America. Santa Fe, New Mexico. 1943 Thirty-sixth Annual Report of the School of Amer- ican Research of the Archaeological Institute of America. Santa Fe, New Mexico. 1944 Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the School of American Research of the Archaeological Institute of America. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Simmons, Michael Patrick 1970 The Ceramic Sequence from La Carolina, Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tuscon. Stothert, Karen, editor 2001 Contribuciones de Olaf Holm al estudio del pasado del Ecuador 1. Guayaquil, Ecuador: Banco Cen- tral del Ecuador and Museo Antropológico y de Arte Contemporáneo. Stubbs, Stanley A. and Edwin Nelson, Ferdon Jr. 1949 International Congress of Americanists Re- viewed. El Palacio 56(1):292-294.Thompson, J. Eric S. 1941 A Coordination of the History of Chichen Itza with Ceramic Sequences in Central America. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 5(2- 3):97-111. Thompson, Raymond H. 2003a Edwin Nelson Ferdon, Jr. Anthropology News 44(4)unpaginated in on line edition. http:/members.aaanet.org/an/0304/rp-ob.cfm 2003b Edwin Nelson Ferdon, Jr. 1913-2002. Archaeo- logical Record 3(5):34. Uhle, Max 1927 Estudios Esmeraldeños. Anales de la Universidad Central 39(262):1-61. Wagner, Julie and Pamela Hale 1995 Lost Legacy of La Libertad. PUMA: Papers of the University of Missouri Anthropologists 1(1)42-50.

Websites

www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/r ainey_froelich.html

L’Encyclopédie de Diderot & d’Alembert, ©1758: http://diderot.alembert.free.fr/Q.html Consulted 7 December 2006 ANDEAN PAST 8 (2007) - 32

Edwin Nelson Ferdon (viewer’s left) and Al Ely (viewer’s right) on the trail from Cusco to Ayacucho, 1935 (photograph courtesy of the School of American Research).