320 THE IN 600 A.D. April doubtless made by at the close of the Persian war, when Chosroes restored Arzanene to the empire, as well as the region of Taronitis or Turuberan. Taronitis was not incoporated in the provincial system, but Arzanene was joined to the province of , and Sophanene, with its chief town, Martyropolis, was severed from the Fourth Armenia and joined likewise to Meso- potamia. With this enlargement of Mesopotamia, partly at the expense of Fourth Armenia, was connected a change of nomen- clature, the object of which is not quite clear. Fourth Armenia was assigned as an alternative name to Mesopotamia; and the old Fourth Armenia was named Oilier Fourth Armenia, and separated from the diocese of to be joined to the diocese of the East. For the details of the boundaries of these provinces, with the pas- sages of Armenian writers bearing on the subject, the student of geography will find full information in Professor Gelzer's preface. The other ' Armenian' provinces, not belonging to the Eastern diocese, are not included in our fragment of George's ' Description It is as well, however, to mention in this connexion that we know from other sources (proceedings of Councils) that Maurice changed the nomenclature here also. Justinian's Third Armenia became Firtt Armenia, and Justinian's First Armenia became. Great Armenia. Second Armenia remained the same. J. B. BUBT.

THB SUPPOSED PENITENTIAL OP EGBEBT AND THE MISSINa WOBK OF HAT.TTGAB OF CAHBBAI. THE Bodleian MS. 718' has been made famous by the writings of Spelman, Wilkins, Johnson,8 the brothers Ballerini, Wasserschleben, Maassen, Haddan and Stubbs, and Lord Selborne. The manu- script has been exhaustively described by the last-named author in the second edition of his ' Ancient Facts and Fictions concerning Churches and Tithes' (1892); nevertheless of the four books into which the manuscript is divided the first alone has been traced to its sources. "Who wrote the last three books ? The evidence here produced will, I believe, suffice to prove that these three books formed part of a work • De Yita Sacerdotum,' by Halitgar, bishop of Cambrai. As a preliminary it will be well to analyse the contents of the manuscript 718, and this can be done very briefly, as extracts from different parts of the volume have already appeared in print. The handwriting of the whole manuscript is English, and, save for some fly-leaves at the beginning and end, which contain notes made at various times,9 belongs to the end of the tenth or beginning 1 No. 8682 in Bernard's catalogue. * Ed. Baron. ' An account of these notes is given in the appendix. 1894 THE PENITENTIAL OF EGBERT 821 of the eleventh century.4 The contents of two of the fly-leaves at the end serve to show that the volume probably at one time belonged to the cathedral church of Exeter,4 and subsequently to the church of Eynsham. It is often said 6 that the book is one of the many7 that Leofric gave to Exeter, but of this there is no positive proof. At the beginning of the volume a slip of paper has been pasted in, having the inscription, Liber PenitentiaUs Egberti Aepi Ebor., in a modern hand. On the fourth page, where the book begins, under the rubric, Incipiunt Capitula libri PoenitentiaUs, and then stand the titles of the nineteen chapters of the penitential work, now generally acknowledged to be the genuine work of Egbert. Upon this follow the rubric, Indpit Excerptid de Canonibus CatJtoli- corum Patrum PoenitentiaUs Libri ad Remedium Animarum Ecgberhti Archi Epi Eburacae Civitatis ; Egbert's own prologue; the 21 capi- tula, of Frank origin and belonging to the early ninth century; the genuine penitential; prayers and a penitential formulary. The whole ends with the rubric, Fin. lib. Poenitential. Ecgberhti Archi Epi? Book ii. bears the rubric, In nomine sanctae Trinitatis. Indpit Uber secundus ex opuicvlis, &c. A preamble follows, Ut etenim in expositione, &c.,9 the titles of fifty-five chapters and their text. The titles of the last thirty-five are known from a list in Spelman'8 ' Concilia,'10 i. 276, headed, Ab hinc diversa ex diversis cxcessibus capitula. After these chapters follow the rubric, Explic. lib. ii. Incipit Pfatio, lib. Hi., De mortaWms peccatis,11 &c., and the text of eighty-five chapters.12 Then the rubric, Explic. lib. Hi. Indp. Plogus libri Hi. Magnopere poposdsti,13 &c.; 881 chapters or articles follow, all printed by A. L. Richter in his 'Antiqua Canonum Collectio.' The fourth book ends with a postscript, Ecce haec aunt paum, &c.u It is known15 that in the Vatican MS. 1852, which belongs 4 Haddan and Stubbs, Councils and Documents, iii. 415. Lord Selborne, op. tit. p. 235. 1 Pope Leo's letter to Edward the Confessor, directing the foundation of a see at Exeter which Leofric shoald occupy, is copied in a hand probably contemporary with Leofric In a later hand, probably of the twelfth century, are entries of monej s pay- able from Thame and Banbury, places where Eynsham Abbey held property. Macray, Bodl. Lib. 2nd ed.; and see app. • Haddan and Stubbs, and Selbome, I.e. I Mon. Angl. it 627. • Selborne, pp. 287-8. ' Ibid. p. 829, where the rest of the preamble is printed. " Reprinted in Migne, Patr. Ixxxix. col. 481. The first seventeen will-be found printed from another manuscript in Martene and Durand, AmpL Coll. i. 78. " Selborne, p. 880, where the rest of the preface is printed. 13 Martene and Dnrand, I.e., print the chapter titles and preface from another manuscript. II The rest printed in Selborne, Le.; in Wasscnchleben, Beitr>, p. 4; and Bichter, Antiqua Canonum CoUectio (Marburgi Oattorum, 1844). " The rest printed ibid. 11 It was first noticed by the brothers Ballerini, Ltonis Magni Opera (1767), vol. iii.' De Ant Coll.' pt. iv. vL § 6, p. H*"*"'-

Jl Vol.9 322 THE PENITENTIAL OF EGBERT April to the eleventh century,16 there is a collection in four books, of which the three last are in all respects similar to the three last books of Bodl. 718. The first book alone is different. The volume opens with an address to a bishop : Hacc pauca, Beatitudo,

" According to Schmiti, Die BtusbUcher, p. xii. Of the manuscripts named in this paper Bodl. 718 is the only one I have myself seen. " The rest is printed by Lord Selborne, lx.; also from another manuscript in Martene and Durand, lx. '» Denis, Cat. MSS. Theol. Vindob. r. i. coci p. 1180, corrects some of the author's slips. '• Printed lx,, and by Lord Selborne. - Note that caps. 2, 8, 6, and 6 have similar titles to caps. SO, 80, 29, 36 of book i. of Amalariui's Btffula Canonicorum (Migne, Pat. CY.) Amalarins's 20, 80, 29 are identical with caps. 36, 88, 87 of book iii. of Isidores HUpalensU's Book of Sentences (Pat. lxxziii.) These three are also found in the Corpus MSS., 266, f. 17, and 190, i. 183, in both places in conjunction with two letters of AlcTiin. ° Ampltisima Coftectio, i. 70. 1894 THE PENITENTIAL OF EGBERT 828 bably now belongs to the town library.*8 The missing fourth book can now be supplied from Bodl. MS. 718 and from Vat. 1852, as well as from other manuscripts shortly to be described. Martene and Durand ascribe the collection in the Treves MS. to Halitgar, bishop of Cambrai, and affirm that he wrote this work about the year 820, at the request of Ebbo, bishop of Eheims. No author's name is given in this manuscript, nor, indeed, in any of the eight manuscripts where parts of this work are to be found. Martene and Durand base their opinion on a passage in the chronicle of Alberic,a who writes under the year 850, ' Sub eodem etiam Ebone coUectus est et compiiatus per Halithgarium Cameracen- sem episcopwn liber qui intitulatur De Vita Sacerdotum,' this being the title of the first chapter of the first book both of the ' Quadri- partitus ' and of the Treves MS. Halitgar was bishop of Cambrai from 816 to 881, the year of his death ; Ebbo was bishop of Eheims during theyears 816-885.*1 Martene and Durand named an approxi- mate date when they stated that the ' Quadripartitus' was written about 820. Halitgar is well known to have written another work at the bidding of Ebbo—namely, the famous ' Penitential,' in five books, to which a sixth, the ' Penitentialis Bomanus,' was added. To this work the title ' De Vita Sacerdotum,' which Alberic uses, would hardly have been suitable. Had he been speaking of that work he would probably have said, with Flodoard,58 Hums praestdis scilicet Ebonis hortatu AUtganus Cameracencis episcopua sex Hbettos de remedjis et ordine vel iudiciis poenitentiae conscripsit. But if Alberic's statement that Halitgar wrote a book at Ebbo's request, called ' De Vita Sacerdotum,' and Martene and Durand's belief that that work was distinct from his ' Penitential' need confirma- tion, this is afforded 'by the nature of the contents of the fourth book, which Martene and Durand never saw. There can be little doubt that this portion at least is Halitgar's, for it contains matter so closely similar to that of the ' Penitential,' which is unquestion- ably his, that while Wasserschleben M stated his opinion that the

. « A short catalogue is printed in Pertz, Archiv far alien detltscht Geschichfs- kunde, viii. 696, bat none of the descriptions tally with this manuscript. ° AJberio was a Cistercian monk who died 1241 (Chevalier, Rtptrtoire). His chronicle is in the Mon. Germ. Hist, xxiii 631 sqq. Wattenbach, Deutschland* GcschichttqwUen, ii. 422, states that Alberic used many works which are now lost. 31 Gams, Series Epitcoponim. Ebbo died 850-1, hence perhaps the year 860 in Alberic ° Flodoard, Hist. Rement. ii. 19, quoted in Perti, Ix. p. 735, note 95. So too Baldric, Chron. Camerae. i. 88; quoted by Wassersohleben, Butsord. p. 82, note 8, and p. 68. . ••..'•••'- n Following the suggestion of the brothers Ballerini, Wasserschleben (Beitr&ge,- p. 8) worked ont a companion of the clauses of Begino's collection with those of our book iv. He rejected Spelman's idea, that the work was by Egbert, and Theiner's (Disquis. Crit. 834), that it was by Burchard, and ascribed it to the ninth century.' He withdrew hii suggestion that the book had an rengliah origin (p. 6) in. his < Berichti- gung' at the end of the BeitrOgt.. ~ 824 . THE PENITENTIAL OF EGBERT April fourth book was used by Halitgar, Maassen, on the other hand, argued in favour of the theory that it was the writer of the fourth book who had made use of Halitgar.87 But if Halitgar was the writer of the fourth book the question is set at rest. Book iii. of the ' Quadripartitus' also helps to confirm Martene and Durand's belief that Halitgar was the author. It has hitherto escaped attention that this book iii. appears among the writings of Eabanus Maurus, and in a singular juxtaposition. Colvenerius, in the Cologne edition of the latter (1672),28 ascribed to him a Peni- tential in three books, of which the first two are the first two of Halitgar's undoubted work, the Penitential in six books, and the thirdM is book iii. of the quadripartite collection. This arrange- ment was followed by Migne in his edition of Eabanus Maurus. What manuscript Colvenerius used is not known, but it would seem that he used one in which works well known to be by Halitgar are closely associated with works well known to be by Eabanus Maurus; for, following immediately on this so-called Penitential in three books, he gives the Penitential which Eabanus Maurus did undoubtedly address to Otgar.80 Book iii. of the quadripartite collection is on the eight principal vices and the battle of virtues against vices, and thus might easily be mistaken for the work which Babanus Maurus is known to have addressed to the emperor Louis, ' De: Vitiis et Virtutibus.' Such a work was ascribed to him by his biographer, Eudolph,81 and had, indeed, already been printed before Colvenerius wrote, under the title ' Eabanus Maurus de Vitiis et Virtutibus,' by Wolfgang Lazius," in his ' De. Vett. Eccles. Eitt.' (1560). This undoubtedly genuine work of Eabanus was overlooked by Colvenerius and by subsequent editors ; M and the third book of the ' Quadripartitus,' preceded by the first two books of Halitgar's Penitential, have been substituted for it. Thus it appears that books iii. and iv. of the ' Quadripartitus,' or, if we may so call it, Halitgar's ' De Vita

17 Ouch, d. QueUen u. d. Lit. d. can. Bechtt, pp. 856 sqq., and again pp. 867-9. » VoL vi. pp. hl-80. . » Lx. p. 180. » Bee Wasserschleben's BeitrOge, p. 88, for an account of the Wolfenbflttel manuscript (Helmst. No. 656, 4, saeo. x.), where the works of Babanus and Halitgar are similarly entangled. This manuscript, however, does not appear to contain book iii. of the Quadripartitus. What Colvenerius calls a Penitential in three books, addressed by Babanus to Heribald, shows a similar confusion. The 'nret book' consists in the main of Halitgar's preface to book i. of his Penitential. The ' second book' is Halitgar s Penitential, book iii. The ' third book ' consists of Urge parts of the work whioh Babanus did really address to Heribald (see Canisius, ed. Baanage, n. ii. 298), with large interpolations from Halitgar's Penitential, book iv. 11 Ada S3. O. S. Ben. saeo. iv. pt. ii. p. 19. '- Luius used the manuscript Cod. Vindob. colxxxii.; Denis, Cat. i. i. 1028. Denis corrects many of his mistakes. •» Their omission is noticed in the Eitt. Lilt, de la France, v. 180, in Schrockh's Kirdiengach. xiiii. 293, and in Bihr, Gach. d. rOm. Lit. iii. (Snppl.), 877. 1894 THE PENITENTIAL OF EGBERT 825 Sacerdotum,' have both been printed in full. Books i. and ii. alone have never been printed. It now remains to speak of the other manuscripts which con- tain the whole or parts of this work. Bodl. MS. 718, Vat. 1852, Martene and Durand's Treves MS., and Colvenerius's unknown MS. have been referred to above. Four others are known. The Vienna Codex 1286 (Theol. 387) contains the whole work, in a hand of the twelfth century.34 The Treves Codex CXLIV. (1084 Catal.), a folio of the eleventh century, contains books i. and ii. and the first ten chapters of'book iii.;M this may perhaps be the manuscript UBed by Martene and Durand. In two manuscripts, Vat. 1847 and Casin. 541, f. 117,** the fourth book is found attached to a collection complete in three books called the ' Coll. Dacheriana,' because it was first printed by D'Aehery, ' Spicil.' i. 5, 12, ed. 1728. The Vatican 1847 is of the tenth century; the Monte Casino MS. is of the eleventh. Some interpolations from Burchard have been noted by Schmitz.37 Its position as a fourth book18 in this place iB the more remarkable as it repeats a large number of those canons which the' Coll. Dacheriana' gives.89 Indeed, ' Coll. Dacheriana' is, in all probability, the very source from which Halitgar derived them.40 Begino himself used both ' Coll. Dacheriana' and the ' fourth' book; it is not, however, clear that he used one volume containing all four books.41 The connexion between ' Coll. Dacheriana' and Halitgar's ' De Vita Sacerdotum ' in four books still calls for explanation. MAEY BATBSON. Appendix. The fly-leavea at the beginning of Bodl. 718 contain excerpts from the decreta of Gregory VII, i.e.' Cone. Rom.' (1078), v. 10, 6, 7, 1, 2, 8, con- cluding with the following passage: Eucharistius (sio) papa. Mala audita nullum moveant neo passim dicta absque probations quisquam

" Folio, 3.1-119. See Tab. Cod. MSS. praeter Graecoa et , in Bib. PaL Vindob. i. 218 (1864), and Denis, I.e. i. i. 1180, num. cooi. u Riohter, lx. p. 1. See Pertz, Archiv, viii. 699. Computus eccUsiasticua cum pervetusio caltndario mbr. a. zi. fo]. S. Mathiae, Stadibibliothek. - Senmitz, BussbOcher, 710-9 ; Cod. Casin. G41 (128); Interior, 417, Lit. w. It contains also Cresco's collection and other fragments. Blame, Bibl. Libror.MSS. Ital. p. 221. 17 Ibid. p. 718. He speaks as if Vat. 1847 contained Halitgar's Vita Saetrd. book ii., ut this must be a misprint. » Maassen says this collection dates between 774 and 881. Qesch. der Quellen, 862. - Ibid, 866-7. u Wassersohleben, BttirOgt, p. 8, opposed this on the ground that a good many canons in the Coll. Daeh. are in Cod. Vat. 1862, taken from another sonroe. He therefore suggests that both had a common source. Maassen, p. 868, thinks that the fact is explained by the use in Cod. Vat of other sources plus Coll. Dach. ." As Wusersohleben, BeitrUge, p. 6, supposed. For tables showing Begino's use of CoU. Dach. and ok iv. see BeitrOgt, pp. 8,10, and Maaesen's additions, p. 866.