CSL Pest Risk Analysis for kirkaldyi.

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Pest Risk Analysis For Dialeurodes kirkaldyl

STAGE 1: PRA INITIATION

1. What is the name of the pest? Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) Aleyrodidae Arabian jasmine * Kirkaldy whitefly

Synonym: Aleyrodes kirkaldyi, Kotinsky

* Care should be taken not to confuse this common name with the common name for Aleuroclava jasmini, which is known as the jasmine whitefly.

2. What is the reason for the PRA? This organism was found in September 2004 on Jasminum by PHSI at a plant importers in Kent. Action recommendations were given by CSL. There have been at least two previous interceptions of this organism, once in 1978 and once in 1984 (see 12.).

3. What is the PRA area? This PRA considers the UK as the PRA area. Dialeurodes kirkaldyi already occurs elsewhere in the EU (Cyprus and Portugal, [Martin et al., 2000]).

STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT

4. Does the pest occur in the PRA area or does it arrive regularly as a natural migrant? No, D. kirkaldyi does not occur in the UK and does not arrive as a natural migrant.

5. Is there any other reason to suspect that the pest is already established in the PRA area? No. Dialeurodes kirkaldyi is not established in the PRA area.

6. What is the pest’s EU Plant Health Directive status? Not listed.

7. What is the pest’s EPPO Status? Not listed.

8. What are its host plants? Dialeurodes kirkaldyi is found on several woody shrub species. There are at least 25 species in 16 genera that are hosts (Table 1). The most favoured hosts, on which high numbers of D. kirkaldyi can be found, are Jasminum spp. and Morinda citrifolia (Evans & Bennett, 1996; Martin et al., 2000).

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Table 1: Dialeurodes kirkaldyi host plants (from Mound & Halsey, 1978) Family Hosts Apocynaceae Allemanda nerifolia, Beaumontia grandifolia, Plumeria acuminata, P. acutifolia, Tabernaemontana sp., Trachelospermum jasminoides Combretacea Terminalia sp. e Loganiaceae Fagraea fragrans Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica Malpighiacea Hiptage mandablota e Malvaceae Malvus sylvestris Oleaceae Jasminum amplexicaule, J. arabicum, J. auriculatum, J. bifasium, J. grandiflora , J. multiflorum, J. nitidum, J.sambac Rubiaceae Coffea sp., Gardenia tahitiensis, Morinda citrifolia Rutaceae Citrus sinensis Verbenaceae Premna integrifolia

9. What hosts are of economic and/ or environmental importance in the PRA area? Jasmine is a favoured host and is widely grown and traded as an ornamental in the UK. Elsewhere, in southern EU MS, the most important economic host is Citrus sinensis (oranges). However, Citrus is not a favoured host and D. kirkaldyi is considered a minor pest.

10. If the pest needs a vector, is it present in the PRA area? No vector is required. This is a free-living organism.

11. What is the pest’s present geographical distribution? Dialeurodes kirkaldyi is a widely distributed species that is found on all Continents except South America and Antarctica (Table 2). Although this species was first described as Aleyrodes kirkaldyi from specimens found in Hawaii, its area of origin is uncertain (Martin et al., 2000).

Table 2: Distribution of Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (source: Mound & Halsey (1978) or Martin et al., (2000) unless stated.) North America: USA (Florida, Hawaii, Texas [Anon, 1978]) Central America Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (Medina et al., 1991) & Caribbean: South America: Guyana, Trinidad Europe: Azores, Cyprus, Portugal Africa: Djibouti, Egypt (Adb-Rabou, 1996), Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya Asia: China (Luo & Zhou, 2001), Israel (Bink-Moenen & Gerling, 1992), Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan

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Oceania: Australia (Northern Territory, coastal Queensland1) also from several Pacific countries including the Society and Tuamotu Islands, Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands, New Caledonia, Palau and Hawaiian Islands

12. Could the pest enter the PRA area? Yes. D. kirkaldyi was intercepted on Jasminum from India in September 2004. It has previously been intercepted in the UK on Cymbopagon (motia) from Pakistan in April 1978 (Seymour & Kilby, 1978) and on Jasminum from India in March 1984 (Seymour et al., 1985). Detection of immature D. kirkaldyi may be difficult due to the cryptic nature of these leaf-feeding pests. Eggs hang from pedicels that are attached to host plants through leaf stomata (Paulson & Beardsley, 1985). It is noteworthy that Martin et al., (2000) cited Russell (1964) who reported that D. kirkaldyi is frequently intercepted at ports in the USA.

13. Could the pest establish outdoors in the PRA area? Very unlikely. Based on the existing distribution of this whitefly in the tropical, sub-tropical and warm Mediterranean regions of the world, it is very unlikely that this species could establish outdoors in the UK.

14. Could the pest establish in protected environments in the PRA area? Probably. D. kirkaldyi could probably survive on hosts such as Jasminum spp. if grown under glass, e.g. in an ornamental glasshouse.

15. How quickly could the pest spread within the PRA area? It is likely that D. kirkaldyi could only spread in the UK via human mediated transport, i.e. natural spread is unlikely. Spread is most likely to occur via trade in ornamental plants, especially Jasminum.

D. kirkaldyi has a history of spreading internationally. It was first described in 1907 on Jasminum grandifolium from Hawaii (Kotinsky, 1907), although the area of origin of the species is uncertain (Martin et al., 2000). Russell (1964) reported D. kirkaldyi as being frequently intercepted during quarantine inspections at ports in the USA. It established in the USA and was found at Key West in Florida in 1972 from where it probably spread since it was reported in Texas for the first time in 1978 (Anon., 1978). It was first reported from Peurto Rico in 1991 (Medina et al., 1991).

16. What is the pest’s potential to cause economic and/or environmental damage? Minor. Since D. kirkaldyi is not often found in large densities on hosts, within most countries it is not usually considered as an economic pest. However, immature stages and adults do cause damage by feeding on plant sap and in Florida D. kirkaldyi is a minor pest of Citrus (Nguyen & Hamon, 1989).

1 Website ref: Australian Faunal Directory, www.

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17. What is the pest’s potential as a vector of plant pathogens? D. kirkaldyi is associated with vectoring yellow ring mosaic disease of Jasminum (Mariappan & Ramanujam, 1975; Mound, 1983). This disease is little studied and the pathogenic agent responsible has been identified.

STAGE 3: PEST RISK MANAGEMENT

18. What are the prospects for continued exclusion? Good. Despite the likelihood of further entry, for example on Jasminum from India and other countries where D. kirkaldyi occurs, the unsuitable outdoor environment of the UK is likely to prevent establishment of this organism.

There is no evidence to suggest that pest has established in glasshouses elsewhere although establishment in protected ornamental glasshouses in the UK cannot be ruled out.

19. What are the prospects of eradication? If found outdoors, eradication should be possible since the unsuitable climate will probably prevent establishment. In protected conditions eradication should be possible since the organism would be contained and hosts could be treated or destroyed. However, as with all findings of non-indigenous pests, the success of eradication will depend on how widely the pest is distributed when it is first found.

20. What management options are available for containment and control? Destruction of infested material. Application of chemical insecticides following advice from CSL Action Recommendations Team.

CONCLUSION OF THE PEST RISK ANALYSIS Dialeurodes kirkaldyi is a mainly tropical and sub-tropical oligophagous whitefly of relatively little importance to UK Plant Health. Its main hosts are Jasminum species. It is already present in the EU (Portugal and Cyprus).

As a potential pest of Citrus, southern EU MS should be aware of this organism. It is likely to spread within the Mediterranean region. Citrus producing regions should monitor the scientific literature for further information on this organism.

UNCERTAINTIES AND FURTHER WORK

Section of Uncertainties Further work that would PRA reduce uncertainties None. [D. kirkaldyi may be None. confused with D. citri and D. citrifolii = Singhiella citrifolii) so care is needed with identification. As can be the

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case with polyphagous whitefly species, there is intraspecific diversity on different host plants (Sundararaj & David, 1992). Pathway Jasminum from India or elsewhere. Distribution Distribution within other EU / Contact other EU / EPPO EPPO states is uncertain. states to ask for information about presence of the pest. Hosts May have a broader host range. Establishmen Suitability of climate in UK Experimental data to t glasshouses for determine the thermal establishment. biology of the pest. Spread Rate of spread if moved in trade. Impact There is no specific data available describing host damage. Management None, e.g. no pesticide resistance is reported.

REFERENCES Abd-Rabou, S. (1996) Egyptian Aleyrodidae, Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 31 (3-4), 275-285. Anon. (1978) Kirkaldy whitefly (Dialeurodes kirkaldyi) - Texas - new state record. Cooperative Plant Pest Report. 3: 44/47, 618. De Barro, P. (1997), Survey of tabaci biotype B whitefly (also known as B. argentifolii) and its natural enemies in the South Pacific. ACIAR final project report. CSIRO Entomology Bink-Moenen, R.M. & Gerling, D. (1992) Aleyrodidae of Israel. Bollettino del Laboratorio de Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri, 47, 3-49. Burke, HR., Jackman, JA & Rose, M. (1994) associated with woody Ornamental plants in Texas. Department of entomology, Texas A&M University. http://entowww.tamu.edu/extension/publications/woody.html El-Borollosy, F.M., Elbolok, M.M., Ezz, A.I. & Assem, S.M. (1990) Ecological studies [in Egypt] on the Arabian jasmine whitefly Dialeurodes kirkaldyi Kotinsky (Aleyrodidae, Homoptera) on Jasminum sambac (Oleaceae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte. 69: 327-334. Evans, GA & Bennett, FD (1996). A new Eretmocerus (Hymenoptera:Aphilinidae) species reared from Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Florida Entomologist 79 (4), 579-589 Kotinsky, J. (1907) Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji with descriptions of new species. Bull. Brd Comm. Agric. For Hawaii Div Ent, 2 (93-102). Luo, Z.Y. & Zhou, C.M. (2001) Record of the citrus in China. South China Fruits 30 (1), 14-16 [Chinese]

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Mariappan, V. & Ramanujam, K. (1975) Yellow ring mosaic of Jasminum spp. with particular reference to its transmission by an Aleurodid. South Indian Horticulture, 23: (1/2), 77-78. Medina G.S., Bennett, F.D. & Franqui, R.A. (1991) New records of, and notes on, whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico. 75 (3), 297-299 Mound, L. A. (1983) Biology and identity of whitefly vectors of plant pathogens. In: Plant virus epidemiology. The spread and control of -borne viruses. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom. 305-313. Nguyen, R. & Hamon, A.B. (1989) Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky), in Florida (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae: ). Entomology Circular (Gainesville). 323, 2. Paulson, G.S. & Beardsley, J.W. (1985) Whitefly (Hemiptera: Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) egg pedicel insertion into host plant stomata. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 78 (4), 506-508. Seymour, P.S. & Kilby, L.J. (1978) Insects and other invertebrates intercepted in check inspections of imported plant material in England & Wales during 1978. ADAS, MAFF. Seymour, P.S., Roberts, H. & Davis, M.E. (1985) Insects and other invertebrates found in plant material imported into England & Wales, 1984. ADAS, MAFF Reference book 442/84. Sundararaj, R. & David, B.V. (1992) Host-correlated variation in Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera: Insecta). Hexapoda 4:33- 38.

Name of Pest Risk Analyst: Alan MacLeod Address: Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ UK. Date: 26th January 2005

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