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part one Understanding Young Adults and Books Young Adults and Their Reading chapter 1 “ f all passages, coming of age, or reaching adolescence is Othe purest, in that it is the loneliest. In birth one is not truly conscious; in marriage one has a partner, even death is faced with a life’s experience by one’s side,” wrote David Van Biema for a special issue of Life magazine devoted to The Journey of Our Lives. (October, 1991, p. 31) He went on to explain that going from boy or girl to man or woman is “a huge leap on the slimmest of information.” The person who fails grows older without growing wiser and faces ostracism, insanity, or profound sorrow. Because such a debilitated or warped individual is a “drag on the community,” the community bands together with the young person to see that the journey is accomplished. Life would go more smoothly if young people’s aspirations were simply to step into the roles of their parents. The job of growing up, however, is more demanding because, at the same time that young people are trying to become adults, they are also trying to show that they are different from their parents. This leaves each generation scrambling to find its own way to be unique, which is one of the reasons that literature for young adults tends to be a contemporary medium. Each generation wants its own stories. See Film Box 1.1, “Films That Share Characteristics with Young Adult Books,” on page 2 for some of these stories told on the screen. What Is Young Adult Literature? We have heard young adults defined as those who think they’re too old to be children but who others think are too young to be adults. In this book, we use the term to include students in junior high as well as those graduating from high 1 DESIGN SERVICES OF # 108516 Cust: Allyn & Bacon Au: Nilsen Pg. No. 1 C /K S4CARLISLE M01_NILS5771_09_SE_CH01.inddTitle: 1 Literature of Today’s Young Adults Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 27/02/12 11:40 AM Film Box 1.1 Films That Share Characteristics with Young Adult Books Bend It Like Beckham (2003, color, 112 min., PG-13; wasn’t the situation (a teen Director: Gurindor Chadha; with Parminder Nagra) In pregnancy) but the characterization this British film, Jess is an Anglo-Indian teenager who that made Roger Ebert nominate has grown up in London and loves soccer, but her Juno as the best film of 2007. traditional Sikh parents don’t want her to play. Napoleon Dynamite (2004, color, 90 min., PG-13; Direc- Boyz n the Hood (1991, color, 112 min., Director: John tor: Jared Hess; with Jon Heder, Jon Gries, and Elfren Singleton with Cuba Gooding, Jr., Ice Cube, Laurence Ramirez) Part of the unexpected popularity of this indie Fishburne, Morris Chestnut). This hard-hitting urban film is its rural Idaho setting and the earnestness with movie about inner-city teenaged boys won the New York which a geeky high school boy with the ironic name of Film Critics Circle Award in 1991 and was chosen for in- Napoleon sets out to find success. clusion by the National Film Preservation Board in 2002. Nick and Norah’s Infinite Playlist (2008, color, 90 min., The Breakfast Club (1985, color, 97 min., R; Director: PG-13; Director: Peter Sollett; with Michael Cera, Kat John Hughes; with Emilio Estevez, Judd Nelson, Molly Dennings, Ari Graynor, Rafi Gavron, and Alexis Dziena) Ringwald, Anthony Michael Hall, and Ally Sheedy) The student who recommended this “fun Friday night Some critics credit Hughes with creating the genre of teen flick” said it has been described as “the best John YA movies in this story about five rebellious teenagers Hughes film that John Hughes never made.” assigned Saturday morning detention. October Sky (1999, color, 107 min., PG; Director: Jake Gyllen- Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010, color, 94 min., PG; Direc- hall; with Chris Cooper and Laura Dern) In this film adapted tor: Thor Freudenthal; with Zachary Gordon, Robert from Homer Hickam’s Rocket Boys, a boy growing up in Capren, and Rachael Harris) Wise-cracking Greg a West Virginia coal-mining town sees Sputnik streaking in Heffley, who thinks middle school is the worst invention the skies and determines to build his own rocket. ever, records his grandiose plans (and failures) in his The Outsiders (1983, color, 91 min., PG; Director: journal—which he insists is not a diary. The illustrated Francis Ford Coppola; with Matt Dillon, Rob Lowe, book was an immediate hit and so was the well-done and C. Thomas Howell) S. E. Hinton’s novel is about film, soon followed by a sequel Rodrick Rules. two teenage groups in 1960s Oklahoma—the social Ferris Bueller’s Day Off (1986, color, 103 min. Director: superiors and the greasers. John Hughes: with Matthew Broderick, Alack Ruck Real Women Have Curves (2002, color, 86 min., PG-13; and Mia Sara) This hilarious film was so successful, it Director: Patricia Cardoso; with America Ferrera and Lupe inspired a television show. It is an archetypal example Ontiveros) A bright young Hispanic girl in Los Angeles of the conflict between authoritarian adults and playfully wants to go to college, but her mother wants her to work rebellious teenagers. in a dress factory, lose some weight, and get married. Finding Forrester (2001, color, 135 min., PG-13; Direc- Rushmore (1998, color, 97 min., R; Director: Wes tor: Gus Van Sant; with Sean Connery and Rob Brown) Anderson; with Jason Schwartzmann, Bill Murray, and A reclusive writer serves as a friend and mentor to a Olivia Williams) A schoolboy is near expulsion because he basketball player on scholarship at an exclusive New is in almost every possible school activity and has no time York prep school. for his studies. He falls in love with a first-grade teacher. It’s Kind of a Funny Story (2010, color, 101 min., G; Slums of Beverly Hills (1998, color, 93 min., R; Director: Director: Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck, with Keir Gilchrist, Tamara Jenkins; with Alan Arkin and Natasha Lyonne) Zach Galifianakis, Emma Roberts, and Viola Davis) A father moves his motherless family first to this place Adapted from Ned Vizzine’s novel, this story about a and then that in Beverly Hills to give them a chance at a suicidal teenager’s journey of recovery in a mental institu- good education. tion and his quest for love is both lighthearted and dark, Whale Rider (2002, color, 101 min., PG-13; Director: Niki dramatic and funny, and essentially poignant. Caro; with Keisha Castle-Hughes) Filmed in Whangara Juno (2007, color, 92 min., PG-13; Director: Jason and Auckland, New Zealand, this is a classic story of Reitman; with Ellen Page, Michael Cera, Jennifer Garner, a young girl proving her worthiness to be a leader in Jason Bateman, Allison Janney, and J. K. Simmons) It modern Maori culture. 2 part one ● Understanding Young Adults and Books DESIGN SERVICES OF # 108516 Cust: Allyn & Bacon Au: Nilsen Pg. No. 2 C /K S4CARLISLE M01_NILS5771_09_SE_CH01.inddTitle: 2 Literature of Today’s Young Adults Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 29/02/12 9:23 AM school and still finding their way into adult life. By young adult literature, we mean anything that readers between the approximate ages of twelve and eighteen choose to read either for leisure reading or to fill school assignments. When we talk about children’s literature, we refer to books released by the juvenile or junior division of a publisher and intended for children from prekindergarten to about sixth grade. Although our definition of children’s literature is fairly standard, we should caution that not all educators define young adults the same way we do. The Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse (ERIC), for example, defines young adults as those between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two, whereas the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), administered by the Educational Testing Service, refers to “young adults, ages 21 through 25.” We confess to feeling pretentious when referring to a twelve- or thirteen- year-old as a young adult, but we shy away from using the term adolescent literature because as one librarian told us, “It has the ugly ring of pimples and puberty,” and “it suggests immature in a derogatory sense.” Still, many college courses in English departments are entitled Adolescent Literature, and because of our English teaching backgrounds, we find ourselves using the term for va- riety, along with teenage books, teen fiction, and YA or young adult literature. The terms juvenile literature, junior novel, teen novel, and juvie have been used in the past, but they became so weighed down with negative connotations that Most libraries now separate their teen zone from the children’s room. In some libraries it is as simple as putting up a sign, whereas in others the rooms are filled not only with books but with computers, games, and furniture for lounging. chapter 1 ● Young Adults and Their Reading 3 DESIGN SERVICES OF # 108516 Cust: Allyn & Bacon Au: Nilsen Pg. No. 3 C /K S4CARLISLE M01_NILS5771_09_SE_CH01.inddTitle: 3 Literature of Today’s Young Adults Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 27/02/12 11:40 AM they are seldom heard today. Even with the newer terms of young adult and YA, some teenagers feel condescended to, so librarians and teachers are look- ing for alternatives. David Spritz, writing in Time magazine July 19, 1999, used the term teen fiction for the genre that he said “used to be called” young adult novels.