On Zoonoses Research

16835 PAN AMERICAN HEALTH SECOND MEETING ORGANIZATION U. ut (UDj) 17-21 June 1963 '1-, Washington, D.C. ADVISORY. COMMITTEE ON MEDICAL RESEARCH s Tr, I

REPORT OF THE PAHO ADVISORY GROUP ON ZOONOSES RESEARCH

File Copy Pan American Sanitary Bureau Library OCT 2 1 1963

Ref: RES 2/1 14 December 1962

PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

WASHINGTON, D.C.

o RES 2/1

PAHO ADVISORY GROUP ON ZOONOSES RES.iARCH

Dr. G. D. Cummings Dr. Donald J. Dean Director Veterinary Consultant Division of Laboratories New York State Department of Health Michigan Department of Health Albany, New York Lansing, Michigan

Dr. Hernando Groot* Director del Laboratorio Instituto Carlos Finlay Bogotá, Colombia

*Present address: Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia RES 2/1

REPORT OF THE PAHO ADVISORY GROUP ON ZOONOSES RESEARCH

Table of Contents Pa g e s

Introduction ...... 1

General Observations . . . 3

Observations on the Organizations and Institutions Visited ...... 10

A. Organizations ...... 10

B. Laboratories and Institutions . . . . 12 Information on 62 Laboratories and Institutions by Country ...... 13

A. Argentina ...... 13

B. Brazil ...... 17

C. Chile ...... 24

D. Colombia ...... 26

E. Guatemala ...... 32

F. Mexico ...... 34

G. Panama ...... 5.37

H, Peru ...... 40

I. Uruguay ...... 43

J. Venezuela ...... 44

List of Possible Research Projects ...... 48

Annex A (Tables I - VI) ...... 60

Annex B (Supplemental Country Data Separate Folder RES 2/1

REPORT OF THE PAHO ADVISORY GROUP ON ZOONOSES RESEARCH*

INTRODUCTION.

As part of the Pan American Health Organization program of research planning, the Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research consisting of two physicians and one veterinarian was charged with summarizing current research activities in Latin America pertaining to zoonotic diseases exclusive of the arboviruses, plague, and Chagas disease, and with assessing research potential. The latter included an evaluation of available and potential resources in manpower and facilities, determining factors limiting research, identifying those approaches most likely to produce fruitful results through international cooperation, and, hopefully, to find immediate projects worthy of support by PAHO or granting agencies.

Accordingly, the Advisory Group on Zoonoses made 98 visits in ten Latin American countries from June 7 to August 2, 1962. The countries visited were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala,

Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Sixty-two laboratories and institutions representing 36 health, agricultural, educational, or related organizations were visited and consultations held with persons interested in the zoonotic diseases (Table I, page ).

* Prepared for the Second Meeting of the PAHO Advisory Committee on Medical Research, 17-21 June 1963. RES 2/1 Page 2

It was impossible during the assigned period to visit all persons or institutions engaged in the study of the zoonotic diseases, to probe deeply into the many areas of mutual interest, or to evaluate completely the personnel and facilities available. However, a great - deal of useful information was obtained and certain opinions were formulated.

Although the incidence and prevalence of the zoonotic diseases have been incompletely or little evaluated in certain areas, PAHO has accumulated considerable data documenting their scope and importance in most countries, and considerable information concerning research needs in this field.

(See Background Information on Past and Current PAHO Research

Activities, RES 1/8, 31 May 1962; Zoonoses Problems and Research Needs in Latin America, RES 1/16, 14 June 1962; and Research and Research

Needs in Arthropod-borne Virus Diseaoes in Latin America, RES 1/9,

28 May 1962).

(Also see Annexes: 1. Zoonoses in Costa Rica, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama; 2. Livestock Industry, the

Animal Disease Situation and the Organization of Veterinary Services in

Brazil; 3. Zoonoses in Chile; 4. Principal Zoonoses in Colombia; 5.

Zoonoses in Peru; 6. Zoonoses in Uruguay; 7. Zoonoses and Veterinary ~

Public Health in Venezuela and 8. Zoonoses in Argentina.)

It should be emphasized that zoonoses are infectious diseases differing principally from other infectious diseases in that the under- ~ lying reservoir of infection is in animals rather than man. As a group,

1 RES 2/1 Page 3

they are of unquestioned economic and public health significance.

However, the individual diseases are of lesser importance in man than other infectious diseases as, for example, the infectious diarrheas, tuberculosis, malaria, whooping cough, and measles. Similarly, the non-enzootic parasitic diseases and sterility are more important in animals. This relative importance is reflected within the countries visited, both in current activities and future plans. Hydatidosis, rabies, brucellosis, and tuberculosis are unquestionably the most important zoonotic diseases, although the first is not regarded as a major problem in a few of the countries visited and the comparative importance of the others varies somewhat from country to country.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Current research activities in Latin America are largely, and understandably, concerned with applied rather than basic research and pertain principally to survey-type studies, methodology, biologics improvement, and control. Occasional individuals and institutions are engaged or able to participate in more basic studies and should be encouraged. This is particularly true in rapidly developing countries, such as Venezuela. In most countries, however, resources and manpower are more limited and basic research can only be promoted through program diversion. This would be unfortunate and should be discouraged.

The Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research made every effort to express PAHO's continued and expanded interest in research activities and to acquaint interested persona with the possibilities of obtaining RES 2/1 Page ~

financial and other assistance for worthwhile projects. A few were

found that might be activated within the next year or two. Hopefully,

additional and continuing benefits will accumulate over the inter- ~

mediate and long terms.

Factors presently limiting research in the zoonoses or markedly affecting research potential include:

Instability of Government

Stable governments interested in public health research are

necessary if long range planning is to be most effective and a

climate suitable for advancement must be provided. Workers function most effectively where career opportunities free from political

influence are provided.

Lack of Administrative Support

An environment conducive to productive research is difficult

to achieve and customarily develops slowly. While most educated persons believe that research is fundamental to progress, others, particularly non-scientifically trained administrators, believe it is

a wasteful luxury. In order to foster research, it is necessary to

create an environment in which it will develop naturally. Research progress in the zoonoses, therefore, depends upon sympathetic

administrative support and the development of a proper research environment in governmental agencies and universities. In this connection there appears to be less objection to survey-type projects and applied research than to more basic studies. The forces that hamper research in the zoonoses are valid for all fields of endeavor. RES 2/1 Page ;

Special Role of the University in the Development of the Research Environment

Latin American universities have a special opportunity to train and develop research scientists and to foster the research tradition by providing the proper academic environment. This environment can best be developed in universities which are soundly financed and staffed by adequately compensated full-time teachers,

Furthermore, the teachers should be individuals who are actually engaged in research, who understand the research process, and who can thereby generate student interest in the research point of view. In many of the universities visited, however, the teaching requirements were so demanding that the development and prosecution of research programs were impossible. Indeed, in one department of bacteriology visited, the department head had no assistants of any type and was responsible for the training of large numbers of students, both in the classroom and in the laboratory. A special study of the staff needs of Latin American universities would appear to be in order.

Manpower Problema

Most institutions visited are plagued with a variety of personnel problems, including inadequate compensation, acute shortages of capable and energetic personnel well trained in all disciplines, and the inability of scientist to devote full-time effort to research activities. The most pressing problem is inadequate compensation. Capable scientists continue to be siphoned off by industry at higher salaries or are required to hold more than one position to survive economically. Many individuals remain attached to their respective institutions only because of loyalty. RES 2/1 Page 6

The Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research noted with satisfaction a definite trend toward the employment of scientific personnel on a

full-time basis. This practice should be encouraged as should the payment of adequate salaries. Zoonoses research and indeed research - in general in most Latin American countries will be impeded until these two goals are met.

Training Fellowships and Training Courses

The acute shortage of well trained scientists of senior and intermediate stature has not been alleviated by the excellent WHO/PAHO fellowship program. Additional fellowships should be made available and the development of additional training courses, both in governmental agencies and universities, should be considered.

First priority in research planning should be given to training including increased use of nonmedical persons. There is a definite need for the development of short term training courses in ~ the various laboratory specialties and for educational programs leading to Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral degrees.

Inadequate Physical Plant and Equipment

In some countries, substantial progress has been and is being made to provide more adequate laboratory facilities and better service. The majority of the institutions in the large cities are reasonably well housed although there are some notable exceptions.

The Advisory Group on Zoonoses is impressed, however, with the urgent and widespread need to provide additional better-staffed, well-equipped, clinical and public health laboratories in the smaller cities and RLS 2/1 Page 7

rural areas for both human and animal medicine and related fields.

Such facilities would not only provide improved, more widely available diagnostic control and reference and training facilities, but would inevitably lead to important research contributions.

The general impression gained by the Advisory Group in

Zoonoses is that most governmentally supported institutions had or were obtaining funds for buildings more easily than for the personnel required to activate these buildings. In most institutions, available space appeared adequate or more than adequate for current programs.

The situation regarding equipment was somewhat less impressive but far from hopeless. For example, many laboratories were equipped with fluorescent antibody equipment and a number of them had one or more electron microscopes. A tendency toward duplication of facilities in some geographic areas was evident. This tends to waste already scarce funds; repetition also retards progress in research.

Inadequate Biologic Products Control

Many institutes visited manufacture and distribute biologic products used in the prevention and control of zoonotic and other diseases. Procedures for the evaluation of safety, potency, identity, and sterility appear to vary considerably from organization to organization; raising questions as to the quality of the various products distributed. Certainly, biologic products of poor or marginal quality will not effectively reduce the incidence of the zoonotic or other infectious diseases in man or animals. There is apparent need to evaluate the quality of the biologics now available in Latin

America preferably by one or, at most, a few laboratories skilled in RES 2/1 Page 8

quality control techniques. Such a survey might well indicate the

need for the adoption of uniform standardized control procedures on

a lot by lot basis for all Latin American producers of biologic

products. Commercial products should also be evaluated.

Unobtainable Research Supplies

Zoonoses research projects in a number of institutions had been

discontinued because of non-availability of certain inexpensive but

unobtainable supply items. The frequency with which this situation

was observed prompts the idea that zone offices and representatives

could be used to expedite the purchase and transport of such supplies.

There is also the need for developing methods by which scientific

specimens can be transported rapidly and without interruption between

countries (PAHO Ref: Res 1/9).

Communications

Library facilities are inadequate generally. There is a need

for improved scientific communication between institutions interested

in the zoonoses. For example, the bulletin of the PAHO should be made more comprehensive and given wider distribution. Funds for

attendance at meetings, participation in short training courses, and postgraduate studies are limited. The Acvisory Group in Zoonoses

Research agrees with the recommendation relating to an Intermediary

Information Service referred to in PAHO Document Ref: Res 1/9.

Inadequate Laboratory Diaenostic Services

Institutions responsible for providing "routine" diagnostic laboratory services should be developed further and strengthened in

4 _ RES 2/1 Page 9 order to provide services needed for epidemic surveillance and surveys. In many ccuntries, institutions of this type are obviously understaffed and overworked. Existing diagnostic services should be expanded through development of a sound system of regional diagnostic laboratories.

Lack of Reference Centers

Reference services of the PAHO should be strengthened and increased. The Inter-k:erican SerUm Repository for Zoonoses referred to in PAHO Document Ref: Res 1/16 is an excellent example of an important reference service. This might well be enlarged to include a tissue cell line repository. A reference center for the evaluation of Latin Anerican biologic products could also be established in the Zoonoses Center.

Each administrator or investigator visited was informed by the Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research that PAHO could offer assistance in the preparation or review of applications for grant- in-aid support and would, whenever possible, assist in obtaining financial support from other agencies for worthy zoonoses research projects. It was emphasized that all applications would have to compete for funds with requests from other institutions. A number of individuals were sceptical of PAHO's ability to be of real assistance in helping them obtain substantial financial aid.

Several instances were observed in which grant requests to the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) had apparently been denied because projects were not prepared with the accuracy and RES 2/1 Page 10

completeness required by the Division of Research Grants. One

investigator was informed by the USPHS that his project would

require United States State Department (USSD) clearance prior to

National Institutes of Health (NIH) approval. It is suggested that

zone representatives be instructed in the procedures for preparing

grant requests and be provided with examples of adequately prepared i projects. Such assistance would be of real value to prospective

applicants.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS VISITED

Ninety-eight organizations or institutions interested in the

zoonoses were visited (Table I, _Annex ) on recommendation of PAHO's

Zone Officers. They divide into two classes: those concerned O primarily with administrative problems, teaching, and/or field operations; and those engaged substantially in laboratory work. The

former are referred to as "Organizations" and the latter as "Institu- tions".

Organizations

Sixteen of the 36 organizations visited are concerned with public health, eight are veterinary and/or agronomy agencies

(dependencies of the Ministries of Agriculture in most cases), and J two are universities (Table I, Annex). The international organizations visited included the zone or country offices of the PAHO and in

Chile the representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. RES 2/1 Page 11

A list of the organizations visited is presented in Table II,

Annex, together with the names of persons interviewed and notations concerning their more important interests.

Particularly noteworthy is the interest of the Instituto

Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) of Argentina in promoting research. INTA weighs heavily the relationship between economic and health problems. This organization has a great research potential.

Interest shown by the Chilean organizations visited is also noteworthy.

Ambitious zoonoses control programs have been undertaken with the enthusiastic cooperation of the public health laboratories and the

Department of Parasitology of the School of Medicine among others.

Public health and other officers in Guatemala, Panama, and

Peru, as elsewhere, indicated repeatedly the necessity for survey-

type investigations to assess the magnitude of the zoonotic problem.

Parasitic diseases and the need for information concerning the

zoonoses in the Amazon Basin are of particular interest in Peru, and

Colombia plans field investigations in brucellosis control under the

Ministry of Health.

In Uruguay, important field studies investigating and

developing better educational methods for the control of hydatidosis

are underway.

In summary, all administrative organizations or those dealing

with field operations are interested in the zoonoses, with emphasis

on the need for the survey-type investigations. Greatest interest is

indicated in brucellosis, hydatidosis and rahies. RES 2/1 Page 12

Laboratories and Institutions

The 62 institutions or laboratories visited included 26

educational institutions, 18 public health laboratories, 13 veterinary

and/or agronomic institutions, and 5 international institutions (Table -

III, Annex ). . Table III lists these institutions or laboratories ~~

together with their major activities and the names of principal

persons interviewed. Institutions are identified by number and listed

by country and city.

Institutional interests in the zoonoses and related fields are

further classified by disease and type of research in Table IV, (Annex)

witb the zoonoses divided into three general categories: those

of special interest to the PAHO but covered by reports from other

advisory groups and those classified as worldwide or local zoonoses

by the World Health Organization (WHO). Dubious zoonoses and related

subjects are presented under related problems. Despite admitted and,

occasionally, insurmountable difficulty in defining what constitutes

applied or basic research, this classification may have merit in

defining research interest.

It is evident that there is great interest in the arboviruses

and trypanosomiasis.

This observation is particul-rly significant since the

Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research visited primarily those institutions ~

concerned with zoonoses, generally, rather than those specifically intereted in the arboviruses and trypanosoriasis. Among the other ~

zoonoses, more laboratories were working in salmonellosis, rabies, *

and leptospirosis. A majority of the projects in salmonellosis and RES 2/1 Page 15 all of the leptospirosis projects are of the survey-type.

Evaluation of the quality of current research projects is outside the scope of this report; all represent significant and important efforts. Some projects, either by their nature, limitations in facilities or experienced manpower, could be approached better from the multi-country viewpoint. A list of current research activities in the zoonoses by disease, type of research, institution and total number of projects per disease is given in Table V (Annex) and by country, institution, disease and project in Table VI

(Annex ).

Comments concerning purpose, current research activities, available resources, and research potential for each institution in Table III ( Annex ) follow.

INFORMATION ON SIXTY-TWO LABORATORIES AND INSTITUTIONS BY COUNTRY

Argentina

1. Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis - Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Azul, Argentina.

The Pan American Zoonoses Center was established in 1956 to provide training, reference laboratory services, and technical consultations; and to conduct field demonstrations and research of an applied nature for the countries and territories of the Western

Hemisphere. Since its establishment, the Center has provided leadership in the attack on the zoonoses, but its services hava been greatly hampered by a limited scientific staff. It is clearly evident that RES 2/1 Page 14 the scientific staff must be increased substantially if the Center is to fulfill its obligations as an International Center. The present physical plant is adequate for current programs and funds are available for additional laboratory space and animal quarters. The Director - stated that grant support beyond that currently under consideration could not be accepted since existing staff is completely occupied with present programs. Major attention should be devoted to reference and control laboratory services. For example, a project of importance in the latter area could encompass an evaluation of the quality of human and animal rabies vaccines presently being manufactured and distributed in the Western Hemisphere. Provision of additional scientific personnel for the Center would create unlimited opportunities for inter-agency program participation. The present budget approximates $145,000.

2. Departamento de Microbiología - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Dr. Armando Parodi, the Director, was formerly in charge of the virology section of the Instituto Nacional de Microbiología. He - and his staff are investigating the mutational and physical properties ~ of the viruses (two types) of hemorrhagic (Junín) fever, with grant support from the NIH. The department has twelve full-time staff A- members, adequate laboratory space, and good equipment. The staff has heavy teaching responsibilities (1000 students annually) but, by collaborating with other agencies, it is in a position to conduct a portion of the research necessary for a full understanding of $ hemorrhagic fever. (See PAHO Ref: RES 1/9). RES 2/1 Page 15

3. Instituto Nacional de Microbiología (Ex Malbrán), Buenos Aires, Argentina

The Director of the Institute was on 60-day leave at the time of the Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research visit, due to a governmental investigation of Institute activities. This is a large institution staffed with well-trained,full-time scientists. Since

1956, under the direction of Dr. Ignacio Pirosky, the annual budget has been increased to 200,000,000 pesos. Forty young scientists have received training abroad and substantial improvements have been made in the physical plant. The scientific staff totals 124 to 130 individuals with an average age of 30 to 32. The Institute engages in the production of a wide variety of biologic products. Research is an integral part of the total program.

Staff morale was low at the time of the visit due to the investigation and an impending salary reduction. Since 1958, virologists of the Institute have been actively engaged in studying hemorrhagic (Junín) fever. With a stable political environment, this

Institute would be in a position to participate in a variety of group projects.

4. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.

This outstanding and highly promising Institute represents a cooperative effort between the Argentine Government and the farmers and livestock producers of Argentina for the purpose of improving the quality and output of agricultural products. INTA was organized in

1958 and is administered by a Board of Trustees, only two members of RES 2/1 Page 16

which are government officials. Financial support is derived from

a 1.5% annual levy on agricultural exports; additional funds are

received from the Rockefeller Foundation and FAO. No fund support is provided presently by NIH. The motto of this Institute is:

"We are at the service of farmers and livestock producers." INTA maintains ten institutes and forty-two field experiment stations, all of which provide technical assistance or participate in research programs designed to be of service to farmers.

The various institutes are staffed with full-time, well-trained personnel. Each institute is housed in a fine building with adequate equipment. All of the institutes, with the exception of the Institu- to de Zoonosis, are located at Castilar. There is a well defined O training program for personnel, which has provided foreign fellowships for 200 of the 700 scientific staff members. Cooperative research projects are carried on between INTA and the University of

Iowa, Pennsylvania State University, Texas A & M, and the French

Government. INTA is interested in visiting scientists capable of conducting research projects in the various Institutes. This is a dynamic organization with a great potential for research in the zoonoses.

5. Instituto de Patologia Animal (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.

This Institute is housed in a new building and is very well staffed and equipped. It is responsible for animal diseases other $ than the zoonotic diseases. No research programs are presently being conducted. RES 2/1 Page 17

6. Instituto de Zoonosis (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.

This Institute is presently located in buildings formerly

the property of the Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganadería. It will be moved to new quarters at Castilar in the near future. The staff

has had substantial research experience with brucellosis vaccines in pigs,and goats and has conducted surveys of leptospirosis, the

encephalitides, and hemorrhagic (Junín) fever in man and animals.

(See PAHO Ref: RES 1/9). The Institute has,also, indicated an

interest in investigations in rabies and tuberculosis. Diganostic

services are presently provided for the above-mentioned diseases with

the exception of brucellosis. Activities will be limited to research

in the near future.

Brazil

7. Centro Panamericano de Febre Aftosa - PAHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The Pan American Aftosa Center was organized by the Pan

American Sanitary Bureau in 1952 with the support of the Brazilian

Government and the Organization of American States (OAS). The goals

of the Center are to improve the techniques of virus isolation and

identification and the methods of protecting susceptible animals

against foot-and-mouth disease. Advisory services are provided to

national governments, The Center is covered in more detail in PAHO

documents RES 1/8 and 1/9. The physical plant of the Center, including

animal colonies, is excellent and plans are underway to add additional &

RES 2/1 Page 18

buildings. The budget for 1963 will approximate $800,000 and will

permit a marked increase in supportive personnel. The Center provides,

also, short training courses in laboratory diagnosis and vaccine production. It does not produce foot-and-mouth vaccine for routine

distribution but it is proposed that the enlarged vaccine and control

section will evaluate the quality of various vaccines as a check on methods of production.

The diagnostic service provides the means for the differential diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis. Fellow- ships in specific areas of activity vary from a few months to one year.

Training courses are also conducted from time to time in other Latin

American countries. A training course relative to vesicular stomatitis is being planned for the immediate future.

Close liaison is maintained with institutes in other countries where similar investigations are being conducted. The Center hopes to engage eventually in fundamental research. It will be enlarged and well equipped to do research on foot-and-mouth disease and related viruses.

8. Instituto de Microbiología - Universidade do Brasil, ~ Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Dr. Paulo de Góes is the dynamic director of this extremely productive institute. Principal activities are related to teaching, research and reference work. The Institute is housed in an excellently designed and equipped building. One of the Institute's principal aims , is to improve higher education by the provision of adequate numbers of O trained microbiologists for the various State and National universities RES 2/1 Page 19 of Brazil. Doctor de Góes has made a comprehensive study of the requirements for training in microbiology in foreign universities and has devised a course leading to a special Doctor of Science degree in microbiology. Three hundred microbiologists have been trained since the

Institute was organized in 1950. Research is conducted by a staff of full-time and part-time scientists in a wide variety of fields, including arboviruses, brucellosis, salmonellosis, staphylococcosis, streptococcosis, tuberculosis, and genetics. This Institute is in a very good position, with added support, to train additional microbl- ologists and to conduct research programs in the zoonoses.

9. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil The group interviewed Dr. Joaquin Travassos, the Director, and was then taken on an automobile tour of the Institute. Principal activities include research, biologic products production, diagnosis, and reference and control activities. Principal research projects include surveys for arboviruses, a study of the etiologic agents of diarrhea, and brucellosis. A visit was made to the Department of

Enteric Virology, presently in charge of Dr. Hanna Doany, PAHO Consult- ant, who has trained a small group of scientists in techniques relating to the recovery of the enteroviruses. The Institute is interested in

establishing a rabies reference center. RES 2/1 Page 20 e

10. Instituto de Biología Animal,(Kilometer 47), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This Institute is principally engaged in the production of biologic products, including foot-and-mouth vaccine, the provision of a limited diagnostic service, and research in the etiology of rabbit hepatoma. The physical plant is more than adequate for present needs and the staff is composed of twenty-five professionals, most of whom also work in the rural university. Dr. Jefferson Andrade dos

Santos, the Director, has observed an extremely interesting hepatoma of suspected viral etiology in rabbits but is not actively pursuing his investigations at present. A brucellosis program includes the production of vaccine and a field diagnostic service. One staff O member is trained in the classification of Salmonella. Subjects for research are unlimited.

11. Departamento de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

This department, under the direction of Dr. L.M. Deane, is expertly and adequately engaged in the investigation of various aspects of Anerican trypanosomiasis, including studies of isolates from domestic and wild animals. Other research interests include the therapy of intestinal parasitic infections, the experimental transmission of toxoplasmosis, and the epidemiology of leishmaniasis.

The physical plant is modest and the staff is composed of six full- time scientists. This department collaborates with the School of

Tropical Medicine in the investigation of insect tissue-cell lines for the cultivation of Trypanosoma cruzi. Dr. Deane is a seasoned RES 2/1 Page 21

and knowledgeable Veteran in the field of Ailerican trypanosomiasis research and, with additional support, should be a valuable participant in a group project.

12. Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sto Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

This Institute is housed in excellent new quarters with adequate equipment and a substantial library. The expertly trained staff works largely on a part-time basis. Dr. Maria Deane and Dr.

Kirschner are interested in the cultivation of T. cruzí in insect tissue-cell lines and are working in collaboration with Dr. L-M.

Deane of the Department of Parasitology. The experience of these individuals in investigations relating to T. cruzi should be invaluable in group investigations.

13. Departamento de Parasitologia - Faculdade de Higiene e Saude Publica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The physical plant and equipment of this department are adequate and the staff is composed of 7 or 8 full-time professors and assistants under the direction of Dr. J.O. Coutinho. The staff is engaged in teaching and research projects that include surveys of hydatidosis, mechanisms of transmission of toxoplasma, the role of coleoptera in food contamination, and the isolation of .arboviruses from mosquitoes. In the area of training, the department orients veterinarians in the public health aspects of animal husbandry. There is a possibility that certain staff members may make application for grant assistance from the U.S.P.H.S. RES 2/1 Page 22

14. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SAo Paulo, Brazil

Dr. Adolfo Ribeiro Netto and some members of his staff expressed an interest in certain projects relating to the zoonoses, all of which were in preliminary or planning stages.- These included a survey of Q-fever in animals and man and the diagnosis and treatment of anaplasmosis. Dr. Dinaberto de Freitas was actively engaged in the study of the interchange of Stephylococcus aureus and

Staphylococcus albus between dogs and man. He had observed that veterinary students were free of staphylococci during the pre- clinical training period. Certain students became seeded with staphylococci in the dog clinics and developed staphylococcal infections. An interest in research in the zoonoses presently exists e in this institution but staff time is largely consumed with teaching responsibilities.

15. Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The main function of this institute is to provide diagnostic i laboratory services to the State of Sao Paulo. The facilities of the

Institute are very good and the staff has an active program in arboviruses, which is covered in PAHO document RES 1/9. An interest was also indicated in psittacosis, American spotted fever, and L cowpox. Outside scientists are welcome to engage in special studies.

16. Instituto Butanta4, SPo Paulo, Brazil 4

This institute is engaged principally in the production of biologic products, including rabies, BCG, smallpox, and pertussis RES 2/1 Page 23 vaccines, and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. The physical plant appears adequate although plans are being made for a twenty-story building to be integrated with the University City. Equipment includes two electron microscopes. A large animal farm is maintained outside the city limits. The scientific staff is small, energetic and dedicatedbut recruitment is difficult because of inadequate salary schedules. The staff, also, has some teaching responsibilities, and research activities are limited to the improvement and development of biologic products. Examnples of this type of research are the production of smallpox vaccine in rabbit-kidney-tissue culture and exploration of tissue culture techniques in preparing rabies vaccine.

In the ultimate plans, the Institute's principal areas of activity will include teaching, diagnosis, and research in collaboration with the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, and studies devoted to the improvement of biologic products. This Institute, with adequately reimbursed personnel, would probably participate in group research programs.

17. Instituto Biol6gico, Departamento de Defesa Sanitária da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil

This Institute is interested in immunology, microbiology, hygiene, and cooperative hygiene and is a unit of the Department of

Agriculture. Major activities include the production of rabies vaccine for dogs and cattle and the provision of veterinary service in dog control. Research interests include the behavior of T. cruzi RES 2/1 Page 24

in tissue culture, the incidence of leptospirosis in Sao Paulo, tissue culture studies in toxoplasmosis, foot-and-mouth disease, and leishmaniasis. The Institute has a five-year grant from the

U.S. Department of Agriculture and receives additional U.S. funds from the sale of surplus commodities. The Institute staff is small and underpaid but dedicated to productive work.

Chile

18. Departamento de Parasitología - Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

This is an energetic and productive department under the direction of Dr. Amador Neghme. The physical plant is poor and the O scientific staff works under crowded conditions. Despite this fact, the Department has a long and distinguished record in the field of parasitology research. Operating and research funds are received from the University, from the Chilean National Council, and from two grants from the USPHS. The staff of the department includes 6 full- , time and 6 part-time scientists. Dr. Neghme discussed a total of thirty research projects presently being considered for approval by L the National Research Council. He was also considering the initiation of a project relating to the transplacental transmission of T. cruzi to infants. It is possible that this project will be ~ forwarded to the Pan Akurican Sanitary Bureau for consideration - prior to submission to the NIH. Facilities for rádioisotope research are available. The staff works in close cooperation with the staff * of the Ministry of Public Health on projects of mutual interest. Under RES 2/1 Page 25

Dr. Neghmet s leadership, it is unusually qualified for participation in group zoonoses projects.

19. Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

The school, a dependency of the Facultad ' de Medicina Vete- rinaria, is located in a new building not yet completed. The current enrollment is 250. During recent years, the yearly production of veterinarians has been about 25. The curriculum is a six-year one.

There are 28 persons on the professional staff, of whom only a few work on a full-time basis. The staff, which includes a significant number of young scientists, shows a definite interest in research. More full-time personnel would permit the development of further research programs.

20. Instituto de Higiene y de Fomento de la Producción, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

This Institute, a dependency of the Facultad de Medicina

Veterinaria, is located in a good building and appears to be well staffed. Research is carried out on climatology and other factors basic to the development of animal husbandry. The potential for research in this field is good.

21. Instituto Bacteriológico de Chile, Servicio Nacional de Salud, Santiago, Chile

This well-known institution is the national institute of health of Chile. The full-time staff includes 45 senior scientists. RES 2/1 Page 26

Reportedly, there is a shortage of well trained personnel; salaries offered by the institution are said to be adequate.

The Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research visited the rabies laboratory, located in satisfactory and properly equipped headquarters, where Dr. E. Fuenzalida is actively engaged in research on rabies .~ vaccines.

The institution is making surveys to establish the dimension of the leptospirosis and Q-fever problems.

The research potential is good.

22. Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago, Chile

The Institúte is mainly concerned with the diagnosis of animal diseases. Surveys and investigations are being conducted in fascioliasis and tuberculosis. -

The available space and equipment seem to be satisfactory.

The Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research feels, however, that additional material facilities and scientific personnel are necessary for the fulfillment of future research needs.

Colombia

25. Departamentos de Parasitologia y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.

These departments, located in an adequate building and furnished with appropriate equipment, are understaffed. Only a few RES 2/1 Page 27 members of the teaching staff are full-time. Although the current activities are especially related to teaching, there is some interest in research on American trypanosomiasis. The available physical facilities are most favorable for the development of future research projects. The budget for salaries does not seem adequate.

24. Escuela de Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

The school has special courses for physicians, engineers, sta- tisticians, nurses, and sanitary inspectors, and is responsible also for the teaching of preventive medicine at the Facultad de Medicina in the same university. The regular course for physicians covers twelve months and has a capacity of 30 to 35 students annually. The school is housed in the same building as the Facultad de Medicina and has physical facilities favorable for additional research programs. Most of the teaching staff is full-time and there is a de'inite interest in research. Among other programs, the school is actively engaged in the current study of causes of mortality in ten American cities, sponsored by PAHO and funded by the National Institute of Health, USPHS, in the evaluation and development of auxiometric procedures, and in the immunity to American trypanosomiasis. RES 2/1 Page 28

25. Departamentos de Biología y de Microbiología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot&, Colombia.

A two-year premedical course and a four-year biology course ..: are in operationo The students who finish their premedical studies A continue their training and education at the Facultad de Medicina, . A

Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Those taking the biology r course receive the degree of "Licenciado", after which they may take courses leading to a Master's degree at the Universidad de Los Andes

(in certain fields only) or at universities in the United States.

The courses are designed to give a basic training in biology with special emphasis on microbiology, genetics, ecology, mammalogy, etc., according to the needs of the students. The full-time scientific staff is actively engaged in research, especially in cellular O physiology and permeability, in basic genetic studies, in studies on the ecology of bats and their relationship to human diseases, and in histoplasmosis surveys. Students participate actively in some phases of this work. ~

Buildings and equipment, apparently adequate for current research and the scientific staff,need to be expanded for further research activities. The institution has received substantial financial assistance from the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations.

Prospects are good provided money is available for the necessary expansions.

. RES 2/1 Page 29

26. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.

The present enrollment is 292 students, including'8 women.

Every year, between 30 and 50 students receive their Doctor of

Veterinary Medicine degrees after a 5-year curriculum.

The building is adequate, although it is being enlarged, especially for anatomy work. Several of the professors dedicate

8 hours 2 day to the school. There is some interest in the survey-

type of investigation, especially in the Department of Microbiology.

The potential for research would be good with additional

staff and more security for its members.

The budget, especially that concerning personnel, is

inadequate.

27. Instituto de Estudios Especiales "Carlos Finlay", del Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá2 Colombia.

This Institute, which receives financial aid from PAHO,

produces yellow fever vaccine, and has been engaged for over twanty

years in research on yellow fever and the arboviruses. Current

research activities include: geographical distribution of ARBO

viruses, a long-term study on the ecology of yellow fever and other

arboviruses in the Magdalena Valley, evaluation of serological

techniques in diagnosis, and the effectiveness of yellow fever

vaccination by scarification. Present material facilities are

satisfactory and would even permit a moderate increase in the work

load. A new building is being built. RES 2/1 Page 30

The Institute is clearly understaffed on the scientific side, the personnel works 7 hours a day. The budget for salaries is inadequate.

The potential for further development of research is excellent provided there is an increase in the scientific staff.

28. Instituto Nacional de Salud, Ministerio de Salud PIblica, Bogotá, Colombia.

This Institute is the public health laboratory for the ~

Colombian Government. Its functions include: epidemiology, production of biologic products, and control of drugs, food and cosmetics.

Facilities are adequate as to space, equipment, and animal colonies for the type of work currently underway but do not permit expansion. New buildings are in the process of construction in a new location and will be-completed by mid-1964.

The Institute suffers from a shortage of scientific personnel and salaries are inadequate. Current research activities are limited. They are especially related to the improvement of rabies vaccine and surveys on toxoplasmosis.

The potential for the expansion of research is good if the scientific personnel is increased.

29. Instituto Zooprofil&ctico Colombiano, Ministerio de Arricultura, Bogotá, Colombia.

The functions of this Institute are mainly concerned with the RES 2/1 Page 31

diagnosis of infectious diseases in animals and with the production of foot-and-mouth disease and brucellosis vaccines. It has a central laboratory in Bogotá and about 20 regional laboratories scattered throughout the country. Vaccines are produced only at the central laboratory.

Material facilities and animal colonies are adequate. A large proportion of the scientific staff (veterinarians) is full- time.

A program of training newly employed veterinarians is in operation. Altlough the current activities are especially related to diagnosis and production, there is interest in the survey-type of research.

Opportunities for research are good.

30. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas "Tibaitata," Ministerio de Agricultura, Bogotá, Colombia

This Institution is a cooperative effort of the Colombian

Government and the Rockefeller Foundation under the Ministry of

Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Investigations (DIA).- The research center is at Tibaitata near Bogotá, with an experimental farm of about 1,400 acres, good buildings, fully equipped laboratories, and a library.

The program includes agricultural investigations leading to improvement of agricultural products (corn, wheat, etc.), research in animal sciences, and training personnel. The scientific personnel, RES 2/1 Page 32

including several Rockefeller Foundation resident staff members, is

definitely interested in research on zoonoses and a large scale

program has been started. It deals mainly with the establishment

of the dimensions of the problema.

The potential for future research is good.

Guatemala

31. Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá, (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala

For a comprehensive review of the research activities of the

Institution, the reader is referred to the PAHO document RES 1/8

(Background Information on Past and Current PAHO Research Activities) dated May 31, 1962. 4

There was a well oriented research program to study the

interrelationship between nutrition and the infectious diseases, ' including the zoonoses.

L 32. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Carlos, Guatemala City, Guatemala.

The school is located in an old building and the material facilities seem to be satisfactory for demonstration or teaching purposes. Most of the scientific staff is part-time. Dr. Francisco

Aguilar, Professor of Parasitology, is doing research on immunological tests for the diagnosis of cysticercosis. O1 RES 2/1 Page 33

There is no doubt that an increase in the number of properly trained full-time professors would improve the research potential.

33. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de San Carlos, Guatemala City, Guatemala.

In this recently founded, fast growing school, the majority of the scientific staff (at least 19 persons) is full-time. Available space facilities appear to be already saturated. Equipment is satisfactory. The staff, which includes a significant number of enterprising young scientists, shows a noticeable interest in research.

The potential for research is good.

The Institution has received financial aid from the

Rockefeller Foundation and from FAO.

34. Laboratorio Biol6gico, Direcci6n General de Sanidad, Guatemala City, Guatemala.

The Institute is the public health laboratory for the

Ministry of Public Health. Some of the biologic products are exported to other countries. Efforts are being made to improve rabies vaccine.

Sp¿;ce and equipment facilities are fair. T.le staff is interested in its work.

The Institution has received substantial aid from PAHO by means of the active cooperation of the zone veterinarian, Dr. Pedro Acha. RES 2/1 Page 34

Mexico

35. Departamento de Microbiologia de la Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

Only the section dealing with the microbiology of mycobacteria

and fungi was visited. It is housed in the Unidad de Patología.

In spite of obvious limitations in both space and equipment,

the director of the section, Dr. Luis F. Bojalil and his group are

actively engaged in the' study of the physi'ology of M. bovis in vitro,

enzymatic activity and classification of atypical mycobacteria, and

studies on the antigenic structure of Nocardia. The group is working

full-time in research programs.

The scientific productivity of the group, already apparent

in several important publications, would be significantly enhanced

with additional financial assistance, another chemist, and some new

equipment.

36. Unidadde tas8tozoologia de la Escuela de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.

The school has a four-year curriculum leading to the degree

of "Maestro". Two additional years and the writing of a thesis are

required for the Doctor's degree.

The Unidad de Mastozoología is housed in a new, well equipped

building which permits future expansion. The director, Dr. Bernardo ~

Villa-Ramirez, who works full-time for the university, is conducting RES 2/1 Page 35 a research project on bats with the help of a NIH grant. The project includes taxonomic and ecological investigations and studies on the role of bats in the epidemiology of rabies. Students participate actively in some phases of this work.

The research potential is good. An increase in the scientific staff is advisable.

37. Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.

The school is located in a fine building at the Ciudad

Universitaria. The equipment facilities seem adequate for teaching purposes. There is a good library, exclusively for the school.

Although the normal capacity of the school is 750 students, the present enrollment amounts to 1400 (including 75 women), divided in- to two shifts. There are 84 persons on the professional staff, of whom twelve work on a full-time basis.

Some of the professors are engaged in research projects in cooperation with the "Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Pecuarias" and the Rockefeller Foundation. The present dean is providing adequate leadership. An increase in the number of full-time professors would be most desirable for the further development of research. RES 2/1 Page. 36

38. Hospital Infantil - Secretaria de Asistencia Social y Salud Publica, Mexico City, Mexico

Only the research laboratories working on enteric bacteriology

and enteric virology were visited. Although short of space, they

are well equipped and the work has a sound scientific basis.

Opportunities for the expansion of the current program are

very good, provided additional space can be made available.

39. Instituto Nacional de Virología - Secretaria de Asistencia Social y Salud Pública, Mexico City, Mexico.

The Institute is the national laboratory for virus diseases

with responsibility for diagnostic services, reference services,

training of personnel, teaching (for the National University of

Mexico), and research.

The present principal research interest is in arboviruses,

in conjunction with the University of Minnesota, and involves virus

isolations and serologic surveys. Other interests include a projected

respiratory virus program and the use of the fluorescent antibody

technique in rabies and in entero-virus infections.

The Institute has an excellent physical plant, including

a mouse colony and adequate equipment. There is a nucleus of

well-trained personnel including five full-time staff members

Salaries are inadequate as is the general budget.

The potential for research in virology is good. There ¡is

interest also in receiving visiting scientists.

*Also PAHO and Cornell University, all under an MIH/USPHS grant.

4 RES 2/1 Page 37

40. Instituto de Medicina Tropical - Secretaria de Asistencia Social y Salud Pública, Mexico City, Mexico

The staff of this well-known institute has established a

tradition of scientific research in tropical diseases including some of the zoonoses. Current research activities include serological surveys for toxoplasmosis and studies on etiology of diarrhea and

the ecology of histoplasmosis. This Institute has long been interested in training with special reference to visiting fellows.

41. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Pecuarias - Secretaria de Arricultura y Ganadería, Mexico City, Mexico

This recently reorganized Institute has among other the

following functions: diagnosis and research on animal diseases, production of biological products for animal use, and control of drugs and feeds for animal consumption. The buildings apparently provide adequate space for the current work. There is a shortage of equipment. Some of the staff members work also at the School of Veterinary Medicine. There are current plans to develop research projects, some of them with the cooperation of the School of Veterinary Medicine.

Panama

42. Gorgas Memorial Laboratory of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Panama City, Panama

This is a famous research institute of proven accomplishments whose primary interests are almost exclusively in the field RES 2/1 Page 38

of the zoonoses, chiefly the arboviruses, Chagas'disease,

leishmaniasis, and malaria. Ecology, entomology and zoology are

the major interests. Facilities for clinical studies are available.

An adequate budget, very good facilities and equipment, and an

outstanding full-time staff guarantee progress. The Institute accepts visiting scientists and trainees with compatible interests

and loan staff for short-term assignments. Opportunities for research are practically unlimited. The presence of such excellent institutions as Gorgas and MARU many, however, tend to retard the development of comparable facilities and services b;y the National

Government.

43. Middle America Research Unit (MARU), Fanama City, Panama.

This comparatively recently established branch laboratory, a joint project of the USPHS and the Walter Reed Medical Institute, has two major research interests: the arboviruses and histoplasmosis.

Studies in leptospirosis, Q fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are in progress. Facilities are adequate and under improvement. An outpatient department is being provided. Equipment is adequate.

A full-time staff of 40 persons is well oriented and of high caliber.

Activities in the arbovirus field complement and are coordinated with those of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory to minimize or avoid duplication. The laboratory is interested in defining rather than solving problems. Routine diagnostic services are not provided generally. RES 2/1 Page E9

44. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, Panama.

This school sccupies new and generally excellent facilities

and is primarily engaged in teaching. In the zoonotic diseases,

research has now been initiated in arboviruses in the Department

of Microbiology under Dr. Enid de Rodaniche who was formerly on the

staff of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory. Her staff and equipment

are adequate for current activities. She has one NIH grant in the

field of arboviruses. Some expansion of studies through additional

grant monies is possible. The university is interested in taxonomy

of viruses and works cooperatively with the staff of the Gorgas

Memorial Laboratory.

45. Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama

The laboratory is primarily for diagnosis, and the existing

staff, facilities, and equipment are inadequate to meet the present

heavy demands for service. Such obligations must be met first and

large-scale nondiagnostic research will not be possible without

-substantial increases in the physical plant and staff of 20.

Recruitment is a serious problem. This laboratory is unable to

compete salary-wise with laboratories, such as Gorgas and MARU.

46. Laboratorio de Diaanóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Comercio e Industrias, Panama City, Panama.

The laboratory is responsible for providing national diagnostic

services in animal diseases. The present staff and equipment are RES 2/1 Page 40

occupied with day to day problems and expansion of activities will

depend on the provision of additional staff and equipment. The

staff works closely with the Veterinary Corps of the U.S. Army and

is endeavoring to improve and strengthen diagnostic procedures and

to define further the more important animal disease problems.

Peru

47. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

This faculty has recently been reorganized. It is essentially a teaching institution with certain faculty members interested in research. The Advisory Group on Zoonoses Research did not visit the individual laboratories, thus is not in a position to evaluate either their adquacies or research potentials.

Salmonellosis is one field of current interest. The laboratory is a center for the diagnosis of enteric infections.

48. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de San Marcos, Lima Peru

A well-oriented, newly located institution with outstanding physical facilities and generally excellent equipment. It is primarily a teaching institution tending more and more toward both basic and applied research. Current enrollment is 250, with 15 women. The large professional staff is well trained, energetic and capable of increasingly substantial contributions. Twenty-six RES 2/1 Page 41

of the 60 staff members are full-time. Grant-aided studies are presently underway but additional grants are desired. Visiting scientists and fellows are welcomed; study material and opportunities are practically unlimited. Greatest research emphasis is presently devoted to studying the influence of altitude on animal health. Most staff members work full.time.

49. Instituto Nacional de Salud P6blica - Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social, Lima, Peru.

A national diagnostic and reference laboratory with responsibilities in biologic production, food, drug and biologic control, and research. It presently occupies a former residence.

Facilities will be markedly improved when a new laboratory is provided. Demands for practically all types of service continue to increase, thus, understandingly, limiting the amount of time available for research. Equipment needs exist in certain areas and well trained technicians are in short supply. This laboratory welcomes visiting scientists and would consider cooperative programs.

The Director, Dr. Oscar Mir6-Quesada, is particularly interested in cancer chemotherapy, and Dr. Aristides Herrer, Director of

Epidemiology, has long been interested and active in both the field and laboratory aspects of bartonellosis cutaneous leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. Significant opportunities exist in these fields and they can be studied best through the provision of one or more well trained microbiologists to augment the present staff. Salaries are generally low and the budget is limited. RES 2/1 Page 42

50. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Patología Animal, Ministerio de A-ricultura, Lima, Peru

This laboratory is basically concerned with diagnosis of animal and poultry diseases, biologic production, training and research. Demands for services currently tax existing staff, facilities, and equipment. Expansion of practically all activities is greatly needed. Present research activities are limited largely to the incidence and prevalence of the more important animal diseases and their control. The greatest need is for applied rather than basic research. Salaries are inadequate and the budget is limited. A staff of 10 veterinarians is employed full-time.

51. Laboratorio de Fiebre Aftosa, Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima, Peru

This laboratory is primarily concerned with the diagnosis of the vesicular diseases and the production of foot and mouth disease vaccine. Facilities and equipment are excellent and consideration is being given to building a new laboratory for aftosa vaccine production in order to use the existing structures to house the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Patología Animal.

Dr. Abreu Martins of the Centro Pan Araericano de Febre Aftosa serves as a consultant. It is unlikely that this laboratory will ? engage in non-vesicular disease activities. Research in the vesicular diseases is possible. RES 2/1 Page 43

Uruguay

52. Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay

This department, under Dr. Federico Sz:lveraglio, has a broad interest in the zoonoses. He has written an extensive text regarding the infectious diseases of man, including a section on the zoonoses.

53. Facultad de Veterinaria, Montevideo, Uruguay

This is primarily a teaching institution with broad interest in the zoonoses, particularly from the veterinary viewpoint.

It has prepared an excellent film on the epidemiology of echinococcosis. The staff is especially interested in mastitis and milkborne diseases, such as tuberculosis and brucellosis.

Although a complete tour of the school was not made, an impression was obtained that the physical plant requires substantial improvement. Available equipment permits special studies in the field of microbiology. Survey-type research is the greatest immediate interest.

54. Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina y Ministerio de Salud Publica, Montevideo, Uruguay

This is a broadly based institute whose principal responsibilities include diagnosis, biologic production, teaching, and research. RES 2/1 Page 44

The physical plant is generally good, includinE new and excellent virus laboratories. Those staff members interviewed by the Advisory

Group on Zoonoses Research were well trained, interested, and obviously capable of good work. In certain fields, at least, progress is limited by the lack of full-time workers. Although budget is limited, the Institute will welcome visiting scientists and cooperative programs.

55. Laboratorio Municipal de Microbiologia, Montevideo, Uruguay i

This laboratory is responsible for the production of smallpox vaccine and is not equipped or staffed for other types of work.

Venezuela

56. Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Fí:cultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela ;

This Institute is primarily a teaching institution with

interests in the diagnosis and ecology of tropical diseases and

research. The Institute, under Dr. Félix Pifano's leadership, is

located in a medical complex adjacent to a large general hospital

and has facilities for clinical studies. The buildings and equip-

ment are excellent and the staff well trained and interested in

research. Teaching responsibilities, however, somewhat limit the RES '2/1 Page 45

time available for research. Eight staff members are employed full time; others part time, Visiting scientists are welcomed and cooperative studies are possible since existing facilities permit considerable expansion of activities. Well trained technicians are in short supply as are laboratory animals. Dr. G.A. Maekelt's studies in immunology are particularly interesting.

57. Escuela de Salud Pública, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.

Located in large university and medical compleX, this school offers three courses: an orientation course of six weeks, a four month's course for persons with at least two years of field experience, and a one-year course in public health administration for selected students. The one-year course presently has 20 students. Laboratory courses are taught at the Instituto Nacional de Higiene. Five veterinarians are attending public health school. Research is now limited to epidemiology and administration. The University, also, offers a four-year course for bioanalysts and trains physicians and chemists.

Opportunities for bioanalysts are reportedly limited.

58. Instituto Nacional de Tuberculosis, Ministerio de Sanidad, Caracas, Venezuela

An Institute with excellent facilities and a broad program covering most aspects of tuberculosis, including care and management of patients, rehabilitation, and BCG vaccine production. The laboratory of the Institute is interested in both diagnosis and research and is one of the few routinely typing isolates and studying Ui RES 2/1 Page 46

atypical strains of mycobac'teria. The Institute welcomes visiting

scientists and will participate in cooperative studies.

Dr. José Ignacio Baldo, the Director, and his well-trained

capable staff are interested in and participate in the national

campaign to eradicate tuberculosis in cattle. Non-specific reactions

to tuberculin are a problem. Suitable facilities are available for

experiments using both-large and small animals.

59. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, (IVIC), Ministerio de Sanidad, Caracas, Venezuela,

This fabulous and most promising Institute was established in

1954 and is dedicated to fundamental and applied research. The current program, initiated in 1958, is under the direction of Dr. Marcel Roche.

There are five general sections: biology, medicine, physics, mathematics, and chemistry. Each section is subdivided into departments and laboratories. This is the most outstanding Institute in Latin America as regards physical facilities and equipment.

Operating under a substantial budget, every effort has been made to provide an environment conducive to good work. There is a large, well trained staff working full time underUtopian conditions, and substantial progress has been made.

Since the Institute is not yet fully staffed, visiting scientists and fellows are welcome. All necessary prerequisites for productive work apparently can be provided. Interest is keen in many animal diseases, including the zoonoses. Work is presumably $- possible in any disease of significant importance. An atomic reactor

-Ñ RES 2/1 Page 47

is soon to be reactivated. The staff of 20 persons responsible for its operation are undergoing training abroad. Technicians, however, are still in short supply.

60. Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Ministerio de Sanidad, Caracas, Venezuela.

This Institute is responsible for diagnosis, biologic production and control of food and drugs. It also has teaching responsibilities and engages in research. There are excellent physical facilities and equipment and a core of well trained scientists, many of whom work part time, The staff of 189 includes 112 scientists and technicians; approximately one bioanalyst and 10 technicians per scientist. It is interested in many of the zoonotic diseases, such as the arboviruses, psittacosis, rabies, salmonellosis, and plague. Visiting scientists are welcomed and cooperative research programs are possible. The present programs are largely of the survey

type.

61. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela.

This is an expanding school occupying new and improving

facilities. Teaching remains the primary responsibility although

certain faculty members also engage in research. The equipment is

adequate for existing studies. The current enrollment is 300; 25

students graduated in 1960. Cooperative studies are possible. RES 2/1 Page 48

62. Instituto de Investigaciones Veterinarias, Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Maracay, Venezuela

A growing and revitalized Institute which is the principal animal disease control laboratory for the country, with responsibilities for diagnosis, biologic production, control, research and some teaching. The professional staff of 33 includes 27 veterinarians,

4 biologists, 1 chemist and 1 pharmacist. Wr!ell trained technicians are in short supply. The new and remodeled buildings are good and ~ existing equipment is adequate. Visiting scientists are welcomed and cooperative projects are possible. The greatest research r emphasis presently is placed on aftosa.

LIST OF POSSIBLE RESEARCH PROJECTS

Etiology of diarrhea and enteritis

Ten institutions are actively engaged in investigations relating to the etiology of diarrhea. The scope of these investigations range from the typing of various salmonella strains in human and animal specimens to a comprehensive search for pertinent bacteria and viruses. It is apparent from current studies that etiologies have not been determined for a substantial percentage of the diarrheas and that more thorough investigationa are necessary, particularly in the virus area. It is suggested that a multi-country project be developed which will encompass our attempt to determine etiologies for 100 per cent of the diarrheas. Special RES 2/1 Page 49

attention should be devoted to the development and use of additional and new cell lines for the detection of viruses and the evaluation of bacterial genera other than the already established pathogenic enteric bacteria. A profitable cooperative project might be developed through cooperation between the Instituto de Microbiología,

Universidade do Brazil, Rio de Janeiro; Hospital Infantil, Mexico

City, Mexico; the Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay; and the

Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Caracas, Venezuela.

Cell line reference center and repository

The ever increasing interest in the development of new human and animal cell lines for use in the cultivation of micro- and macroorganisms suggests the need for the establishment of a tissue- cell center in Latin America for cell identification, purification, and storage. Such centers have been established in the United States with USPHS funds and are already invaluable for investigations, especially in the virus field. Proposed location: Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis9 Azul, Argentina.

Hydatid disease

A substantial effort should be devoted to this unquestionably important and widely prevalent disease including:

a. Studies on membrane permeability. Improved knowledge

of membrane permeability and cellular physiology of

infective cysts could lead to effective chemotherapy

and improved methods of diagnosis through the discovery RES 2/1 Page 50

and development of substances capable of selectively

and harmlessly penetrating the cyst membrane. Such

substances could lead to the destruction of viable parasites within the cyst while the latter are still small and comparatively inconsequential or could improve diagnostic procedures if capable of detection by roentgenologic and other techniques.

Studies of this nature could be undertaken by the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientí- ficas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela; Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis (CEPANZO), Azul, Argentina; the Universi- dad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; or the Facultad de

Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

b. Improvement of diagnostic procedures through the development of new and improved reagents and testing procedures. This is principally a. problem of chemistry and immunology. Tracer techniques and the fluorescent antibody test may prove beneficial.

Such projects could be undertaken at the Instituto

Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas,

Venezuela; The Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis (CEPANZO),

Azul, Argentina; the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia

Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; or the

Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina,

Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. RES 2/1 Page S5L

c. The development of effective vermicidal agents for

use in man and animals. CEPANZO has already initiated

studies evaluating certain chemotherapeutic agents for

their effectiveness in eliminating adult parasites from

dogs. These studies should be continued and expanded

and efforts made to do preliminary studies in animals

less expensive than the dog. Clinical trials of effective,

safe, chemotherapeutic agents should be made in man.

d. Little is known about the incidence of hydatid

disease in the llamas, alpacas, and vicuñas.

Studies of this nature could be undertaken at

little expense by Dr. Moro and his staff at the Facultad

de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de San Marcos, Lima,

Peru.

Rabies biologics

As mentioned earlier, the need for safer, potent, and

reliable %-iologics for use in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of rabies in man and animals is obviously great throughout most of Latin America. For example, the fluorescent antibody test

has and will continue to receive increasing recognition in the

diagnosis of rabies and other diseases. It is predictable that

difficulty will be encountered with the conjugate and thus with

the diagnosis. Vaccine stability is particularly important since the products used in both man and animals are apparently not stable RES 2/1 Page 52

throughout the authorized storage life. This increases materially

the risk of rabies in vaccinated persons or animals and causes a

substantial waste of time, effort, and money. It is proposed that

a study be undertaken to develop and/or evaluate stabilizing agents

for use with both HEP and LEP strains of modified live-virus

antirabies vaccine and with inactivated virus vaccines. Proposed

locations: Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis, Azul, Argentina and

the Instituto Bacteriol6gico de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of antirabies vaccine in cattle 1

Present evidence indicates that nervous tissue and HEP- modified live virus antirabies vaccines are of value in protecting

cattle against rabies; millions of cattle are vaccinated annually

in Latin American countries with HEP vaccine. Not only is some of

this vaccine of questionable effectiveness but knowledge is scanty

concerning the duration of immunity induced. A definite study A

should be undertaken under controlled conditions to evaluate the

effectiveness of this and other vaccines and to correlate serologic response with resistance to challenge. These are essentially field-

type projects that require laboratory support and could be done at

the Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis or elsewhere.

Antigenic structure of rabies virus

The prevention and treatment of rabies are based on the premise that there is one immunologically distinct strain of virus.

There is ample evidence, however, that quantitative if not RES 2/1 Page 53

qualitative differences exist among strains of rabies viruses isolated from different species and geographical areas. It is proposed that isolates from species such as bats, cattle, dogs, foxes and skunks from various areas of the Western Hemisphere be studied for possible qualitative or quantitative differences.

Proposed location of studies: Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis.

Hepatic carcinoma of rabbits

Dr. Jefferson Andrade dos Santos of the Instituto de

Biología Animal near Rio de Janeiro has observed 40 rabbits

(29% of those autopsied) in three years with hepatic carcinomas.

All came from one farm with an estimated population of 1,000 adult animals. Metastases have been observed in the lungs and, occasionally, in other tissues. Histologically, the hepatic cells contain pink-staining homogeneous inclusions suggestive of viral origin, although the possibility of glycogen must be resolved. Tumors have been observed in New Zealand Red, White

Chinchilla, Black Fires, and Caster King strains but not in Blues or New Zealand Whites which are maintained in limited numbers only.

The one transmission experiment attempted was positive. Further studies are worthy of support and can be accomplished best by furnishing one scientist to work with Dr. Andrade or by cooperative studies with another interested laboratory. RES 2/1 Page 54

Biologics other than rabies

Need exists for continued evaluation of the safety and efficacy of biologic products, other than for rabies, for use in human and veterinary medicine. In the zoonoses, this is particularly true of rabies and brucellosis vaccines and of diagnostic and test reagents for brucellosis, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, Q fever, etc. Proposed location: Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis.

Tuberculosis

a. Bovine tuberculosis in man. There is a need to define more conclusively the incidence and importance of bovine tuberculosis in man. This can be done best as a multi-country project with three or four laboratories undertaking isolations and/or typing.

Greatest attention should be given to non-pulmonary disease.

b, Atypical mycobacteria. The incidence and importance r of the so-called atypical mycobacteria require further evaluation to determine their role in inciting frank disease or sentitization to tuberculin in man. Dr. Luis Bojalil, Departamento de Microbiologia de la Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Mexico, has already made substantial contributions in this fiéld. The group at the Instituto Nacional de Tuberculosis in Caracas is also interested. It is a possible project for CEPANZO.

The role of atypical and non-pathogenic strains of mycobacteria in sensitizing cattle and other animals to tuberculin RES 2/1 Page 55

is extremely important, particularly in areas in which the incidence of tuberculosis has been reduced to low levels. It is suggested that the role of such strains in sensi.tizing cattle to tuberculin be studied ex- perimentally either at the Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis, Azul, Argentina; the Instituto Nacional de Tuberculosis in Caracas, Venezuela, or both.

Brucellosis

a. The development of a safe, effective vaccine for use in sheep and goats is important to the economy and health of many people. Dr.

Victorio Cedro and his group at INTA have a particular interest in this problem. They have developed and are evaluating a vaccine for use in swine and are attempting to develop a vaccine for use in swine and goats. The staff and facilities at this Institute could make substantial contributions in this important field.

b. Vaccine effectiveness can best be evaluated in field trials.

According to Dr. Malaga-Alba of PAHO and Dr. Enrique Espinosa, Secretaria de Salud Pública, there are excellent opportunities in Mexico for field evaluation of brucellosis vaccines under relatively ideal conditions. For example, there are several isolated communities with substantial populations of goats and lesser populations of other animals in which the incidence of brucellosis approximates 100 per cent and abortions occur in primiparas annually in large numbers. Brucellosis is wide spread in man and imposes sev'ere economic hardships which occasionally cause chaos in a community. Such communities would be most valuable if and when vaccines for goats require field evaluation. They offer RES 2/1 Page 56

also, unique opportunities to study, comparatively, the socio-economic * - aspects of brucellosis and other diseases.

Food technology

Foot-and-mouth disease is most detrimental to the economy of

most Latin American countries, with the flow of meat in international commerce frequently restricted if the product originates in infected areas. Efforts should be made to develop methods for destroying viruses in infected meat, meat feod products, and meat by-products that will

assure destruction of the organisms but will not interfere with the palatability and sale of the meat. Such techniques might be of value

in diseases other than aftosa.

Psittacosis

There is a paucity of information concerning the incidence and < prevalence of the psittacosis lymphogranuloma venereum group of viruses in birds and animals in Latin America. Study of the reservoirs of infection and the virulence of toxicity of viruses isolated would be of

great interest. Dr, Ribeiro do Valle, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sáo

Paulo, has a particular interest in this problem.

Multi-Country surveys

In most countries, substantial information has already been obtained concerning the incidence and prevalence of the more important soonotic disease and more is being accumulated almost daily. Many areas have effected or are ready for control programs. In certain

other countries and in the rural areas of all, less is known about such entities, RES 2/1 Page 57

Multi-country projects

Multi-country projects evaluating further the incidence, geographical

distribution, and importance of diseases such as salmonellosis, brucellosis,

leptospirosis, and tuberculosis are definitely indicated, with emphasis on defining the problem in rural areas.

American trypanosomiasis Although American trypanosomiasis was the primary concern of another

advisory group, ZORAG emphasizes that the taxonomic status of certain

strains found in vertebrates in Latin America remains obscure. Further, the relationship of these strains to T. cruzi and human trypanosomes iden- tifled as T.rangeli is poorly understood. Establishment of the existence

of a relationship would lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology

of human disease. Studies of this type are worthy of encouragement, and financial support has been initiated in Brazil by Dr. Leonidas Deane.

These efforts could be expanded into a multi-country project with the

assistance, among other, of Dr. F. Pifano (Instituto de Medicina Tropical,

Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela) and the staff of the Escuela de Medicina, Cali, Colombia.

There is need, also, for a better understanding of the life cycle and

habits of T. rhodesiense prolixus, an important vector of this disease in Central America and the northern portions of South America. Such studies could be undertaken possibly in Venezuela at the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC) or the Instituto de Medicina Tropical,

with the cooperative support of the Escuela de Salud Pública, Venezuela.

Zoonoses Reeearch Advisory Group RES 2/1 Page 58

Bartonellosis in man This disease occurs in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is not classified as a zoonotic disease although the possibility of a reservoir other than man and arthropods has been repeatedly suggested. The importance of

Bartonellosis in the countries concerned and the meager knowlege of its mode of transmission justify further study. The Instituto Nacional de -' Salud Piblica, Lima, Peru, is well suited to carry out such a project because of Dr. Aristides Herrer's interest and past accomplishments in this field and the availability of study material. Assignment of one qualified laboratory worker and funds for field work would be well rewarded. Ecuadorian and Colombian institutions could profitably cooperate in this activity. -

Epidemic typhus

None of the institutions visited exhibited interest in epidemic typhus at this time. Considering the importance of this disease in areas of ' the Andes from Southern Colombia to Northern Chile, ZORAG(believes, studies to evaluate the possible role of vertebrates, other than man, should be undertaken. Altough epidemic typhus is not generally considered a zoonotic disease, the causative agent, Rickettsia prowazeki, has been isolated ffrom cattle and sheep in Abyssinia.

Leishmanias is-cutaneous Further information is needed concerning the epidemilogy of cutaneous leishmaniasis, including better knowledge of host-parasite relationships, strain differences, and variations in the clinical picture from region

Zoonoses Research Advisory Group RES 2/1 Page 59

to region. The importance of this disease in many Latin American countries has stimulated definite interest in several persons, including Dr. Leonidas

Deane (Sao Paulo), Dr. F. Pifano (Caracas), Dr. Aristides Herrer (Lima), and Dr. C. Johnson (Panama) among others. Cooperative studies are possible.

Leishmaniasis-visceral (Kala-Azar) Survey-type studies are needed to further document the geographic distribution and importance of visceral leishmaniasis in man, reservoirs of infection in animals, and vectors . Again, the experiences of Dr. Leonidas Deane and Dr. F. Pifano could be utilized.

Toxoplasmosis

This disease is widely prevalent in Latin America and merits studies leading to a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship, including that between infectivity and frank illness. Improvements in methodology, particularly diagnosis, are needed. Newer techniques of promise include fluorescence, tissue culture, and tagging with radioactive isotopes. A better understanding of the mode of transmission is also needed. Several individuals might be interested including Dr. Amador

Neghme, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Dr. G. A. Maekelt,

Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. RES 2/1 Page 60

ANNEX A*

List of Tables

Table I Types of Institution or Organization Table II List of Organizations

Table III List of Institutions

Table IV Institutional Interests in Zoonotic Diseases, Worldwide

Zoonoses, Local Zoonoses, and Related Problems Table V Current Research Activities in the Zoonoses in Latin America

Table VI Current Research Activities in Zoonoses in Latin America

*Offset reproduction of original manuscript. Not edited.

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