Acta Oecologica Carpatica VI

THE TOPONYMY OF THE LOCALITIES WITH UKRAINIAN MINORITY POPULATION IN THE LOWER VALLEY OF THE VIŞEU RIVER AND THE RUSCOVA RIVER – HUTZULIA MARAMUREŞEANĂ VIŞEVŞCENA (MARAMUREŞ, ROMANIA)

Vasile CURELEAC 1

KEYWORDS: toponymic localities, Vişeu and Ruscova valleys.

ABSTRACT The toponymy of Ukrainian minority 16th century. A toponymic interaction of localities on the lower Vișeu and Ruscova Romanian and Ukrainian can be observed, rivers “Hutzulia maramureşeană yet it is not substantial. In the clarification of Vişevşcena” (Maramureş, Romania). toponyms, one must prioritize those versions The present paper introduces a corresponding at the most to the natural research method for the toponymy of the environment and to the nominating culture. cross-border areas using the lexical-semantic These toponyms have deep roots and are process. Toponyms used in the area of the true monuments of culture and language. 12 Ukrainian settlements in the lower toponym classes were elaborated and 126 catchment areas of the Vișeu and Ruscova toponyms were explained. The study of the rivers (Maramureș County) were collected toponymy has informative and geographical and studied. These toponyms were named importance and it is applicable in the field by the Ukrainian population, starting in the orientation and environmental reconstruction.

REZUMAT: Toponimia localităţilor cu minoritate ucraineană din valea inferioră a râului Vişeu şi a râului Ruscova „Hutzulia maramureşeană Vişevşcena” (Maramureş, România). Lucrarea de faţă prezintă o trebuie să acordăm prioritate acelor versiuni modalitate de cercetare a toponimiei în zone care corespund mai mult mediului natural şi transfrontaliere, cu ajutorul procedeului acelei culturi care le-a nominalizat. lexico-semantic. Au fost culese şi studiate Toponimele au rădăcini adânci şi sunt un toponime de pe teritoriul localităţilor adevărat monument al culturii şi limbii. Au ucrainene al bazinului inferior al râului fost elaborate 12 clase de toponime şi Vişeu şi al râului Ruscova din judeţul explicate un număr de 126 toponime. Maramureş. Acestea au fost nominalizate de Studiul toponimiei are importanţă ucraineni şi datează încă din secolul al 16- informativ-geografică şi aplicabilitate în lea. Se remarcă o interferenţă româno- ceea ce priveşte orientarea în teren şi în ucraineană a toponimiei, dar puţin reconstrucţia mediului. substanţială. În desluşirea toponimelor

RÉSUMÉ: Les toponymes des minorités ukrainiennes localisées dans le bassin inférieure des rivières de Vișeu et de Ruscova “Hutzulia maramureşeană Vişevşcena” (Maramureș, Roumanie). L’article ci-dessus présente une des toponymes, on doit accorder la priorité méthode de recherche de la toponymie des aux versions correspondant le plus au milieu zones transfrontalières à l’aide du procédé naturel et à la culture les ayant nominalisés. lexico-sémantique. Des toponymes utilisées Les toponymes ont des racines profondes et dans les localités ukrainiennes du bassin constituent de vrai monuments de la culture inférieur des rivières de Vișeu et the et de la langue. 12 classes de toponymes ont Ruscova, département de Maramureș, ont été élaborées et 126 toponymes ont été été recueillies et étudiées. Celles-ci ont été expliquées. L’étude de la toponymie présent nominalisées par les ukrainiens dès le 16- une importance informative et géographique ème siècle. On remarque une interférence ainsi qu’une applicabilité concernant roumano-ukrainienne de la toponymie quoi l’orientation dans le terrain et la que peu substantielle. Dans la clarification reconstruction de l’environnement.

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INTRODUCTION Toponymy is considered an their purpose and meaning. Each toponym in interdisciplinary science which includes its way bears an important geographical scientific branches such as philology, historical, linguistic, ethnographical and history, geography and ethnography. Each cultural information. of these sciences tries to explain and analyse Geographical objects’ toponymy through methodology and specific nominalization is a popular creation in concepts, of the scientific branch. Historians which the dialectal meaning of words think that this science is auxiliary to history plays a special role, taking a hard task to where the chronological methods are being discover the meaning of toponyms in its used. Any phenomenon or process has a absence (Hudash, 1991). We need to offer a history, more exactly an origin. (Lyaşciuk, great priority to those versions 1993) corresponding more to the natural Philologists consider that the history background and to the culture which had of a phenomenon can be studied only after nominalized them, in order to discern its main elements have been characterized toponyms. We can see that the collected through linguistic methods. The essential toponyms have deep roots and represent a criterion of toponymy as a linguistic real monument of the Ukrainian culture and branch is functional and not semantic (Oros, language, having a semantic loading and a 1996). specific information. As a science, geography largely uses The diversity of the toponyms toponymy, as the geographical names are collected from the Ukrainian places in closely related to the territory and give the the inferior valley of the Vișeu River and of possibility of studying the relations between the Ruscova River in the Maramureș County the elements of the relief, the plants, the assert the very old presence of this ethnic animals and the people. community in the area. In his work called Toponyms gathered from some Maramureșean Diplomas, the well-known places on the inferior valleys of the Vișeu Romanian historian Ioan Mihali de Apsa and Ruscova rivers (Bistra, Ruscova, mentions the fact that most of the Ukrainian Repedea and Poienile de sub Munte and Romanian places in Maramureș County villages) have been named by the local have been dated from the 14th century. Ukrainian minority. If a certain territory had These places had been populated much been populated earlier, this would have been earlier. The historical facts and the semantic characterized by a presence of toponymy. analysis of the toponymy give us the Socio-political elements and the level of the possibility to include a great part of the spiritual culture had a remarkable influence geographical names as part of an old in naming the geographical objects. In order Ukrainian period. During the centuries many to be able to orientate themselves on the toponyms have met linguistic influences, territory, in the past, people were using as due to the existing interrelations from the clues the relief features (mountain tops, specific area. ridges, peaks, rivers, lakes and others). The Of course the majority Romanian similarities between features and their great population let numerous toponyms along the number require the individualization of this history, ex. Brebeneskul-Brebenescu, geographical objects with the aid of Bretskul-Breţcu, Turkul-Turcu, Trufanets- nominalization (Lyaşciuk, 1993). The origin Trufăneţ, Urda, Steryshora-Stânișoara, of toponyms is motivated, bearing Petros, Scherban-Şerban, Hropshora- addressing functions which hide Gropșoara, etc., (Drăgulescu et al., 1999) informations about geographical objects, but this is not the subject of this paper.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During his field research the author forest), Ialovet/Yalovet/Ялівец (spruce fir of this study collected and classified 360 forest), Bokovenka/Bocovinca/Буковинка toponyms from all the Ukrainian places (beech, beech tree forest) ‒ Ruscova village; situated in the inferior valley of the Vişeu Dolyna Iasenunska/Yasenunsca/Долина and Ruscova rivers in Maramureș County. Ясенунська (Ash Tree Valley); Ceretu/ Their classification was accomplished, based Очерет (the grass lawn); Dibrova/Діброва on the lexical-semantic principle (Cureleac, (grove, oak tree forest); Smereceanei/ 1999). Not all toponyms have been included Смеречяний (spruce fir tree forest); in the article. Suharasce/Сухарище (dry wood forest), Toponyms categories: Ceresenica/Черешенька (sweet cherry 1. Toponyms which are derived from tree) ‒ Repedea Village; Ruska Polyna (the the representatives of the animal world: old name given to Poienile de sub Munte ‒ a) wild animals: Bilka/Білка The Meadow Below The Mountain ‒ comes (squirrel) ‒ toponym with an Ukrainian from Poiana Rusului ‒ The Meadow of the origin ‒ Bistra Village; Vovcia/Vovchya/ Russian), Polyna/Поляна/Полонина Вовчя (wolf) ‒ Ruscova Village; (meadow, grassland, mountain), Zarub/ Medvejei/Medvejiy/Mедмежий (bear) and Заруб (cleared forest); Iasenunskiy/ Sokolov/Sokil/Cокіл (eagle) ‒ Poienile de Yasenunskiy/Ясенунський (ash tree sub Munte Village; Svennei/Свинний ‒ forest). (the place where the wild boars hide) and 3. Toponyms which derive from Suldac/Shuldak/Шулдак ‒ wild boar ‒ different landscape’s characteristic Repedea Village; features such as: b) domestic animals: a) toponyms deriving from Korovli/Коровлі (cow) ‒ Poienile de sub mountain and hill forms: Dil/Діл (rivers’ Munte Commune; sweep), Hora/Гора (mountain), 2. Toponyms deriving from the Makovita/Маковиця (Ukrainian ‒ vegetal world representatives (vegetal Makivka, the upper part of a mountain), elements, trees, bushes and herbs): Măgura/Мигура-Височина (mountain), Berezneac/Bereznyak/Березник (birch Obcina/Обчина (peak, a prolonged ridge of tree forest), Cosiv/Косів (mowed land), a hill or mountain which joins two peaks), Ceretiv/Черетів (bulrush, cane), Picuiata/Пікуята/Пік (top, peak), Megla/ Cesnekiv/Часників (garlic, the place Мигла (a small hill in the middle of the where garlic grows), Dibrova/Діброва plain, evidence of erosion in Valea Vișeului (grove, oak tree forest), Dubruci/Дубрівки Village) ‒ Bistra Maramureș Village; (oakery), Hreskiv/Гришків (buckwheat), b) toponyms denoting valleys, Ialenca/Yalynka/Ялинка (fir, fir tree depressions and terraces: Pereslup/ forest), Ialivnek/Ялівник (spruce fir Переслуп (depression), Gruninky/ forest), Iasinac/Yasinnyk/Ясінник (ash Груньки (hill, hillock) ‒ Ruscova Village; tree, ash tree forest), Iavoriv/Яворів Jolob/Жолоб (sewer, deep valley); Iama/ (sycamore maple tree forest), Luh/Lunca/ Яма (hollow), Zarinok/Зарінок (meadow Луг (pasture), Malannac/Малинник area), Cotel/Котел (small depression), (raspberry, raspberry bush), Plai/Плай Berdo/Бердо (steep slope), Poderei/ (Romanian toponym ‒ hill area with grass), Подерей (terrace shaped territory) ‒ Bistra Tisa/Тис (resinous essence tree), Village; the toponym Zarika/Zarica/Заріка Topoliv/Тополів (poplar, poplar tree (beyond the river territory) is met in all four forest) ‒ Bistra village (the belonging villages. villages, Valea Vișeului, Bistra and Crasna с) toponyms derived from slopes: Vișeului) (***); Dubrova/Діброва and Osui/Осуй (sunny slope); Repky/Rypky/ Dubovet/Дубовец (grove, oak tree forest), Репки (uneven steep slope) ‒ Repedea Ialynca/Yalynka/Ялинка (fir, fir tree Village; Osovnya/Осовня (slope with

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sunny steep, southern position) ‒ Bistra (Keres’s land), Serbanskiy/Шербанський Village; Oblaz/Облаз (road at the foot of a (Romanian toponym Serban’s land) ‒ Bistra mountain) ‒ Ruscova and Bistra communes. Commune; Dancul/Данкул, Денків d) toponyms deriving from passes (Dancul’s land) ‒ Repedea Commune; and canyons: Rostoca/Ростока (the place Drahmirov/Драгмиров (Drahmir’s estate) where rivers separate themselves); ‒ Ruscova Commune; Maxemniuc/ Perehrestea/Перехрестя (the intersection Максемнюк (Maxemniuc’s land) ‒ of the mountainous paths) ‒ Bistra Poienile de sub Munte, the largest commune Commune; Pereslup/Переслуп (saddle- in the county. shaped pass, highly situated) ‒ Repedea and 6. Toponyms which come from Poienile de sub Munte communes. the given names of the old landowners: e) toponyms deriving from the Hora Hali/Гора Галі (Halea’s Mountain agricultural lands: Lazy/Лази (common), ‒ Ruscova Commune); Mihailyk/ Lujana/Лужана (everglade), Tarina/ Михайло (Michael’s land), Царина (arable lands), Levadcyna/ Mihailusky/Михайлуський (Michael’s Левадчина (orchard) ‒ Repedea land) and Miclusa/Micklush ‒ Nicolae from Commune; Luh/Луг (everglade), Hungarian (Miclush’s estate) ‒ Repedea Pasovnea/Пасовня (grazing place), Commune; Ivancikov/Іванчіков (Ivan’s Poderei/Подерей (terrace shaped territory), land) and Paulik/Павлик (Pavlo’s land), Poloninca/Полонинка (meadow, Iurcescu/Юрческу (the toponym with a mountainous pasture), Preluca/Прелука Ukrainian origin with a Romanian (small glade), Poleanche/Полянки termination ‒ the given name Yura in the (meadow, lawn), Stuilasce/Стуйлище (the Romanian language Gheorghe ‒ the place where sheep graze in spring time ‒ Iurcescu field) ‒ Poienile de sub Munte spring like), Toloca/Толока (common), Commune; Pip Ivan/Піп Іван (river and Sadoc/Садок (orchard) ‒ Bistra Commune. mountain having the same name) ‒ Bistra f) toponyms deriving from some and Repedea communes. geological layers: Kaminceane/ 7. Toponyms deriving from Кам’янчаний (Ukr. ‒ stone), Pud household objects: Bardeu/Bardau/ Kamenem/Під каменем (under the stone) Барда/Бардій (axe, hatchet) ‒ Poienile de ‒ Repedea Commune; Cameanca/ sub Munte Commune; Vorotet/Ворота Кам’янка (stone, boulder) and (gate) ‒ Bistra Commune. Cremenasce/Кременище (flint) ‒ Bistra 8. Toponyms deriving from the Commune, Grehit/Грегіт (detritus) ‒ Bistra exterior aspect of people: Voloseanka/ and Poienile de sub Munte communes; Волосянка (the toponym comes from Soloteanei/Солотяний (territory rich in Ukrainian, volosea in Romanian hair ‒ very mineral salts ‒ salt) ‒ Poienile de sub Munte thick forest), Holovaci/Головач (thick ‒ Commune; Vapnarke/Вапнярки (the place headed); Tovstei/Товстий (thick, fat, big with kilns where they burn the lime) ‒ Bistra hill) ‒ Bistra Commune; Ciolar/Чолар and Repedea communes. (forehead) ‒ Repedea Commune. Hydronimy: Mlaciky/Млачки 9. Toponyms which derive from (swampy territory) ‒ Repedea Commune; people’s profession: Cusnirca/Кушнірка Rica/Ріка (river) ‒ Poienile de sub Munte (Ukr. ‒ furrier, the furrier’s estate), Commune; Bolota/Болота (swamp, Pasicinyi/Пасічний/Пасіка (apiary), puddle), Bolotin/Болотин (swamp, Tokarnea/Токарня (the turner’s estate) ‒ puddle), Carnacica/Кринички (stream), Bistra Commune. Potic/Потік (stream, torrent, spring) ‒ 10. Toponyms formed by adjectives Bistra Commune. and nouns combination: Crasna Vișeului/ 5. Toponyms deriving from the old Краcна Вішеулуй (in Slavonic landowners: Denkova/Denkiv/Денків transcription and in the Ukrainian language, (Denko’s territory), Keresove/Керешове crasna, means beautiful). The upper/lower/

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Grigoretz/Григорець Вирхній, Нижній the subconscious level, some people would (the inferior and superior part of the comprehend the mystical character of a landowner Hryhoriy). certain territory, which used to have an 11. Adjectives-formed toponyms: influence upon their psychic. This is how the Billy/Білий (Ukr. ‒ white), Plavniy/ origin of the religious-mystical toponyms is Плавний (Ukr. ‒ slowly), Seredni/ explained. In the specialised literature these Середний (Ukr. ‒ middle) ‒ Ruscova places are called geopathogenic areas. In Commune; Bilyanskii/Білянський (Ukr. ‒ order to investigate and study them we shall albino), Mohnatey/Мохнатий (Ukr. ‒ suggest the classification and the analysis of hairy, moss-covered soil), Ciornii/Чорний the toponymy, which has an important, (Ukr. ‒ black) ‒ Bistra Commune. informative and applicative influence. The 12. Toponyms with a mystical- discovery of the geopathogenic areas has an religious meaning: Hluhei/Глухий applicative relevance. In these relaxing (Ukr. ‒ deaf), Poklykovysce/ areas, habitable objectives, churches, roads, Покликовище/Покликати (Ukr. ‒ to schools and others were built. With an call), Neviru/Невіру (Ukr. ‒ do not believe applicative purpose we recommend the in facts and phenomena which don’t make mapping of these toponyms on largely-used sense) ‒ Bistra Commune; Valea Neagră ‒ maps: topographic, touristic and many more. Black Valley (after the building of the In the Ruscova River valley, the monastery it was changed into Valea following homonyms-toponyms are specific: Luminata ‒ The Lighted Valley) ‒ at the Poloninka, Polyana, Bukovynka, bourne of the communes Rona de Sus, Yalynka. The geographical name Petrova and Bistra; Bludniak/Блудняк (the Scorodniy is familiar in Repedea and Bistra place where people loose their orientation; communes. Yalynka toponym is located in derived from the Ukrainean bludyty ‒ to the following villages: Valea Vișeului, loose oneself), Zaklyana Dolyna/Закляна Bistra, Crasna Vișeului, Ruskova and the Долина (Ukr. ‒ the cursed valley), toponym Uloha is familiar in Bistra and Hamonanka/Гамованка (Ukr. Halmuvaty Poienile de Sub Munte communes. ‒ to brake, the place where something stops Toponyms have been formed and you; areal explanation ‒ the place which named by the Ukrainians allowed to settled confuses you) ‒ Repedea Commune; Lyhey on these territories by Romanians, beginning Potik/Лихий Потік (Ukr. ‒ The Bad with the 14th century. If a territory has been Valley), Reveaka/Рев’яка (Ukr. Revty, populated from old times, this will bear a Plakaty ‒ to cry, the crying place), rich and interesting toponymy and their Ustekliy/Устеклий (Ukr. Ustekliy ‒ mad, semantic and explanation must be looked for the place where people loose their minds) ‒ in the language where these true linguistic Poienile de Sub Munte Commune. monuments have been formed. The detailed analysis of the areal In many Ukrainian places from spreading of the Ukrainian toponymy of this Hutzulia Maramureșană Vişevşcena the mystical-religious group of toponyms shows history placed its fingerprints upon itself almost regularly in the studied toponymy. Here we can find Romanian territory, at a certain distance (Cureleac, origin names (Big Little, Little Big, The 1999). The nominalization of the toponyms Sleeking, Intense Heat ‒ in Repedea is related to some forms of the relief, commune, Podina, Plai, Furghiu, Runcul ‒ hydrographical objects, the vegetal and Bistra Commune) Hungarian (Micluşa ‒ animal world features. Repedea Commune, Portos ‒ woods The nominalization of the storehouse ‒ Bistra Commune). We can geographical objects took place in a sudden notice a Ukrainian-Romanian collision of connexion of man and nature. In the past, at toponymy, though somewhat significant.

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CONCLUSIONS The study of toponymy of the trans- minoritary Ukrainian population was frontier area in Maramureș can be remarkable through its steadiness accomplished on the basis of a bilateral concerning the preservation of mother’s complex Romanian-Ukrainean and tongue, the toponymy, customs, rites Ukrainian-Romanian linguistic, historic, and culture. The ethno-cultural values geographic and ethnographic studies. which have been created in the past, The study of toponymy in the especially the old toponyms represent a villages of Hutzulia Maramureșană ‒ living evidence of the continuation of this Vişevşcena proves that during the ethnic community in the area had been history, this area has met different cultural assimilated among the Ukrainian population and linguistic influences, around the and shared respectfully from generation to Romanian majority population. The generation.

REFERENCES Cureleac V. I., 1999 – Toponime ukrainskyh Hudash M. L., 1991 – Pohodjenya poseleni povitu Maramureșh u ukrainskyh karpatskyh s Rumunii, Geografia I suchasnisti, prykarpatskyh nazv naselenyh Kiev, 174-179. (in Ukrainean) punktiv Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 270. Drăgulescu C., Fintha I., Mihály A. and (in Ukrainean) Szabo A., 1999 – Wettland flora and Lyaşciuk B. F., 1993 – Geograficini nazvy vegetation of the Upper Tisa river Ukrainskyh Karpat i prylehlyh valley, in Hamar J. and Sárkány-Kiss terytoriy: Nancialniy posibnyk, Kiev, A. (eds), The Upper Tisa Valley, ISDO, 204. (in Ukrainean) Preparatory proposal for Ramsar site Oros M. I., 1996 – Studii de toponimie, designation and an ecological Cluj-Napoca, 169. (in Romanian) background Hungarian, Romanian, ***, 2011 – Comuna Bistra Maramureş – Slovakian and Ukrainean co- monografie, Baia Mare, 179. (in operation, Tiscia monograph series, Romanian) ISSN 1418-0408, ISBN 963-03- 7645-8, 213-272. AUTHOR:

1 Vasile CURELEAC [email protected]

Tehnical University of Cluj-Napoca, North University Center of Baia Mare, Dr. Victor Babeş Street 62 A, Baia Mare, Romania, RO-430083.

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INFLUENCE OF HUMUS ON THE BIOACCUMULATION OF A NORWAY SPRUCE STAND FROM CINDREL MOUNTAINS

Iulian Alexandru BRATU 1

KEYWORDS: Picea abies, bioaccumulation, Cindrel Mountains, humus. ABSTRACT This study examines biomass measurements of the morphological, accumulation in a spruce stand in the physical and chemical properties, and an Cindrel Mountains under the influence of inventory of the forest vegetation to which it soil type. The research has been carried out was integral. We aimed to characterize the in the Cindrel Mountains, Onceşti District. soil in terms of pH, degree of base Two surfaces were analized, located at saturation, nitrogen, type of humus and similar altitude, with similar climatic edaphic useful volume. The determinations conditions and vegetation, but developed on of the trees covered the height, diameter and different soils. The aim of the research was some quality indicators. Other observation to establish a link between humus type and focused on the replicability of the forest site amount of biomass accumulated by forest and indicator flora. The results obtained species. In experimental plots soil samples allowed us to draw conclusions based on were collected on which were made statistical processing.

REZUMAT: Influența humusului asupra acumulării de biomasă. Acest studiu analizează acumularea ceea ce privește proprietățile morfologice, biomasei în arboretele de molid din Munții fizice și chimice, iar vegetația lemnoasă s-a Cindrel sub influența tipului de humus. inventariat în întregime. S-a urmărit Experimentele s-au desfășurat în Munții caracterizarea solului din punct de vedere al Cindrel, masivul Oncești. S-au analizat două gradului de saturație în baze, pH, suprafețe amplasate la aceeași altitudine, în aprovizionare cu azot, tipul de humus, aceleași condiții climatice și de vegetație, conținutul de schelet, volumul edafic util. dar dezvoltate pe soluri diferite. Cercetarea Determinările asupra arborilor au vizat are ca scop stabilirea legăturii dintre tipul de măsurarea diametrelor, înălțimilor, indicilor humus și cantitatea de biomasă acumulată de de calitate. Alte observații au vizat bonitatea către speciile lemnoase. În suprafețele stațiunii forestiere și flora indicatoare. experimentale s-au recoltat probe de sol Rezultatele obținute au permis formularea asupra cărora s-au efectuat determinări în concluziilor bazate pe prelucrarea statistică.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Einfluss von Humus auf die Biomasseakkumulation. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die chemischen Eigenschaften durchgeführt Anhäufung von Biomasse in den sowie die Vegetation insgesamt Fichtenwäldern des Cindrel-Gebirges unter aufgenommen wurde. Außerdem wurde eine dem Einfluss des Humustyps. Die Versuche Beschreibung und Bewertung des Bodens wurden im Cindrel-Gebirge und zwar im bezüglich Sättigungsgrad an Basen, pH- Onceşti-Massiv durchgeführt. Dabei wurden Wert, Stickstoffversorgung, Humustyp, zwei Flächen analysiert, die auf gleicher Gehalt an Skelettmaterial und edaphisch Höhe liegen, dieselben klimatischen und nutzbarem Volumen vorgenommen. Die Vegetationsbedingungen, jedoch Bewertung der Bäume wurde mittels der unterschiedliche Böden aufweisen. Die Messung ihres Durchmessers, ihrer Höhe Untersuchung hat zum Ziel eine Beziehung und ihres Qualitätskennwerts vorgenommen. zwischen Humustyp und der von den Andere Beobachtungen betrafen die Bonität Bäumen angehäuften Menge an Biomasse des Forststandortes und seine floristischen zu ermitteln. Auf den Untersuchungsflächen Zeigerarten. Die erzielten Ergebnisse wurden Bodenproben entnommen, wobei ermöglichten Folgerungen, die auf einer dann eine Bestimmung der statistischen Bearbeitung der morphologischen, physikalischen und Erhebungsdaten beruhen.

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INTRODUCTION Spruce forest productivity is largely rates at the soil surface and within the limited by the rate of nutrient release from remaining canopy (Harvey et al., 1994). decomposing organic matter (Van Cleve et In addition to affecting local soil al., 1981), which often increases with higher temperatures, relatively small-scale changes soil temperatures (Van Cleve et al., 1990) in topography can impact the lateral and and varies with landscape position (Van Cleve vertical movements of water, which affect and Yarie, 1986; Van Cleve et al., 1991). soil nutrient transformations and uptake in Soil structure, porosity, and nutrient black spruce forests (Yarie and Van Cleve, capital are attributes of ecosystems least 1983; Grant, 2004). tolerant of actions during or after timber The bioavailability of surface harvest. Harvest can initiate sudden shifts in organics decreases during humification, forest ecosystem dynamics. resulting in compounds that decay by orders Distribution of moisture and solar of magnitude more slowly than fresh litter energy may change radically, altering soil (Aber et al., 1990; Berg and Meentemeyer, and air temperatures and evapotranspiration 2002).

MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted in the each variant three repetitions were made. Cindrel Mountains, Onceşti District, Also, the experiment was monofactorial and presenting two experimental variants: was organized after randomized blocks landscape unit 107C and 114B (Fig. 1). For method.

Figure 1: Map of experimental area.

Soil determinations were made on Quality grades were assessed the main features and vegetation visually, using four quality classes of observations were made on trees’ quality, standing trees as specialized methodology, trunk diameter at 1.30 m height above the the heights were measured using an ground, and trees height. Experimental electronic dendrometer and diameters were surfaces were between one and three measured using a forest caliper. hectares. Total tree inventory was 3,234.

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We determined average height, For statistical data processing we average diameter, diameter of the base area, used the Mann-Whitney (U test), the non- average unit volume, and average tree parametric analysis (Ardelean, 2006). volume. Statistical analysis was done using the The analysis of soil samples were program IBM SPSS Statistics 20. carried out in compliance with specific methodology for soil analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Geomorphological, unit 107C shows average bonity, acid brown soil, edaphic in southern exposure and a slope of 20g; unit middle, with Oxalis-Dentaria, and type of 114B shows northen exposure and a 22g forest Spruce with Oxalis acetosella on slope. skeletal soils. Altitudinal, the two units are located During the growing season between 1,220 m and 1,475 m high. Unit temperatures of over 10°C during the study 107C presented podzolic brown soil type, period were present in 175 days. with very strong acid reaction (pH 3.5-4), The average annual temperature is 6- oligobasic (V%, 12-37%), the edaphic 7oC. The first frosts were reported around medium volume, skeletal soil middle September 21 ‒ October 2011, while the last edaphic volume, with mull-moder type of frosts were felt on April 21 ‒ May 1 2012. humus. In the 114B unit acid brown soil Rainfall regime is characterized by an type is present, with less acid reaction than annual average of approximately 850 mm the podzolic brown soil from landscape unit variable between 650-900 mm. 107C, (pH 4.1-5), that is oligomesobasic The aridity index value is 62.7. (38-51%), with edaphic medium volume, Forest vegetation inventory results and with mull-moder type of humus. The are graphically presented below (Figs. 2 and type of station is mountain spruce stands, 3; Tabs. 1 and 2).

Figure 2: Volume per unit (m2/ha).

Influence of humus on the bioaccumulation of Norway Spruce stand; 7/12 pp. - 9 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

Figure 3: Medium tree volume (m2).

Table 1: Vegetation inventories results for unit 107C. Total Number Sample’s Surface Number No. volume of trees surface (ha) of trees (m2) per ha 0 1 1 2 3 6 1 R1 3 521 981 174 2 R2 1 276 425 276 3 R3 2.5 644 958 278

Table 2: Vegetation inventories results for unit 114B. Total Number Sample’s Surface Number No. volume of trees surface (ha) of trees (m2) per ha 0 1 1 2 3 6 1 R1 2.5 638 944 255 2 R2 1 339 465 339 3 R3 2.5 639 1,432 256

Regarding the influence of the type measurement (Tabs. 3 and 4), using the of humus on the process of accumulation of Mann-Whitney (U test) with the independent biomass, the analysis is nonparametric, the variable type of humus and unitary volume data are from two independent groups of (m3/ha) the dependent variable.

Table 3: Mann-Whitney Test. Humus N Mean Sum of Ranks Rank Unitary 1.00 3 2.67 8.00 volume 2.00 3 4.33 13.00 Total 6

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Table 4: Test Statisticsa. Unitary volume Mann-Whitney U 2.000 Wilcoxon W 8.000 Z -1.091 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 275 Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] 400b

Ranks a. Grouping Variable: Humus. b. Not corrected for ties.

The value of t is -1.091. This P5% (1.96), therefore, the difference between compares with tteor for P5%, P1%, P0.1% at the two types of humus is insignificant. GL = ∞. It follows that tcalc (1.091) < tteor for

CONCLUSIONS Following research that unitary In the two type of soil, podzolic volume (m³/ha) is not directly influenced by brown soil and acid brown soil, forest the type of humus, differences between the formations represented by pure spruce two types of humus (mull-moder humus stands or mixed with beech and silver fir of crude) are insignificant. medium productivity can develop. Differences in bioaccumulation, These types of humus mull-moderr growth in diameter and height are due to or raw humus, did not lead to differences in other factors: exposition, pH, degree of base terms of biomass accumulation. saturation or nitrogen supply (Bratu, 2012).

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author thanks Mrs. Curtean-Bănăduc A., editor of this publication, for her patience and support during the preparation of this article.

REFERENCES Aber J. D., Melillo J. M. and McClaugherty C. A., 1990 – Predicting long-term Bratu I. A., 2009 – Ecological and patterns of mass loss, nitrogen biometrical particularities of birch dynamics, and soil organic matter and poplar in Răşinari District formation from initial fine litter (Transylvania, Romania), Acta chemistry in temperate forest Oecologica Carpatica, Sibiu, ecosystems, Canadian Journal of Curtean-Bănăduc (ed.), 41-48. Botany, 68, 2201-2208. Bratu I. A., Pascanut I. and Pop M. R., 2012 Ardelean M., 2006 – Principii ale – Consideration regarding the soil metodologiei cercetării agronomice influence on the biometric and şi medical veterinare, Academic auxological caracteristics of Norway Pres, Cluj-Napoca, 76-78. (in spruce stand from Cindrel Mountains Romanian) – Răşinari Forest District, 11th Berg B. and Meentemeyer V., 2002 – Litter International Symposium “Prospects quality in a north European transect for the 3rd Millennium Agriculture”, versus carbon storage potential, 2012, ISSN 1843-5254, 97-99. Plant Soil, 242, 83-92.

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Grant R. F., 2004 – Modeling topographic D. C., Shugart H. H. and Botkin D. effects on net ecosystem productivity B. (eds). Springer-Verlag, New of boreal black spruce forests, Tree York. 203-208. Physiology, 24, 1-18. Van Cleve K. and Yarie J., 1986 – Harvey A. E., Geist J. M., McDonald G. I., Interaction of temperature, moisture, Jurgensen M. F., Cochran P. H., and soil chemistry in controlling Zabowski D. and Meurisse R. T., nutrient cycling and cosystem 1994 – Biotic and Abiotic Processes development in the taiga of Alaska, of Eastside Ecosystems: The Effects in Forest ecosystems in the Alaskan of Management on Soil and taiga, Van Cleve K., Chapin F. S., Properties, Processes, and Flanagan P. W., Viereck L. A. and Productivity, U.S. Department of Dyrness C. T. (eds), Springer- agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Verlag, New York, 160-189. Northwest Research Station General Van Cleve K., Oechel W. C. and Hom J. L., Technical Report PNW-GTR, 323. 1990 – Response of black spruce Micu M. O. and Bratu I. A., 2011 – (Picea mariana) ecosystems to soil Pedologie, Edit. Alma Mater, Sibiu. temperature modification in interior (in Romanian) Alaska, Canadian Journal of Forest Spârchez G., Târziu D. R. and Dincă L., Research, 20, 1530-1535. 2011 – Pedologie, Edit. Lux Libris, Van Cleve K., Chapin F. S., Dyrness C. T. Braşov, 232-237. (in Romanian) and Viereck L. A., 1991 – Element Târziu D. R., 2007 – Pedologie şi staţiuni cycling in taiga forests: state factor forestiere, Edit. Lux Libris, Braşov, control, Bioscience, 41, 78-87. 281. (in Romanian) Worrell R. and Malcolm D. C., 1990 – Van Cleve K. and Viereck L. A., 1981 – Productivity of Sitka Spruce in Forest succession in relation to Northern Britain, 1, The effects of nutrient cycling in boreal forest of Elevation and Climate, Forestry, 63, Alaska, in Forest succession, West 2, 105-118.

AUTHOR:

1 Iulian Alexandru BRATU [email protected]

Octavian Goga Street 1687, Răşinari District, Răşinari, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550200.

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DIPLOIDY INDICES IN THE PLANT ASSOCIATIONS FROM THE NATURA 2000 SITE SIGHIŞOARA ‒ TÂRNAVA MARE (TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA)

Silvia OROIAN 1

KEYWORDS: diploidy indices, Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare site, plant associations.

ABSTRACT The habitats identified in the 46.29% are polyploid, and 2.40% are diplo- Sighișoara-Târnava Mare Natura 2000 site polyploid. For the remaining 2.01%, the are outstanding for their rich flora and are authors lack caryological information. The important for the conservation of plant and diploid-polyploid species ratio calculated for animal diversity, some being recognised as the overall vascular flora is 1.11. The key habitats for the preservation of highest frequencies of polyploids were European biodiversity. Following the encountered in unbalanced biotopes and the present study, 43 vegetal associations were most reduced polyploid frequences were identified; grouped in 30 alliances, one sub- encountered in climactic associations. alliance, 18 orders and 13 classes. The Generally, the diploidy indices for the authors present the distribution of diploids associations present in the studied territory and polyploids in order to estimate diploidy have similar values to the indices for Central indices, calculated according to the Pignatti Europe. These values remain similar to equation and based on the ratio established those of the associations identified in other between the sum of diploid species and the Transylvanian areas, Mureș Gorges and sum of polyploid species. From the total 897 Gurghiului Valley, as well as to those found vegetal taxa identified within the Sighișoara in the wetlands of north-western Romania. ‒ Târnava Mare site, 51.32% are diploid,

REZUMAT: Indici de diploidie în asociaţiile vegetale din situl Natura 2000 Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare (Transilvania, România). Habitatele identificate în situl Natura 46,29% sunt poliploizi, 2,40% sunt diplo- 2000, Sighişoara-Târnava Mare se remarcă poliploizi, iar pentru 2,01% nu am dispus de printr-o mare bogăţie floristică, importante informaţii cariologice. Valoarea raportului pentru conservarea diversităţii plantelor şi dintre speciile diploide şi cele poliploide animalelor, unele dintre ele fiind calculat pentru ansamblul florei vasculare recunoscute ca habitate cheie pentru este de 1,11. Cele mai ridicate frecvenţe ale menţinerea biodiversităţii la nivel european. poliploizilor au fost întâlnite în cazul În urma studiului efectuat, au fost biotopurilor destabilizate, iar cele mai identificate 43 de asociaţii vegetale, grupate reduse frecvenţe în cazul asociaţiilor aflate în 30 alianţe, o subalianţă, 18 ordine şi 13 în stadiu de climax. În ansamblul lor, indicii clase. Am redat distribuţia diploizilor şi de diploidie ai asociaţiilor din teritoriul poliploizilor, în vederea estimării indicilor cercetat corespund cu valorile indicilor de diploidie, calculaţi după formula lui similare din Europa centrală. Valorile Pignatti, bazaţi pe stabilirea raportului dintre acestor indici rămân similare cu cele ale suma prezenţei speciilor diploide şi a celor asociaţiilor identificate în alte zone ale poliploide. Din totalul celor 897 taxoni Transilvaniei: Defileul Mureşului, Valea vegetali, identificaţi în situl Sighişoara ‒ Gurghiului, dar şi cele din zonele umede din Târnava Mare, 51,32% sunt diploizi, nord-vestul României.

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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Diploidie-Indices der Pflanzengesellschaften im Natura 2000- Gebiet “Sighişoara/Schässburg-Târnava Mare/Große Kokel”. Die im Natura 2000-Gebiet ‒ Târnava Mare festgestellt wurden, sind “Sighişoara/Schässburg-Târnava Mare/ 51,32% diploid, 46,29% polyploid und Große Kokel” festgestellten Habitate 2,40% diplo-polyploid, während für 2,01% zeichnen sich durch einen hohen Reichtum der Taxa keine karyologischen an Pflanzenarten aus, die für die Bewahrung Informationen zur Verfügung standen. Der der Diversität der Pflanzen und Tiere von Wert des Verhältnisses zwischen den großer Bedeutung sind. Einige dieser diploiden und den polyploiden Arten, der für Lebensraumtypen sind als Schlüsselhabitate die gesamte Gefässpflanzenflora errechnet für die Bewahrung der Biodiversität auf wurde, beläuft sich auf 1,11. Die höchsten europäischer Ebene anerkannt worden. Auf Vorkommen der Polyploiden wurden in den Grund der durchgeführten Untersuchungen gestörten Biotopen bzw. Gesellschaften wurden 43 Pflanzengesellschaften aus 30 festgestellt, die geringsten Vorkommen Verbänden, einem Unterverband, 18 jedoch im Falle der Klimax-Gesellschaften. Ordnungen und 13 Klassen identifiziert. In ihrer Gesamtheit entsprechen die Dabei wird im Hinblick auf die Auswertung Diploidie-Indices der Pflanzengesellschaften der Diploidie-Indices, auf die Verteilung der im untersuchten Gebiet den Werten diploiden und der polyploiden Arten ähnlicher Indices im zentraleuropäischen eingegangen, die nach der Formel von Raum. Die Werte der Indices sind jenen in Pignatti, berechnet wurden. Diese nimmt anderen Gebieten Siebenbürgens Bezug auf das Verhältnis zwischen der untersuchten Pflanzengesellschaften ähnlich, Summe der vorhandenen diploiden und der wie jenen in der Mureş/Mieresch-Enge und polyploiden Arten. Von der Gesamtzahl von im Gurghiu-Tal, aber auch jenen der 897 Pflanzentaxa, die im Gebiet Sighişoara Feuchtgebiete im Nordwesten Rumäniens. INTRODUCTION Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare (Fig. 1) three counties: Braşov, Mureş and Sibiu is located in the geographical center of the (Tab. 1). This site has a surface area of country, in Southern Transylvania and 97,000 hectares, making it the largest site in contains 27 cities and towns that belong to the continental region (of Romania).

Figure 1: Map of the Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare Natura 2000 site.

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Table: 1 Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare site localities where the research was conducted. County Communes Villages Criţ Meşendorf Buneşti Braşov Roadeş Viscri Rupea Fişer Valea Albeştiului Albeşti Şapartoc Daia Apold Şaeş Vulcan Mureş Criş Daneş Stejăreni Cloaşterf Saschiz Mihai Viteazu Vânători Mureni Richiş Biertan Copşa Mare Retiş Brădeni Ţeline Movile Netuş Sibiu Iacobeni Noiştat Stejăriş Floreşti Mălâncrav Laslea Nou Săsesc Roandola

The flora found in the Natura 2000 This area is remarkable due to the Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare site is large number of plant species, many of these characteristic of the hilly regions in our species are protected nationally and country with diversity correlated to the internationally, due to the numerous habitat height of the hills, the narrow valleys, wavy types that are included in the Natura 2000. land, asymmetrical sides due to land slides, The floristic inventory includes 858 plant and terraced valleys and riversides. A part of taxa, 839 plant species, 15 subspecies, and this area is Podişul Vânătorilor, a flat area four varieties. We want to mention that the with slightly unleveled terrain reaching area of this research project is about 550 m in height, only rarely reaching approximatelly 24.51% of the Romanian 700 m, the region actually being part of flora (3,500 species, as presented in RPR Podişul Hârtibaciului from the south. The and RSR Romanian Flora). Considering the terrain of the Podişul Hârtibaciului region is number of the plant taxa present on this land also dominated by asymmetrical, tall hills, surface that is only about 0.04% of the and wide valleys, marshy at the bottom. Romania’s entire land surface; this area has There are two large rivers passing through aproximately a quarter of the plant species the Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare site: found in our country, which allows us to Hârtibaciu in the middle and Târnava Mare consider this Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare to the North. site, a site of great floristic diversity (Oroian, 2009).

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MATERIALS AND METHODS For this research we used phytosocial identification was carried out on the basis of research methods according to the Central- the most recent works on vegetation European School, based on the principles classification at the European level developed by J. Braun-Blanquet (1926) and (Grabherr et al., 1993; Mucina et al., 1993). modified by Borza (1934) to the special For the detailed inventory of the plant properties of the plant cover in our country. associations floristics research was The method of naming the plant associations performed (ecological behaviour was was done in accordance with the regulations analyzed by using ecological indicators established by the Phytosocial Code of U, T, R, biomorphology, floristics, Nomenclature (Barkman et al., 1981). While karyotype, etc.). For describing the plant for describing the plant associations we used make-up we used hydroseries criteria, the methods suggested by Borza and starting with the Lemnetea Class, and Boşcaiu (1965) and Cristea et al. (2004), continuing with the riverside (palustrine) as well as the basic knowledge of and marshy plant associations, followed phytosiology according to Gehu J. M. and by hydrophytic meadows, and then Rivas-Martinez S. (1981). Syntaxonomic xerophitic meadows.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As a result of this study we identified well as for phytohistorical interpretations. 43 plant associations, included in 30 For the purpose of this research the alliances, one suballiance, 18 orders and 13 chromosomal numbers of the various classes (Oroian, 2009). The plant species was considered according to many associations were analyzed from an authors (Tarnavschi, 1948; Fedorov, 1969; ecological and corological level (regarding Löve and Löve, 1961, 1974; Májovsky et the geographical distribution of plants), the al., 1987; Kuzmanov, 1993). floristical composition, as well as From the total 897 plant taxons cytotaxonomically. We assessed the identified in the Sighişoara ‒ Târnava Mare distribution of the diploid and the polyploid site, 51.32% are diploid, 46.29% are species, in order to estimate the indices of polyploid, 2.4% are diplo-polyploid, and for diploidy as calculated by the Pignatti’s 2.01% we have no karyotype information. formula; by calculating the proportion of The proportion between the diploid versus diploid versus the polyploid species. polypoid species as calculated for the The general make-up of the vascular flora is 1.11. In the cases where we Sighişoara-Târnava Mare site’s vegetation is did not have that information for the determined by the past and present physical Romanian native flora, as much as possible, and geographical conditions, the origin of we refered to the number of chromosomes the diverse floristics elements, and the as established for a territory as close as modifications induced by the presence of the possible to our country. While calculating anthropogenic and zoogenic factors that had the Pignatti’s diploidy index, we excluded a strong influence on the vegetation make- the diplopolypoid species, as these have a up by changing natural habitats inhabited by variable karyological status, sometimes in the native flora with cultivated agricultural the same population one can find together species. The area included in this study has a the diploid as well as tetra- and polyploid variety of habitats, spread from 375 to 700 species. m altitude, with well preserved forests and The flora in the studied site includes diverse herbaceous vegetation. the representative number of old, diploid The karyotype information regarding species. These species ensure the genetic the components of the various plant potential for a favorable future plant associations are of interest both from a evolution. The increased frequency of the phytogeographical causation stand point, as polypoids is due to their increased ability of

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phytosocial competition. The diploid species By comparing the diploidy indexes ensure an increased resistence of the species of the analyzed plant associations [Sig-T- to the ecological extremes, because they are M.], with the ones from the Mureş River the pioneer species that populated this area valley between Topliţa and Deda (Oroian, during the postglacial period. The highest 1998) [Def.], Valea Gurghiului proportions of polypoids were found in (Sămărghiţan, 2005) [V. Gur.] and the unbalanced biomes, while the lowest were hydrophytic areas in north-western located in associations that were in the Romania (Burescu, 2003) [N-V Ro], we ecological climax. conclude that our data have comparable The cytological studies show that, values. the frequency of polypoids increases with In the case of the plant associations the altitude. For this reason, it is of of stagnant waters with short vegetation particular importance to calculate Pignatti’s at the edge of the ponds, depleted of diploidy index (Pignatti, 1960, 1961, 1966, nutrients that is even more intense during 1982), starting with the ratio between the the periods of periodical drying up of diploid species (ΣD) and the polyploid these ponds, the indexes remain below one species (ΣP) from the flora of a particular (Tab. 2). region (Boşcaiu, 1971; Voik, 1975).

Table 2: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class ISOETO- NANOJUNCETEA Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943. Total Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. Association no. of karyotype No. of No. of Sig- N-V % % sp. (%) sp. sp. T-M. Ro Cyperetum 18 94.45 4 22.22 13 72.22 0.307 0.798 flavescenti

The index values remain below one also in the case of the aquatic and palustrine wetland vegetation (Tabs. 3 and 4).

Table 3: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class LEMNETEA de Bolós and Masclans 1955. Diploids Polyploids D. I. Total Know No. No. Association no. of karyotype Sig- V. N-V of % of % Def. sp. (%) T-M Gur. Ro sp. sp. Lemnetum 14 92.85 6 42.85 7 50 0.857 0.749 0.85 0.562 minoris

Table 4: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class POTAMETEA R.Tx. ex Prsg. 1942. Total Diploids Polyploids D. I. Know no. No. No. Association karyotype Sig- V. N-V of of % of % (%) T-M Gur. Ro sp. sp. sp. Ranunculo trichophylli- 25 92 9 36 14 56 0.642 0.857 - Callitrichetum cophocarpae

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Table 4 (continuing): Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class POTAMETEA R.Tx. ex Prsg. 1942. Potametum 20 100 7 35 13 65 0.538 - 0.162 natantis Potamo perfoliati- Ranun- 14 92.84 3 21.42 10 71.42 0.299 - - culetum circinati

The smallest diploidy index numbers were found in the newest associations, due to the increased phytosocial competition advantage of the polypoid species (Tab. 5).

Table 5: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class PHRAGMITETEA Tx. et Prsg. 1942. Total Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. no. karyo- No. No. Association Sig- V. N-V of type of % of % Def. T-M Gur. Ro sp. (%) sp. sp. Scirpo- Phragmitetum 129 93.74 54 42.18 66 51.56 0.818 0.591 0.528 0.545 vulgaris Typhetum 37 91.89 13 35.13 21 56.75 0.619 0.486 0.683 0.374 latifoliae Glycerietum 47 89.35 14 29.78 28 59.57 0.499 0.406 0.38 0.483 aquaticae Sparganietum 23 86.94 5 21.73 15 65.21 0.333 - - 0.333 erecti Eleocharitetum 24 91.66 7 29.16 15 62.5 0.466 - - 0.431 palustris

The diploidy index is below one in the case of the associations from the Molinio- Arrhenatheretea class R.Tx. 1937 em R.Tx. 1970 that have also recently developed secondary succesion associations (Tab. 6).

Table 6: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class MOLINIO- ARRHENATHERETEA R. Tx. 1937 em. R. Tx. 1970. Total Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. no. karyo- No. No. Association Sig-T- V. N-V of type of % of % Def. M Gur. Ro sp. (%) sp. sp. Angelico- Cirsietum 19 94.73 8 42.10 10 52.63 0.799 - - - oleracei Scirpetum 50 88 13 26 31 62 0.419 0.408 0.450 0.399 sylvatici Ranunculeto strigulosi- 32 90.62 11 34.37 18 56.25 0.611 - - 0.590 Equisetetum palustris

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Table 6 (continuing): Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA R. Tx. 1937 em. R. Tx. 1970. Junco inflexi- menthetum 21 85.71 6 28.57 12 57.14 0.5 0.738 0.270 0.703 longifoliae Epilobio palustri- 83 92.77 27 32.53 50 60.24 0.540 - - 0.695 Juncetum effusi Holcetum 66 90.9 25 37.87 35 53.03 0.714 - - - lanati Agrostetum 202 85.15 99 36.15 73 49 0.737 0.735 - 0.631 stoloniferae Filipendulo- Geranietum 33 90.9 9 27.27 21 63.63 0.428 - 0.597 - palustris Agrostio- Deschampsietum 121 84.3 47 38.84 55 45.46 0.854 - 0.513 - caespitosae Cirsio cani- Festucetum 124 89.76 61 48.03 53 41.73 1.150 - 0.789 - pratensis Arrhenatheretum 212 92.45 - 44.81 - 47.64 0.940 - 0.817 - elatioris Trisetetum 101 96.03 50 49.50 47 46.53 1.063 - - - flavescentis Anthoxantho- 94 86.16 39 41.48 42 44.68 0.928 - - - Agrostetum tenuis Festuco rubrae- Agrostietum 164 87.19 78 47.56 65 39.63 1.200 1.082 0.962 - capillaris

The associations from the Festuco-Brometea class Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. ex Klika and Hadač 1944, that are in balance for a longer period of time, have diploidy indexes higher than one (Tab. 7).

Table 7: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class FESTUCO- BROMETEA Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. ex Klika and Hadač 1944. Total Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. Association no. of karyotype No. of No. of Sig-T- V. % % sp. (%) sp. sp. M Gur. Rhinantho rumelici- 196 8.98 91 46.43 85 43.37 1.070 - Brometum erecti Brachypodio pinnati- 195 83.08 87 44.62 75 38.46 1.160 - Festucetum rupicolae

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Table 7 (continuing): Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. ex Klika and Hadač 1944. Danthonio- Brachypodietum 151 88.73 72 47.68 62 41.05 1.161 1.238 pinnati Polygalo majoris- 164 85.48 86 52.55 54 32.93 1.59 0.898 Brachypodietum pinnati Medicagini minimae- 199 86.93 96 48.24 77 38.69 1.246 1.075 Festucetum valesiacae Elytrigetum 119 84.88 55 46.22 46 38.66 1.195 - hispidi Thymio pannonici- 97 94.84 45 46.39 47 48.45 0.957 - Chrysopogo- netum grylli Festuco rupicolae- 105 80.95 49 46.66 36 34.29 1.360 - Caricetum humilis Botriochloetum 107 86.92 54 50.47 39 36.45 1.384 - ischaemi Carici humilis- 58 87.93 29 50 22 37.93 1.318 - Stipetum joannis Stipetum 126 75.4 50 39.68 45 35.71 1.111 - capillatae

The anthropic associations from the Bidentetea class Tx., Lohm., and Prsg., 1950, on muddy shores, as well as the ones in the Artemisietea Lohmeyer et al. in R. Tx. 1950 and Secalietea Br.-Bl. 1951 classes, also have the diploidy indexes below one (Tabs. 8, 9 and 10).

Table 8: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class BIDENTETEA TRIPARTITI Tx., Lohm., et Prsg. 1950. Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. Total karyo- No. No. Association no. of Sig-T- V. N-V type of % of % sp. M Gur. Ro (%) sp. sp. Bidenti- Polygonetum 15 86.66 4 26.66 9 60 0.444 0.490 0.612 hydropiperis

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Table 9: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class ARTEMISIETEA Lohmeyer et al. in R. Tx. 1950. Total Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. no. karyo- No. No. Association V. of type of % of % Sig-T-M Gur. sp. (%) sp. sp. Conietum 37 97.29 12 32.43 24 64.86 0.5 0.494 maculati

Tabel 10: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class SECALIETEA Br.-Bl. 1951. Total Know Polyploids D. I. Diploids no. karyo- Association of type Sig-T-M No. of sp. % No. of sp. % sp. (%) Spergulo- Aperetum spica- 29 96.54 16 55.17 12 41.37 1.333 venti

The associations with Salix alba have the diploidy index of 1.270 due to the consistent presence of more diploids (Tab. 11).

Table 11: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class SALICETEA PURPUREAE Moor 1958. Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. Total karyot Association no. of No. of No. of Sig-T- V. ype % % sp. sp. sp. M Gur. (%) Salicetum 90 93.33 47 52.22 37 41.11 1.270 0.849 albae

The diploidy indexes for the association from the Alnetea glutinosae class Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. ex Westhoff et al., 1946 as well as for the ones from the Rhamno-Prunetea class Rivas Goday and Borja Carbonell, 1961, that contains shrubby associations, are values that are under one (Tabs. 12 and 13).

Table 12: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class ALNETEA GLUTINOSAE Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. ex Westhoff et al. 1946. Total Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. Association no. of karyotype No. of No. of Sig-T- V. % % sp. (%) sp. sp. M Gur. Calamagrostio- Salicetum 69 92.74 30 43.47 34 49.27 0.882 0.812 cinereae

Diploidy indices in plant associations of Sighișoara-Târnava Mare site: 13/24 pp. - 21 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

Table 13: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class RHAMNO- PRUNETEA Rivas Goday and Borja Carbonell 1961. Total Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. Association no. of karyotype No. of No. of Sig-T- V. % % sp. (%) sp. sp. M Gur. Pruno spinosae- 150 88.67 83 55.34 50 33.33 1.660 1.333 Crataegetum Euonymo- Prunetum 20 95 9 45 10 50 0.9 - spinosae

The most important forests, from the well balanced and their indexes of diploidy Querco-Fagetea class Br.-Bl. and Vlieger are above one (Tab. 14). 1937 are found in the ecological climax, are

Table 14: Diploidy indexes of the plant associations from the class QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. and Vlieger 1937. Total Know Diploids Polyploids D. I. Association no. of karyoty No. No. Sig- V. % % sp. pe (%) of sp. of sp. T-M Gur. Dentario bulbiferae- 86 98.83 48 55.81 37 43.02 1.297 1.373 Quercetum petraeae Corno-Quercetum 41 95 24 58.53 15 36.58 1.6 - pubescentis

CONCLUSIONS Overall, the diploidy indexes of the of Transylvania (Mureş River gorge, analyzed plant associations are very similar Gurghiul River valley, as well as the ones with diploidy indexes found in Central calculated for plant associations in other Europe. These values are also similar to the hydrophytic regions of the north-western diploidy indexes values found in other areas Romania).

REFERENCES Barkman J. J., Moravec J. and Rauschert S., Braun-Blanquet J. and Pavillard J, 1928 – 1981 – Code der pflanzen- Vocabulaire de Sociologie Végétale, soziologischen Nomenklatur, Edition 3, Imprimerie Lemaire- Vegetatio, Upsala, 67, 3, 145-195. Andres. (in French) (in German) Burescu P., 2003 – Flora şi vegetaţia zonelor Borza A. and Boşcaiu N., 1965 – umede din nord-vestul României, Introducere în studiul covorului Edit. Academiei Române, Bucureşti. vegetal, Edit. Academiei R. P. R., (in Romanian) Bucureşti, 340. (in Romanian) Cristea V., Gafta D. and Pedrotti F., 2004 – Boşcaiu N., 1971 – Flora şi vegetaţia Fitosociologie, Edit. Presa munţilor Ţarcu, Godeanu şi Cernei, Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca. Edit. Acad. R. S. R., Bucureşti. (in (in Romanian) Romanian) Fedorov A., 1969 – Hromosomnîie cisla tvetcovîh rastenii, Nauca, Leningrad. (in Russian)

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Géhu J. M. and Rivas-Martinez S., 1981 – Oroian S., 1998 – Flora şi vegetaţia Notions fondamentales de Defileului Mureşului între Topliţa şi Phytosociologie, Ber. Intern. Deda, Casa de Editură Mureş. (in Symposion Syntaxonomie in Rinteln, Romanian) 1-33, 1981. Oroian S., 2009 – Flora şi vegetaţia satelor Grabherr G. and Mucina L., 1993 – Die săseşti din sud-estul Transilvaniei, Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Edit. University Press, Târgu-Mureş. Teil II, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag (in German) Jena, Stuttgart, New York. (in Pignatti S., 1960 – Il significato delle specie German) poliploidi nelle associazioni vegetali, Kuzmanov B., 1993 – Khromozome Alti Inst.Veneto di Sc., Lett. Arti, numbers of Bulgarien Angiosperms: 118, 75-98. (in German) an introduction to a khromozome Pignatti S, 1961 – Die Bedeutung der atlas of the Bulgarien flora, Flora Polyploidie in den Pflanzen- Mediterranee, 3, 19-163. gesellschaften, Mitteilungen der Löve A. and Löve D., 1961 – Chromosome ostalpin-dinarischen pflanzen- numbers of central and northwest soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, European plant species, Opera 1, 57-62. (in German) botanica, V, a Societate botanica Pignatti S., 1966 – Polyploidie-Verhältnisse der lundensi in suplimentum seriei anthropogenen Pflanzengesellschaften “Botaniska notiser”, 1-581. und Vegetationsserien, Löve A. and Löve D., 1974 – Anthropogene Vegetationi, 108-120. Cytotaxonomical Atlas of the (in German) Slovenian Flora, Verlag von Cramer Pignatti S., 1982 – Flora d’Italia, I-III, J., Leutershausen. Edagricole Bologna. Májovsky J. and Murin A., 1987 – Sămărghiţan M, 2005 – Flora şi vegetaţia Karyotaxonomicky prehl’ad flóry Văii Gurghiului, Edit. University Slovenska, Veda vydavatel’stvo, Press, Târgu-Mureş. (in Romanian) Slovenskaj Académie Vied, Tarnavschi I., 1948 – Die Bratislava. (in Slovenian) Chromosomenzahlen der Mucina L., Grabherr G. and Ellmauer T., Antophyten-Flora von Rumänien mit 1993 – Die Pflanzengesellschaften einem Ausblick auf das Polyploidie- Österreich, Teil I, VEB Gustav Problem, Buletinul Grădinii Botanice Fischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, New Cluj, XXVII, supl. 1, Cluj, 1-130. (in York. (in German) German) Mucina L, Grabherr G. and Wallnöfer S., Voik W., 1975 – Contribuţii la studiul 1993 – Die Österreichs, Teil III, indicilor de diploidie ai asociaţiilor VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, vegetale din Valea Şerbotei (Munţii Stuttgart, New York. (in German) Făgăraşului), Studii şi Comunicări de Ştiințe Naturale, 19, 121-125. (in German)

Diploidy indices in plant associations of Sighișoara-Târnava Mare site: 13/24 pp. - 23 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

AUTHOR:

1 Silvia OROIAN [email protected]

University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu-Mureş, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology Department, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 38, Mureş County, Romania, RO-540139.

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THE MAPPING OF THE BABADAG PLATEAU VEGETATION USING FREE GIS DATA

Valentin PANAIT 1 and Marcela TONE 2

KEYWORDS: Romania, Dobrogea, Babadag Plateau, vegetation mapping.

ABSTRACT This paper examined elements 70). All these data were correlated against related to the mapping of the main each other in order to obtain an image as vegetation types based on free GIS data, close as possible to the real spatial which is a long-held ambition of mine. For distribution of the different types of this, we considered several types of raster vegetation, especially of plant communities. data (satellite imagery, scanned maps, But, to achieve a clear image of the real satellite maps, etc.) and vector (CORINE situation of the spatial distribution of Land Cover, Contour maps by D. E. M. and vegetation, and of the limits of this approach ETOPO2 processing, Relief units map, to vegetation mapping, the GIS data were European Union soil map according to compared with data obtained through field SOTER, etc.). All of these are georeferenced studies. in the Stereographic system 1970 (Stereo

REZUMAT: Cartarea vegetaţiei din cadrul Podişului Babadag folosind date SIG gratuite. Elementele, ce vizează cartarea toate fiind georeferenţiate în sistem vegetaţiei, abordate în acestă lucrare, Stereografic 1970 (Stereo 70). Toate aceste reprezintă o dorinţă mai veche de a mea, de date au fost corelate între ele, pentru a a utiliza date GIS/SIG disponibile gratuit genera o imagine cât mai apropiată de cea pentru delimitarea suprafeţelor de teren reală a distribuţiei spaţiale a diferitelor tipuri ocupate de diferite tipuri principale de de vegetaţie în general şi a asociaţiilor vegetaţie. Pentru acesta, am avut în vedere vegetale în special. Aceste date au fost mai multe tipuri de date raster (imagini comparate cu cele obţinute, prin studii de satelitare, hărţi scanate, hărţi satelitare, etc.) teren, astfel să trasăm o imagine clară asupra şi vectoriale (CORINE Land Cover, Harta situaţiei reale a distribuţiei spaţiale a curbelor de nivel ‒ prelucrare după D. E. M. vegetaţiei, cât şi a limitelor acestui mod de a și ETOPO2, Harta unităţilor de relief, Harta aborda cartarea vegetaţiei. solurilor Uniunii Europene cf. SOTER, etc.),

RÉSUMÉ: Cartographie de la végétation du plateau Babadag à l’aide de données SIG libres. Ce document aborde la cartographie système stéréographique 1970 (Stereo 70). des principaux types de végétation avec Toutes ces données sont corrélées entre elles l’utilisation des données SIG disponibles pour générer une image proche de la gratuitement, un projet ambitieux et distribution spatiale réelle des différents souhaités depuis longtemps. Pour cela, nous types de végétation et des associations avons considéré plusieurs types de données végétales en particulier. Afin d’obtenir une raster (images satellites, cartes numérisées, image clair de la situation réelle de la des cartes satellites, etc.) et vecteurs répartition spatiale de la végétation ainsi que (CORINE Land Cover, la carte des courbes les limites de ce mode de représentation de de niveau ‒ traitement après D. E. M. et la végétation, les données SIG ont été ETOPO2, la carte des unités de relief, la comparées à celles obtenues par le biais des carte des sols de l’UE selon SOTER, etc.), études sur le terrain. qui sont toutes géoréférencées dans le

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INTRODUCTION The goal of this paper was to show other land-cover occurring within the studied how to achieve an updated vegetation map area. In order to achieve all of these based on the vectorial thematic layer of the objectives, the data resulting from analysis CORINE Land Cover (CLC) map and other of digital spatial distribution of vegetation types of thematic maps (geologic maps, will be correlated with those obtained by hypsometric maps, soil maps, etc.) that could studies in the field. be used to define the distribution of Finally, the importance of this vegetation, as well as plant communities on approach is justified by the ability to use the Babadag Plateau. The objective of the data obtained from analysis of the analysis of the spatial distribution of spatial distribution of vegetation in the vegetation is to produce standardized maps landscape planning and habitats and associated data sets of vegetation and conservation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS The necessary stages to achieve this - Relief Map Units (shapefiles format) paper were as follows: provided by geo-spatial.org - obtaining the thematic cartographic (earth.unibuc.ro); materials and satellite imagery in digital - Attribute maps (scale 1:1000000) derived format; from the European Soil Database v2 - obtaining data from field studies in (Google Earth files format) made by different points of Babadag Plateau; European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) and - correlation of GIS data with those provided through European Soil Portal obtained from field studies. (eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu); Within this paper, a large amount of - CORINE Land Cover maps (shapefiles digital data obtained from different sources format) accomplished by European has been used in order to achieve a clearer Environment Agency at scale 1:100000 image of the real spatial distribution of the in 2006 (www.eea.europa.eu). different types of vegetation. Firstly, the data processing was The digital data (these are not achieved by converting the data from the available for commercial purposes in many WGS84 at Stereo 70 projection system. cases) came from different sources, as Then, the data was loaded as thematic layers follows: in Quantum GIS application and analyzed - Romanian Geological Map scale afterwards. 1:200000, sheets: Focșani (L-35-XXII), The field studies were performed by Brăila (L-35-XXVIII), Tulcea (L-35- Marcela Tone in the year 2009, in order to XXIX), Sulina (L-35-XXX), Călărași (L- achieve the data for her diploma paper. Sites 35-XXXIV), Constanța (L-35-XXXV), were positioned in the woods near localities Mangalia (K-35-V), published by the Cârjelari, Fântâna Mare, Ciucurova, Slava Geological Institute of Romania and Rusă, Visterna, Enisala, Babadag, Slava provided in digital format by geo- Cercheză, Atmagea, Nicolae Bălcescu, spatial.org (earth.unibuc.ro); Horia, General Praporgescu, as well as in the - ASTER GDEM Ver2 produced by following protected areas: Pădurea Babadag METI and NASA in cooperation with – Codru, Uspenia, Dealul Bujorilor, Vârful the Japan-US ASTER Science Team Secaru, Muchiile Cernei – Iaila and Valea and available in several tiles on Ostrovului. the website of the last ones The plant associations were identified (www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp); by the study on itinerary method.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Babadag Plateau is located in the In the first stage, we achieved a south-western part of the northern correlation between geological aspects and Dobrogea. This is situated between CORINE Land Cover classes (Fig. 1). Dobrogea Central Massif (Casimcei Plateau) Within this area are predominantly Turonian in south-west, the Măcin Unity (along the calcareous sandstones and limestones, river Taiţa) in the north and the Niculiṭel and Coniacian marls and limestone, as well as Tulcea units in the east. This area has a hilly Quaternary loess deposits, which are the relief with small heights. (Ionesi, 1994) parent soil cover material.

Figure 1: Overlapping of the land coverage classes over geological map (the vegetation classes appear hatched).

In the next stage, the CORINE Land plicatae ‒ Tilietum tomentosae, classes were laid over a modeling relief map Nectaroscordo ‒ Tilietum tomentosae, (according to ASTER GDEM Ver2) to Fraxino orni ‒ Quercetum dalechampii, which the contour lines were added of ten to Fraxino orni ‒ Quercetum dalechampii, ten meters (Fig. 2). Paeonio peregrinae ‒ Carpinetum Finally, was followed way in which orientalis, Galio dasypodi ‒ Quercetum land cover classes are correlated with soil pubescentis, Querco pedunculiflorae ‒ classes (Figs. 3 and 4) that have been Tilietum tomentosae, Violo suavis ‒ determined in accordance with World Quercetum pedunculiflorae, Carici ‒ Reference Base for Soil Resources ‒ 1998 Quercetum frainetto, Tilio tomentosae ‒ (WRB-SR, 1998). Carpinetum betuli. Within Babadag Plateau the forest All these data were gathered in a areas are common, because of this the data synthetic table (Tab. 1) designed to correlate mapping was analyzed using data collected these data with the Romanian Soil in these areas. Within the sites used for the Taxonomy System (Florea and Munteanu, study (Fig. 5) the most common plant 2003) and data related to plant associations associations identified were the following: of the study “The habitats of Romania” Cotino ‒ Quercetum pubescentis, Galantho (Doniţă et al., 2005).

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Figure 2: Overlapping of the land coverage classes over modeling relief map (with pseudo colors) and the contour lines of ten to ten meters on top (the vegetation classes appear hatched).

Figure 3: Overlapping of the land coverage classes over soils map (with soil WRB-SR type: Chernozem, Kastanozem, Phaeozem, Leptosol) and the contour lines of ten to ten meters on top (the vegetation classes appear hatched).

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Figure 4: Overlapping of the land coverage classes with CORINE Land Cover codes over soils map (with soil WRB-SR type: Chernozem, Kastanozem, Phaeozem and Leptosol) and the contour lines of ten to ten meters on top (the vegetation classes appear hatched).

Figure 5: Overlapping of the land coverage classes over soils map (with soil WRB-SR type: Chernozem, Kastanozem, Phaeozem and Leptosol), as well as the contour lines (ten to ten meters) and the studied sites on top (the vegetation classes appear hatched).

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Table 1: Correlation of the environmental factors with CORINE Land Cover classes and types of plant associations from the studied areas. Soil Soil CORINE CORINE Plant Lithology Relief (WRB-SR (SRTS ‒ Land Cover Land Cover associations 1998) 2003) (code) (label 3) studied limestone sloping Leptosol, Rendzin, Pastures 231 land Phaeozem Faeoziom limestone sloping Leptosol, Rendzin Complex land Chernozem 242 cultivation patterns loess slightly Chernozem Cernoziom Complex sloping cultivation land, 242 patterns level ground limestone sloping Leptosol, Rendzin, Land principally land Phaeozem Faeoziom occupied by agriculture, with 243 significant areas of natural vegetation limestone, sloping Chernozem, Cernoziom, Land principally loess land, Kastanozem Kastanoziom occupied by level agriculture, with 243 ground significant areas of natural vegetation limestone steep Leptosol Rendzin, Broad-leaved Cotino ‒ terrain Litosol 311 forest Quercetum pubescentis limestone steep Leptosol Rendzin Broad-leaved Galantho terrain forest plicatae ‒ 311 Tilietum tomentosae limestone sloping Leptosol, Rendzin, Broad-leaved Nectaroscordo ‒ land Phaeozem Faeoziom 311 forest Tilietum tomentosae limestone, sloping Leptosol, Rendzin, Broad-leaved Fraxino orni ‒ loess land Phaeozem Faeoziom 311 forest Quercetum dalechampii limestone tableland Phaeozem, Cernoziom, Broad-leaved Fraxino orni ‒ Chernozem Faeoziom 311 forest Quercetum dalechampii limestone, slightly Leptosol, Rendzin, Broad-leaved Paeonio loess sloping Phaeozem Faeoziom forest peregrinae ‒ land 311 Carpinetum orientalis

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Table 1 (continuing): Correlation of the environmental factors with CORINE Land Cover classes and types of plant associations from the studied areas.

limestone sloping Leptosol, Rendzin, Broad- Galio dasypodi ‒ land Phaeozem Faeoziom 311 leaved forest Quercetum pubescentis loess slightly Phaeozem Faeoziom Broad- Querco sloping leaved forest pedunculiflorae ‒ 311 land Tilietum tomentosae loess slightly Phaeozem Rendzin, Broad- Violo suavis ‒ sloping Faeoziom 311 leaved forest Quercetum land pedunculiflorae loess slightly Luvisol Luvosol Broad- Carici ‒ sloping 311 leaved forest Quercetum land, frainetto loess slightly Eutricambosol Broad- Tilio tomentosae sloping 311 leaved forest ‒ Carpinetum land betuli green sloping Chernozem Cernoziom Coniferous 312 schists land forest green sloping Chernozem Cernoziom Mixed forest 313 schists land limestone sloping Leptosol, Rendzin, Natural 321 land Phaeozem Faeoziom grasslands loess slightly Chernozem, Cernoziom, Natural sloping Phaeozem Faeoziom 321 grasslands land

loess level Chernozem Cernoziom Natural ground 321 grasslands

limestone sloping Leptosol, Rendzin, Transitional land Phaeozem Faeoziom 324 woodland- shrub limestone, slightly Leptosol, Rendzin, Transitional loess sloping Phaeozem Faeoziom 324 woodland- land shrub loess slightly Phaeozem Rendzin, Transitional sloping Faeoziom 324 woodland- land shrub loess slightly Chernozem, Cernoziom, Transitional sloping Phaeozem Faeoziom 324 woodland- land shrub limestone, steep Leptosol Litosol Bare rocks green terrain 332 schists

Within this study is easy to observe Carpinetum betuli) are not correlated, most that only two associations (Carici ‒ likely due to the scale 1:100000 used in this Quercetum frainetto, Tilio tomentosae ‒ study.

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CONCLUSIONS Although this study revealed a good in tilt degrees. The raster maps obtained on correlation between the data used, a ASTER GDEM Ver2 were used to trace the reconsideration of the scale that can be last two thematic vectors maps. The small worked (lower than 1:100000) is necessary. polygons (included in a particular type of Of course those data can be brought plant association) that contain information to many others at a large scale that can about one type of vegetation are obtained by increase resolution of the map. And the intersecting CORINE Land Cover maps fastest and most effective method is to with the two vector maps of land slope. intersect three vectors maps, as follows: Within the field studies on stationary CORINE Land Cover maps, slope aspect (established based on the GPS coordinates) map in azimuth degrees (cardinal points the data about vegetation type will finally be expressed in degrees) and slope angle map obtained.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank the open source community, geo-spatial.org community, NASA, Japan-US ASTER Science Team and all those who supported this study.

REFERENCES Doniţă N., Popescu A., Paucă-Comănescu (ESDAC), European Soil Portal, M., Mihăilescu S. and Biriş Iovu A., 2012, http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/. 2005 – Habitatele din România, Edit. *** – CLC 2006 technical guidelines, EEA Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 442. (in Technical report no. 17/2007, Romanian) European Environment Agency, Florea N. and Munteanu I., 2003 – Sistemul 2007, Copenhagen, Denmark, 70, Român de Taxonomie a Solurilor http://www.eea.europa.eu/. (SRTS), Edit. Estfalia, Bucureşti, *** – CORINE Land Cover maps, European 186. (in Romanian) Environment Agency, 2006, Ionesi L., 1994 – Geologia unităţilor de http://www.eea.europa.eu/. platformă şi a orogenului NORD- *** – Harta Geologică a Românei scara DOBROGEAN, Edit. Tehnică, 1:200000 (foile: Focșani, Brăila, București, 198-210. (in Romanian) Tulcea, Sulina, Călărași, Constanța, *** – ASTER GDEM Ver2 (2010-2011), Mangalia), Institutul Geologic al product of METI and NASA in României, digitizate de geo- cooperation with the Japan-US spatial.org, http://earth.unibuc.ro/. ASTER Science Team, (in Romanian) http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/. *** – Harta unităţilor de relief, geo- *** – Attribute maps derived from the spatial.org, earth.unibuc.ro. European Soil Database v2 (ESDB v2), European Soil Data Centre AUTHORS:

1 Valentin PANAIT [email protected]

2 Marcela TONE [email protected]

Danube Delta Ecotouristic Museum Center, Eco-Museal Research Institute Tulcea, 14 Noiembrie Street 1, Tulcea, Tulcea County, Romania, RO-820009.

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PHYTOSOCIOLOGIC AND ECOLOGIC STUDY OF ŢARA LĂPUŞULUI AREA (ROMANIA)

Amalia ARDELEAN 1, Aurel ARDELEAN 2 and Radu HOTEA 3

KEYWORDS: vegetal species, phytocoenosis, ecological indices, bioforms, floristic elements, vegetal association, dynamics, endangered plants, Ţara Lăpuşului.

ABSTRACT Ţara Lăpuşului is outstanding phytosociological study requirements. The through a complex geological composition paper hereby presents the results of our own that has contributed to the development of research carried out in Ţara Lăpuşului in some varied relief forms and is particularly 2006-2012. picturesque, comprising three relief units: To attain the proposed targets, we depression area, dominated by the Lăpuşului have focused the study both on the Depression, hilly and mountainous areas. evaluation of existing literature, and The scientific novelty of the research especially on documentation and research consists of drawing up the cenotaxonomic undertaken on the field. Hence, the synopsis for the studied area. exhaustive studies have provided various The research on flora and vegetation data regarding the evolution of from the field and the interpretation of phytocenoses, in diverse woodland and observations and results have been grassland ecosystems of primary and accomplished from the perspective of secondary origin.

REZUMAT: Studiu fitosociologic şi ecologic al zonei Ţara Lăpuşului (România). Ţara Lăpuşului se remarcă printr-o perspectiva cerinţelor studiului alcătuire geologică complexă care a fitosociologic. Lucrarea de faţă prezintă contribuit la dezvoltarea unor forme de rezultatele propriilor cercetări efectuate relief variate şi deosebit de pitoreşti, în zona Ţara Lăpuşului, între anii 2006- cuprinzând trei unităţi de relief: zona 2012. depresionară, dominată de Depresiunea Pentru atingerea obiectivelor Lăpuşului, zona deluroasă şi zona montană. propuse, am axat studiul atât pe evaluarea Noutatea ştiinţifică a investigaţiilor literaturii existente, cât mai ales pe constă în realizarea conspectului documentarea şi cercetările întreprinse în cenotaxonomic pentru regiunea luată în teren. Astfel, studiile exhaustive au furnizat studiu. numeroase date asupra evoluţiei Cercetarea florei şi vegetaţiei din fitocenozelor, diverselor ecosisteme teren şi interpretarea observaţiilor şi a nemorale şi praticole de origine primară şi rezultatelor obţinute au fost realizate din secundară.

Phytosociolgic and ecologic study of Țara Lăpuşului area; 33/44 pp. - 33 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Phytozönologische und ökologische Untersuchungen im Lăpuş-Gebiet/Ţara Lăpuşului (Rumänien). Das Gebiet der “Ţara Lăpuşului” auf die Auswertung der Daten aus zeichnet sich durch die Komplexität seines phytoconologischer Sicht durchgeführt. Die geologischen Untergrunds aus, was zur vorgestellten Ergebnisse beruhen auf Entwicklung vielfältiger und besonders eigenen im Lăpuş-Gebiet zwischen 2006- malerischer Reliefformen geführt hat, die 2012 durchgeführten Untersuchungen. sich in drei Gruppen aufteilen: das Zur Erreichung des Zieles unserer Senkengebiet, dominiert durch die Lăpuş- Arbeit wurde sowohl die vorhandene Senke, das hügelig-bergige sowie das Fachliteratur ausgewertet, als auch die montane Gebiet. eigenen Geländeuntersuchungen Neu für die wissenschaftlichen entsprechend aufbereitet. Die umfassenden Untersuchungen des Gebietes ist die von Untersuchungen lieferten sowohl Daten zur den Autoren ausgearbeitete Liste der Entwicklung der Phytozönosen, der coenotaxonomischen Einheiten. unterschiedlichen nemoralen und Grünland- Die Geländeuntersuchungen zur Ökosysteme primären und sekundären Flora und Vegetation wurden im Hinblick Ursprungs.

INTRODUCTION Ţara Lăpuşului geographic area is Panonic area and Intercarpatic depression of administratively integrated in Maramureş Transylvania. County, occupying the south-eastern part The soils from Ţara Lăpuşului of this county. It mostly corresponds to present a vertical flooring. By the spreading the depression with the same name and area we can distinguish mountain area soils, valleys that flow from all over towards compact, depressionary area soils as well as it. azonal soils in limited areas. The complex of geological units Ţara Lăpuşului falls under the from Lăpuşului area comprises four temperate continental-moderated climate, geographical fields: crystalline, Eocretacic fairly cold, with mountain areas very rich in flysch, Transcarpatic or Maramureşean- rain falls.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Study Methods of Flora For the interpretation of floristic Two work stages have been covered: diversity we have made a description of the field stage and the laboratory stage. In taxons taking into account the following the first work stage we have carried out field aspects: the scientific denomination of research, within different periods of the species and author, local popular year, in order to observe plant species in denomination based on the literature, values varied phenological phases. The laboratory of ecological indices, life span, cariotype, stage has involved the determination of floristic element, economic category where collected plants that could not be identified they belong, the spreading of the species in field. within the studied areas, frequency, and area The botanic material collected in the corology. field has been analyzed based on the Study Methods of Vegetal Groups information comprised within the specialty Our phytocenologic and ecologic bibliography and on our own research. Each research has started with the delimitation of species has been systematically classified on the territory that was about to be gender and family observing the actual investigated. Between March 2007 and July system of phylogenetic classification of 2011 we have performed a series of surveys plants, consistent with the International within the studied area for the completion Code of Botanic Nomenclature. of a spontaneous vegetal association list.

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The work method used in the and grouping of surveys into diverse phytosociologic and ecologic study of Ţara taxonomic units has been carried out after Lăpuşului is based on the method of J. the accession to specific literature and by Braun-Blanquet (1964), adapted by A. comparing the floristic and ecologic Borza and N. Boşcaiu (1965) at the structure of surveys with the synthetic tables particularities of the vegetal cover from our from these works. For ordering the species country. The technique of phytocenological in tables, we have taken into account the elevations and notations is done according cenotaxonomic units where they belong and to the Central European phytocenological listed them in alphabetic order. school. The analysis renders the floristic For the cenotaxonomic classification composition, composition in bioforms, of the vegetal associations identified in the geoelements, genetic types of phytocenosis area of Ţara Lăpuşului, we have used works and their economic value. elaborated by Doniţă et al. (2005), Sanda et In order to emphasize the similitude al. (2007) and Sanda et al. (2008). between surveys of the same phytocenosis, A synthetic table corresponds to each we have calculated Sorensen similarity association, table that reunites surveys from index, the results being expressed under the same type of phytocenosis. The choice dendogram forms.

RESULTS Phytotaxonomic considerations The systematic epitomy of the The floristic list totalizes 1212 vascular plants comprises the listing of vegetal taxons belonging to cormophytes. plant families and species, concurrently The identified taxons belong to 411 genders mentioning the station and their spreading and 92 families. We grouped them based on in Ţara Lăpuşului. In a series of vegetal species (943), subspecies (200), variety (43), species we have mentioned the author form (17) and hybrids (9). and the year of field observation, the rest of the species being mentioned in “Flora R. S. R.”.

Spectre of Main Ecological Indices The identified species have been certain ecological valences against U, T, R, analysed based on their behavior towards and we have made the values interpretation the main ecologic factors. These ecologic according to the information regarding the factors render, by their numeric, spectral natural environment, the history of interpretation, the weight of species with vegetation and the anthropic influence.

Analysis of Bioforms and Floristic Elements From the analysis of bioforms bioforms are followed by terophytes – spectre (Tab. 1, Fig. 1) it is ascertained that 22.61%, phanerophytes – 8.38%, geophytes the most increased percentage is owned by – 9.55%, camephytes – 4.45% and hemycryptophytes – 53.61%. These helohydatophytes – 1.38%.

Table 1: Bioforms Statistics. Bioforms Ph Ch H G T Hh Th TH No. of sp. 79 42 505 90 170 43 13 % 8.38 4.45 53.61 9.55 18.05 4.56 1.38

A. Ardelean, A. Ardelean and R. Hotea - 2 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

Hh TH Ph Ch Ph Th Ch

H

G

G Th

TH

Hh H

Figure 1: Specter of bioforms charted for the assembly of vascular flora from Ţara Lăpuşului.

Altitudinal indices was calculated From the spectra of geoelement with the formula: Ka (%) = T/H x 100, categories (Tab. 2, Fig. 2) results that the elaborated by Pop I. and Drăgulescu C. in Eurasian floristic element (34.91%) is 1983, is 42.18%. dominant in the herbaceous vegetation from lawns and in the herbaceous layer of forests. Table 2: Categories of geoelements for vascular flora from Ţara Lăpuşului.

Geoelements No. sp. % Cosm 54 5.73 Cp 104 11.04 Eua 329 34.92 Eua-Cont 26 2.76 E 132 14.02 Ec 107 11.36 P 5 0.53 Pp 7 0.74 M 10 1.06 sM 19 2.02 Atl-Med 9 0.96 Mp 17 1.80 B 5 0.53 DB 26 2.76 D 1 0.10 End-Carp 19 2.01 Alp-Carp 58 6.15 Adv 14 1.48

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% No. sp. 40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Geoelement Figure 2: Spectrum of geoelements from Ţara Lăpuşului.

Phytosociolgic and ecologic study of Țara Lăpuşului area; 33/44 pp. - 37 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

Composition in genetic types In order to establish the composition identified as being present in the region: 409 in genetic types we have taken into diploid species, 391 polyploid species, 89 consideration the karyological aspects of the diplo-polyploid and 54 species for which study area. With the support of karyological data are not known. bibliographical information we have

List of rare, protected, endangered and endemic species from the flora of the area From the total number of 1212 ‒ 8 species are critically endangered taxons inventoried in the study area, the rare of disappearance; and endangered plants represent 4.95%. ‒ 5 species endangered of extinction; Compared to the number of taxons ‒ 3 species are vulnerable; from the flora of Romania ‒ 3,795 ‒ 3 species at low risk of (Ciocârlan, 2000), the floristic rarities disappearance. represent 1.58%. From the point of view of For the sozological stages: extinct in their belonging to the sozological categories spontaneous flora, deficient information and established by IUCN, from which the rare non-assessed we have not identified vegetal plant has disappeared (Dihoru and Negrean, species. 2009) the situation is the following:

Vegetation of Ţara Lăpuşului Following the performed study, we climatic and edaphic factors, of their have summarized a number of 55 vegetal interrelation with the community of plants. associations, from which 17 associations Also, we have pursued the distribution of have been previously debated by other the vegetation, both in the depression area, authors, and 38 are associations we have where due to the presence of localities, the described for the first time as being present anthropic impact is greater, as well as in the in Ţara Lăpuşului. lower and mountainous area, where the By the description of the vegetation, natural aspect of the vegetation is more we have pursued the knowledge of the abundant.

Dynamics of vegetation The first information regarding the the gender Picea, Ulmus, Corylus, Betula stages of the evolution of the vegetal carpet, and Fagus. in Ţara Lăpuşului, have been provided by In order to present the dynamics of Pop E., Diaconeasa B. and Boşcaiu N., in the vegetation we have analysed the spatial 1965. The pollen analysis of the peat from distribution of the vegetation in different Tăul Negru, carried out by Pop (1960) has echotopes, as well as structural highlighted a greater quantity of pollen for transformations occurred in various vegetal the Pinus, which has experienced a greater cenosis, starting with the pioneer ones and development in the Post-glacial, Pre-boreal ending with the mature ones, in the climax age. For the Boreal and Atlantic age there stage. was a reduced number of pollen grains from

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DISCUSSION The performed research resulted in a albus var. microphyllus, Lathyrus complex data of the flora and vegetation in laevigatus, Lotus pedunculatus, Robinia Ţara Lăpuşului. pseudacacia, Trifolium arvense, T. 1. Our research, first of this kind and campestre f. pseudoprocumbens, T. medium extent in the territory, comes to complete the ssp. medium, ssp. banaticum, T. spadiceum, research in the field, having as fundamental Epilobium parviflorum, E. roseum, Erodium objective the phyto-sociological and cicutarium, Geranium lucidum, G. palustre, ecological knowledge of the plants from the Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Eryngium planum, territory of Ţara Lăpuşului, in view of their Torilis japonica, Viola alba ssp. alba, V. efficient and rational valorisation, and as the odorata, V. suavis, Tamarix ramosissima, conservation of some species of interest. Brassica nigra, Lepidium campestre, 2. Our scientific approach demarche Thlaspi arvense, Populus alba, P. nigra, has an exhaustive character, concluding Salix elaeagnos, Vaccinium microcarpum, with the inventory of all species of Moneses uniflora, Pyrola rotundifolia, cormophythes, ecological, corological and Cortusa matthioli, Soldanella montana, phyto-sociological characterisation thereof Gentiana punctata, Menyanthes trifoliata, in order to preserve the biodiversity of this Verbena officinalis, Glechoma hirsuta, territory. Phlomis tuberosa, Thymus serpyllum, 3. The floristic investigation has Digitalis lanata, Euphrasia salisburgensis, finalized with the identification and Gratiola officinalis, Linaria alpina, Tozzia inventory of the species of vascular plants alpina ssp. carpathica, Veronica longifolia, on the territory of Ţara Lăpuşului. This V. montana, V. verna, Campanula abietina, inventory comprises 943 species belonging C. latifolia, Galium rubioides ssp. rubioides, to 92 families and 411 genders. The floristic Viburnum lantana, Valeriana simplicifolia, list contains 1212 vegetal taxons belonging V. tripteris, Achillea crithmifolia, Aster to cormophyths. alpinus, Carlina acaulis ssp. simplex, 4. Each listed species is followed by Centaurea mollis f. maramarosiensis, C. the scientific denomination, synonyms, the pannonica, C. trinervia, Cirsium most used popular denomination, the helenioides, C. pannonicum, C. waldsteinii, genome structure, some ecological features, Hieracium lactucella, H. murorum, Lactuca bioform, geo-element and corology of the serriola, Petasites kablikianus, Scorzonera studied area. laciniata, Senecio nemorensis ssp. 5. From the 943 species of plants, nemorensis, ssp. fuchsii, Sonchus arvensis, 117 are species encountered by us for the Tanacetum corymbosum ssp. corymbosum, first time in the territory of Ţara Lăpuşului: Telekia speciosa, Colchicum autumnale, Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum, Athyrium Veratrum nigrum, Narcissus poeticus ssp. distentifolium, Cystopteris fragilis, radiiflorus, Iris pseudacorus, Dactylorhiza Aconitum tauricum ssp. nanum, ssp. incarnata ssp. ochroleuca, D. sambucina, tauricum, Isopyrum thalictroides, Pulsatilla Nigritella nigra, N. rubra, Orchis laxiflora alba, Ranunculus repens, Thalictrum ssp. elegans, O. maculata ssp. signifera, O. flavum, Cerastium brachypetalum ssp. pallens, O. purpurea, Juncus minutulus, brachypetalum, Holosteum umbellatum, Carex dioica, C. pauciflora, Eriophorum Minuartia setacea, Moehringia muscosa, latifolium, Calamagrostis villosa, Silene bupleuroides ssp. bupleuroides, Cleistogenes serotina, Dactylis polygama, Halimione verrucifera, Polygonum bistorta, Lolium multiflorum, Phleum alpinum ssp. Rumex kerneri, Sedum acre, Alchemilla alpinum, Arum maculatum. xanthochlora, Potentilla leucopolitana, P. 6. From the species mentioned for pusilla, Rosa gallica, Rubus caesius var. the first time by us, for the studied area, a arvalis, R. sulcatus, Sanguisorba officinalis, number of seven species are relictary, rare, Spiraea chamaedryfolia, Chamaecytisus endemic plants or obsolescent: Dryopteris

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cristata, Aconitum tauricum glaciary relicts, area. The geophytes 9.55% and camephytes Potentilla pusilla, Juncus minutulus species 4.45% are identified in forests, but also in critically endangered, Centaurea mollis f. meadows. The existence of a very reduced maramarosiensis endemic species, number of slopes and lakes explain the Nigritella nigra, N. rubra in danger of diminished presence of the helohidatophytes extinction. 1.38%. 7. In the ecological analysis we have The percentage and the proportion of considered as characterisation criteria three the categories of bioforms present in the indices: humidity, temperature and soil regional flora confirms the presence in the reaction. region of the forests and lawns, zonal Compared to the requirements of the vegetal formations, also the existence of species against the soil humidity we have some azonal phytocenosis. registered the following spectre: a 9. The value of latitudinal index is of dominance of the mesophyle species ‒ 42.18% thus placing, the study area, in the 41.66%, followed by xero-mezophytes ‒ category of the regions from the mountain 28.02% and mezohigrophytes ‒ 17.85%. Of floor, with moderate anthropic climate and reduced percentage are the higrophytes influences. This value confirms the fact that species ‒ 4.75%, xerophytes ‒ 3.35%, the studied area presents diversified amphyitolerant ‒ 3.24% and hydrophytes ‒ vegetation corresponding to the upper and 1.08%. sub-alpine floor, also as the high piedmonts. According to the temperature the 10. The spectre of floristic elements majority of the species belong to the micro- highlights the prevalence of the Eurasian mesotherm category ‒ 58.21%, followed at species (34.92%) in the herbal vegetation of a greater difference by the microtherm the lawns and in the herbal layer of the species ‒ 14.39% and amphytolerant one ‒ forests. The Eurasian element is of 20.90% 15.80%. greater than the European element and of The spectre of the echoforms 23.56% than the Central-European element, compared to the reaction of the soil proved which participates to the composition of to be the following: dominant are the plants vegetation. These three categories of geo- slightly acid-neutrophiles ‒ 34.30%, to elements represent the expression of the which are added with significant values the temperate-continental climate. The species acid-neutrophil ‒ 27.04% and circumpolar species, present in percentage eurionic ‒ 26.19%. of 11.04%, correspond to the microclimate Therefore, it can be said that the of the colder and more humid, on the flora from Ţara Lăpuşului has a mesophyle versants of northern and western exposure, character, micro-mesotherm, slightly acid- like the micro-climate from the steep and neutrophil toward acid-neutrophil. shaded valleys. The percentage 8. The spectre of the bioforms corresponding to the vegetation of the highlights the fact that the greater mountainous area of Ţara Lăpuşului is percentage is comprised of 6.15%, indicating the alpine element. hemicryptophytes 53.61%, indicating an In the area we found less southern abundance of herbal formations, many of species, thermophile in the hilly floor, which them of secondary origin due to human belong to the Mediterranean, Atlantic- intervention. To these are added 22.61% Mediteranean, Pontic-Mediteranean and terophytes species, which indicate the Sub-Mediteranean, Adventive, Panonic, succession of some dry periods, especially Pontic-Panonic geo-elements, found in the due to the anthropic influence. The lawns and forests on the southern, sunny percentage of 8.38% belonging to the versants. fanerophytes indicate the presence of the According to the distribution of geo- forests on the northern, western and eastern elements and the geo-botanic distribution of versant from the lower and mountainous the territory of Romania and taking into

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account the floristic criterion, the soil- ‒ 3 species are at low risk of geographical criterion, climatic criterion, disappearance (LR): Carduus geo-morphologic criterion and ecologic lobulatiformis, Poa stiriaca, criterion, the territory of Ţara Lăpuşului Veronica catenata. belongs to the Central-European floristic 14. Following the identification in region, Carpathian Province, Carpathian the field and the inventory of vegetal species Sub-province, district of Northern-Central corresponding to Ţara Lăpuşului, we have Mountains. encountered for the first time in the study 11. With regard to the composition area: of genetic types we have identified as ‒ 3 species critically endangered of present in the study region: 409 diploid disappearance (CR): Centaurea species, 391 polyploid species, 89 diplo- trinervia in lawns and at the edge of polyploid and 54 species of whose the forests from Cheile Babei/Gorges karyological data is unknown. Juncus minutulus in humid pastures For the hereby paper we can say that near the locality of Suciu de Sus, the variation in frequency in the altitude of Potentilla pusilla in lawns, on the polyploid species (41.46%) is inscribed calcareous rocks at Cheile within the limits corresponding also to other Babei/Babei Gorge; mountainous area from the country (43.5%). ‒ 2 vulnerable species (VU): Linaria 12. Of the total number of 1212 taxa alpina on rocks and detritus, on inventoried in the study area, the rare and calcareous soils in the area of Valea endangered plants represent 4.95%. If we Mare/Valley of Ţibleş Mountains, report the floristic rarities from Ţara Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus Lăpuşului to the number of rare taxons from through humid lawns at the border of the Romanian flora, we obtain a percentage locality Suciu de Sus, Troian and of 1.58%, percentage which imposes upon Lacul Ţuli. us the taking of some measures to protect 15. From the reliquary species them along with the biotypes which shelter identified in the area: five species belong to thereof and their proposal for Natura 2000 the glacial relicts (Allium victorialis, site. Dryopteris cristata, Carex dioica, C. 13. According to UNEP-WCMC pauciflora, Oxycoccus palustris) and nine 1997 ‒ IUCN Red List, updated in 2004, in species belong to the tertiary relicts Ţara Lăpuşului, we have identified the (Aconitum tauricum ssp. tauricum, following taxons threatened at global, Blechnum spicant, Drosera rotundifolia, European and national level: Empetrum nigrum ssp. nigrum, Eriophorum ‒ 8 species are critically (seriously) vaginatum, Melanpyrum saxosum, Sanicula endangered of disappearance (CR): europaea, Viola alpina, V. biflora). The Aethionema saxatile, Alyssum expansive, post-glacial relicts found in the wierzbickii ssp. transsilvanicum, study area belong to the gender: Acer, Centaurea trinervia, Juncus Crataegus, Carpinus, Fraxinus, Quercus, minutulus, Potentilla pusilla, Ulmus, Tilia. Ranunculus millefoliatus, Rumex 16. Following the study of the thyrsiflorus, Salix daphnoides; spontaneous vegetation performed on 246 ‒ 5 species are endangered of surveys, we have identified 55 vegetal extinction (EN): Festuca filiformis, associations, from which 38 associations Glyceria declinata, Lotus have been described for the first time in the pedunculatus, Nigritella nigra, N. area of research: As. Saponario-Salicetum rubra; purpureae, As. Alno-Salicetum cinereae, ‒ 3 species are vulnerable (VU): As. Stellario nemori-Alnetum glutinosae, Carex biharica, Linaria alpina, As. Aegopodio podagrarie-Alunetum Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus; glutinosae, As. Symphyto cordati-Fagetum,

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As. Leucanthemo waldsteinii-Fagetum, As. Ţibleşului/Ţibleşului Valley, Izvorul Alb, Hieracio rotundati-Fagetum, As. Luzulo Lăpuşului Valley is an endemic association albidae-Fagetum sylvaticae, As. Hieracio for Carpathian Mountains. transsilvanico-Piceetum, As. Doronico 18. The studied vegetal association columnae-Piceetum, As. Hieracio are distributed as follows: five vegetal transsilvanico-Abietetum, As. Sphagno associations for swamps and marshy areas, girgensohnii-Piceetum, As. Piceeto- six vegetal associations for water meadows Juniperetum sibiricae, As. Poo compressae- and riverside coppices, 12 vegetal Tussilaginetum, As. Telekio-Petasitetum association for forests, 11 vegetal hybridi, As. Petasitetum kablikiani, As. associations for shrubs and forests edges, 13 Telekietum speciosae, As. Sambucetum vegetal associations for lawns and eight racemosae, As. Agrosti capillaris-Betuletum ruderal vegetal associations. pendulae, As. Coryletum avellanae, As. The vegetal associations have been Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum, As. analysed and characterised from ceno- Calamagrostio villosae-Pinetum mugo, As. taxonomic, corrologic, physionomic- Campanulo abietinae-Vaccinietum myrtilli, structural, ecologic and bio-economic point As. Vaccinio-Juniperetum communis, As. of view. Philonotido-Calthetum laetae, As. 19. Based on findings in the field, Adenostylo-Doronicetum asutriaci, As. regarding the actual modifications of the Agrostetum stoloniferae, As. Cirsio cani- forestry and practical formations of the Festucetum pratensis, As. Agrostetum perimeter of the studied regions, we have caninae, As. Poëtum trivialis, As. presented the dynamic of the vegetation and Caricetum brizoidis, As. Festucetum we have drafted up the chart of the vegetal rupicolae, As. Ranunculetum arvensis, successions As. Cirsio waldsteinii-Heracleetum 20. Following the floristic phyto- transilvanici, As. Arrhenatheretum elatioris, cenologic study, we propose for protection As. Sambucetum ebului, As. Urtico dioicae- four new areas: the secular forest from Rumicetum alpini, As. Urtico- Izvorul Rău, the secular forest from Izvorul Convolvuletum. Arcer, the peat bog from mountains Văratec 17. From all these, the association and the Glade with Narcissus poeticus Telekio-Petasitetum hybridi which the ssp. radiiflorus from the locality of Suciu de authors have identified on Valea Sus. Minghetului/Minghetului Valley, Valea

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SELECTIVE REFERENCES Ardelean A., 2009 ‒ Vegetation aspects in Dihoru G. and Negrean G., 2009 ‒ Cartea the Lăpuș Region, Studia Roşie a Plantelor Vasculare din Universitatis, Seria Ştiinţe România, 520-630, Edit. Academiei Inginereşti şi Agro-Turism, Arad, 4, Române, Bucureşti. (in Romanian) 107-116. Doniţă N., Popescu A., Paucă-Comănescu Ardelean A., 2011 ‒ The natural reservation M., Mihăilescu S. and Biriş I., 2005 from Lăpuș County, Studia ‒ Habitatele din România, 17-21, Universitatis “Vasile Goldiș”, Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti. (in Seria Stiinţele Vieţii, 21, 659-664, Romanian) Arad. Marian M., Săudan L., Roşca O. and Blidar Ardelean A. and Ardelean A., 2012 ‒ Study C. F., 2007 ‒ Vegetation aspect in of the flora of the Region Lăpuş, the Lăpuş Valley, Analele Studia Universitatis “Vasile Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula Goldiș”, Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 22, 5- Biologie, XIV, 29-36, Oradea. (in 10, Arad. Romanian) Ardelean A., Ardelean A. and Soran V., Mititelu D., Dorca M. and Miclăuş M., 1986 2009 ‒ Flora şi vegetaţia din ariile ‒ Vegetaţia Masivului Preluca (Jud. protejate ale Ţării Lăpuşului, Natura, Maramureş), Contribuţii Botanice, Biologie, Arad, III, 51, 1, 32-41. (in 143-152, Cluj-Napoca. (in Romanian) Romanian) Ardelean A., Hotea M. and Hotea R., 2009 ‒ Morariu I., 1978 ‒ Contribuţii şi precizări la Aspecte din flora şi fauna Ţării flora Munţilor Ţibleş, Acta Botanica Lăpuşului, Mediul, prezent şi Horti Bucurestiensis, 235-239, perspective pentru un viitor ecologic, Bucharest. (in Romanian) Edit. Pin, Iaşi, 161-164. (in Pop E., 1960 ‒ Mlaştinile de turbă din R. P. Romanian) România, 83-128, Edit. Academiei Borza A. and Boşcaiu N., 1965 ‒ R. P. R., Bucureşti. (in Romanian) Introducere în studiul covorului Pop I. and Drăgulescu C., 1983 ‒ Distribuţia vegetal, 340, Edit. Academiei R. P. altitudinală a cormofitelor pe R., Bucureşti. (in Romanian) cuprinsul Văii Sadului, Studia Braun-Blanquet J., 1964 ‒ Universitatis Babeş-Bolayi, Seria Pflanzensoziologie, 12-24, Springer- Biologie, 28, 3-8, Cluj-Napoca. (in Verlag, Wien, New-York. Romanian) Ciocârlan V., 1996 ‒ Împărţirea Sanda V., Burescu P., Răduţoiu D. and Blaj- fitogeografică a teritoriului Irimia I., 2007 ‒ Breviar României. Provinciile floristice, fitocenologic, IV, 68-73, Edit. Studii şi Cercetări Biologice, Seria Sitech, Craiova. (in Romanian) Biologie Vegetală, Cluj-Napoca, 48. Sanda V., Öllerer K. and Burescu P., 2008 ‒ (in Romanian) Fitocenozele din România, Ciocârlan V., 2000 ‒ Flora Ilustrată a sintaxonomie, structură, dinamică şi României. Pteridophyta et evoluţie, Edit. Ars Docendi, 570, Spermatophyta, 1127-1138, Edit. Bucharest. (in Romanian) Ceres, Bucureşti. *** International code of phytosociological Cristea V., Gafta D. and Pedrotti F., 2004 ‒ nomenclature. Journal of Vegetation Fitosociologie, Edit. Presa Science, 1, 739-768, 2000, IAVS, Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca, Opulus Press Uppsala. Printed in 23-34. (in Romanian) Sweden. *** UNEP-WCMC 1997 ‒ IUCN Red List updated (in Romanian) in 2004.

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AUTHORS:

1 Amalia ARDELEAN [email protected]

“Vasile Goldiş” Western University Baia Mare, Culturii Street 5, Baia Mare, Maramureș County, Romania, RO-430191.

2 Aurel ARDELEAN [email protected]

“Vasile Goldiş” Western University Arad, Revoluṭiei Street 94-96, Baia Mare, Maramureș County, Romania, RO-430191.

3 Radu HOTEA [email protected]

Baia Mare Sports Highschool, Republicii Street 33-35, Baia Mare, Maramureș County, Romania, RO-430191.

- 44 - A. Ardelean, A. Ardelean and R. Hotea Acta Oecologica Carpatica VI

MANAGEMENT OF THE ALIEN SPECIES IMPATIENS GLANDULIFERA IN ROŞIA MONTANĂ AREA (TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA)

Oana DANCI 1

KEYWORDS: invasive alien species, management measures, river banks.

ABSTRACT Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Due to the large number of seeds, balsam) is originally from the Himalaya effective seed dispersal and short life cycle, (1,800-4,000 m). It was introduced in the Impatiens glandulifera quickly became an mid-19th century into England (Kew invasive alien species at a European level, Gardens) as a decorative species, then in the being listed by IUCN among the world’s last half a century it has spread in temperate 100 worst invasive alien species. In this parts of Europe and Asia. In Romania, in study we have set out to establish the 1959, the species was identified as present in inventory and mapping of surfaces with ten localities in Transylvania; today the Impatiens glandulifera in the Roșia Montană situation is different, with its distribution area and also to elaborate a set of being more extensive, especially on river management measures, in order to limit the banks. distribution of this species.

REZUMAT: Managementul speciei invazive Impatiens glandulifera în zona Roșia Montană (Transilvania, România). Impatiens glandulifera, slăbănogul eficientă a seminṭelor și a ciclului de viață himalaian (Himalayan balsam), este scurt, Impatiens glandulifera a devenit în originară din Himalaya (1.800-4.000 m). A scurt timp o specie invazivă la nivel fost introdusă la jumătatea secolului XIX ca european, fiind listată de către IUCN printre specie decorativă în Anglia (Kew Gardens), cele mai invazive 100 de specii la nivel ca apoi în jumătate de secol aceasta să se mondial. răspândească în zonele temperate din Prin intermediul acestui studiu ne-am Europa și Asia. În România, în 1959, această propus inventarierea și cartarea suprafețelor specie era identificată ca fiind prezentă în cu Impatiens glandulifera din zona doar zece localități transilvănene, în prezent localității Roșia Montană și elaborarea unui situația este diferită, distribuția ei la nivel set de măsuri de management pentru național fiind mult mai amplă. Datorită limitarea distribuției acestei specii. numărului mare de semințe, dispersarea

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Management des invasiven Indischen Springkrauts Impatiens glandulifera im Gebiet von Roșia Montana (Transylvanien, Rumänien). Impatiens glandulifera, das Indische Bedingt durch die große Zahl ihrer Springkraut, stammt aus dem Himalaya- Samen und ihren kurzen Lebenszyklus, wurde Gebirge (1.800-4.000 m). Es wurde um die Impatiens glandulifera in kurzer Zeit zu einer Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts als Zierpflanze in europaweit invasiven Art, die von der IUCN England (Garten von Kew) eingeführt und auf die Liste der hundert weltweit am stärksten verbreitete sich in einem halben Jahrhundert invasiven Arten aufgenommen wurde. in den gemäßigten Breiten Europas und Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel, Asiens. In Rumänien wurde die Art 1959 die im Gebiet von Roșia Montana von lediglich an zehn Fundorten festgestellt, Impatiens glandulifera eingenommenen wobei sich die Situation gegenwärtig jedoch Flächen zu erfassen und zu kartieren, sowie ganz anders darstellt, da sie landesweit viel eine Reihe von Managementmaßnahmen häufiger vorkommt. vorzuschlagen, die eine Begrenzung der Verbreitung der Art im Gebiet gewährleisten.

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INTRODUCTION The impact of human activities on and its diameter can be up to several the environment is more and more centimetres. The leaves are opposite or in pronounced. One of the traces of human whorls of three, glabrous, lanceolate to activities is the invasion of alien species in elliptical, 5-18 cm long and 2.5-7 cm wide. places that did not belong to their habitat in The inflorescences are racemes of 2-14 the past. flowers that are 25-40 mm long. The flowers At European and global level the are zygomorphic, their lowest sepal forming problem of invasive alien species is a sac that ends in a straight spur. The flower considered critical, International Union for colour varies from white to pink and purple Conservation of Nature (IUCN) even and flowering takes place from June to created a list of the 100 world’s worst October. The seed capsules are 1.5-3.5 cm invasive alien species occurring in 35 long and up to 1.5 cm wide. A capsule countries. contains up to 16 seeds, each four-seven At a national level, in Romania, milimeters long and two-four milimeters Atanasiu and Negrean (2006) listed 39 wide with a mean air dry mass of 2.35 mg species as invasive alien species and the (Beerling and Perrins, 1993, in Helmisaari, Global Invasive Species Database inventory 2010). of invasive alien plant species includes 73 Impatiens glandulifera was species, the remarkable difference may be introduced in Europe (Kew Gardens) in issued from the different approaches and the 1839 (Coombe, 1956; Valentine, 1971). It lack of a national database of invasive alien began spreading in continental Europe species. around 1900, almost half a century later than One of the species included in the in England. In the 1920’s it was already databases analyzed is Impatiens glandulifera present hroughout locations in south-west (syn. Impatiens roylei Walpers) (Himalayan Germany, spreading from a Swiss balsam), distributed in 34 countries (Pyšek population (first naturalisation in 1904) via et al., 2009). In 1959 the species was the Rhine. identified in Romania within ten of The main pathway of introduction is Transylvanian localities, at present the by escape to nature from private gardens and situation is different, it’s distribution is more by beekeepers. In Finland, distribution has widespread (Atanasiu and Negrean, 2006). been mainly done by the introduction of Impatiens glandulifera is a tall seeds from abroad and private exchange of annual plant with a smooth, usually hollow seed material. It is also often spread to the and jointed stem, which is easily broken. surroundings of settlements by the transport The stem can reach a height of three meters of garden refuse or soil (Helmisaari, 2010).

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study area of this paper is Roșia guide (2009), mapping using a GPS Garmin Montană (villages Roșia Montană, Corna, Dakota 10, measuring the surfaces, noting Cărpiniș), in Alba County, Transylvania, additional information regarding the Romania. These villages represent the vegetation structure and other environmental perfect territory for invasive alien species problems. The data collected in the field was accommodation due to the historical analysed in the office using an open source environmental perturbations related to GIS programme and a distribution map of mining activities. invasive alien species Impatiens We conducted this survey in July- glandulifera was designed. August 2011, in the area mentioned above. After data interpretation and impact The method we used requires an elaborate assessment of the species were established, data collecting fact sheet, identification of general and specific management measures the species on site using Ciocârlan field were recommended.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species ecology Impatiens glandulifera occurs in survive up to 18 months. When the species many different habitats, but grows best in is not exposed to frost, most seedlings riverine areas, on moist and nutrient rich appear over a period of four weeks (Beerling habitats, especially on lakes and seashores and Perrins, 1993, in Helmisaari, 2010). and along rivers and brooks (Kurtto, 1992, There are no observations from the region of in Helmisaari, 2010) (Fig. 3). It is also often seed survival for more than one year. found in human influenced and man-made I. glandulifera has a good habitats, such as grasslands, shrubbery, regenerative ability and on stems that have ditches, roadsides and hedges (Kurtto 1996; been cut down, new branches and flowers Helmisaari, 2010). Research by Garkāje are formed. Also small individuals can (2006) has shown the biotopes that are most develop flowers and seeds. suitable for I. glandulifera are those that The time from germination to the have been affected by humans. The studies onset of flowering is 13 weeks in Germany of species dynamics in Latvia suggest that in and the flowering continues for a further 12 the initial phases of invasion the species weeks (Sebald et al., 1998). I. glandulifera prefers human-affected weedy sites and spreads only by seeds (Figs. 1 and 2). When dump sites. While during later invasion the mature fruit capsule is touched, it stages it appears to be successful and explodes and ejects the seeds. The seeds frequent invader in riparian habitats (Priede, have been reported to disperse up to seven 2008). In these biotopes I. glandulifera most meters from the mother plant. A single plant commonly grows with species of plants that can produce more than 4,000 seeds, and in need nitrogen in the soil, like Aegopodium pure stands the production of 32,000 podagraria, Urtica dioica, Calystegia seeds/m² has been reported (Koenies and sepium, Deschampsia cespitosa, Stellaria Glavac, 1979). The expansion of the species nemorum and Galium aparine. The species in river systems is due to the dispersal of invades the herbaceous perennial vegetation seeds by water currents since they can be of river banks, light floodplain forests and transported both by flowing water (in the wet meadows and is found on a variety of sediment) and the dry seeds, which are soil types (Kowarik, 2003; Helmisaari, buoyant. Plant parts containing seeds have to 2010). be handled carefully since the small seeds In Europe, I. glandulifera plants of are easily transported with soil and in all ages are frost intolerant. Usually, all adult crevices of shoes to new habitats. The seeds plants are killed by the first frost in the are probably also spread by ants autumn and seedlings are killed by late (myrmecochory). Fruiting specimens or their frosts in spring. In Karelia region (in the fragments are also transported with soil or northern European part of Russia), seedlings floating in water (Kurtto, 1993). For Great are tolerant to late frosts in May-beginning Britain, a dispersal ability of 2.6-5 km per of June (Аntipina and Briukhanchikova, year has been calculated (NeoFlora, 2006). 2003, in Helmisaari, 2010). The species is The reproductive strategy is based on also drought-intolerant and quickly wilts, active spreading of seeds and on rich seed- and plants can survive only if the drought setting. The seeds have a high germination period is short (Beerling and Perrins, 1993, rate (80%) according to Grime (1987). The in Helmisaari, 2010). The species is plant competes on river banks by relatively shade tolerant (Beerling and synchronous germination of a large amount Perrins, 1993, in Helmisaari, 2010). I. of seeds to achieve sufficient biomass to glandulifera is an annual plant and is suppress the performance of neighbouring reported to be without any persistent seed species. It grows fairly fast and forms dense bank. However, from England there are stands. reports that the seeds can occasionally

Management of alien species Impatiens glandulifera; 45/56 pp. - 47 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

Figure 1: I. glandulifera flower and polinators. Figure 2: I. glandulifera flower and capsules.

Figure 3: Riparian vegetation aspect in Roșia Montană (Danci, 2011).

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Location Geographical data was collected in distribution. In order to make this paper the field and centralized. For every spot more useful on a national level, all the where Impatiens glandulifera was found in data collected in the field is presented in the field we marked a GPS point and also table 1 and figures 4 and 5. We collected noted additional information. We underline data from 73 locations distributed especially the necessity of creating a national data base in Roșia Valley, of a surface area between with invasive alien species and their four to 300 m2.

Table 1: Geographical data coordinates for Impatiens glandulifera spots in Roșia Montană area. Object ID X Y 1 355446 533735 2 353458 531676 3 353082 530954 4 356019 535754 5 356014 535724 6 356002 535708 7 355794 535724 8 355963 535698 9 355775 535518 10 355724 535514 11 355653 535500 12 355656 535489 13 355589 535424 14 355368 535436 15 355529 535445 16 355493 535444 17 355472 535425 18 355457 535429 19 355438 535411 20 355376 535449 21 355400 535491 22 355353 535478 23 355352 535458 24 355338 535463 25 355261 535422 26 355236 535424 27 355233 535445 28 355124 535432 29 355072 535412 30 355046 535410 31 355034 535359 32 354907 535615 33 354761 535582 34 354717 535592 35 354693 535617

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Table 2 (continuing): Geographical data coordinates for Impatiens glandulifera spots in Roșia Montană area. Object ID X Y 36 354668 535640 37 354651 535653 38 354073 535498 39 353866 535627 40 353733 535698 41 353551 535727 42 353398 535694 43 353131 535637 44 352882 535782 45 352525 535867 46 352487 535894 47 352420 535888 48 352391 535879 49 352294 535861 50 352259 535850 51 352195 535795 52 352083 535779 53 352027 535770 54 351929 535786 55 351676 535828 56 351609 535820 57 351566 535842 58 351489 535907 59 351460 535930 60 351405 535957 61 351213 536015 62 351195 536025 63 350953 536017 64 350900 536018 65 350745 535972 66 350612 535979 67 350516 535975 68 350540 535978 69 350514 535950 70 350338 536018 71 353607 535710 72 354687 534978 73 354889 535215

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Figure 4: Impatiens glandulifera ( ) distribution map in Roșia Montană area.

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Figure 5: Correlated distribution of Impatiens glandulifera ( ) and Fallopia japonica ( ) in Roșia Montană area.

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Impact Wetland invasive plants have species composition a ruderal, nitrogen substantial and persistent effects on habitat demanding species. structure, biodiversity and food web Since there is a close correlation functioning. Studies developed in Central between the total number of naturalised Europe showed that wetlands are less prone species and that of pests, more species mean to invasions, at least in terms of dramatic more impact (Rejmánek and Randall, 2004). impacts (Pyšek et al., 2004). That’s why we elaborated the distribution Alien plant species exert ecological map of Impatiens glandulifera (Fig. 4) and and economical impacts, both direct and the correlated distribution map of Impatiens indirect, at multiple levels. Of the 22 impact glandulifera and Fallopia japonica (Fig. 5). types defined by Binimelis et al. (2007), The distribution map shows that in the area plants included in the 100 worst alien species of Roșia Montană, Impatiens glandulifera are attributed, on average, with more than occurs in riparian areas, along Roșia Valley four types of impacts per species, which and it is almost absent on Corna Valley. The makes them the group with the second most correlated distribution maps (Fig. 5) shows diverse impact following terrestrial mammals that in more than 80%, Impatiens (Pyšek et al., 2009). glandulifera was found with Fallopia Alien plants are reported to reduce japonica, so we may conclude that the availability of pollinators to native species as invasion of one alien species create the documented for Himalayan balsam Impatiens adequate habitat for the invasive alien glandulifera (Chittka and Schürkens, 2001). species to colonise. These invasive plants are managing The role of ecosystem’s disturbances to replace the natural species, already in promotion of invasive plant species is adapted to the local soil and climatic essential. From the natural agents that conditions, through many means, but all are determine ecosystem’s disturbance and the correlated with the anthropic factor, by the increase of invasion incidence, most wrong methods of exploitation of these important are: fire, overgrazing and ecosystems (Talmaciu and Huma, 2009). undergrazing. Biological features of invasive Impatiens glandulifera invasion does plant species determine their ability to not necessarily result in loss of the diversity occupy a surface, respectively they make an of the invaded communities, but it shifts in invasion to succeed (Sărățeanu et al., 2008).

Management measures There is a considerable body of holds true for plants in particular, as information on major plant invaders in plants spread very easily and are more Europe (Weber, 2003), the situation is much difficult to monitor and control, compared less satisfactory as far as complete national to some other taxa, such as vertebrates inventories of alien plants are concerned where substantial proportion of (Pyšek, 2009). introductions is due to intentional releases The problem of alien plants needs to (Pyšek, 2009). be addressed at the European scale. Biological invasions by alien species Dispersed and disconnected knowledge are widely recognized as a significant cannot easily be marshaled to deliver the component of human-caused global information to politicians, but improving environmental change, often resulting in a information exchange can build regional significant loss of the economic value, capacity to identify and manage invasive biological diversity and function of invaded alien species threats. This implies that ecosystems. They are large-scale phenomena coordination of action against invasive of widespread importance and represent one species is crucial; so a cross-European of the major threats to European biodiversity regulatory framework is needed. This (Lambdon, 2008).

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National and local measures are regeneration ability, it is extremely needed in order to eradicate, control and important to remove all plant material and to monitor Impatiens glandulifera invasion. dispose of it appropriately. Sheep and cattle Eradication and control measures include may also be used to graze the plant. Since removal and prevention of the formation and Impatiens glandulifera is sensitive to spreading of seeds. The timing of the grazing and grazing animals eat it, grazing is eradication effort is most important. If the a good method to eradicate the species removal is too early the plants will (Larsson and Martinsson, 1998). The use of regenerate, and if it’s made too late the seeds herbicides should be avoided and they are formed will be able to germinate. The right often not permitted, especially along time is when the first flowers occur, mostly waterways. at the end of July. Due to its strong

CONCLUSIONS Impatiens glandulifera is an invasive were found together with Fallopia japonica, alien species whose management measures so we may conclude that the invasion of one should be taken on at a national and local alien species creates the adequate habitat for level at the same time. Due to its rapid other invasive alien species to colonise. invasive potential, high capacity to Measures of prevention, eradication, regenerate and spread and it’s ecological control, monitoring and public awareness amplitude, it has an increased negative should be taken at the same time. ecological and economical impact. A national database with invasive Main water courses in Roșia alien species and their distribution and a Montană, were affected by the invasive alien national action plan will help authorities’ species Impatiens glandulifera. 73 locations institutions and local communities to act with Impatiens glandulifera were mapped in appropriately in order to face the problem of the area in 2011, more than 80% of them invasive alien species.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author thanks the colleagues from Wildlife Management Consulting for the field activity and also Mrs. Curtean-Bănăduc A. and Mr. Bănăduc D. for all their help and support.

REFERENCES Atanasiu P., Negrean G., Bașnou C., Sârbu Convention on Biological Diversity, C. and Oprea A., 2007 ‒ A https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en. preliminary study on the neophytes of pdf wetlands in Romania, in Rabitsch W., DAISIE, 2005-2008 ‒ FP6 Project - Essl F. and Klingenstein F. (eds): Delivering Alien Invasive Species Biological Invasions – from Ecology Inventories for Europe (DAISIE), to Conservation, Neobiota, 7, 181- 2005-2008, European Commission 192. www.europe-aliens.org/ Brandes D., ‒ Dynamics of riparian Helmisaari H., 2010 ‒ Nobanis - Invasive vegetation: the example rumex Alien Species Fact Sheet - Impatiens stenophyllus ledeb. http://opus.tu- glandulifera - Online Database of the bs.de/opus/volltexte/130 European Network on Invasive Alien Ciocârlan V., 2000 ‒ Flora ilustrată a Species - NOBANIS României. Pteridophyta et www.nobanis.org, Date of access Spermatophyta, Edit. Ceres, x/x/201x. Bucureşti, 1141. (in Romanian)

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Lambdon P. W., Pyšek P., Basnou C., Hejda DAISIE, Handbook of Alien Species M., Arianoutsou M., Essl F., Jarošík in Europe, Springer Science + V., Pergl J., Winter M., Anastasiu P., Business Media B. V., 43. Andriopoulos P., Bazos I., Brundu Sărățeanu V., Horablaga M. N., Stroia M. C., G., Celesti-Grapow L., Chassot P., Butnariu M. and Bostan C., 2008 ‒ Delipetrou P., Josefsson M., Kark S., Assessing the invasive species impact Klotz S., Kokkoris Y., Kühn I., on the grasslands of Western Marchante H., Perglová I., Pino J., Romania, Lucrări Ştiinţifice Vilà M., Zikos A., Roy D. and Hulme Facultatea de Agricultură, 39, 1, P. E., 2008 ‒ Alien flora of Europe: 319-326. species diversity, temporal trends, Tălmaciu N. and Huma R., 2009 − geographical patterns and research Observations regarding the spreading needs, Preslia, 80, 101-149. and Control the invasive weeds from Pyšek P., Lambdon P. W., Arianoutsou M., a natural pasture, Research Journal of

Kühn I., Pino J. and Winter M., 2009 Agricultural Science, 41, 1, 314-319. − Alien Vascular Plants of Europe in

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AUTHOR:

1 Oana DANCI [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

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PARTICULARITIES OF THE “PARASITE-HOST” SYSTEM CREATED BY MERMETIDS AND HETEROTOPIC INSECTS

Elena SILITRARI 1 and Vadim RUSU 2

KEYWORDS: Mermithidae, Chironomidae, “parasite-host” system, metabolism, interrelations, transcuticular nutrition, invasion intensity, invasion extent, biochemical modifications, morphological modifications.

ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of a biochemical alterations of the insect’s study on the biochemistry of the organization. These alterations include the relationships taking place in an invertebrate significant drop in free essential amino acid “parasite-host” system, comprising species ratio in the parasitized host. Discrete of Nematoda, Mermithidae, as parasites, and parasite populations can present various species of Diptera (Chironomidae) as hosts. extents of invasion, some being sufficient The results demonstrate a significant for the complete annihilation of host influence of the parasitic mermithids on the populations. . host metabolism by inducing profound

REZUMAT: Particularităţi ale sistemului „parazit-gazdă” constituit de mermitide şi insectele heterotope. Lucrarea prezintă rezultatele biochimice profunde în organismul acesteia. studiului privind aspectele biochimice ale Aceste modificări se manifestă inclusiv prin interrelaţiilor în cadrul sistemului „parazit- diminuarea semnificativă a ponderii gazdă” constituit din parteneri nevertebrate aminoacizilor liberi esenţiali în corpul (Nematoda: Mermithidae ‒ parazit şi gazdei parazitate. Populaţiile discrete ale Diptera: Chironomidae ‒ gazdă). Rezultatele parazitului pot prezenta grade de cercetărilor demonstrează existenţa unei extensivitate a invaziei, suficiente pentru influenţe semnificative a mermitidelor eliminarea completă a unor populaţii ale parazitare asupra metabolismului gazdei gazdei. sale, prin inducerea unor modificări

RÉSUMÉ Particularités du système “parasite-hôte” formé par des Mermithidae et des insectes hétérotopiques. L’article présente les résultats d’une profondes dans l’organisme de ces derniers. étude concernant les aspects biochimiques Ces modifications sont percevables y des relations se déroulant dans le système compris au travers de la baisse significative “parasite-hôte” formé entre partenaires de la proportion en aminoacides libres invertébrés (nématode: mermithidé essentiels dans le corps de l’hôte parasitée. (parasite) et diptère: chironomidé (hôte)). Les populations discrètes des parasites Les résultats des recherches prouvent peuvent présenter différents degrés l’influence significative des mermitidés d’invasion, quelques-uns étant suffisants parasites sur le métabolisme de leurs hôtes, pour éliminer complètement des par le biais des modifications biochimiques populations hôtes.

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INTRODUCTION Mermithids represent a large and distribution, which allows reaching a high important group of nematodes. Usually, they level of extensiveness of the initial invasion are typical only for some species or one-two and a subsequent installation of a partial insect families, and are almost always lethal control of the size of the host population for for their hosts. They draw the attention due an indefinite period; they are safe to the to the fact that they possess the following environment; they are harmless to beneficial characteristics of an ideal biological organisms because of their vital cycle. regulating agent: they are specific for one or Mermithids are a difficult group, a few host species; they are relatively easy with only a few measurable morphologic to handle in the laboratory; they can be characteristics. Most early descriptions, easily disseminated in their environment highly incomplete, became inadequate for using the standard technology of pesticide the majority of known species, and require a spraying; they have a high potential of mass detailed study of mermithids.

MATERIAL AND METHODS The material was submitted for by Soxhlet method. The carbohydrate chemical analysis by freeze drying in liquid contents was determinated by calculating the nitrogen. The content of chemical e was difference between 100% and proteins, determined by emission spectral analysis as lipids and mineral substances quantities, in Eriomenko method (1969). Assessing the percent. Aminoacids analysis was performed amount of total nitrogen was established by in the laboratory of automated centre the Kjeldahl method, after which of Academy of Science at Moldova recalculation was determined the quantity of Republic, with automatic aminoacids proteins. The lipid content was determined analyzer.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mermithids, which attack the aquatic nematodes. H. contorta females go to the stages of their hosts, are highly similar, post-parasite stage, having its generative mostly varying by the length of time prosucts sufficiently matured, since the last necessary to complete their life cycle. mould already took place in the host’s body. Invasive nematodes hatch the larval stage at This is a distinctive characteristic from other age two and, for most species, it swims mermithids species for which maturing the freely in the aquatic environment of stagnant post-parasite larvae and their last mould waters. For species that grow in running takes place outside their host. Mermithids waters, the preparasite attaches to the leave the parasitic organisms forming a hole substrate surface. The preparasite is in the host cuticle, by applying simple tigmotactic positive and geotactic negative, mechanical pressure in between the segment which allows the nematode to have an easy sectors. The moment the parasite leaves, the contact with its host. Mermithids’ usual way death of the host occurs. to attack the host’s body is percussion Founding methods to use mermithids penetration, a fact established through lab as efficient biological regulators requires the experiments on Hydromermis contorta. study of the influence of environmental During penetration and a few factors into their population and vitality. minutes after, the host seems to be According to experimental data, the most paralyzed. Gradually, normal mobility and favorable temperature for the development the nutrition of the infested host are being of eggs and larvae, invasive larvae life and restored. It is assumed that the carbon post-parasitic nematodes is in the range of dioxide exuded/liberated by the host larva 10°C to 25°C. Low temperatures (-2oC) and represents an important sign for the host to high ones (+30oC) are lethal for all life be found by the entomopathogenic stages of the parasites.

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An important factor for the aquatic Chironomid larvae parasitized by mermithids can be water movement. mermithids can be distinguished from the Attempts to infect chironomid larvae with uninfected ones by reduced mobility and pre-parasites in the running waters have transparency of coatings, which allows the been found to be ineffective. The optimum long parasites to be seen. Parasite’s presence pH for the process of infection is 6.7 to 7.2. conditions the pronounced decrease of the Pre-parasites become immobile after eight host’s body mass. hours of being in water with high organic In this way, the dry mass of content and low concentrations of oxygen. parasitized females of Chironomus The most common infection occurs at plumosus decreases compared to the one of chironomid larvae at ages two-three. In the unparasitized ones with around 29%. laboratory conditions, the post-parasitic The dry mass of parasitized males of mermitides can be massively affected by Chironomus plumosus diminishes compared pathogenic fungi. The impact of these to the one of the unparasitized ones with organisms on mermitides under natural around 34%. It was found that the mass of conditions is still unclear. the H. contorta mermithids depends on the The mermithids parasitism causes sex of the host in which the parasite almost complete degeneration of the fat- develops. So, the mermithids extracted from tissue of the host’s body. All backup the body of C. plumosus males are 55% metabolites of the host, including glycogen, lighter than the ones extracted from the body can be mobilized directly or indirectly in the of females. metabolism of the parasite mermithids. Mermithids have a focused, discrete Mermithids acquire their dietary amino- distribution. This phenomenon is acids through the stimulation of the protein characteristic for parasites that develop in catabolism of the fat body of the host. the larval stages of the hosts. The Catabolism products ‒ amino-acids, explanation is that the hosts are killed before glycogen, etc. ‒ represent the nutrient leaving the habitat, thus reducing much the environment that is found and on which the mermithids’ ability to disperse. Discrete parasite feeds. Parasite mermithids larvae’s populations of the parasite may have a nutrition is trans-cuticular. The cuticle of the degree of invasion extension sufficient for zooparasite nematodes is characterized by complete elimination of some host complexity and high metabolic activity. populations. The extension of the mermitids Major changes to the metabolism of the host invasion varies in different geographical caused by the mermithid parasite manifests points and in different years, varying in the by suppressing the development of oocytes. range of 0-100% for different “host- In this way, the growth of the hosts to adult parasite” systems. The extension of the stage is jeopardized, making them unable to invasion with H. contorta of C. piger larvae reproduce. Mermithids lower the fertile in October 1992, in Sestra River was 23.5%, insect females up to 7.9% and they may and the intensity value of the invasion of condition the intersexuality of chironomids. 1.21. The intensity of invasion of the host, in The most acute morphological changes that most cases, is represented by one parasite, take place under the influence of mermithids more rarely two and in extremely rare cases incur in males: their antennae shorten up and three or four parasites on a single host. the structure of the eight abdominal sternit According to our data, singular invasion was becomes similar to that of the female. present in 83% of the infected larvae, 13% Female’s external aspect changes more of the hosts contain two mermithids, and in moderately, but, instead of ovaries, sperm 4% of cases three parasites were found in a ducts and male genitals grow, and single host. The predominance of the sometimes gonads. So, the parasites singular invasion is explained by the mass infection decreases the competitiveness of death of hosts with multiple invasions. The the individual regarding sexual selection. extensiveness and intensity of invasion are

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influenced by the time until the pre-parasite high values of the extensiveness of the mermithids meets the host. For example, invasion (85-90%), and their subsequent after 30 minutes of keeping the pre-parasite release in habitats with low incidence of the larvae, a significant decrease is registered, parasite in question. from 1.3 in the intensity and 97% for the Mass production of the parasite extensiveness, to 1.1 and 76%, respectively. requires solving the theoretical problems Mermithids get their food trans- connected with (one) parasite’s reproduction cuticular, thereby causing particular depending on its density (sex ratio, fertility, difficulties for the in vitro propagation nutritional stress and post-parasites’ method. Researchers’ efforts are directed density), (two) the intensity of the invasion, primarily to the development of effective (three) host population’s density, (four) methods of cultivating mermithids in vivo. parasites’ pathogens, (five) the reproduction H. contorta was maintained in laboratory of parasites and of their host’s and (six) conditions because one of its hosts ‒ C. predators and pathogen organisms. thummi ‒ can easily be grown in these Research results show a significant conditions. However, H. contorta was not influence of the metabolism of parasitic mass produced and applied in natural mermithids on their host, causing profound conditions because of difficulties in biochemical changes in its body (Tab. 1). obtaining sufficient quantities of material in These changes are manifested through a the laboratory. One possible solution in this significant reduction of free amino-acids case would be the collection of hosts from essential in the body of the parasitized host. aquatic habitats with its populations show

Table 1: Statistical parameters of the correlation between the set of essential free amino- acids and the partners of the “host-parasite” system. x, essential free amino- y, essential free amino- R Regression acids, mg% from the acids, mg% from the (correlation equation amino-acid sum amino-acid sum coefficient) Ch. piger, Ch. piger, y = - (0.431 ± 0.520) 0.867 Uninfested larvae Infested larvae + (0.917 ± 0.215)·x Ch. piger, Ch. piger, y = (0.606 ± 1.121) + 0.723 Uninfested pupae Infested pupae (0.740 ± 0.316)·x Ch. piger, Ch. piger, y = (0.956 ± 0.885) + 0.782 Uninfested larvae Uninfested pupae (0.957 ± 0.342)·x Ch. piger, Ch. piger, y = (0.181 ± 0.479) + 0.661 Uninfested females Uninfested males (0.314 ± 0.145)·x

During the life cycle, the rapid Proteins specific only to parasites could increase and anatomical restructuring of the serve as links in the body metabolism in the helminthes occurs, in addition to providing parasite’s organism, links that may be an increased rate of egg production, subject to the action of chemotherapeutic requiring high notes of amino-acids and means that only affect the parasite and not protein metabolism. However, systematic cause harm to the host. research in the field of parasitology was The following figures (Figs. 1-4) performed in small numbers, and the issue present the regression equations that of the role of amino-acids in the exchange of indicate, through high values of the substances at helminthes and their ability to correlation coefficient (r), the significant synthesize amino-acids later are influence of the parasite on measurable insufficiently clarified. Such studies may be biochemical parameters of the host. These useful for diagnosing problems in human regression equations allow the quantification and veterinary medicine, as well as for the of the influence of the parasite, depending detection of specific antigens of helminthes. on the stage of growth of the host.

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24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 16 16 14 14 12

12 Y

Y 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 -2 -2 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

X 0,95 Conf.Int. X 0,95 Conf .Int.

Figure 1: Correlation between the free Figure 2: Correlation between the free amino-acids content in H. contorta, parasite amino-acids content in C. piger, (X) and post-parasite females (Y) uninfested (X) and infested pupae (Y) n=24, rxy=0.959 2 n=26, rxy=0.973 ∑x=100.010; ∑y=54.190; ∑x =1723.068. 2 2 ∑x=100.010; ∑y=97.650; ∑x =872.392. ∑y =579,502; ∑xy=966,688 2 Curve according to the regression equation: ∑y =912,361; ∑xy=877,536 Curve according to the regression equation: Y=-(0,105 ± 0,304) + (0,567 ± 0,036) Y=(0,203 ± 0,289) + (1,029 ± 0,050)·X

24 30

22

20 25

18

16 20

14 15 12 Y 10 Y 10 8 6 5 4

2 0 0 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 -5 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 X 0,95 Conf .Int. X 0,95 Conf .Int.

Figure 3: Correlation between the free Figure 4: Correlation between the free amino-acids content in Ch. plumosus, amino-acids content in Ch. piger, uninfested (X) and infested females uninfested (X) and infested females (Y) n = 15, rxy = 0.936 (Y) n = 25, rxy = 0.983 2 ∑x = 87.030; ∑y = 95.590; ∑x2 = 973.524; ∑x = 97.260; ∑y = 94,200; ∑x = 1306.894; 2 ∑y2 = 1166.882; ∑xy = 1033.326 ∑y = 1342.150; ∑xy = 1307.678 Curve according to the regression equation: Curve according to the regression equation: Y = (0.584 ± 0.849) + (1.009 ± 0.105)·X. Y = -(0.176 ± 0.285) + (1.014 ± 0.039)·X.

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According to this information, Thus, the post-parasite mermithids the infected hosts’ share of free amino have significant differences in the acid decreases, fact that can be explained biochemical status in relation to parasitic both by their use by the parasite and by larvae. These changes are influenced by the the intensifying of the protein biosynthesis different strategies of mermithids at different in the organisms of partners of the system. stages of growth. It has been shown that in In favor of this assumption we have the tissue of the chironomids parasited by data showing that parasitic forms of mermithids the contents of lipids and H. contorta contain protein up to 65% of glucides drop, attesting the increase of the dry mass, and the post-parasite, only protein. Loss of carbohydrates and lipids in 49% of this mass. parasitized chironomids tissues and the toxic influence of the parasite condition the increased proteic metabolism and protein mobilization of the host.

SELECTIVE REFERENCES Balcerzak M., 1992 ‒ Comparative studies on control of insect vectors of human parasitism caused by entomogenous disease, Biocontrol News and nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Information, 5, 7-20.

Heterorhabdilis bacteriophora. Changes Rubţov N. A., 1977 ‒ Mermitidî: in the spectrum and concentration Proishojdenie, rasprostranenie, of haemolymphproteins, Acta biologhia, M., 190. (in Russian) parasitologica, (RP), 37, 2, 73-77. Sidorov V. S., Vîsoţkaia R. U., Smirnov L. Coman D., 1953 ‒ Mermithide freatice în P. and Gurianova S. D., 1989 ‒ fauna Republicii Populare România, Sravnitelinaia biohimia ghelimintov Studii şi Cercetări de Ştiinţe, IV, 3-4, rîb: Aminokislotî, belki, lipidî. L.: 123-152. (in Romanian) Nauka, 152. (in Russian) Coman D., 1961 ‒ Fauna Republicii Populare Spasski A. A., Okopnîi K. C. and Toderaş Române, Nematoda, Mermithidae, I. C., 1977 ‒ K voprosu Bucureşti, 1-60. (in Romanian) vzaimootnoşenii v sisteme parazit- Gherghel P. and Roşca D., 1994 ‒ Dinamica hozeain pri mermitozah, Ăkto- i conţinutului în proteine, lipide şi ăndoparazitî jivotnîh Moldavii, glicogen pe parcursul ciclului de Chişinău, 30-41. (in Russian) dezvoltare la omida păroasă a Yeriyomenko V. I., 1969 − stejarului (Lymanlria dispar), Studia Spektrograficheskoye opredeleniye Universitatis, Biologie., Cluj- mikroelementov (tiazhiolyhk Napoca, 29, 35-44. (in Romanian) metalov) v prirodnykh vodakh, Hominick W. M. and Tingley G. A., 1984 Leningrad, Gigrometeoizdat, 80. (in ‒ Mermithid nematodes and the Russian).

AUTHORS:

1 Elena SILITRARI [email protected]

Moldova State University, Faculty of Biology and Pedology, Mihail Kogălniceanu Street 65A, Chişinău, Moldavia, MD-2009.

2 Vadim RUSU [email protected]

Moldova State University, Faculty of Biology and Pedology, Mihail Kogălniceanu Street 65A,

Chişinău, Moldavia, MD-2009..

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SPECIES OF THE GENUS PSEUDOSINELLA (COLLEMBOLA: ENTOMOBRYIDAE) IN THE ROMANIAN FAUNA

Cristina FIERA 1

KEYWORDS: springtails, distribution, ecology, Pseudosinella moldavica.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the distribution Pseudosinella checklist discovered in some of the genus Pseudosinella in Romania, other two Romanian works. Pseudosinella based on literature and original field data. moldavica Gama and Buşmachiu, 2002 is The check-list of the genus Pseudosinella cited in the present paper for the first time from Romania is given, together with some for the Romanian fauna. P. problematica critical remarks, data on systematic and Gisin and Gama, 1971 was excluded from ecological features, and distribution in the present paper because the species was Europe and in Romania. Up until now 24 placed in synonymy with Lepidocyrtus species of the genus Pseudosinella have serbicus Denis 1933 in Gruia and Popa been recorded in Romania. (2004–2005). Until now six species of P. sollaudi Denis 1924 and P. denisi Pseudosinella appear to be endemic in (Gisin 1954) were added to the Romania.

REZUMAT: Speciile genului Pseudosinella (Collembola: Entomobryidae) ȋn fauna României. Lucrarea prezintă distribuţia genului de specii, fiind descoperite ȋn alte două Pseudosinella ȋn România pe baza datelor lucrări româneşti. Pseudosinella moldavica din literatură şi a celor originale de teren. Gama and Buşmachiu, 2002 este la prima Această lucrare cuprinde informaţii despre semnalare pentru fauna României ȋn lucrarea lista actualizată a speciilor genului de faţă. Pseudosinella ȋn România, precum şi date P. problematica Gisin and Gama, privind sistematica şi ecologia speciilor, 1971 a fost exclusă din prezenta lucrare distribuţia lor ȋn Europa şi ȋn ţara noastră. fiind sinonimizată cu Lepidocyrtus serbicus Până ȋn prezent au fost semnalate 24 de Denis 1933, conform Gruia și Popa (2004- specii ale genului Pseudosinella ȋn 2005). Până ȋn prezent, se pare că șase specii România. P. sollaudi Denis 1924 şi P. denisi aparţinând genului Pseudosinella ar fi (Gisin 1954) au fost adăugate actualei liste endemice pentru fauna României.

RÉZUMÉ: Les espèces du genre Pseudosinella (Collembola: Entomobryidae) dans la faune de Roumanie. Cet article présente la distribution du dans deux autres articles à auteurs roumains. genre Pseudosinella en Roumanie basée sur A l’occasion de la publication de cet article, des données de la littérature et des données Pseudosinella moldavica (Gama et de terrain. La liste mise à jour des espèces Buşmachiu, 2002) est signalée pour la du genre Pseudosinella en Roumanie est premiere fois dans la faune Roumaine. présentée, ainsi que des données concernant P. problematica (Gisin et Gama, la systèmatique et l’écologie des espèces, 1971) a été exclue de l’article, étant un leur distribution en Europe ainsi qu’en synonyme de Lepidocyrtus serbicus (Denis, Roumanie. Actuellement, 24 espèces du 1933) selon Gruia et Popa (2004-2005). genre Pseudosinella ont été signalées en Jusqu’à présent, six espèces appartenant au Roumanie. P. sollaudi (Denis 1924) et P. genre Pseudosinella seraient endémiques de denisi (Gisin 1954) ont été ajoutées à cette Roumanie. présente liste des espèces, étant découvertes

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INTRODUCTION Genus Pseudosinella Schäffer, 1897 as morphology and disposition seta on is the first as largest within the family labial, thoracal and abdominal segments are Entomobryidae (Bellinger et al., 2013) and useful for determination of species of this includes 341 species in the world (Bellinger genus. Christiansen et al. (1983) made a et al., 2013). In Europe 204 species have revision of the species studying the been described until now (Ulrich and Fiera, specimens cited from Europe and other 2010 – in GEB 565 sm Appendix S1; Arbea, countries and set up the code of species 2013). However, some of the species are macrochaetotaxy. difficult to identify correctly, due to the fact According to the checklist of that their original descriptions are Romanian springtails, 22 species of incomplete and do not correspond with the Pseudosinella were known from Romania modern taxonomy. Among the most (Fiera, 2007). Other two species (P. sollaudi important papers concerning Pseudosinella Denis 1924 and P. denisi Gisin 1954) were species from Romania are the chaetotaxic added to the Romanian Pseudosinella studies of Gruia (1974, 1977, 1998a) and species discovered in the works of Gisin and Gama (1971). Dumitrescu et al. (1955) and Botoşăneanu Pseudosinella, a very well-studied (1971), which were not available when the genus thanks to Gisin’s discovery of useful checklist of Romanian springtails was taxonomical features in the chaetotaxy and published. P. problematica Gisin and Gama, his development of formulas for reporting 1971 was excluded from the present paper these characters (Gisin, 1964a, b; Gisin, because the species was synonymised with 1967) has led to a great increase in the Lepidocyrtus serbicus Denis 1933 in Gruia number of species in the last years. and Popa (2004-2005). Six species of Following adaptive characters such as eye Pseudosinella seem to be endemic in number, antennal length, foot structure, head Romania until now. diagonal and non-adaptive characters such

MATERIAL AND METHODS The present work represents a The nomenclatorial system of body synthesis of all present-day available data setal pattern is given in accordance to Gisin concerning the genus Pseudosinella from (1964a, b) and Gisin (1967). In the genus Romania; all available references and Pseudosinella the used system (e.g. original sampled material were considered. Christiansen and Bellinger, 1998, etc.) was The systematical and chorological check-list incorporated in an inter-active version of of all species of Pseudosinella from Pseudosinella key elaborated by Romania is given, together with some Christiansen et al. (2009) to assist in species critical remarks, data on systematical and identification. Nomenclature system of the ecological features, distribution in Europe complete setal pattern of abdominal terga in and in Romania. Unpublished data, gathered Lepidocyrtinae (sensu Szeptycki 1979) was between 2006 and 2013 are also considered. developed by Szeptycki (1979) and applied The Pseudosinella species were by Mari Mutt (1986), Mateos (2008), Zhang sampled within several projects conducted et al. (2009) and Soto-Adames (2010). by the Department of Ecology, Taxonomy Abbreviations used in the paper and Nature conservation, Institute of European countries: Albania – Al; Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy. Andorra – Ad; Austria – At; Azore – Az; Specimens were separately mounted Balearic – Bl; Belarus – By; Belgium – Be; on permanent slides in Swann medium, Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ba; Britain – Br; following procedure after Rusek (1975) and Bulgaria – Bg; Corsica – Co; Crete – Ct; studied with Axio Scope A1 Zeiss phase Croatia – Hr; Cyprus – Cy; Danemarka – contrast microscope. Dk; Dodecanese – Do; Estonia – Ee; Finland

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– Fi; France – Fr; Germany – De; Greece ‒ Bihor; BN – Bistriţa-Năsăud; BR – Gr; Hungary – Hu; Islanda – Is; Irlanda – Ie; Brăila; BT – Botoşani; BV – Braşov; BZ – Italia – It; Kaliningrad – Ka; Letonia – Lv; Buzău; CJ – Cluj; CL – Călăraşi; CS – Lithuania – Lt; Luxemburg – Lu; Macedonia Caraş-Severin; CT – Constanţa; CV – – Mk; Malta – Mt; Moldova – Md; Norvegia Covasna; DB – Dâmboviţa; DJ – Dolj; GJ – No; Novaya Zemlya – Nz; Polonia – Pl; – Gorj; GL – Galaţi; GR – Giurgiu; HD – Portugalia – Pt; Romania – Ro; Sicily – Sc; Hunedoara; HR – Harghita; IF – Slovacia – Sk; Slovenia – Sl; Spain – Es; Ilfov; IL – Ialomiţa; IS – Iaşi; MH – Svalbard and Jan Mayen – Sj; Sweden – Se; Mehedinţi; MM – Maramureş; MS – Switzerland – Ch; The Netherlands – Nl; Mureş; NT – Neamţ; OT – Olt; PH – Ukraine – Ua; Yugoslavia – Yu. Prahova; SB – Sibiu; SJ – Sălaj; SM – The territorial administrative units Satu Mare; SV – Suceava; TL – Tulcea; TM of Romania: AB – Alba; AG – Argeş; AR – Timiş; TR – Teleorman; VL – – Arad; B – Bucharest; BC – Bacău; BH – Vâlcea; VN – Vrancea; VS – Vaslui.

RESULTS The systematical and chorological (Bulimar and Huţu, 1984); Bălăceana annotated check-list of the species of (Ciprian Porumbescu Village), meadow with Pseudosinella found up to the present in Agrostis capillaris L. and Festuca rubra L., Romania is given below: soil, 47°38’26”N/26°2’31”E (Călugăr et al., 1. Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis 1989a). (Stach, 1929) 2. Pseudosinella alba (Packard, First reference in Romania: 1873) Bulimar, 1982. First reference in Romania: Stan Ecology: P. aggtelekiensis, collected and Coroiu, 1978. from caves is endemic to the Slovak- Ecology: lives under stones, in ant Aggtelek Karst region in Slovakia and hills, debris, being common in various types Hungary (Kováč and Rusek, 2012). of habitats (Fjellberg, 2007); reported from Distribution in Europe: Hu, Ro, Sk. cultivated soils – Mediterranean vineyards Distribution in Romania: (Renaud et al., 2004), later stage of Slătioara Secular Forest, SV, succession, acidointolerant (Ponge et al., Stulpicani, ass. Hieracio transsilvanici- 2003), edaphic-troglophile species (Stomp et Abietum (Borhidi 1971) Coldea (1991), al., 1982). moss, soil and decaying trunk, 960 m Distribution in Europe: Al, At, Bl, altitude, 47°27’29”N/25°45’60”E (Bulimar, Be, Ba, Bg, Co, Hr, Cz, Dk, Ee, Fi, Fr, De, 1982). Br, Hu, Is, Ie, It, Lv, Mt, Md, Nl, No, Pl, Pt, The Plain and Central Plateau of Ro, Yu, Sk, Es, Se, Ch, Ua. Moldavia, IS, Podu Iloaiei, wheat crop and Distribution in Romania: maize, soil, 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E Apuseni Mountains ‒ Zarandului, (Călugăr et al., 1987a). AR, Corbeşti (Petriş Village), ass. Carpino- IS, Scobâlteni (Podu Iloaiei Village), Quercetum petraeae Borza, 1941, soil, 280 maize, soil, 47°11’40”N/27°15’50”E m altitude, 46°4’16”N/22°22’59”E; BH, (Călugăr et al., 1987a). Tărcăiţa (Tărcaia Village), ass. Carpino- NT, Podoleni, meadow, soil, Făgetum Paucă, 1941, brown soil, 530 m 46°47’54”N/26°35’38”E; Săvineşti-Roznov, altitude, 46°35’4”N/22°19’51”E (Harşia, rye, soil, 46°50’34”N/26°27’45”E (Călugăr 1995); Trascăului Mountains, HD, Buceş et al., 1983). ‒ Vulcan (Buceş Village), beech wood, SV, Bălăceana (Ciprian Porumbescu brown mezobasic soil, 550 m altitude, Village), meadow, ass. Festuceto- 46°12’55”N/22°58’11”E (Harşia, 1995). Agrostetum tenuis montanum Csürös and Kaptalan, 1964, soil, 47°38’26”N/26°2’31”E

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Slătioara Secular Forest-Rarău, 3. Pseudosinella annemariae SV, Gemenea (Stulpicani Village), Bâtca Stomp, 1972 Leşii, ass. Hieracio transilvanico-Piceetum First reference in Romania: Gruia, Pawlowschi et Br.-Bl. 1939, fermentation 2000. layer, 1,300 m altitude, Ecology: muscicolous (Stomp, 1972). 47°26’22”N/25°42’3”E (Bulimar, 1983). Distribution in Europe: Gr, Ro. Dobrogea, Danube Delta, TL, Distribution in Romania: Cocoş Monastery, oakwood, soil, (Gruia, 2000) ‒ without locality. 45°12’25”N/28°24’46”E (Harşia, 1997). 4. Pseudosinella crenelata Gruia, The Plain and Central Plateau of 1974 Moldavia, IS, Podu Iloaiei (Podu Iloaiei First reference in Romania: Gruia, Village), oak and holm woods, soil, 160-270 1974. m altitude, 47°13’17”N/27°17’26”E Ecology: lives in caves (Gruia, 2003). (Bulimar, 1991a); Podu Iloaiei (Podu Iloaiei Distribution in Europe: Ro. Village), 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E, wheat Distribution in Romania: and maize (fertilized/unfertilized), soil; CT, Mangalia, Kara Orban and meadow with Bromus inermis Leyss. and Obanul Mare from Movile (Gruia and Ilie, Medicago sativa L., soil, 2000-2001); Mangalia: Casian Cave (Gruia, 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E (Călugăr et al., 1974; Gruia and Ilie, 2000-2001; Gruia, 1987a); meadow, ass. Botriochloetum 2003); Negru Vodă: Limanu Cave (Gruia, ischaemi Pop, 1977, soil, 1974; Gruia and Ilie, 2000-2001); Mangalia: 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E (Călugăr et al., Movile Cave (Gruia, 1998a; Gruia, 1998b); 1987b). Băneasa: cave from Canaraua de pe Graniţă CJ, crop, soil, (Gruia and Ilie, 2000-2001); Gura Dobrogei 46°49’56”N/23°36’30”E (Stan and Coroiu, (Cogealac Village): Liliecilor Cave from 1978). Gura Dobrogei (Gruia, 1974; Gruia and Ilie, IS, Popricani (Vulturi), plum 2000-2001; Gruia, 2003). orchard, soil, 47°17’1”N/27°30’56”E The species is endemic for Romania. (Călugăr et al., 1989b); Scobâlteni (Podu 5. Pseudosinella horaki Rusek, Iloaiei Village), vegetables, maize and 1985 meadows, soil, 47°11’40”N/27°15’50”E First reference in Romania: Dányi (Călugăr et al., 1987a). et al., 2006. HR, Băile Seke and Odorheiu Ecology: lives in forests; oak woods Secuiesc, soil (Fiera, unpublished data). and Pinus nigra plantation (Kováč et al., MS, Sovata, 502 m altitude, 2005). mixed forest with Quercus robur L., Q. Distribution in Europe: Cz, Hu, petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl., Fagus Md, Pl, Ro, Sk, Ua. sylvatica L. and Carpinus betulus L., Distribution in Romania: soil, 46°36’14”N/25°05’07”E (Fiera, Igniş Mountains, MM, Izvoarele unpublished data). (Cerneşti Village), Tătarului Gorges, moss, SV, Bălăceana (Ciprian Porumbescu peat bogs, 738 m altitude, Village), meadow with Agrostis capillaris 47°35’26”N/23°52’19”E (Dányi et al., L. and Festuca rubra L., soil, 2006). 47°38’26”N/26°2’31”E (Călugăr et al., Piatra-Maramureş Mountains, 1989a); Bălăceana (Ciprian Porumbescu MM, Ocna Şugatag, Poiana Brazilor, peat Village), meadow, ass. Festuceto- bogs, moss, 900 m altitude, Agrostetum tenuis montanum Csürös 47°46’40”N/23°56’8”E; Brazilor Valley, and Kaptalan, 1964, soil, soil, 841 m altitude, 47°38’26”N/26°2’31”E (Bulimar and Huţu, 47°50’15”N/23°42’42”E (Dányi et al., 1984). 2006).

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GR, Căscioarele (Găiseni Village), Ponor (Pui Commune): Şura Mare Cave, forest ecosystem with Quercus robur L., soil 45°31’10”N/23°8’15”E (Dumitrescu and (Fiera, unpublished data). Orghidan, 1969); Peştera (Petroşani): Gura 6. Pseudosinella huetheri Stomp, Cetăţii Cave, 45°27’11”N/23°18’50”E 1971 (Dumitrescu and Orghidan, 1969). First reference in Romania: Dányi 8. Pseudosinella denisi Gisin, 1954 et al., 2006. First reference in Romania: Ecology: live in forest (Stomp, 1971); Botoşăneanu, 1971. interstitial (Bretschko and Christian, 1989). Ecology: lives in caves (Gama, Distribution in Europe: At, De, Lu, 1991) and also in forests (Kopeszki and Ro, Sk, Ch. Meyer, 1994). Distribution in Romania: Distribution in Europe: De, Fr, Ro. Igniş Mountains, MM, Izvoarele Distribution in Romania: (Cerneşti Village), nearby Tăul of Dumitru, Banatului Mountains, CS, turf bog, moss, 1,143 m altitude, Zamoniţa Cave (Botoşăneanu, 1971). 47°35’26”N/23°52’19”E (Dányi et al., 9. Pseudosinella duodecimocellata 2006). Handchin, 1926 Piatra Maramureş Mountains, First reference in Romania: MM, Ocna Şugatag, Poiana Brazilor, turf Bulimar, 1980. bog, moss, 900 m altitude, Ecology: lives in spruce, fir and 47°46’40”N/23°56’8”E (Dányi et al., 2006); beech, forests (Bulimar, 1980) and caves Brazilor Valley, soil, 841 m altitude, (Gama, 1973). 47°50’15”N/23°42’42”E (Dányi et al., Distribution in Europe: At, Be, Bg, 2006). Cz, Fr, De, Br, Ro, Yu, Sk, Sl, Es, Ch. 7. Pseudosinella decipiens Denis, 1924 Distribution in Romania: First reference in Romania: Gruia, Călimani Mountains ‒ Răţitiş 1969a. Peak, SV, ass. Calamagrostio villosae- Ecology: hemiedaphic-troglophile Pinetum mugi Sanda and Popescu, 2002, (Stomp et al., 1982), hardwood forest, in soil litter, fermentation layer and humus, 1,780 (Fjellberg, 2007). m altitude; ass. Cembreto-Piceetum abietis Distribution in Europe: At, Be, Ba, Chifu et al., 1984, litter and fermentation Ct, Hr, Fi, Fr, De, Br, Hu, Ie, Ro, Yu, Es, layer, 1,460-1,750 m altitude (Bulimar, Se, Ch. 1987). Distribution in Romania: Slătioara-Rarău Secular Forest, Dobrogea and the Carpathians SV, Slătioara (Stulpicani Village): Bâtca cu (Gruia, 1970). Plai, ass. Hieracio transilvanico-Piceetum Dobrogea, CT, Gura Dobrogei Pawlowschi et Br. ‒ Bl., 1939, soil, (Cogealac Village): Liliecilor Cave from 47°27’57”N/25°39’37”E (Bulimar, 1980); Gura Dobrogei, 44°28’36”N/28°31’15”E Slătioara (Stulpicani Village), Ion Valley, (Gruia, 1969); CT, Băneasa: the second mixt forest with spruce, fir and beach, soil, cave from Canaraua de pe Graniţă, 960 m altitude, 47°27’57”N/25°39’37”E 44°4’14”N/27°41’56”E (Gruia, 1969); (Bulimar, 1980). Casian (Târguşor Village): Casian Cave, 10. Pseudosinella edax Gisin, 1967 44°29’43”N/28°29’15”E (Gruia, 1969); First reference in Romania: Gruia, Negru Vodă: Limanu Cave (Dumitrescu et 1977. al., 1965; Gruia, 1969a). Ecology: edaphic species (Gruia, Sebeşului Mountains, HD, Ohaba- 1977). Ponor (Pui Village), the insurgence at Ohaba Distribution in Europe: At, It, Ro. Ponorului, 45°31’10”N/23°8’15”E (Gruia, Distribution in Romania: 1969); Şura Mare from Ohaba Ponorului, (Gruia, 2000) – without localities; lithoclasis (Dumitrescu et al., 1967); Ohaba-

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Mehedinţi Mountains – Motrului 13. Pseudosinella binoculata Valley, Izvorul Albiilor and Sohodoale Kseneman, 1935 Valley, humus, 600-650 m altitude (Gruia, First reference in Romania: Harşia, 1977). 1995. 11. Pseudosinella fallax (Börner, Ecology: lives on dry areas under 1903) stones and in plant detritus under clusters of First reference in Romania: Gruia, grasses (Nosek and Vysotskaia, 1973). 2000. Distribution in Europe: At, Be, Cz, Ecology: caves, agricultural soil, Hu, Ro, Es, Ua. rodent nests, beech forests, steppe region. Distribution in Romania: More information at: http://collembole. Apuseni Mountains ‒ Zarandului, free.fr/collembola/publicat/bellingr/indexx.h AR, Bârzava, oakwood, ass. Genisto tm (01.11.2013). tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae Klika, 1932, Distribution in Europe: Al, At, Bg, brown podzolic soil, 400 m altitude, Ct, Fr, Br, Gr, Hu, Ie, It, Pt, Ro, Sc, Sk, Sl, 46°6’8”N/21°58’12”E (Harşia, 1995). Es, Ch, Ua. 14. Pseudosinella manuelae Gruia, Distribution in Romania: 1974 (Gruia, 2000) – without localities. First Romanian ref.: Gruia, 1974. 12. Pseudosinella imparipunctata Ecology: lives in caves (Gruia, 2003). Gisin, 1953 Distribution in Europe: Ro. First reference in Romania: Distribution in Romania: Călugăr et al., 1987b. (Gruia, 2000) – without localities. Ecology: the species have been Banatului Mountains, Vraşka Cave recorded from different types of habitas: (Gruia, 1974; Negrea and Negrea, 1977; vineyard, agricultural soil, meadows, stepe Gruia and Ilie, 2000-2001; Gruia, 2003). region, litoral soil, but also found in caves. The National Park Semenic, CS, More information at: Cuptorul Porcului Cave (Gruia and Ilie, http://collembole.free.fr/collembola/publicat 2000-2001; Gruia, 2003). /bellingr/indexx.htm (accessed on 1 Basin of Caraş Valley, CS, November 2013). Liliecilor Cave (Gruia, 1975). Distribution in Europe: At, Ct, Fr, Mehedinţi Mountains, MH, Md, Pt, Ro, Yu, Sk, Es, Ch, Ua. Topolniţa Cave (Gruia, 1974; Gruia and Ilie, Distribution in Romania: 2000-2001; Gruia, 2003). (Gruia, 2000) – without localities. The species is endemic for Romania. The Plain and Central Plateau of 15. Pseudosinella moldavica Da Moldavia, IS, Podu Iloaiei, Gama and Busmachiu, 2002 fertilized/unfertilized maize, soil, Ecology: corn and alfalfa fields in 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E (Călugăr et al., Moldavia (Buşmachiu and Bacal, 2012); 1987a). deciduous forests (Buşmachiu, 2008). Dobrogea (Skolka, 2005); CT, European Distribution: Md, Ro, Ua. Mangalia: the cave from Movile, BZ, Merei, Sărata-Monteoru, 43°49’9”N/28°33’58”E (Gruia, 1998a; 45°9’8”N/26°40’56”E; dead trunk. Gruia, 1998b). DB, Cobia, forest ecosystem with B, Izvor Park, soil (Fiera, Quercus petraea L., unpublished data). 44°47’23”N/25°20’41”E, soil. IS, Popricani (Vulturi), plum IF, Cernica Forest, orchard, soil, 47°17’1”N/27°30’56”E 44°25’18”N/26°17’3”E, soil, 06.11.2008; (Călugăr et al., 1989b). Pustnicu Forest, soil; 06.11.2008. PH, Băicoi, maize, soil (Fiera, GR, Căscioarele (Găiseni Village), 2011). 44°30’57”N/25°44’32”E, litter and soil, 06.11.2008.

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16. Pseudosinella obanae Gruia, 8. Pseudosinella pallida Gruia, 1998 1977 First reference in Romania: Gruia, First reference in Romania: Gruia, 1998a. 1977. Ecology: in caves (Gruia, 1998a). Ecology: edaphic species (Gruia, Distribution in Europe: Ro. 1977). Distribution in Romania: (Gruia, Distribution in Europe: Ro. 2000) – without localities. Distribution in Romania: Dobrogea, CT, Mangalia: the cave Mehedinţi Mountains, Motrului from Movile (Gruia, 1998b; Gruia, 1998a). Valley, Izvorul Albiilor and Sohodoale The species is endemic in Romania. Valley (Gruia, 1977). 17. Pseudosinella octopunctata (Gruia, 2000) ‒ without localities. Börner, 1901 The species is endemic for Romanian First reference in Romania: fauna. Călugăr et al., 1987a. 19. Pseudosinella picta (Börner, Ecology: the species is characteristic 1903) to warm meadow habitats (Fjellberg, 2007); First reference in Romania: Gruia, reported from dry open environments, 2000. Mediterranean shrub lands and vineyard Ecology: lives in caves, decidous (Detsis et al., 2000; Renaud et al., 2004). and conifer forests, meadows, in soil, litter Distribution in Europe: At, Az, Be, and moss on rocks. More information at: Ba, Bg, Canary Is., Ct, Cz, Dk, Fi, Fr, De, http://collembole.free.fr/collembola/publicat Br, Hu, Ir, It, Lv, Md, No, Pl, Pt, Ro, Yu, /bellingr/indexx.htm (accessed on 1 Sc, Sk, Sl, Se, Ch, Ua. November 2013). Distribution in Romania: Distribution in Europe: Ct, Do, It, (Gruia, 2000) ‒ without localities. Pt, Ro, Sc, Es. Dobrogea, CT, Mangalia: the cave Distribution in Romania: from Movile, 43°49’9”N/28°33’58”E (Gruia, 2000) ‒ without localities. (Gruia, 1998a; Gruia, 1998b; Gruia, 2003). BR, Insula Mare a Brăilei, meadow, The Plain and Central Plateau of ass. Hordeetum murini Libbert 1932 em. Moldavia, IS, Podu Iloaiei, meadow, ass. Passarge, 1964 ‒ Agropyretum Botriochloetum ischaemi Pop, 1977, soil, pectiniformae (Prodan, 1939) Dihoru, 1970, 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E; Podu Iloaiei, soil (Fiera, 2006). 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E, wheat, maize, soil GR: Călugăreni, ass. Querco robori– (Călugăr et al., 1987a); Podu Iloaiei, meadow Carpinetum Borza, 1937, soil; Căscioarele with Bromus inermis Leyss., Medicago (Găiseni Village), forest ecosystem with sativa L., soil, 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E Quercus robur L., soil (Sanda et al., 2006a). (Călugăr et al., 1987b). 20. Pseudosinella racovitzai Gisin IS, Popricani (Vulturi), plum trees, and da Gama, 1971 soil, 47°17’1”N/27°30’56”E (Călugăr et First reference in Romania: Gruia, al., 1989b); Scobâlteni (Podu Iloaiei), 2000. legumes, meadow, maize, soil, Ecology: lives only in caves (Gruia, 47°11’40”N/27°15’50”E (Călugăr et al., 2003). 1987a). Distribution in Europe: Ro. PH, Băicoi, maize, soil (Fiera, 2011). Distribution in Romania: SV, Bălăceana (Ciprian Porumbescu (Gruia, 2000) ‒ without localities. Village), meadow with Agrostis capillaris L. Şureanu Mountains, HD, Luncani: and Festuca rubra L., soil, Cioclovina Uscată Cave (Ponorici Cave) 47°38’26”N/26°2’31”E (Călugăr and al., (Gisin and da Gama, 1971; Gruia, 1975; 1989a); Rădăuţi, 47°50’15”N/25°56’41”E Gruia and Ilie, 2000-2001; Gruia, 2003). (Cârdeiu, 1949). The species is endemic in Romania.

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21. Pseudosinella sandelsorum Dobrogea, Danube Delta, TL, Gruia, 1977 Cocoş Monastery, oakwood, soil, First reference in Romania: Gruia, 45°12’25”N/28°24’46”E (Harşia, 1997); 1977. CT, Mangalia: the Movile Cave, Ecology: edaphic species (Gruia, 43°49’9”N/28°33’58”E (Gruia, 1998a; 1977). Gruia, 1998b; Gruia and Ilie, 2000-2001; Distribution in Europe: Ro. Gruia, 2003); Gura Dobrogei (Cogealac Distribution in Romania: Village), the cave from Gura Dobrogei, (Gruia, 2000) ‒ without localities. 44°28’36”N/28°31’15”E (Gruia, 1965a); Perşani Mountains, HR, Mereşti, Limanu, lapidicolous, 43°48’5”N/ Vârghişului Gorges (Nitzu et al., 2006- 28°32’27”E (Gruia, 1965a); Limanu Cave, 2007). in guano (Dumitrescu et al., 1965); Limanu Mehedinţi Mountains – Motrului Peninsula, epigeous, (Gruia and Ilie, 2000- Valley, Izvorul Albiilor and Sohodoale 2001); Negru Vodă: the cave from Limanu, Valley, humus, 600-650 m altitude (Gruia, 43°48’52”N/28°12’20”E (Gruia, 1969; 1977). Gruia and Ilie, 2000-2001; Gruia, 2003). The species is endemic for Romania. Bucegi Massif, PH, Buşteni, ass. 22. Pseudosinella sexoculata Pulmonario rubrae-Fagetum (Soo, 1964) Schött, 1902 Taber, 1987, soil, 910 m altitude; Poiana First reference in Romania: Gruia, Stânii, Fagetum dacicum Beldie, 1951, soil, 1965b. 1,290 m altitude; Sinaia, Pulmonario Ecology: lives in different types of rubrae-Fagetum (Soo, 1964) Taber, 1987, habitats caves, agricultural lands, mine rock soil, 800 m altitude (Falcă, 1984). dump, coal mines, forests, meadows, in BR, Insula Mare a Brăilei, maize, soil, litter, rodent nests and mushrooms. soil (Fiera, 2006). More information at: http://collembole. IF, Pustnicu Forest, soil (Fiera, free.fr/collembola/publicat/bellingr/indexx.h unpublished data). tm (accessed on 1 November 2013); IS, Scobâlteni (Podu Iloaiei Village), compost and other organic deposits vegetables and maize, soil, (Fjellberg, 2007). 47°11’40”N/27°15’50”E (Călugăr et al., Distribution in Europe: At, Ba, Bg, 1987a). Cn, Hr, Cz, Ee, Fi, Fr, De, Br, Hu, It, Md, NT, Dumbrava Roşie, barley, soil, Nl, No, Pl, Pt, Ro, Yu, Sc, Sk, Es, Se, Ch, 46°53’16”N/26°26’56”E; Podoleni, Ua. meadow, soil, 46°47’54”N/26°35’38”E; Distribution in Romania: Săvineşti, meadow, soil, (Gruia, 2000) ‒ without localities. 46°50’34”N/26°27’45”E (Călugăr et al., Dobrogea and the Carpathians 1983). (Gruia, 1970). PH, Băicoi, maize, soil (Fiera, The Plain and Central Plateau of 2011). Moldavia, IS, Podu Iloaiei (Podu Iloaiei 23. Pseudosinella sollaudi Denis Village), oak and holm woods, soil, 160-270 1924 First reference in Romania: m altitude, 47°13’17”N/27°17’26”E Dumitrescu et al., 1955. (Bulimar, 1991a); Podu Iloaiei, meadow Ecology: the species has been found with Bromus inermis Leyss., Medicago only in caves, in France (Gisin, 1960) and sativa L., soil; Podu Iloaiei, fertilized maize Romania (Dancău and Tăbăcaru, 1964). crop, soil, 47°12’45”N/27°16’38”E (Călugăr Distribution in Europe: Fr, De. et al., 1987a). Distribution in Romania: Stogu Vânturariţa Massif, VL, Sfântul Grigore Decapolitu Cave (Dumitrescu et al., 1955; Dancău and Tăbăcaru, 1964).

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24. Pseudosinella wahlgreni Stulpicani, mixt forest with spruce, fir and (Börner in Voeltzkow, 1907) beach, litter, moss, soil, decaying trunk First reference in Romania: (Bulimar, 1982). Bulimar, 1982. Suceava, Neamţ, Vrancea, fir Ecology: eurytopic and forest, soil, 440-970 m altitude (Bulimar, hemiedaphic-troglophile species (Stomp et 1991b). al., 1982). Retezat Mountains, Zlătuii Valley, Distribution in Europe: At, Ba, Bg, HD, Râu de Mori, ass. Festuco drymejae- Cz, Fr, Br, Gr, Hu, It, Lt, Nl, Pl, Ro, Sk, Es, Fagetum (Morariu et al., 1968), soil, 850 m Ch, Ua. altitude (Falcă, 1984); HD, ass. Hieracio Distribution in Romania: (Gruia, transilvanico-Piceetum Pawlowschi et Br. ‒ 2000) ‒ without localities. Bl., 1939, soil, 1,250 m altitude (Falcă, Călimani Mountains ‒ Pietricelul 1984). Mountain, SV, Răţiţiş Peak, ass. Cembreto- Slătioara-Rarău Forest area, SV, Piceetum abietis (Chifu et al., 1984), litter, Gemenea (Stulpicani Village), Măgura Hill, fermentation layer, humus, 1,460-1,750 m ass. Hieracio transsilvanici-Abietum altitude; ass. Calamagrostio villosae- (Borhidi, 1971) Coldea, 1991, litter, Pinetum mugi (Sanda and Popescu, 2002), fermentation layer, 890 m altitude, litter, fermentation layer, humus, 1,780 m 47°26’22”N/25°42’3”E; Gemenea altitude (Bulimar, 1987). (Stulpicani Village), Măgura Hill, mixt The Plain and Central Plateau of forest with spruce, fir and beach, litter, Moldavia, IS, Podu Iloaiei (Podu Iloaiei fermentation layer (Bulimar, 1983). Village), oak and holm woods, soil, 160-270 The Central Plateau of Moldavia, m altitude, 47°13’17”N/27°17’26”E IS, Strunga, ass. Aro orientalis-Carpinetum (Bulimar, 1991a). (Dobrescu and Kovács, 1973) Täuber, 1992, Slătioara Secular Forest, SV, fermentation layer, litter, 890 m altitude, Stulpicani, ass. Hieracio transsilvanici- 47°9’32”N/26°57’38”E (Bulimar, 1992); IS, Abietum (Borhidi 1971) Coldea 1991, litter, Sineşti, mixt forest with spruce, fir and moss, soil, decaying trunk, 960 m altitude, beach, fermentation layer, litter (Bulimar, 47°27’29”N/25°45’60”E (Bulimar, 1982); 1992).

CONCLUSIONS 24 species of Pseudosinella genus Six species of Pseudosinella are (Collembola: Entomobryidae) have been endemic in the fauna of Romania: P. recorded in Romania until now. crenelata Gruia, 1974, P. manuelae Gruia, Pseudosinella moldavica Gama and 1974, P. obanae Gruia, 1998, P. pallida Buşmachiu, 2002 is reported for the first Gruia, 1977, P. racovitzai Gisin and da time for Romanian fauna. Gama, 1971, P. sandelsorum Gruia, 1977.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by the Romanian Academy (RO1567-IBB03/2013). I thank to Mr. Avramescu C. for field assistance and to Mrs. Buşmachiu G for help in determining.

REFERENCES Arbea J. I., 2013 ‒ A new cave species Bellinger P., Christiansen K. A. and of Pseudosinella (Collembola, Janssens F., 2013 ‒ Checklist of the Entomobryomorpha, Entomobryidae) Collembola of the World. Available from Sima del Campamento (Jaén, from: http://www.collembola.org Southern Iberian Peninsula), (accessed 31.10.2013). Arquivos Entomolóxicos, 8, 303- 308.

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Botoşăneanu L., 1971 ‒ Observation sur la Bulimar F., 1991a ‒ Răspunsul faune aquatique hypogee des Monts comunităţilor de colembole la du Banat (Roumanie), Travaux de modificările mediului edafic induse l’Institut ”Emile Racovitza”, 10, de uscarea unor cvercete, Anuarul 123-166. (in French) Muzeului Judeţean, Fascicola Bretschko G. and Christian E., 1989 ‒ Ştiinţele Naturii Suceava, 11, 33-43. Collembola in the bed sediments of (in Romanian) an Alpine gravel stream (Ritrodat- Bulimar F., 1991b ‒ Influenţa fenomenului Lunz study area, Austria), de uscare prematură a bradului Internationale Revue der Gesamten asupra taxocenozelor de colembole. Hydrobiologie, 74, 491-498. Evidenţierea fenomenului de uscare Bulimar F., 1980 ‒ Particularităţile a bradului prin intermediul faunei structurale ale unor cenoze litiricole edafice, Anuarul Muzeului Judeţean, de colembole (Ord. Collembola, Cls. Fascicola Ştiinţele Naturii Suceava, Insecta) din Codrul Slătioara-Rarău 11, 45-55. (in Romanian) (I), Anuarul Muzeului judeţean Bulimar F., 1992 ‒ Caractéristiques Suceava, Fascicola Şiinţele Naturii, structurales des communautés des 6, 249-263. (in Romanian) collemboles aux Querco Robori- Bulimar F., 1982 ‒ Structura şi diversitatea Tilio-Carpinetum (Plateau Central de specifică a unor comuniţăţi de la Moldavie), Analele ştiintifice ale colembole litiericole, saproxilicole şi Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi, 38- muscinale din Rezervaţia naturală 39, 61-64. (in French) „Codrul Secular Slătioara-Rarău”. Buşmachiu G., 2008 ‒ Collembola (Insecta: Studii şi comunicări, Societatea de Collembola) from the “Plaiul ştiinţe Biologice din România Filiala Fagului” State Nature Reserve. Reghin, 2, 367-382. (in Romanian) Muzeul Olteniei Craiova, Oltenia, Bulimar F., 1983 ‒ Particularităţile Studii şi comunicări, Ştiinţele structurale ale unor cenoze litiricole Naturii, 24, 57-60. de colembole (Ord. Collembola, Cls. Buşmachiu G. and Bacal S., 2012 ‒ The Insecta) din zona forestieră Slătioara- contributions to the knowledge Rarău (II), Anuarul Muzeului of invertebrates (Collembola; Judeţean, Fascicola Ştiinţele naturii Insecta: Coleoptera) from three 7, 285-304. (in Romanian) different crops, Muzeul Olteniei Bulimar F., 1987 ‒ Cercetări asupra Craiova. Oltenia. Studii şi comunităţilor de colembole edafice Comunicări, Ştiinţele Naturii, 28, 1, (Insecta: Collembola) la limita 49-54. superioară a pădurii din Masivul Călugăr M., Bulimar F., Vasiliu N. and Huţu Călimani, Anuarul Muzeului M., 1983 ‒ Efectul poluării chimice Judeţean, Fascicola Ştiinţele Naturii, asupra populaţiilor de oribatide 9, 115-128. (in Romanian) (Acarina) şi colembole (Insecta). Bulimar F. and Huţu M., 1984 ‒ Quantitative Studii şi cercetări de biologie, Seria and qualitative modification of the Biologie Animală, 35, 2, 136-147. (in coenosis structure of Collembola Romanian) under the influence of chemical Călugăr M., Bulimar F., Huţu M., Lupaşcu fertilization in an experimental field A. and Davidescu G., 1987a ‒ on the Bălăceana meadow, in Nemeş Effects de la fertilisation organique M. P., Kiss S., Papacostea P., des agrocenoses sur les peuplements Ştefanic P. G. and Russau M. (eds), de microartropodes edaphique, The Fifth Symposium on Soil Memoriile secţiilor ştiinţifice, 10, Biology, Iaşi, 131-139. 257-272. (in French)

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Calugăr M., Huţu M., Bulimar F. and Dumitrescu M. and Orghidan T., 1969 ‒ Vasiliu N. C., 1987b ‒ Cercetări Date noi obţinute în studiul faunei ecologice asupra microartropodelor litoclazice, Lucrările Institutului de edafice din agrosisteme, Studii şi Speologie „Emil Racoviṭă”, 80, 55- cercetări de biologie, Seria biologie 71. (in Romanian) animală, 39, 2, 143-153. (in Dumitrescu M., Orgidan T., Tanasachi J. Romanian) and Georgescu M., 1965 ‒ Călugăr M., Huţu M., Bulimar F., Donose Contribuţii la studiul monografic al and Pisica A., 1989a ‒ Aspecte ale Peşterii de la Limanu, Lucrările procesului de descompunere dintr-o Institutului de Speologie „Emil pajişte fertilizată cu azot mineral, Racoviţă” 4, 21-58. (in Romanian) Studii şi cercetări de biologie, Seria Dumitrescu M., Orgidan N., Orgidan T., biologie animală, 41, 1, 37-47. (in Puşcariu V., Tanasachi J., Georgescu Romanian) M. and Avram Ş., 1967 ‒ Contribuţii Călugăr M., Bulimar F. and Huţu M., 1989b la studiul peşterilor din regiunea ‒ Etude ecologique sur les Hunedoara, Lucrările Institutului de microarthropodes edaphiques des Speologie „Emil Racoviţă”, 60, 9- vergers, Analele ştiinţifice ale 88. (in Romanian) Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza” din Iaşi, Falcă M., 1984 ‒ Studiu ecologic al unor serie nouă, Secţiunea II, Biologie, artropode (Insecte inferioare) din sol 36, 61-64. (in French) şi litieră din Carpaţii Meridionali. Cârdeiu F., 1949 ‒ Beltrage zur Kenntnis Institutul de Ştiinte Biologice, der Moldauer Apterigoten, Revista Bucureşti, teză de doctorat, 219. (in ştiinţifică “Vasile Adamachi”, 35, Romanian) 82-83. Fiera C., 2011 ‒ Species composition of Christiansen K., Bellinger P. and Bellinger springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) K., 1998 ‒ The Collembola of in cultivated soils of Prahova County North America, Part 3, Families (Romania). Oltenia, Studii şi Entomobryidae, Cyphoderidae, comunicări, Ştiinţele naturii, 27, 1, Paronellidae, Oncopoduridae, 71-73. Tomoceridae, Grinnell College Fjellberg A., 2007 ‒ The Collembola of Press, Grinnell, Iowa, 877-1174. Fennoscandia and Denmark, Part Christiansen K., Jordana R. and Ariño A. H., II: Entomobryomorpha and 2009 ‒ Pseudosinella species of the Symphypleona, Fauna Entomologica world database and identification Scandinavica, 42, 1-264. key. Available at http://www.unav. Gama M. M., 1973 ‒ Systematique es/unzyec/collembola/ (accessed on evolutive des Pseudosinella. IX 31/10/2013) (Insecta: Collembola), Revue Suisse Dányi L., Traser G., Fiera C. and Radwański de Zoologie, 80, 1, 45-63. (in J. M., 2006 ‒ Preliminary data on the French) Collembola fauna of Maramureş Gama M. M., 1991 ‒ Collemboles (Insectes County, Studia Universitatis “Vasile Apterygptes) cavernicoles de la Goldiş”, Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii France et de la Suisse, Memoires de 17, 47-51. Biospeologie, 171-183. (in French) Detsis V., 2000 ‒ Vertical distribution of Gama M. M. and Buşmachiu G., 2002 ‒ Collembola in deciduous forests Evolutionary systematics of under Mediterranean climatic Pseudosinella. XVI. Edaphic species conditions, Belgian Journal of from Moldavia (Insecta: Zoology, 130, supplement 1, 55- Collembola), Revue Suisse de 59. Zoologie, 109, 4, 679-685.

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Gisin H., 1960 ‒ Collembolenfauna România), Mémoires de Europas. Geneve: Museum Biospéologie, 25, 45-52. (in French) d’Histoire Naturelle, 312. Gruia M., 2000 ‒ Collembola of the karstic Gisin H., 1964a ‒ Collemboles d’Europe VI, system of Romania, Mémoires de Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 71, 383- Biospéologie, 27, 53-60. 400. (in French) Gruia M., 2003 ‒ Collembola from Gisin H., 1964b ‒ Collemboles d´Europe, Romanian caves, Travaux du VII, Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 71, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 649-678. (in French) “Grigore Antipa”, 35, 139-158. Gisin H., 1967 ‒ Espéces nouvelles et Gruia M. and Ilie V., 2000-2001 ‒ lignées évolutives de Pseudosinella Collembola of the karstic system of endogés, Memórias e Estudos do Romania (II), Travaux de l’Institut Museu Zoológico da Universidade “Emile Racovitza”, 40, 63-122. de Coimbra, 301, 1-25. (in French) Harşia T., 1995 ‒ Collembola communities Gisin H. and da Gama M. M., 1971 ‒ Notes from the Apuseni Mountains (the taxonomiques et evolutives sur trois Carpathians), Polskie Pismo especes Pseudosinella cavernicoles Entomologiczne, 64, 217-228. provenant de Yougoslavie et de Harşia T., 1997 ‒ Collembola communities Roumanie, Revue Suisse de in the Danube Delta Biosphere Zoologie, 78, 217-225. (in French) Reserve, in Tóth E. and Horváth F. Gruia M., 1969 ‒ Date asupra răspândirii (eds) Proceedings of “Research, colembolelor în peşterile României, Conservation, Management” Travaux de l’Institut „Emile Conference, Aggtelek, Hungary, 1-5 Racovitza”, 8, 161-178. May, 1996, Aggtelek National Park Gruia M., 1970 ‒ Donnés sur certains Directorate, Aggtelek, 413-420. Collemboles lapidicoles et Kopeszki H. and Meyer E., 1994 ‒ lithoclasicoles des Carpates, Travaux Artenzusammensetzung und de l’Institut “Emile Racovitza”, 9, Abundanz von Collembolen in 191-195. (in French) Waldboden Voralbergs (Österreich), Gruia M., 1974 ‒ Deux collemboles Bericht des Naturwissenschaftlich- (Entomobryinae) nouveaux de la Medizinichen Vereins in Innsbruck faune cavernicole de Roumanie, 81, 151-166. (in German) Travaux de l’Institut “Emile Kováč Ľ. and Rusek J., 2012 ‒ Racovitza”, 13, 55-59. (in French) Redescription of two troglobiotic Gruia M., 1975 ‒ Collembole subterane din species of the genus Pseudosinella România, Institutul de ştiinţe Schäffer, 1897 (Collembola, Biologice, Bucureşti, teză de Entomobryidae) from the Western doctorat, 197. (in Romanian) Carpathians, Zootaxa, 3341, 32-45. Gruia M., 1977 ‒ Collemboles euédaphiques Kováč Ľ., Kosturova N. and Miklisova D., de la Vallée Motru Sec, Travaux de 2005 ‒ Comparison of collembolan l’Institut de Spéologie Émile assemblages (Hexapoda, Racovitză 16, 77-84. (in French) Collembola) of thermophilous oak Gruia M., 1998a ‒ Collembola of the karstic woods and Pinus nigra plantations in system from Movile. Travaux de the Slovak Karst (Slovakia), l’Institut de Spéologie Émile Pedobiologia, 49, 29-40. Racovitză 37-38, 167-174. Mari Mutt J. A., 1986 ‒ Puerto Rican Gruia M., 1998b ‒ Sur la faune de species of Lepidocyrtus and Collemboles de l’écosystème Pseudosinella (Collembola: exokarstique et karstique de Movilé Entomobryidae), Caribbean Journal (Dobrogea du sud, Mangalia, of Science, 22, 1-2, 1-48.

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Mateos E., 2008 ‒ The European Travaux des Museum d'Histoire Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 Naturalle “Grigore Antipa”, 19, (Collembola: Entomobryidae), 279-283. Zootaxa, 1769, 35-59. Stomp N., 1971 ‒ Contribution a l’etude des Negrea Ş and Negrea A., 1977 ‒ Sur les Pseudosinella endoges Especes associations de plancher des grottes europeennes de Pseudosinella 5 + 5 du Banat (Roumanie), Travaux de yeux (Collembola, Entomobrydae), l’Institut “Emile Racovitza”, 16, 99- Revue d'écologie et de biologie du 139. (in French) sol, 8, 1, 173-188. (in French) Nitzu E., Nae A. and Popa I., 2006-2007 ‒ Stomp N., 1972 ‒ Deux nouvelles especes Eco-faunistic study on the de Pseudosinella endoges d’Europe invertebrate fauna (Araneae, (Collemboles, Entomobryides), Collembola and Coleoptera) from the Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 79, 1, 279- Vârghiş Gorge natural reserve 286. (in French) (Eastern Carpathians, Romania), Stomp N., Massoud Z. and Thibaud J. M., with special note on the micro- 1982 ‒ Insectes collemboles de refugial role of the subterranean quelques départements du Sud de la habitats, Travaux de l’Institut “Emile France, Nouvelle revue Racovitza”, 45-46, 31-50. d'entomologie. 12, 1, 9-24. Nosek J. and Vysotskaya S. O., 1973 ‒ The Szeptycki A., 1979 ‒ Chaetotaxy of the investigation on Apterygota from Entomobryidae and its nests of small mammals in the East phylogenetical significance. Morpho- Carpathians (Ukrainine), Biolo Gicke systematic studies on Collembola, Prace, 19, 5-77. IV, Polska Akademia Nauk., Zakład Renaud A., Poinsot-Balaguer N., Cortet J. Zoologii Systematycznej i and Le Petit J., 2004 ‒ Influence of Doświadczalnej, Państwowe four soil maintenance practices on Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, Collembola communities in a Kraków, 218. Mediterranean vineyard, Ulrich W. and Fiera C., 2010 ‒ Pedobiologiai, 48, 623-630. Environmental correlates of body Rusek J., 1975 ‒ Eine Präparationstechnik size distributions of European für Springschwänze und ähnliche springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola). Gliederfüsser, Mikrokosmos, 12, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 376-381. (in German) 19, 905-915 http://onlinelibrary. Soto-Adames F. N., 2010 ‒ Two new wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-8238. species and descriptive notes for five 2010.00565.x/suppinfo; GEB_565 Pseudosinella species (Hexapoda: _sm_Appendix_S1.pd (55). Collembola: Entomobryidae) from Zhang F., Chatterjee T. and Chen J.-X., 2009 West Viginian (USA) caves, ‒ A new species of the genus Zootaxa, 2331, 1-34. Lepidocyrtus Bourlet and a new Stan G. and Coroiu I., 1978 ‒ Dynamics of record of Seira delamarei Jacquemart soil collembola population (Insecta: (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from Apterigota) under alfalfa Culture in the east coast of India, Zootaxa, 2310, the Someş Valley (Cluj Department). 43-50.

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AUTHOR:

1 Cristina FIERA [email protected]

Institute of Biology of Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independenţei 296, Bucharest, Romania, RO-60031.

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THE STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS OF THE COLLEMBOLAN COMMUNITIES (HEXAPODA: COLLEMBOLA) FROM TWO FOREST ECOSYSTEMS LOCATED IN DOFTANA VALLEY (ROMANIA)

Cristina FIERA 1

KEYWORDS: springtails, beech and oak forests, abundance, species richness.

ABSTRACT The present paper presents a beech-oak mixed forest from Voila. In the comparative analysis regarding the structure first one, from Voila, Parisotoma notabilis, and dynamics of collembolan communities Protaphorura cf. quadriocellata, from two forests located in Doftana Valley, Protaphorura armata, Pseudachorutes Romania. 37 species of springtails were parvulus and Isotomiella minor were the identified in 100 soil samples: 25 species in most abundant species. Superodontella ruta Şotriile Forest and 19 species in Voila Kaprus’ and Weiner 2007 is reported as a Forest. Soil collembolan communities of new record for Romanian fauna. In the both forest sites were clearly delimited on second one, from Voila, Protaphorura both qualitative (presence/absence) and armata, Parisotoma notabilis, Folsomia quantitative (in density of individual spinosa, Pseudachorutes parvulus and species) levels as well as in terms of total Protaphorura cf. quadriocellata were the collembolan density. Mean collembolan most abundant species. The occurrence of density reached 238.85 – 23487.26 ind./m2 some Carpathian endemics at very low in the beech forest from Şotriile compared to density and frequency in both the forests 159.24 – 16,799.36 ind/m2 found in the studied was random.

REZUMAT: Dinamica structurală a comunităţilor de colembole din două ecosisteme forestiere situate ȋn Valea Doftanei (România). Lucrarea prezintă o analiză de amestec, fag cu gorun de la Voila. În comparativă a structurii și dinamicii pădurea de la Șotriile cele mai abundente comunităților de colembole, din două păduri specii au fost: Parisotoma notabilis, situate în Valea Doftanei, România. Au fost Protaphorura armata, P. cf. quadriocellata, identificate 37 specii de colembole din 100 Xenylla boerneri, Ceratophysella silvatica şi de probe de sol: 25 de specii în pădurea de la Folsomia inoculata. În cealaltă pădure de la Șotriile și 19 specii în pădurea de la Voila. Voila, Parisotoma notabilis, Protaphorura Comunitățile de colembole din solurile celor cf. quadriocellata, Protaphorura armata, două ecosisteme forestiere au fost clar Pseudachorutes parvulus și Isotomiella delimitate atât din punct de vedere calitativ minor au fost speciile cele mai abundente. (prezență/absență), cât și din punct de Superodontella ruta Kaprus’ şi Weiner 2007 vedere cantitativ (densitate numerică a este la prima semnalare în fauna României. fiecărei specii şi densitate numerică totală). Apariția unor endemite carpatice cu Densitatea medie a ȋnregistrat valori densitate numerică și frecvență foarte cuprinse ȋntre 238.85 ‒ 23487.26 ind./m2 în scăzute în ambele păduri studiate a fost pădurea de fag de la Șotriile comparativ cu aleatorie. 159,24 ‒ 16.799,36 indivizi/m2 ȋn pădurea

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Strukturelle Dynamik der Colembolen-Gemeinschaften in zwei Forstökosystemen des Doftana Tales (Rumänien). Die Arbeit stellt eine vergleichende Doftana-Tal (Rumänien) gelegenen Wäldern Analyse der Struktur und Dynamik von vor. In 100 Bodenproben wurden 37 Arten Colembolen-Gemeinschaften aus zwei im von Colembolen festgestellt: 25 Arten im

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Șotriile-Wald und 19 Arten im Wald von quadriocellata, Xenylla boerneri, Voila. Die Colembolen-Gemeinschaften aus Ceratophysella silvatica und Folsomia den Böden der beiden Forstökosysteme inoculata die häufigsten Arten, während unterschieden sich deutlich sowohl im Wald von Voila Parisotoma notabilis, qualitativ (Präsenz/Absenz), als auch Protaphorura cf. quadriocellata, quantitativ (numerische Dichte der einzelnen Protaphorura armata, Pseudachorutes Arten und der gesamtnumerischen Dichte). parvulus und Isotomiella minor die höchsten Die mittlere Dichte verzeichnete Werte Abundanzwerte aufwiesen. Superodontella zwischen 238.85-23487.26 ind./m2 im ruta Kaprus’ und Weiner 2007 wird erstmals Buchenwald von Șotriile und zwischen für die Fauna Rumäniens erwähnt. Das 159.24-16799.36 ind./m2 im Buchen- Auftreten einiger Karpatenendemiten mit Traubeneichenmischwald von Voila. Im niedriger numerischer Dichte und Frequenz Wald von Șotriile waren Parisotoma in beiden untersuchten Wäldern war notabilis, Protaphorura armata, P. cf. zufallsbedingt.

INTRODUCTION The hill beech forests cover most of the factors (e.g. moisture, temperature, light, the woody area in the Doftana Valley of depth, food resources), which determine the Romania, covering up to 80% of the forest distribution of soil fauna, humus form surface. Their diversity is high, both as (Brêthes et al., 1995) and soil pH have a mixture of tree species (oak-beech forests, marked influence on Collembolan dominant hill and mountain beech forests, communities (Klironomos and Kendrick, mixtures of beech and fir trees, 1995; Salmon and Ponge, 1999). While monodominant high altitude beech forests) these factors are not direct attributes of plant and as association with different herbaceous communities, they are, all correlated with species (Paucă-Comănescu et al., 2009). vegetation. Hågvar (1982) concluded that The present study was a part of a vegetation has a certain, but not determining more complex project finished in 2007. This effect on horizontal distribution of study examined spatial and temporal collembolan communities. The impact of distribution of invertebrate communities vegetation on Collembola seems to be an from beech and sessile oak forests in indirect factor, likely exerted through its Doftana Valley (see also Vasiliu-Oromulu et effect on the soil environment (soil type, al., 2008). The following groups of microfloral composition or soil moisture), invertebrate were studied in the above which in turn determines the composition of mentioned forests: leaf beetles (Coleoptera: collembolan communities (Usher et al., Chrysomelidae) (Maican, 2009), Chilopoda, 1982). Nematoda, Enchytreidae, Lumbricidae, Collembolan communities are often Acari-Oribatida (Vasiliu-Oromulu et al., found to contain several similar species of 2008), Acari-Gamasida (Manu, 2009; Manu similar requirements, but with the species et al., 2013) and Collembola (this paper). differing widely in their abundances. Collembola, a well represented group (Petersen, 1995). Low abundances could be of soil mesofauna, has a wide distribution, explained by the fact that Collembola is an occurring in many types of ecosystems important prey of forest-living spiders throughout the world. In forests, (Rusek, 1998; Lawrence and Wise, 2000) collembolan fauna plays a major role in the and may even occupy microhabitats with decomposition of fresh organic matter and in less suitable environmental conditions to the formation of humus profiles (Ponge et avoid areas with high spider activity density al., 1986). Functionally Collembola is an (Birkhofer et al., 2010). important component of forests, but their The present study aimed: (1) to community structure remains poorly known, compare structure and species diversity of being influenced by many factors. Among Collembola assemblages of two beech

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forests: one is mixed with Quercus petraea and functional parameters of collembolan (Mattuschka) Liebl. and the second has communities; (3) to analyse the presence of association Hieracio rotundati-Fagetum rare and endemic species at the studied (Vida, 1983; Täuber, 1987); (2) to assess the forests, the most valuable and vulnerable effect of Fagus sylvatica L. on the structural components of native forest ecosystems.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was done in two forest torrents. The soil is alluvial stratified, ecosystems located in Doftana Valley, moderately humiferous on the first 25 cm, (Teleajen Subcarpathians, included in deep, poorly semiskeletal, with gravel at the Curvature Subcarpathians). The first forest basis. Medium trophycity. Water is is at the onset of the road to Şotriile Village permanently available. The forest, which is (45°13’39”N/25°43’44”E) and the second over 100 years old, grows on the shadowed, forest belongs to Câmpina Forestry steep versants with deep valleys and Department, which is a state-owned forest, processes of surface of erosion. The soils are located near Voila Village (45°09’58”N/ more superficial, with little humus coming 25°45’10”E). Both forests are located close from litter decomposition, which generally to each other on the mountainside above the accumulates with difficulty due to the Doftana River. erosion and steeper versants. The western Site 1: R4106 South-Carpathian orientation and higher moisture of the beech forests (Fagus sylvatica) and fir Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. and forests (Abies alba) with Hieracium Fagus sylvatica L. forest determined the rotundatum (syn. Hieracium massive presence in the grass synusia of the transsylvanicum); mountain beech forest Fagetalia elements such as: Festuca with Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy and drymeja, Lathyrus vernus, Mercurialis Wilmott, altitude 600 m, low productivity perennis, Oxalis acetosella, Carex sylvatica, and moderate humus. According to Natura Galium odoratum (Vasiliu-Oromulu et al., 2000, the habitat type is 9110 Luzulo- 2008). Soil samples were collected in 2006 Fagetum beech forest (Doniţă et al., 2005). (from April till September) and in 2010 This ecosystem is situated on a slope of 30°. (November). Soil districambosol (brown acid), oligobasic, Climatically, the area is temperate- moderate and poorly humiferous, median – continental, with limited valley influences. deep, clay-sandy texture, variable edaphic The multiannual average temperature volume, small-median, (pH 4.0-5.5); low (Câmpina weather station) is 9°C and the trophicity and little available water (Paucă- annual rainfall is 850 mm (Armaş, 1999). Comănescu et al., 2009). Soil samples were The soil samples were collected collected in 2007 (from April till October) randomly, being at least ten meters from the and 2010 (November). edge of the wood growth. From each site ten Site 2: Quercus petraea soil samples/cores were taken in four (Mattuschka) Liebl. and Fagus sylvatica L. sampling occasions (Tab. 1) with a mixed forests, growing on the versants that MacFadyen corer four centimeters in usually have high slopes, face the east or diameter and seven to ten centimeters deep. south-east, where the processes of humus In total, 100 soil core samples were build up from litter decomposition are collected. The extraction was performed slower, especially because it is removed by with a modified Berlese-Tullgren. Springtail the much more active torrents on these specimens were separately mounted on sloped areas. Phytocenological, the studied permanent slides in Swann medium, forest is included in association Petraeo – following procedure after Rusek (1975), and Fagetum Scam. 1956, 1959, 500 m altitude, studied in Axio Scope A1 Zeiss phase on sloped land, facing east, 25º inclination, contrast microscope. In total 998 specimens microrelief fragmented by deep and medium of Collembola were examined.

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Table 1: The structural and functional indices of Collembola fauna. density biomass Şotriile Σ x s2 STDEV CV (x/m2) (mg/m2) April 295 29.5 23487.26 308.06 17.55 59.50 63.42 May 121 12.1 9633.76 60.32 7.77 64.19 26.01 July 3 0.3 238.85 0.46 0.67 224.98 0.64 September 70 7 5573.25 76.89 8.77 125.27 15.05 November 78 7.8 6210.19 65.29 8.08 103.59 16.77 Σ 567 56.7 45143.31 351.57 18.75 33.07 121.89 Voila Σ x x/m2 s2 STDEV CV mg/m2 April 14 1.4 1114.65 2.71 1.65 117.61 3.01 June 211 21.1 16799.36 478.10 21.87 103.63 45.36 August 2 0.2 159.24 0.40 0.63 316.23 0.43 October 68 6.8 5414.01 14.62 3.82 56.23 14.62 November 136 13.6 10828.03 297.38 17.24 126.80 232.77 Σ 431 43.1 34315.29 1374.54 37.07 86.02 92.65

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 37 springtails species from 26 genera considered to be very rare in the present and seven families were recorded. The study. species richness of springtail fauna from the Importance of endemic species investigated sites is presented in table 2. The presence as biodiversity indicators was best represented families were: pointed out by Deharveng (1996). He noted Onychiuridae (eight species), Isotomidae evidently higher number and abundance of (seven species), Neanuridae, Entomobryidae endemic Collembola in native beech forests and Hypogastruridae – each family with six comparative with the present study. species. The other families have a low The number of species (Tab. 2) number of species Tullbergiidae (three recorded in both forest sites of the current species) and Odontellidae (only one study either corresponds to similar small- species). Six species were shared across scale studies. Wolters (1998) reported 48 both forest sites. Two new species for collembolan species from the soil of a beech science from Deuteraphorura genus were forest on limestone in Germany. Kopeszki discovered and described from both studied and Jandl (1994) recorded 38 species from a forests (Weiner and Fiera, in press). beech wood in Austria. In a field experiment Neotullbergia ramicuspis (Stach, 1953) was established in a mixed beech-oak forest in reported as new record for Romanian fauna France, Auclerc et al. (2009) identified 57 and was previously published (Fiera, 2008). species of Collembola from 120 soil blocks Hymenaphorura cf. valdegranulata, (15 cm diameter x 10 cm depth). But the Superodontella ruta and Neotullbergia number of recorded species depends on ramicuspis were newly identified for sample units, number of sampling occasion Romania and may be “a priori” considered and duration of the study as well as to be endemic for Romanian fauna. selection, size and heterogeneity of studied Superodontella ruta was described from forest sites. Ukraine. In our study this species represents Collembola group was better the second record from Europe. The represented in the forest from Şotriile than new species for science from in mixed Quercus petraea and Fagus Deuteraphorura genus were detected in very sylvatica from Voila (Tab. 1). Mean low abundance in both forests and were collembolan density reached 238.85-

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23487.26 ind./m2 in the beech forest from numerical densities were recorded in April Şotriile compared to 159.24-16,799.36 (Şotriile) and June (Voila), while this ind./m2 found in the beech-oak mixed forest parameter decreased significantly in summer from Voila (Fig. 1). The highest values of (July – Şotriile; August – Voila) (Fig. 2).

Figure 1: Numerical densities of Collembola at investigated sites in Doftana Valley.

Figure 2: Seasonal mean numerical densities of Collembola at sampling sites in Doftana Valley.

Table 2: The species richness and abundance of Collembola in Doftana Valley. Taxa Şotriile Voila Hypogastruridae 1. Ceratophysella silvatica Rusek, 1964 36 2. Ceratophysella armata (Nicolet, 1842) 19 3. Hypogastrura manubrialis (Tullberg, 1869) 6 4. Willemia anophtalma Borner, 1901 29 5. Willemia scandinavica Stach, 1949 29 6. Xenylla boerneri Axelson, 1905 38

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Table 2 (continuing): The species richness and abundance of Collembola in Doftana Valley. Taxa Şotriile Voila Onychiuridae 7. Protaphorura armata (Tullberg, 1869) 45 39 Protaphorura cf. (Gisin, 1947) 36 40 8. quadriocellata 9. Protaphorura cf. fimata group (Gisin, 1952) 13 10. Orthonychiurus rectopapilatus (Stach, 1933) 27 Deuteraphorura species nova one Weiner and Fiera, 8 4 11. in press Deuteraphorura species nova two Weiner and Fiera, 2 12. in press 13. Heteraphorura variotuberculata (Stach, 1934) 15 Hymenaphorura cf. (Stach, 1954) 4 14. valdegranulata Neanuridae

15. Friesea mirabilis (Tullberg, 1871) 8 16. Friesea claviseta Axelson, 1900 17 17. Deutonura conjuncta (Stach, 1926) 18 18. Neanura minuta Gisin, 1963 14 19. Pseudachorutes parvulus 19 34 20 Thaumanura carolii (Stach, 1920) 16 24 Entomobryidae

21. Entomobrya sp. 7 22. Entomobrya lanuginosa (Nicolet,1842) 15 23. Pseudosinella alba (Packard, 1873) 18 24. Seira domestica (Nicolet, 1842) 17 25. Heteromurus nitidus (Templeton, 1835) 17 26. Lepidocyrtus cyaneus Tullberg, 1871 16 Isotomidae

27. Parisotoma notabilis (Schäffer, 1896) 56 47 28. Folsomia spinosa Kseneman, 1936 29 29. Folsomia inoculata Stach, 1946 37 21 30. Folsomia manolachei Bagnal, 1939 29 31. Folsomia ksenemani Stach, 1947 19 32. Isotoma anglicana Lubbock, 1862 28 33. Isotomiella minor (Schäffer, 1896) 30 Tullbergiidae

34. Mesaphorura hylophila Rusek, 1982 17 35. Mesaphorura critica Ellis, 1976 23 36. Neotullbergia ramicuspis (Gisin, 1953) 17 Odontellidae

Superodontella ruta Kaprus and 25 37. Weiner, 2007 Specimens 567 431 sp.

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The highest values for the numerical densities in the beech forest from Şotriile density and the index of biomass were correspond to values reported by Wolters recorded in the beech forest from Şotriile, (1998) from a German beech wood with where the humus, by its structure (rich in mull humus (mean annual density in this site organic matter, a good trophic substrate), varied between 18,600 and 46,800 ind./m2 provided favourable conditions for recorded over ten years). development of springtails populations (Tab. The values from the present paper 1). Six species (Parisotoma notabilis, are slightly lower than values reported by Protaphorura armata, P. cf. quadriocellata, Schaefer and Schauermann (1990) from Xenylla boerneri, Ceratophysella silvatica, another German beech wood with humus Folsomia inoculata) were the most abundant (mean annual collembolan density in their in the beech forest from Şotriile. In the other locality reached 63,000 ind./m2). forest, Parisotoma notabilis, Protaphorura Litter quality and the rate of cf. quadriocellata Protaphorura armata, decomposition are most likely attributed to Folsomia spinosa, Pseudachorutes parvulus the pronounced differences in total and Isotomiella minor were the most collembolan density (Materna, 2004). Pinto abundant species. et al. (1997) suggests that leaf chemistry The soil collembolan communities (nitrogen and polyphenolic content) may be seem to be both qualitatively (presence- an important factor controlling the structure absence) and quantitatively delimited as well of collembolan communities as well as total as in terms of total collembolan density. The collembolan densities.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by Romanian Academy (RO1567-IBB03/2013). I thank Avramescu C. for field and tehnical assistance and Weiner W. M. (Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland) for confirming identification or determining some species.

REFERENCES Armaş I., 1999 ‒ Bazinul hidrografic reforestation, a case study in the Doftana - studiu de geomorfologie, Pyrenees (France), Conservation Edit. Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 240. Biology, 10, 74-84. (in Romanian) Doniţă N., Popescu A., Paucă-Comănescu Auclerc A., Ponge J. F., Barot S. and Dubs M., Mihăilescu S. and Biriş I., 2005 F., 2009 ‒ Experimental assessment ‒ Habitatele din România, Edit. of habitat preference and dispersal Tehnică şi Silvică, Bucureşti. (in ability of soil springtails, Soil Romanian) Biology and Biochemistry, 41, 1596- Fiera C., 2008 ‒ New records of springtails 1604. (Hexapoda: Collembola) for Birkhofer K., Scheu S. and Wiegand T., Romanian fauna, Entomologica 2010 ‒ Assessing spatiotemporal Romanica, 13, 19-22. predator-prey patterns in Hågvar S., 1982 ‒ Collembola in some heterogeneous habitats, Basic and Norwegian coniferous forest soils. Applied Ecology, 11, 486-494. I. Relations to plant communities Brêthes A., Brun J. J., Jabiol B., Ponge J. F. and soil fertility, Pedobiologia, 24, and Toutain F., 1995 ‒ Classification 255-296. of forest humus forms: a French Klironomos J. N. and Kendrick B., 1995 ‒ proposal, Annales des Sciences Relationships among Forestières, 52, 535-546. microarthropods, fungi and their Deharveng L., 1996 ‒ Soil Collembola environment, Plant and Soil, 170, diversity, endemism and 183-197.

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Kopeszki H. and Jandl R., 1994 ‒ Die Ponge J. F., Vannier G., Arpin P. and David Mesofauna, insbeson dere J. F., 1986 ‒ Caractérisation des Collembolenfauna, im Buchen- humus et litières par la faune du sol. Wienerwald in Abhängigkeit von Intérêt sylvicole, Revue Forestière Streu-Akkumulation und Depletion, Française, 38, 509-516. (in French) Zoologischer Anzeiger, 233, 123- Rusek J., 1975 ‒ Eine Präparationstechnik 134. (in German) für Springschwänze und ähnliche Lawrence K. L. and Wise H. W., 2000 ‒ Gliederfüsser, Mikrokosmos, 12, Spider predation on forest-floor 376-381. (in German) Collembola, evidence for indirect Rusek J., 1998 ‒ Biodiversity of Collembola effects on decomposition, and their functional role in the Pedobiologia, 44, 33-39. ecosystem, Biodiversity and Maican S., 2009 ‒ Faunistic data on leaf Conservation, 7, 1207-1219. beetles (Coleoptera) from Prahova Salmon S. and Ponge J. F., 1999 ‒ and Doftana valleys. Romania, Distribution of Heteromurus nitidus Oltenia Journal for Studies in (Hexapoda, Collembola) according Natural Sciences, 25, 139-144. to soil acidity, Soil Biology and Manu M., 2009 ‒ Ecological research on Biochemistry, 31, 8, 1161-1170. predatory mite populations (Acari) in Schaefer M. and Schauermann J., 1990 ‒ some Romanian forests, Biharean The soil fauna of beech forests, Biologist, 3, 2, 110-116. Pedobiologia, 34, 299-314. Manu M. R., Băncilă I. and Onete M., 2013 Usher M. B., Booth R. G and Sparkes K. E., ‒ Soil mite communities (Acari: 1982 ‒ A review of progress in Gamasina) from different ecosystem understanding the organisation of types from Romania, Belgian Jurnal communities of soil arthropods, of Zology, 143, 1, 30-41. Pedobiologia, 23, 126-144. Materna J. 2004 ‒ Does forest type and Vasiliu-Oromulu L., Paucă-Comănescu M., vegetation patchiness influence Onete M., Sanda V., Nicolae C., horizontal distribution of soil Ştefănuţ S., Şincu D., Honciuc V., Collembola in two forest sites? Stănescu M., Falcă M., Fiera C., Pedobiologia, 48, 339-347. Purice D., Maican S., Munteanu C. Paucă-Comănescu M., Onete M., Sanda V., and Ion M., 2008 ‒ Biocoenotic Vicol I., Onuţ I., Mogâldea D. and differentiation of Quercus petraea Ştefănuţ S., 2009 ‒ Diversity and and of mixed Quercus petraea and primary productivity of hill beech Fagus sylvatica forests from lower forests from Doftana Valley Doftana Valley (Prahova County), (Romanian Subcarpathians), Annals Romanian Journal of Biology – of forest research, 52, 1, 63-76. Zoology, 2007-2008, 52-53, 79-105. Petersen H., 1995 – Temporal and spatial Weiner W. M. and Fiera C., in press ‒ New dynamics of soil Collembola during species of Deuteraphorura secondary succession, Acta (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from Zoologica Fennica, 196, 190-194. Romania, Florida Entomologist. Pinto C., Sousa J. P., Graca M. A. S. and da Wolters V., 1998 ‒ Long-term dynamics of Gama M., 1997 ‒ Collembola forest a collembolan community, Applied soil, Pedobiologia, 41, 131-138. Soil Ecology, 9, 221-227.

AUTHOR:

1 Cristina FIERA [email protected]

Institute of Biology of Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independenţei 296, Bucharest, Romania, RO-60031.

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FACTORS AFFECTING HELIX POMATIA EDIBLE LANDSNAIL’S POPULATIONS IN SOUTHERN TRANSYLVANIA (ROMANIA)

Voichiţa GHEOCA 1

KEYWORDS: Romania, Transylvania, Helix pomatia, edible land snail, density, conservation.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a parameters are influenced by the land use of study carried out in the year 2012, aiming at adjacent terrains, the size of the considered the analysis of 20 Helix pomatia populations habitat, the occurrence of fires, and the from southern Transylvania, in similar distance to the nearest settlement. Thus, habitats, namely those which are most likely even in apparently well preserved habitats, to preserve the species in the hilly zones of there might be some habitat variables which this region. The correspondence between the have a significant influence on the terrestrial values of population parameters (density and gastropods. Other anthropogenic factors biomass) and the factors likely to influence compound these natural characteristics. In them (variations in habitat characteristics the sampling stations close to settlements and the distance to the nearest settlement) lower values were calculated, both for was tested. density and for biomass, probably as an The populations analyzed exhibit effect of the pressure of snail collecting. The very different densities, ranging between 0.5 fires that are set in some areas have ind./m2 and 7.05 ind./m2, and a biomass of disturbance effects on Helix pomatia between 8.31 g/m2 and 93.03 g/m2. Both the populations. The cumulative effect of these Kruskal-Wallis test and correspondence factors may lead to serious disequilibria of analysis show that both population this species’ populations.

REZUMAT: Factori care afectează populațiile speciei comestibile Helix pomatia în sudul Transilvaniei (România). Lucrarea prezintă rezultatele studiul parametrii populaționali considerați sunt derulat în 2012 și care analizează un număr influențați de tipul de utilizare al terenurilor de 20 de populații ale speciei Helix pomatia limitrofe, de dimensiunea fragmentului de localizate în sudul Transilvaniei, în habitate habitat considerat, de practicarea similare, cele mai susceptibile să conserve incendierilor și de distanța până la cea mai specia în zona de podiș, din această regiune. apropiată localitate. Este testată corespondența dintre valorile Astfel, chiar și în habitate aparent parametrilor populaționali (densitate și conservate, pot exista variabile de biotop biomasă) și factori susceptibili să care influențează semnificativ gastropodele influențeze starea acestora (variații în natura terestre, la care se adaugă factori habitatului și distanța până la cea mai perturbatori de natură antropică. În stațiile apropiată localitate). apropiate de localități, se înregistrează valori Populațiile analizate prezintă o mai mici de densitate și biomasă, cel mai variație foarte amplă, atât în ceea ce privește probabil ca urmare a presiunii generată de densitatea cât și biomasa. Densitatea variază colectare. Practicarea incendierilor are între 0,5 ind./m2 și 7,05 ind./m2, iar biomasa efecte perturbatoare asupra populațiilor de este cuprisă între 8,31 g/m2 și 93,03 g/m2. Helix pomatia. Cumularea acestor factori Aplicarea testului Kruskal-Wallis și analiza poate duce la dezechilibre grave în de corespondență demonstrează că ambii populațiile acestei specii.

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RÉZUMÉ: Facteurs affectant les populations d’espèce comestible d’Helix pomatia dans la partie Sud de la Transylvanie (Roumanie). Cet article présente les résultats de terres adjacentes, la dimension de l’habitat l’étude menée en 2012 sur 20 populations de considéré, la pratique du brûlage et la l’espèce Helix pomatia dans le sud de la distance au village le plus proche. Transylvanie dans des habitats similaires, les Par conséquent, même dans des plus susceptibles de préserver l’espèce dans habitats apparemment préservés, des cette région. La correspondance entre les variations au sein de ces habitats ainsi que paramètres se rapportant aux populations des perturbations d’origine anthropique (densité et biomasse) et les facteurs peuvent influencer significativement les susceptibles de les influencer (variations de populations de gastéropodes terrestres. Dans la nature de l’habitat, et la distance à la ville les sites de prélèvement situés à la proximité la plus proche) sont testés. Les populations des habitations, des valeurs plus faibles de la analysées présentent une très grande densité et de la biomasse ont été variation en termes de densité et de enregistrées, probablement en raison de la biomasse. La densité varie entre 0,5 et 7,05 pression générée par le ramassage. Le feu a ind/m2. Les valeurs de la biomasse sont pour effet des perturbations sur les répartie entre 8,31 et 93,03 g/m2. Le test de populations d’Helix pomatia. La Kruskal-Wallis et l’analyse de corrélation combinaison de ces facteurs peut conduire à montre que les deux paramètres sont des déséquilibres graves dans les influencés par le mode d’utilisation des populations de cette espèce.

INTRODUCTION Helix pomatia is one of the most East Europe and at this moment the appreciated edible species of snail, which European snail market is supplied mostly consequently generated, in the second half from east European countries, Turkey and of the 20th century, a drastic reduction of its North Africa. A small amount, evaluated in population sizes in West Europe. Thus some 2010 as representing about 12% of the total, legal measures were adopted in order to comes from heliciculture (according to the preserve this species. H. pomatia is included data from the Cherasco International in some annexes comprising vulnerable Institute for Heliciculture, Italy). Despite the animal species whose exploitation needs to increasing interest raised by the pressure of be subject of management measures (Annex the commercial collecting pressure on this III of the Bern Convention list and Annex V species, there are relatively few studies in of 92/43/EEC Directive, known as Habitats this field and little is known about the Directive). At the same time, national and conservation status of the species in Eastern regional regulations ban the commercial Europe (Andreev, 2007). The existence of collection of the species from the wild in characteristic habitats, which are more and western European countries. Along with more reduced, represents a limitative commercial collecting, a series of other condition for the species’ development. The factors are also considered responsible for present study aims to initiate an evaluation the species’ decline in West Europe. Among of Helix pomatia populations in central them, the most important are the destruction Romania and to assess to what degree, in its and fragmentation of habitats and the characteristic habitats, other disturbance development of intensive agriculture factors may lead to disequilibrium in these (Fortier, 1991). As a consequence, edible land snail populations. commercial collecting has moved towards

MATERIALS AND METHODS For the status evaluation of Helix counties (Fig. 1a, b), in the same habitat pomatia natural populations, 20 sampling type, namely river valleys, where fragments stations were researched in Sibiu and Brașov of riverine coppice are preserved.

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Figure 1a: Location of the sampling stations.

Figure 1b: Location of the sampling stations.

In all the stations, snails were parameters (density and biomass) and collected from one m2 plots resulting in 20 habitat variables (use of neighbouring quantitative samples. The data obtained terrains, habitat size-expressed as the width were used for the calculation of density and of the river coppice and the distance to the biomass, parameters essential for the nearest locality), the Kruskal-Wallis test and description of a population. In order to test the correspondence analysis were the correspondence between the population performed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Concerning the Helix pomatia (5.05), Amnaș (3.55) and Veseud (3). Five population densities, a wide range of values populations have densities lower than one were calculated for the sampling stations. ind./m2, namely Cârța (0.9), (Ucea 0.5), The densities range between 0.5 ind./m2 and Marpod (0.7), Șaroșu pe Târnave (0.85) and 7.05 ind./m2 (Fig. 2). The highest values Richiș (0.8). were recorded in Avrig (7.05), Cisnădioara

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Figure 2: Density values for the 20 populations (S1 – Cisnădioara to S20 – Richiş).

These values were calculated based of adults measured in the various sampling on samplings made at the end of May, after stations. There might be multiple causes of three weeks of rain, in conditions extremely this variation. We aimed at the exclusion of favourable for the activity of these animals. the differences caused by habitat conditions, On the other hand, the biomass ranges and we selected for the sampling the same between 93.03 g/m2 and 8.31 g/m2 (Fig. 3), habitat type, namely river coppices where the large difference between these two the high humidity is favourable for the parameters in the stations studied may be presence of snails and the specific diversity due to the great differences among the size within this taxon is maximum in the hilly

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zone (Gheoca, 2005, 2007). However, there terrains. In the sampling stations these were some differences among the sampling terrains were grouped into three categories, stations where the human impact is depending on their use: namely abandoned concerned. Difficult to assess at first sight, agricultural fields with a high degree of in the research sites the anthropic impact is ruderalization, cultivated fields and pastures the result of fires set to remove the dry or hayfields. In the last two categories case, vegetation, reflected in the presence of the human impact is higher, due to frequent carbonized plant remains and snail shells, as access of landowners and/or animals, and well as of the land use of neighbouring potentially, due to pesticides use.

Figure 3: Biomass values registered in the analyzed populations (g/m2).

Another cause of the differences This may cause differences among the between the population densities among the H. pomatia populations, as has been sampling sites may be induced by the demonstrated in a previous study (Andreev, different commercial collecting pressure. 2007).

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Figure 4: Correspondence analysis between density and riverside coppice width. The populations are joined in five groups marked with circles and the coppice width in fur groups using five meters intervals.

Figure 5: Correspondence analysis between the population density and the distance to the nearest locality. The populations were grouped in five classes marked with rhombs and the distance, in four classes marked with filled circles. For both variables the grouping was done ascending.

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Figure 6: Carbonized vegetation and shells in Ucea and Șaroșu pe Târnave sampling points.

In order to test the differences population’s density. A good example is induced by the land use of marginal terrains, Ucea, where the coppice is broadest, but the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for with clear evidence of fires. the three categories of use, mentioned Habitat size is a major defining above. The results show that the land use of element for species conservation and for neighbouring terrains significantly terrestrial gastropods, small mobile animals, influences the density and biomass (p < habitat fragmentation may have very serious 0.05). The highest values were calculated for effects. A series of studies show that the the stations where the marginal terrains are specific diversity decreases with the habitat abandoned fields with a high degree of size and this is true even for larger ruderalization. The stations situated in river fragments (Badano et al., 2005; Kappes et coppices next to cultivated fields and al., 2009a; Kappes et al., 2009b; Horsak et pastures/hayfields are similar, there is no al., 2012). significant difference between the There is a significant influence (p < parameters of the populations in habitats 0.1) of fires on the density and biomass of from these two categories. snail populations, lower values being In order to assess the relation characteristic for areas affected by fires. between habitat size (expressed as intervals Thus, even if this does not have the impact of five meters width) and population of the natural fires that are characteristic for density, the correspondence analysis was the Mediterranean region (Kiss and Magnin, performed also. The results show a relation 2003), this practice of burning the dry between snail population density and vegetation may have a major effect on the riverside coppice width only in case of the state of these populations, especially if fires lower values of the latter. Thus, at less than are set after the animals’ emergence. Their ten m, the breadth of the coppice may be a effect might be aggravated by the practice of limitative factor, while in broader habitats annual burns, which prevents recolonization. other factors influence the H. pomatia

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CONCLUSIONS The density and biomass were both the management of some agricultural or very variable in the 20 populations analyzed, public terrains, even if usually only on despite the fact that similar and undisturbed small areas (less than one ha), may have habitats were selected. The habitat variables very serious effects both on terrestrial considered (distance from the nearest gastropods and on other groups of terrestrial locality, habitat size, land use of marginal invertebrates with low mobility, which do terrains) have a significant influence on the not live in the soil or are not caught during density and biomass of Helix pomatia the buried phase. populations. Terrestrial gastropods are also These results emphasize the species’ affected by climatic extremes, such as vulnerability, especially the populations extreme temperatures, which can cause from the already extremely fragmented a high mortality (Gheoca and Costea, habitats and which, due to their location, are 2012). the most likely to be harvested. Other All these factors are likely to natural or anthropic factors, especially if generate effects, which cumulatively can they act repeatedly, may have disastrous lead in time to serious disequilibrium in effects on local scale. The use of fires for populations of H. pomatia.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was co-financed from the European Social Fund through Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013, project number POSDRU/89/1.5/S/63258 “Postdoctoral school for zootechnical biodiversity and food biotechnology based on the eco-economy and the bioeconomy required by ecosanogenesys”.

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REFERENCES Andreev N., 2007 ‒ Assessment of the status Gheoca V., 2005 ‒ Preliminary note of wild populations of land snail concerning the terrestrial (escargot) Helix pomatia L. in mollusksfauna of the Târnava Moldova: the effect of exploitation, hydrographic basin, Transylvanian Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 9, Review of Systematical and 2957-2970. Ecological Research, Curtean- Badano E. I., Regidor H. A., Nunez H. A., Bănăduc et al. (eds), 2, 61-66. Acosta R. and Gianoli E., 2005 ‒ Gheoca V., 2007 ‒ Aspects regarding the Species richness and structure of ant terrestrial malacofauna of the Saxon communities in a dynamic Villages of Southern Transylvania archipelago: effects of island area area, Transylvanian Review of and age, Journal of Biogeography, Systematical and Ecological 32, 221-227. Research, Curtean-Bănăduc et al. Błoszyk J., Machnikowski M., Napierała A., (eds), 2, “The Târnava Rivers Basin”, Gołdyn B., Rybska E., Stępczak K., 61-66. Szybiak K., Konwerski S., Gheoca V. and Costea M., 2012 ‒ Leszczyńska-Deja K., Dylewska M., Microclimate influence on the Kalinowski T. and Jankowiak A., dynamics of edible land snail Helix 2010 ‒ Assessment of abundance and pomatia, populations in the context distribution of the Roman snail of its sustainable use. Study case (Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758) in southern Transylvania. 12th Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship, International Multidisciplinary Folia Malacologica, 18, 3, Scientific GeoConference, SGEM December 2010, 113-121. 2012 Conference Proceedings, ISSN Dyduch-Falniowska A., Makomaska- 1314-2704, June 17-23, 2012, 5, Juchniewicz M., Perzanowska- 157-164. Sucharska J., Tworek S. and Zając Horsak M., Hajek M., Spitale D., Hajkova K., 2001 ‒ Roman snail (Helix P., Dite D. and Nekola J. C., 2012 ‒ pomatia L.): Conservation and The age of island-like habitats management in the Małopolska impacts habitat specialist species region (southern Poland), Ekologia, richness, Ecology, 93, 5, 1106-1114. 20, 265-283. Kappes H., Jordaens K., Hendrickx F., Dyduch-Falniowska A., Cierlik G., Maelfait J.-P., Lens L., Backeljau T., Makomaska-Juchiewicz M., Mróz 2009a ‒ Response of snails and slugs W., Perzanowski J., Tworek S. and to fragmentation of lowland forests Zając K., 2001 ‒ Body size of Helix in NW, Germany Landscape pomatia in the natural and Ecology, May, 24, 5, 685-697. synanthropic habitats. in Salvini- Kappes H., Jordaens K., Van Houtte N., Plawen L., et al., (eds), Abstracts of Hendrickx F., Maelfait J.-P., Lens L. the World Congress of Malacology, and Backeljau T. 2009b ‒ A land 2001, Vienna, Austria Unitas snail’s view of a fragmented Malacologica, Vienna, 89. landscape, Biological Journal of the Fortier A., 1992 ‒ L’épouse dévouée et la Linnean Society, 98, 839-850. femme fantasmatique, Ethnologie Kiss L. and Magnin F. 2003 ‒ The impact of française, 4, 490-500. fire on some mediterranean land snail communities and patterns of post-fire recolonization, Journal of Molluscan Studies, 69, 1, 43-53, doi: 10. 1093/mollus 69.1.43.

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AUTHOR:

1 Voichiţa GHEOCA [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environment Protection, Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-55001.

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ENHANCING THE WISE USE OF FRESHWATER BIVALVES IN ORGANIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Cornelia LUNGU 1 and Letiția OPREAN 2

KEYWORDS: freshwater bivalves, native, invasive, water purification, filtration, organic waste water treatment.

ABSTRACT The role of bivalves in aquatic method for increasing water quality by using ecosystems is crucial due to the fact that Dreissena polymorpha on artificial these species can filter out a significant substrates in blocks. These blocks are used amount of organic matter. This paper as biological filters and proved to have a underlines the role of “ecosystem engineers” significant impact on water quality. The regarding native and invasive bivalves. Danish researchers also developed a Further, the paper gives an overview of the method of using bivalves in water current state of knowledge about native and purification. However, further research invasive bivalves used in water purifications needs to be performed in order to establish installations. Species such as Dreissena the efficiency of bivalves in organic waste polymorpha have a greater capacity in water treatment plants and the cost purifying water than native species. For this implications for these specific kind of reason Dutch researchers have developed a installations.

REZUMAT: Utilizarea bivalvelor de apă dulce în epurarea apelor uzate. Rolul bivalvelor în ecosistemele olandezi au dezvoltat o metodă de creștere a acvatice este crucial datorită faptului că calității apei prin folosirea Dreissena aceste specii pot filtra o cantitate polymorpha pe substraturi artificiale în semnificativă de materie organică. Lucrarea blocuri. Aceste blocuri sunt utilizate ca filtre de faṭă îşi propune să scoată în evidență biologice și s-au dovedit a avea un impact rolul speciilor de bivalve native și invazive semnificativ asupra calității apei. în procesele de epurare naturală a apei. De Cercetătorii danezi au dezvoltat o metodă asemenea, lucrarea oferă o imagine de prin care utilizează bivalve în epurarea apei. ansamblu al stadiului actual al cunoaşterii cu Cu toate acestea, cercetări suplimentare privire la bivalvele native și invazive trebuie să fie efectuate pentru a stabili utilizate în epurarea apei. Ȋn concluzie, eficienṭa bivalvelor în staṭii de epurare a specii precum Dreissena polymorpha au o apelor uzate cu substanṭe organice şi capacitate mai mare în epurarea apei decât costurile pentru aceste tipuri specific de speciile native. Din acest motiv, cercetătorii instalații.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Verwendung der Süßwassermuscheln für die Reinigung von Abwässern. Die Rolle der Muscheln ist für die Muscheln in Kläranlagen vorgestellt. Fazit Gewässserökosysteme von großer ist, dass Muschelarten wie Dreissena Bedeutung, da diese eine beträchtliche polymorpha im Vergleich zu einheimischen Menge organischer Stoffe filtern können. Muscheln eine größere Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel, die Wasserreinigungskapazität haben. Aus Rolle der einheimischen und diesem Grund haben holländische Forscher fremdländischen, invasiven Muscheln als eine Methode zur Verbesserung der “Ingenieure der Ökosysteme” darzustellen. Wasserqualität durch Anwendung von Gleichzeitig wird der Stand der Kenntnisse Dreissena polymorpha auf künstlichen bezüglich der Verwendung der Blocksubstraten entwickelt. Diese einheimischen und fremdländischen Blockschichten werden als biologische Filter

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verwendet, wobei sich zeigt, dass sie durch zukünftige Forschungen die Effizienz einen beachtlichen Einfluss auf die der Anwendung von Muscheln in Wasserqualität haben. Dänische Forscher Kläranlagen mit organischen Stoffen haben ebenfalls eine Methode zur genauer belegt und die Kosten für derartige Wasserreinigung mit Hilfe von Muscheln Anlagen herausgefunden werden. entwickelt. Dennoch ist es erforderlich

INTRODUCTION Freshwater bivalves (native and (Gottlieb et al., 1996). In this regard the invasive) are known as excellent water main objective of this paper is to give the filters. The filter-feeding bivalves have a reader an unbiased view of the state of the significant role in the matter and energy current knowledge when it comes to flow of freshwater systems (Bodis et al., freshwater bivales (native and invasive) and 2008). A high density of bivalves does not their capacity of organic waste water only remove the particulate material from treatment. The research questions that arise the water column, but they also excrete a from this paper can be summarised as large amount of inorganic nutrients back follows: the natural water purification into the water column (Kohata et al., 2003). capacity of bivalves can be tested in organic However, the water filtration capacity of waste water treatment plans? Or are freshwater bivalves is not sufficiently freshwater bivalves (native or invasive) “exploited” in waste water treatment plants “engineers” in polluted aquatic systems? (Strayer et al., 1994). Moreover, the Furthermore, the filtration capacity of freshwater bivalve’s capacity to improve bivalves can increase cost efficency over water quality has also been assessed as a traditional waste water treatment plants? mean to restore degraded environments

MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to achieve the objective, a and articles and use the research with least systematic scientific literature review has amount ofbias (Glasziou, 2013). A number been performed. To minimize the risk of articles have been searched and 25 have bias, the author attempts to identify papers been included in the paper.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Freshwater bivalves consitiute 90% In aquatic ecosystems, invasive of the benthic biomass of a river (Mann, bivalves species such as Corbicula 1964) and yet are rarely mentioned in fluminea, Dreissena polymorpha etc., have modern textbooks on freshwater ecology very high filtration rates (Strayer et al., (Strayer et al., 1999). Bivalves can filter out 1994), compared to native species (Unio a significant amount of organic matter crassus, Unio pictorum). Moreover, invasive through their filtering activity (Kohat et al., bivalve species have colonized freshwater 2003). Filtration behavior of freshwater systems around the world, and in some bivalves can play a very important role in cases have caused significant impact on the riparian ecosystem by reducing the local economy. By analyzing the phytoplankton, increasing water clarity and ecology of some of the invasive species of generating benefits for plants, invertebrates, bivalves, it has been concluded that they fish and bird populations (McIvor, 2004). modify, maintain and/or create a new Understanding the role of bivalves in habitat. This can significantly alter the freshwater ecosystems is vital for their structure and function of an ecosystem successful management, especially because (Sousa et al., 2009). bivalve populations are declining worldwide (Bogan, 1993).

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Invasive bivalves filter and remove a particulate matter. Increased water clarity wide variety of particles in the water was observed, especially after the column, resulting in a decrease in introduction of different species of phytoplankton and zooplankton and invasive bivalves such as Dreissena changes in the plankton community. polymorpha or Corbicula fluminea (Sousa et Bivalves filtrating activity has consequences al., 2009). on the physical environment and they act There are bivalves species that as “ecosystem engineers”. An example in provide ecosystem services, that can be used this respect is the increase in clarity of by humans, such as: in waste water the water and thereby the penetration of treatment for small communities, sand light into the water column. By reducing filters, biomanipulation (Tab. 1). the concentration of plankton and other

Table 1: Ecosystem services provided by bivalves and their applications. Service offered Ecosystem Application by ecosystem Ecosystem Wetlands Wastewater treatment for small Retention of sediment and communities (Merlin et al., 2002) flood control (Moss, 1998) and wastewater from dairy factories (Fey et al., 1999) Substrate Sandy Filtration and purification substrate through physicochemical and Equivalent of sand filters in biological processes water treatment plants, they (Wotton, 2002) remove fine suspensions and Removal of organic and provides oxygen organic Biofilm over inorganic matter in river water compounds in water substrate (Sabater et al., 2002) (Gruntzmacher et al., 2002) Flora Sorting and retention of Used in waste water Macrophites organic particles in suspension treatment as described above (Horvath, 2004) (Merli et al., 2002) Fauna Pelagic and benthic Reducing/controlling Biomanipulation of organisms phytoplankton eutrophic waters (McIvor, 2004) (Perrow et al., 1997). Bivalves

Filtering activity of bivalves, as intensified the activity of predatory birds, ecosystem engineers can interact with and has led to reduced pigmentation shrimp certain economic activities. For example, a which has reduced their market value species of invasive bivalves had a positive (Aldrige et al., 2008). Moreover, individual impact on shrimp farms by removing shells of bivalves in high density can affect particulates. However, too high of a density the flow of water and sediment infiltration prevented invasive species of shrimp to feed affecting particle transport (Gutierrez et al., efficiently. The increased water clarity 2003).

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Local increase of sediment is another from the medium and particles, which are common feature of invasive bivalve species deposited through excretion. In sufficient aggregates with important consequences for quantities, these bivalves can prevent other organisms (Escapa et al., 2004). flowering water and reduce turbidity. This Invasive bivalves can change the physical can improve the conditions for growth of characteristics of the sludge in the aquatic plants and also contribute to water processing, therefore also influence the quality. ecosystem processes and functions, as well The process consists of growing D. as the density and performance of other polymorpha on artificial substrates in blocks organisms (Vaugh and Hakenkamp, 2001). and these blocks can be used as a biological Bivalves activity give rise to physical filter. In this sense, low quality water can be alteration of sediments. These include improved by using these biological filters. changes in particle size, the content of This method was patented by Bureau organic matter, aggregation, which can Waardenburg, Netherlands (Waardenburg, affect the porosity characteristics of 2012). the interstitial water the redox potential On the other hand, the Danish and distribution, and the survival of researchers are experimenting with another other organisms (Vaugh and Hakenkamp, method by using bivalves as filters. The 2001). Danish believe that dissolved oxygen and An interesting relationship was the problem of algae in water bodies can found between filtration rate of bivalve be solved in a natural way by using populations and river flow. According bivalves. to McIvor (2004), bivalves can filter Explanation for choosing bivalves large amounts of organic matter in small The use of bivalves has been shown rivers. to be a simple and inexpensive way to Filtration rate of bivalve populations reduce the nutrients in the water. Many increases linearly with the density of bodies of water are full of algae and a cheap bivalves and bivalve population increases method to clean and filter these waters linearly with the size of the river. This is would be with bivalves. understandable because large rivers are The benefit of using bivalves is that wider, and thus provide higher substrate, the results are visible immediately in water. where bivalves may work. However, the More than that, bivalves used in water relationship between the filtration rate purification can be used for human and the width of the river is less strong consumption, animal consumption as well as than the relationship between the filter for making biogas. rate and the flow of the river, and is non- Danish Shellfish Center (DSC) linear (Strayer et al., 1994; Welker and began in 2010 using bivalves to clean Walz, 1998). Limfjord water. An “installation” consists Invasive bivalves are being used in of ribbons, ropes and hanging strips some countries for the process of filtering where bivalves are attached. These freshwater. For instance, Dutch researchers “installations” of bivalves may be used have developed a method for increasing as filter in the waters, thereby eliminating water quality by using Dreissena the nutrient substances. Freshwater bivalve polymorpha as biological filter. Currently organisms are feeding on the microalgae this method is tested in the southern and therefore naturally purifying waters. Netherlands. Each of the individual species of the Explanation behind choosing bivalve used by DSC, filter 50 to 300 Dreissena polymorpha liters of water/day, depending on the size D. polymorpha filter water in order of bivalves and other factors (Stenkjaer, to feed. The invasive bivalve removes algae 2010).

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CONCLUSIONS Freshwater bivalves, invasive and Furthermore, bivalves have recently been native, proved to have a good capacity in used as filters in organic waste water filtering and purifying water, thus treatment, in countries such as Denmark. performing an “auto-adjustment” of aquatic However, further research needs to be ecosystem. Moreover, it appears that performed in order to establish the invasive species of bivalves have greater efficiency of bivalves in organic waste water capacity in purifying water than the native treatment plants and the cost implications species because, of their filtering process. for these kinds of installations.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks are addressed to Mrs. Curtean-Bănăduc A. and Mr. Bănăduc D. of “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Science, for their useful comments and guidance in writing this paper.

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REFERENCES Aldrige D. C., Salazar M. and Serena A., Kohata K., Hiwatari T. and Hagiwara T., 2008 ‒ Density dependent effects of 2003 ‒ Natural water-purification a new invasive false mussel system observed in a shallow coastal Mytilopsis trautwineana (Tryon lagoon: Matsukawaura, Japan, 1866), on shrimp, Litopenaeus Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47, 148- vannamei (Bonne, 1931), 154. aquaculture in Columbia, Mann K., 1964 ‒ The pattent of energy flow Aquaculture, 281, 34-42. in the fish and invertebrate fauna in Bodis E., Nosek J. and Oertel N., 2008 ‒ the Thames River, Verhandlungen Mussel fauna (Corbiculidae, der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Dreissenidae, Sphaeriidae) in the theoretische und angewandte water system of the Hungarian Limnologie, 15, 485-495. (in Danube. Javorka: Hungarian Danube German) Research Station of the Hungarian McIvor A., 2004 ‒ Freshwater mussele as Academy of Science, 219-223. biofilters, Phd thesis, Cambridge: Bogan A., 1993 ‒ Freshwater bivalve University of Cambridge, extinctions (Mollusca: Unionida): a Department of Zoology. search for causes, American Merlin G., Pajean J. L. and Lissolo T., 2002 Zoologists, 33, 599-609. ‒ Performances of constructed Escapa M., Isacch J. P. and Daleo P., 2004 ‒ wetlands for municipal wastewater The distribution and ecological treatment in rural mountains area. effects of the introduced pacific Hydrobiologia, 469, 7-98. oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunber, Moss B., 1998 ‒ Ecology of Fresh Waters: 1793) in Northern Patagonia, man and medium, past and future. Shellfish Resource, 29, 354-359. Oxford, Backwell Science. Fey A., Benckiser G. and Ottow J. C. G., Perrow M. R., Meijer M. L., Dawidowicz, P. 1999 ‒ Emissions of nitrous oxide and Coops H., 1997 ‒ from a constructed wetland using a Biomanipulation in shallow lakes: groudfilter and macrophytes in waste state of the art, Hydrobiologia, 342, water purification of a dairy farm, 55-365. Biology and Fertility of Solis, 29, Sabater S., Guasch H., Romani A. and 354-359. Munoz I., 2002 ‒ The effect of Gottlieb S. and Schweighofer M., 1996 ‒ biological factors on the efficency of Oysters and the Chesapeake Bay rier biofilma in improving water ecosystem: a case for exotic quality, Hydrobiologia, 469, 149- introduction to improve 156. environmental quality? Estuaries, Sousa R., Gutierrez J. L. and Aldridge D. C., 19, 639-650. 2009 ‒ Non-indigenous invasive Gutierrez J. L., Jones C. G. and Strayer D. bivalves as ecosystem engineers. L., 2003 ‒ Mollusks as ecosystem Biological invasions, 11, 2367-2385. engineers: the role of shell Stenkjaer N., 2010 ‒ www.folkecenter.net. production in aquatic habitats, Oikos, Nordic Folkcenter for Renewable 101, 79-90. Energy. Horvath T., 2004 ‒ Retention of particulate Strayer D. L., Hunter D. C., Smith L. C., matter by macrophytes in a first- Findlay S. and Pace M. L., 1994 ‒ order stream, Aquatic Botany, 78, Distribution, abundance and roles of 29-135. freshwater clams (Bivalvia, Unionidae) in the freshwater tidal Hudson River, Freshwater Biology, 31, 239-248.

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Strayer D. L., Caraco N. F., Cole J. J., Waardenburg B., 2012 ‒ http://www. Findlay S. and Pace M. L., 1999 ‒ buwa.nl/en/mussels-for-water-purifi Transformation of freshwater cation.html, last visited on 23rd ecosystems by bivalves - a case November 2012. study of zebra mussels in the Hudson Welker M. and Walz N., 1998 ‒ Can River, Bioscience, 49, 19-27. mussels control the plankton in Vaugh C. C. and Hakenkamp C. C., 2001 ‒ rivers? A planktological approach The functional role of burrowing applying a Langrangian sampling bivalves in freshwater ecosystems, strategy, Limnology and Freshwater Biology, 46, 1431-1446. Ocenography, 43, 753-762. Wotton R., 2002 ‒ Water purification using sand, Hydrobiologia, 469, 193-201.

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AUTHORS:

1 Cornelia LUNGU [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

2 Letiṭia OPREAN [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Department of Biotechnologies, Raţiu Street 7-9, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

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BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES COMMUNITIES FROM THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE APUSENI NATURE PARK (TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA)

Ioan SÎRBU 1, Ana Maria BENEDEK 2, Mihai VASILE 3, Aurelia TOMA 4 and Mădălina SOARE 5

KEYWORDS: Arieş upper river basin, Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Chironomidae, Oligochaeta, community structure, spatial dynamics, human impact.

ABSTRACT The benthic macroinvertebrate of total numbers. However, a certain degree communities from the southern part of the of water quality debasement even in the Apuseni Nature Park were surveyed in upstream stations is revealed by the high August-September 2005. Samples were density and ratio of Chironomidae. The collected from 18 stations established along human impact (in the form of organic the Arieş River and three of its tributaries. pollution by wastewater discharges from The structure of benthic communities was villages, hotels and villas, and sawdust from characterized in terms of mean density and sawmills) becomes evident in the lower relative abundance of the invertebrate stations on the Arieş River, downstream groups. The investigated rivers shelter from Scărişoara, where Oligochaeta have a typical rhithron communities, numerically high density, and are prevalent in the dominated by Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, community. and Trichoptera, which represent up to 79%

REZUMAT: Comunităţi de macronevertebrate bentonice din partea sudică a Parcului Natural Apuseni (Transilvania, România). Comunităţile de macronevertebrate numărul de indivizi. Totuşi, o oarecare bentonice din partea sudică a Parcului scădere a calităţii apei, chiar şi în staţiile din Natural Apuseni au fost studiate în august- amonte, este indicată de densitatea şi septembrie 2005. Au fost colectate probe din proporţia ridicată a chironomidelor. 18 staţii de prelevare stabilite de-a lungul Impactul antropic (sub forma poluării Arieşului şi a trei dintre afluenţii săi. organice cu apele menajere deversate de Structura comunităţilor bentonice a fost către gospodăriile din sate, hoteluri şi vile, caracterizată în termeni de densitate medie şi dar şi cu rumeguşul provenit de la gatere) abundenţă relativă a grupelor de devine evident în staţiile inferioare de pe nevertebrate. Râurile investigate adăpostesc Arieş, în aval de Scărişoara, unde comunităţi tipice de rithron, dominate oligochetele au o densitate ridicată, numeric de Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera şi predominând în cadrul comunităţii. Trichoptera, care reprezintă până la 79% din

RÉSUMÉ: Communautés des macroinvertébrés benthiques de la partie méridionale du Parc Naturel Apuseni (Transylvanie, Roumanie). Les communautés benthiques de la communautés typiques pour la course partie méridionale du Parc Naturel Apuseni montagneuse de rivières, numériquement ont été étudiées en Août-Septembre 2005. dominé par les plécoptères, éphéméroptères, Les échantillons ont été prélevés dans 18 trichoptères. Toutefois, l’impact humain stations établies le long de la rivière Arieş et (sous forme de pollution organique par les trois de ses affluents. La structure des rejets d’eaux usées et de sciure de bois) communautés benthiques a été caractérisée devient évident dans les stations inférieures en termes de densité et d’abondance relative. du Arieş, où les oligochètes prévalent dans Les stations étudiées abritent des la communauté avec une densité élevée.

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INTRODUCTION According to their ecological basin of the “Transylvanian Review of demands living organisms can be used as Systematical and Ecological Research” indicators of different environment (Curtean-Bănăduc et al., 2009) several characteristics. In case of freshwaters, and papers concerned some benthic taxa, like the especially rivers, the benthic macro- Oligochaeta (Cupşa, 2009), aquatic and invertebrates are frequently used for semiaquatic Heteroptera (Ilie and Olosutean, monitoring the water quality and other 2009), Trichoptera (Ciubuc, 2009), the habitat traits, as a measure of the human hyporeic invertebrates communities and impact. Although there are differences their relation with heavy metals (Iepure and among the species within a superior taxa Selescu, 2009), and a more complex study concerning their ecological demands, several concerning algae, macroinvertebrates and benthic systematic groups can be used as fish from the Arieş River basin (Momeu et indicators. For instance Plecoptera are al., 2009), containing qualitative samples characteristic for the upper sectors of rivers, and data on the benthic fauna. The dynamics with high oxygen concentration, low of the whole benthic macroinvertebrates temperatures and organic load, and hard communities, with a special emphasis on substratum, while most Oligochaeta indicate mayflies, related to pollution, was published low oxygen concentration, high temperatures by Váncsa and Sárkány-Kiss (2007). and organic load, their increasing density However, the Arieş River’s sector covered showing organic water pollution (Szitó and by this last study is situated downstream the Mózes, 1997). However, the heavy pollution area of the Apuseni Nature Park (below the has a limiting effect on specimen density confluence with the Arieşul Mic River). (Szitó and Mózes, 1997). Thus, the aim of the present paper is to Several papers were published on the cover an area of knowledge which is still benthic invertebrates communities from blank, to bring a contribution to the rivers surrounding the Apuseni Mountains: knowledge of the whole benthic Mureş River (Szitó, 1995), Criş rivers macroinverebrates communities, on (Szitó, 1997a, b; Csia and Sárkány-Kiss, supraspecific level, from the upper Arieş 1997; Buzan and Sárkány-Kiss, 1997; Szitó River Basin, concerning the river’s sector and Mózes, 1997; Găldean et al., 1997; placed in the Apuseni Nature Park, as well Sárkány-Kiss et al., 1997), and Someş rivers as some of its tributaries, and to relate these (Szállassy, 1999; Sárkány-Kiss et al., 1999). data on sources and effects of human In the volume dedicated to the Arieş River impact.

STUDY AREA AND METHODS part of the park. First order thalwegs in the The Apuseni Nature Park is situated mountain area have a temporary drainage in western Romania, in the central-north- system, depending on the regime of western side of the Apuseni Mountains, precipitations and snowmelt (Costea, 2009). comprising a part of the Bihor and Vlădeasa Its main tributaries within the park are: massifs. The hydrological network of Cobleş, Gârda Seacă and Albac. Deep the park belongs to Someşul Mic, Crişul waters, represented mostly by those of the Negru and Arieşul Mare River basins. The endokarst, represent an important reserve present paper is based on samples collected supplying the surface water system. Gârda from the last basin in August-September Seacă drains the abundant undergound 2005. waters coming from Padiş Plateau, its main The Arieş River is the largest right tributary being Ordâncuşa. In the Gârda- hand tributary of Mureş River, with a surface Ordâncuşa basin, is a mainly karstic area of 2,970 km2 and 164 km in lenght (Ujvári, with 25 discovered caves (Ujvári, 1972). 1972). It springs from 1,195 m a.s.l. in the Among these, Poarta lui Ionele Cave is Vârtop Pass area and borders the southern located in Ordâncuşa Gorges. It is an active

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cave, with a creek flowing through its Sampling sites were chosen along the entrance. The south-eastern limit of the park mentioned rivers, from the source area is represented by the lower course of Albac downstream to the confluence, according to River, and the confluence with Arieş marks the characteristics of waterflow, habitat the point where this river exits the park. heterogeneity and the sources of human The mean slope of Arieş River down impact. From each station three samples to Scărişoara is 13 m/km, while the slopes of were collected, from different types of its tributaries are steeper, up to 30-35 m/km substrate, depth and waterflow velocity (Ujvári, 1972). zones, usually in cross-section. In the researched area 18 sampling Samples were collected using a 625 stations (Fig. 1) were established: along cm2 functional surface Surber benthometer Arieş River (6), Gârda (3), Ordâncuşa and fixed in 4% formaldehide solution. (4) and the creek exiting Poarta lui Benthic invertebrates were sorted out using Ionele Cave, Albac (4) and its tributary Bulz a stereobinocular and conserved in 70% Creek. ethanol. The results are expressed in terms of mean density (ind./m2) and relative abundance (%).

Figure 2: Map and codes of the sampling stations from the Arieş River basin on Apuseni Nature Park.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The identified structure of the At Vârtop Pass (S11) the Arieş River sampled benthic communities in the total of is a small creek flowing through a swampy six sampling stations along Arieş River, thinned out spruce forest. Although in its expressed in terms of densities, is illustrated source area, here the river is already in figure 2. degraded by pollution with organic matter

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from the wastewaters discharged by the of mountain creek, with hard substratum, pensions, villas, and other buildings from made of boulders, fragments of rocks and the area. Besides, on the banks but also in gravel. In consequence, the community the riverbed, piles of rubbish from different structure changes significantly. The total sources can be found. The water organic abundance of the community is lower, load is indicated by the presence of many especially due to the decrease in the density fibrous algae, the colour and presence of of Plecoptera, to 437 ind./m2. However, the foam, but also by the benthic community other two groups of rheophilous structure. Among the invertebrate taxa, invertebrates, Trichoptera and especially Plecoptera (1,864 ind./m2), followed by Ephemeroptera have increased densities, the Chironomidae (400 ind./m2) prevail. latter reaching 189 ind./m2. Two new groups In the second sampling station, at appear in the longitudinal profile for the first Arieşeni (S12), the river has a typical aspect time, namely Mollusca and Diptera.

Other diptera

Chironomidae

Coleoptera

Trichoptera

Plecoptera

Ephemeroptera S16 S15 Collembola S14 S13 Hydracarina S12 S11 Mollusca

Oligochaeta

Plathelmintes

1 10 100 1000 10000

No ind. / sqm

Figure 2: Densities of benthic invertebrates taxa in the six sampling stations along Arieş River.

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Downstream Gârda (S13) the river organic pollution caused by the waste waters resembles the previous sector, but biotecton discharged along its course through is present. Many specimens of the limpet Scărişoara locality, but also by the sawdust snail Ancylus fluviatilis O. F. Müller, 1774 thrown in the river from the numerous are present, especially next to the banks. The sawmills processing the trees cut from the benthic community is more abundant than in neighbouring area. However, at this point the previous sector, all the groups have Arieş River still preserves some of its increased densities, except for Plecoptera, mountain characteristics, with a high density which records a slight decrease and of Trichoptera (1,769 ind./m2), and a density Collembola, which disappears, being of Ephemeroptera similar with the previous replaced by Plathelminthes. Downstream sampling station (342 ind./m2). Gârda is the only sector from Arieş where Upstream Albac (S15) the river exits this taxon was identified, with a low density a narrow pass with rocky walls, deep and (5.2 ind./m2). Thus, the number of groups fast flowing water, whirls, numerous (10) remains constant, at its maximum fragments of rock, large and rugged value. The prevailing taxa are Trichoptera boulders, with lot of biotecton. The structure (2,322 ind./m2), Chironomidae (1,527 of benthic community is similar to the ind./m2), and Oligochaeta (1,664 ind./m2). previous station, with an increased density Downstream Scărişoara (S14) the of Chironomidae, reaching the highest value boulders are covered with a lot of sediment, among the investigated stations. Thus, the especially anorganic, less with biotecton. On community is dominated by Oligochaeta the banks there is much waste left behind by (6,568 ind./m2) and Chironomidae (6,355 the past high waters. The total density of the ind./m2), while the three oxyphilic groups benthic community increases. It is (Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, and dominated by Oligochaeta (6,067 ind./m2) Plecoptera) are in a slow and constant and Chironomidae (3,734 ind./m2), which decrease. Among the other taxa, beetles have a singnificanly higher abundance, (Coleoptera) have the highest density along indicating a decrease in water quality, due to the whole researched river course.

100%

80%

60%

40%

Relative abundance (%) abundance Relative 20%

0% S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16

Oligochaeta Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera Chironomidae Other

Figure 3: Space dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrates taxa in the six sampling stations along the Arieş River, expressed as relative abundance (RA%).

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In the last sampling station, where the absence of a major pollution downstream Albac (S16) the river has a source (no locality in between) is reflected smooth flow, on a bed of boulders covered by the constant ratio of Oligochaeta. with anorganic sediments, but also detritus The ratios of the other taxa are less and biotecton, and sedimented sawdust than 5%, so they are considered together. along the banks. The total abundance of the The Gârda Seacă River, tributary of benthic community decreases, due to the the Arieş, is characterized by an important decrease in most of the taxa, except human impact, represented by discharges of Plecoptera and Mollusca (126 ind./m2). The household wastewaters, but especially by prevailing groups remain the same, numerous deposits of sawdust along its Oligochaeta (5,219 ind./m2) and course and other direct effects of forest Chironomidae (2,949 ind./m2), the last one exploitation and wood processing in the with a significantly reduced density sawmills along its valley. Thus, in the compared to the previous station. benthic community the Chironomidae Considering the longitudinal prevail in all the investigated stations, both dynamics of the benthic community as density (ranging between 490 ind./m2 structure, illustrated by means of taxa’s downstream Casa de Piatră and 3,017 relative abundances (Fig. 3), the model is ind./m2 at the confluence with Ordâncuşa) typical for a mountain river. The ratios of and relative abundance (between 52% and Oligochaeta and EPT groups 55% in the same stations) (Figs. 4 and 5). (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) However, the river is a typical mountain are negatively correlated, while the creek, with shallow, fast flowing, oxygen- Chironomidae have a relative constant ratio, rich water. Thus, in the upper sector varying between 41% (upstream Albac) and Ephemeroptera (216 ind./m2 − 23%) and 17% (Vârtop Pass). In the upper sector Plecoptera (179 ind./m2 − 20%) are also (from Vârtop to Gârda) the EPT group well represented. In the middle and lower prevails in the community (reaching 78.6% station the next abundant group is of the collected individuals). However, there Trichoptera (with more than 1,000 ind./m2). is a replacement of the taxa within this Oligochaeta has low densities (less than 100 group, from the springs downstream. In the ind./m2) and the taxonomic diversity of the source area it is represented almost river is high. Gârda Seacă is the only exclusively by Plecoptera, which have a researched river where all the 13 taxa strong and constant decrease from this point encountered during the study were downstream. In the second station, at identified. The most diverse community (11 Arieşeni, Ephemeroptera records its taxa) was found at the confluence with maximum ratio, while at Gârda, Trichoptera Ordâncuşa (S22). is the prevailing taxa within EPT group. In The longitudinal profile of Gârda the lower sector (Scărişoara and River is characterized by a relative high downstream) the community is made up homogenity of the benthic communities’ mainly of organisms tolerant to high loads structure, with almost constant ratios of of organic matter and low concentrations of Chironomidae, EPT, and Oligochaeta. Only oxygen, belonging to Oligochaeta (up to within the EPT group there is a gradual 56% downstream Albac) and Chironomidae. replacement of Ephemeroptera and The ratio of Oligochaeta records a constant Plecoptera, co-dominant at Casa de Piatră increase from the source area (where it (S21) by Trichoptera, monodominant at the represents less than 1% of the community) confluence with Arieş (S23). downstream, more pronounced from Among the other sampled taxa, best Arieşeni, indicating a degrading water represented are Acarina (present in all quality in what the organic load is stations), Collembola (missing at the concerned. The single exception is the sector confluence with Arieş), and Plathelminthes downstream Scărişoara – upstream Albac, (only at the confluence with Ordâncuşa).

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Heteroptera Diptera Chironomidae Coleoptera Trichoptera Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Collembola Acarina Amphipoda Mollusca Oligochaeta Plathelminthes

1 10 100 1000 10000 no ind /sqm

S21 S22 S23 Figure 4: Mean densities of the benthic taxa along the Gârda River (logarithmic scale).

100

10 Relative abundance Relative (%)

1 S21 S22 S23

Oligochaeta Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera Chironomidae Other

Figure 5: Spatial dynamics of benthic communities along Gârda River (illustrated in terms of relative abundance %, on logarithmic scale).

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In Ordâncuşa River (tributary of the is a significant shift in the community Gârda River), the benthic community from structure (Fig. 7). In comparison to the the source area (S31) is numerically benthic communities from other gorges, dominated by Plecoptera (1,801 ind./m2) and namely the Cibin Gorges (Curtean-Bănăduc, Chironomidae (1,016 ind./m2), followed by 2005), there is a significant difference. Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera (Fig. 6). Chironomidae have a higher ratio (49.8%), Upstream Ordâncuşa Gorges (S32) while Trichoptera, prevailing in Cibin, have there is a significant decrease of density in a low relative abundance (6.7%). Trichoptera (from 568 to 342 ind./m2), and In the last station, upstream the especially Plecoptera (to 1,332 ind./m2) in confluence with Gârda (S34), significant are favour of Ephemeroptera (from 616 to 1,311 the increases in density of Trichoptera and ind./m2). More interestingly, a significant Ephemeroptera, but especially Oligochaeta decrease in density (from 231 to 68 ind./m2) (from 42 to 452 ind./m2). was found for Oligochaeta. In longitudinal profile, the ratio of In Ordâncuşa Gorges, in the vicinity Chironomidae varies despite its constant of Poarta lui Ionele Cave (S33), the density density along the river, due to the important of Chironomidae remains constantly high, changes in the abundance of EPT groups but due to the decrease in EPT groups, there (Fig. 7).

Diptera

Chironomidae

Coleoptera

Trichoptera

Plecoptera

Ephemeroptera

Collembola

Acarina

Amphipoda

Oligochaeta

Plathelmintes

1 10 100 1000 10000 individuals/sqm S31 S32 S33 S34 Figure 6: Mean densities of benthic macroinvertebrates in the three sampling stations along Ordâncuşa River.

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100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% S31 S32 S33 S34

Oligochaeta Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera Chironomidae Other

Figure 7: Spatial dynamics of benthic communities on Ordâncuşa River relative abundance (%).

Plathelminthes 100000 Diptera 10000 Oligochaeta 1000 100 Chironomidae Amphipoda 10 1

Coleoptera Collembola

Trichoptera Ephemeroptera

Plecoptera

Figure 8: Structure of benthic macroinvertebrate community from the creek exiting Poarta lui Ionele Cave (S6) (mean no. individuals/m2; logarithmic scale).

The benthic community from the here the highest abundance among all the creek that leaves Poarta lui Ionele Cave (Fig. researched stations. The community is 8), and flows into Ordâncuşa River, presents dominated by Chironomidae (15,257 a characteristic structure for this habitat ind./m2), followed by Ephemeroptera and type. The main feature is given by the high Plecoptera. Another characteristic is the density of Amphipoda (305 ind./m2) and absence of Acarina. This is the only station Plathelminthes (200 ind./m2), which have where this taxon was not encountered.

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Another studied river is the Albac, a magnitude. In the lower sector (downstream tributary of Arieş River, which marks the Horea and upstream Albac) one single group south-eastern border of the Apuseni Nature prevails, namely Chironomidae. The number Park. Albac riverbed, like others in the area, of taxa decreases from ten at Horea, to seven is affected by forest exploitation and upstream Albac, the lowest number among sawmills, but also by an evident pollution all the researched stations. Here, the only with domestic waste products. The most taxon among those with low densities is evident characteristic of the benthic Acarina, with a strongly diminished density community is the clear and continuous (26 ind./m2 compared with 463 ind./m2 in decrease in density of all the taxa along the the station from Horea). river, from Horea locality (S41) to upstream Although the density of Oligochaeta Albac (S43), except for Chironomidae, also decreases from upstream to downstream which has the maximum density (from 579 to 100 ind./m2), its ratio increases downstream Horea (S42) (Fig. 9). Along slightly in the last two stations, from 3.9 to with the numerical impoverishment of the 5.6 and, respectively 7.7%, on the community, a diversity decrease is also background of the community’s total noticed, in terms of heterogeneity, but also impoverishment. in terms of number of identified taxa. In the Another characteristic of the river is upper station the community is balanced in the presence of an important population of what the ratio of the codominant groups is the limpet Ancylus fluviatilis in its upper concerned (Fig. 10). Trichoptera, Plecoptera, sector, reaching a density of 747 ind./m2, in Chironomidae, Coleoptera, and Horea locality. Ephemeroptera have densities of the same

Diptera

Chironomidae

Coleoptera

Trichoptera

Plecoptera

Ephemeroptera

Acarina

Mollusca

Oligochaeta

Plathelminthes

1 10 100 1000 10000 ind./sqm

S41 S42 S43 Figure 9: Mean densities of the benthic taxa from Albac River (logarithmic scale).

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100

80

60

40

Relative abundanceRelative (%) 20

0 S41 S42 S43

Plathelminthes Oligochaeta Mollusca Acarina Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera Coleoptera Chironomidae Diptera

Figure 10: Spatial dynamics of benthic communities along Albac River (in terms of relative abundance %).

Mollusca 10000

Diptera 1000 Acarina 100

10

Chironomidae 1 Ephemeroptera

Coleoptera Plecoptera

Trichoptera

Figure 11: Structure of benthic macroinvertebrate community from Bulz Creek (S5) at Horea (mean no. of individuals/m2; logarithmic scale).

In Bulz Creek, a tributary of the investigated stations (Fig. 12), the Albac River, the benthic community is calculated values ranging between 949 dominated by Chironomidae and (at Casa de Piatră) and 19,488 ind./m2 (in Ephemeroptera, followed by Plecoptera the creek exiting Poarta lui Ionele Cave). and Trichoptera (Fig. 11). The other Lowest number of taxa (seven) encountered identified taxa are poorly represented in the at Vârtop Pass (S11) and upstream Albac community. (S43) is correlated with low densities, while The total density of the benthic the highest number of the groups (11) are communities varies significantly among correlated with medium densities.

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20000

15000

10000

5000

0 S5 S6 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S21 S22 S23 S31 S32 S33 S34 S41 S42 S43

Figure 12: Densitiy of benthic macroinvertebrates in the investigated stations (mean no. ind./m2).

The pattern of longitudinal dynamics for mountain areas, indicating the presence of benthic communities’ density along the of organic pollution sources along the rivers. rivers, consists of an unimodal curve, with The EPT group is still well represented, increasing density from the source area to consisting of 32.4%. Most abundant is the middle sector, followed by a decrease in Trichoptera, followed by Plecoptera. The the lower course. This model is well differences between their ratios are small. expressed along Arieş and Gârda (here at a Other taxa are poorly represented, lesser scale). Along Albac the model is only the most abundant are Coleoptera, Acarina, half represented, as information from the and Diptera (other than Chironomidae). source area are missing (S41 corresponds to Considering their densities in the the middle sector). This pattern is sampling stations, the benthic taxa with a determined both by the changes in the low frequency and abundance (Amphipoda, natural environment and by human impact, Plathelminthes, Heteroptera, Collembola, especially the organic pollution. These Diptera (other than Chironomidae), Acarina, results are consistent with other studies and Mollusca) form a compact group at a (Szitó and Mózes, 1997), which show that a small distance (Fig. 14A). The dendrogram mild pollution (i.e. organic) has a based on Jaccard index (Fig. 14B) illustrates stimulative effect on the density of benthic the relations within this group. Heteroptera community, contributing to the numerical (not a proper benthic group) is the most increase in Chironomidae and especially distinct taxon, being collected only in one Oligochaeta, but a heavy pollution causes a station, namely in Gârda River at the decrease in density as well as in taxonomic confluence with Arieş (S23). Collembola, diversity, at species and superior taxa level. Amphipoda and Plathelminthes, with low The absence of localities or other frequencies, form a distinct group, pollution sources along Ordâncuşa, a short characteristic for the upstream stations. river, causes the lack of an obvious model, Among them, Amphipoda and the benthic community’s density remains Plathelminthes present a higher relatively constant along its course. The resemblance, being present together in five most important factor influencing the stations. In the other group the most distinct structure, as well as the community’s total taxon is Mollusca. Six taxa (Chironomidae, density, are the Ordâncuşa Gorges. Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Oligochaeta, Considering the entire research area, Plecoptera and Coleoptera) are present in all the benthic communities are numerically the researched stations, forming a dominated by Chironomidae, representing homogenous group, joined at a small 42.4% of the collected specimens, followed distance by Acarina, which is absent only by Oligochaeta, with 18.7% (Fig. 13), a from the creek exiting Poarta lui Ionele much higher value than those characteristic Cave.

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Heteroptera Plathelminthes0.0% 0.3% Diptera Oligochaeta 1.3% 18.7% Mollusca 1.0% Amphipoda 0.3% Acarina Chironomidae 1.3% 42.4% Collembola 0.3% Ephemeroptera 9.2%

Plecoptera 10.8% Coleoptera Trichoptera 2.1% 12.4%

Figure 13: The structure of benthic macroinvertebrates communities (abundance proportion %).

Figure 14: Hierarchical clustering of benthic taxa based on mean densities (euclidean distances, average linkage method) – A, the presence-absence in the sampling stations (Jaccard index) – B.

Densities of benthic taxa are often and Oligochaeta – Diptera (r = 0.901), correlated. Considering the mean densities having high densities in the lower course of from the sampling sites, significant (p < Arieş. 0.05) positive correlations were found for 18 None negative correlations between pairs of taxa, the strongest correlations were the densities of benthic taxa was found to be between Mollusca – Coleoptera (r = 0.978) significant. However, if relative abundance and Acarina – Trichoptera (r = 0.926), is considered, between the ratio of EPT which reach their maximum density in the group and some other taxa there is a same station (S43). All the correlations significant negative correlation, the highest between these four taxa were found to be correlation coefficient being calculated for significant. Other strong direct correlations EPT – Oligochaeta (r = - 0.643). The are between Plathelminthes – Amphipoda relation between these two taxa is much (r = 0.939), reaching the maximum density stronger if we consider only the stations in the creek from Poarta lui Ionele Cave, along Arieş River (r = - 0.947).

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Figure 15: Classification of sampling stations based on the ratio (%) of benthic macroinvertebrates taxa (Euclidean distances, average linkage method).

The total density of the benthic represented by the high ratio of communities correlates significantly and Oligochaeta, effect of the organic pollution positively only with the density of from the localities Scărişoara and Albac. A Chironomidae (r = 0.833). Thus, in the balanced structure of the community is research area, the spatial dynamics of characteristic for stations S13 and S41, benthic communities is impregnated by the which form a distinct group, but the dynamics of Chironomidae populations. prevailing taxa are partially different, so Considering the structure of the they join at greater distance. At the same benthic macroinvertebrate communities (in distance other two groups are formed. One terms of relative abundance %; Fig. 15), the of them comprises the communities most distinctive research station is S11 numerically dominated by Chironomidae (Arieş at Vârtop Pass), due to the (S6, S42, S22 and S23), the other joins the unequalled high ratio of Plecoptera. A stations where the EPT group is prevailing, second distinct group is formed by the last either by itself (S31, S32 and S12), or three stations along Arieş (S14, S15 and together with Chironomidae (S43, S21, S33, S16). Here, the distinctive element is S5 and S34).

CONCLUSIONS The benthic macroinvertebrate being calculated for downstream Albac, the communities from the upper Arieş River lowest station from Arieş River. Basin is numerically dominated by The spatial dynamics of benthic Chironomidae, representing 42.4% of the communities along the river is also collected specimens, followed by characterized by the decrease in density and Oligochaeta, with 18.7%, a much higher ratio of EPT group (Ephemeroptera, value than those characteristic for mountain Plecoptera and Trichoptera). Within EPT areas, indicating the presence of organic group there is a replacement of taxa along pollution sources (in form of waste water the river. This is especially obvious along discharges from localities, hotels and villas Arieş River. in the valleys, as well as sawdust from the Between the ratios of Oligochaeta sawmills processing the wood extracted and EPT there is a negative and significant from the area) along the rivers. The density correlation, which is stronger if we consider and ratio of Oligochaeta increases from the only the sampling stations along Arieş River source area downstream, the highest values (r = - 0.947 compared to r = - 0.634).

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For some taxa, in the station of The total density of the benthic highest abundance, the density is communities varies significantly among the significantly higher than in the other stations investigated stations, the lowest number of (up to 30 times in case of Amphipoda). In taxa (seven) being correlated with low some cases this outlyer maximum is reached densities, and the highest (11) with medium by different taxa in the same station (at densities. Horea by Mollusca, Coleoptera, Acarina, A general pattern of longitudinal Trichoptera, in the creek from Poarta lui dynamics of benthic communities’ density Ionele Cave by Amphipoda, Plathelminthes along the rivers in the investigated area and Chironomidae). Between the abundance consists of a unimodal curve, with of these taxa there is a significant and increasing density from the source area to positive correlation. the middle sector, followed by a decrease in the lower researched river’s course. This model is well expressed along Arieş and less along Gârda River.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present study was accomplished in the frame of the PHARE CBC RO 2003/005- 702.01 “Romanian-Hungarian Corridor for Biodiversity Conservation” coordinated by the Oradea Forestry Directorate. Special gratitude for those who lead this project, namely Mr. Moş A. and Ms. Petrovici M.

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REFERENCES Buzan C. and Sárkány-Kiss A., 1997 – A Ilie D. and Olosutean H., 2009 – Aquatic study of the Plecoptera species in the and semiaquatic Heteroptera from White, Black and Rapid Criş/Körös Arieş River basin, (Transylvania, river system, The Criş/Körös Rivers’, Romania), methods in estimating Tiscia monograph series, 263-268. biodiversity, Transylvanian Review Ciubuc C., 2009 – Order Trichoptera of Systematical and Ecological (Insecta) from the Apuseni Nature Research, Curtean-Bănăduc et al. Park (Transylvania, Romania), (eds), 7, 77-86. Transylvanian Review of Momeu L., Battes K., Battes K., Stoica I., Systematical and Ecological Avram A., Cîmpean M., Pricope F. Research, Curtean-Bănăduc et al., and Ureche D., 2009 – Algae, (eds), 7, 97-124. macroinvertebrate and fish Costea M., 2009 – Morpho-hydrographical communities from the Arieş River and modeling features of the Arieş catchment area (Transylvania, River basin (Transylvania, Romania), Romania), Transylvanian Review of Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Systematical and Ecological Research, Curtean-Bănăduc et al. Research, Curtean-Bănăduc et al., (eds), 7, 149-180. (eds), 7, 1-10. Szállassy N., 1999 – The occurence of Cupşa D., 2009 – Preliminary data upon the mayfly (Ephemeroptera) larvae along aquatic Oligochaeta communities in the River Someş/Szamos, The the upper sector of the Arieş River Someş/Szamos River valley, Tiscia (Transylvania, Romania), monograph series, 203-206. Transylvanian Review of Sárkány-Kiss A., Boloş F. and Nagy E., Systematical and Ecological 1997 – Freshwater molluscs from the Research, Curtean-Bănăduc et al., Criş/Körös rivers, The Criş/Körös (eds), 7, 69-76. Rivers’ valleys, Tiscia monograph Curtean-Bănăduc A., 2005 – Râul Cibin - series, 195-202. Caracterizare ecologică, Edit. Sárkány-Kiss A, Sîrbu I. and Baba K., 1999 Universităţii “Lucian Blaga” din – Freshwater mollusc species from Sibiu, Sibiu, 1-240. (in Romanian) the river Someş/Szamos, related to Găldean N., Staicu G. and Bacalu P., 1997 – their ecological conditions, The The assessment of lotic ecosystems Someş/Szamos River valley, Tiscia from the hydrographical unity monograph series, 197-202. Criş/Körös river system, according to Szitó A., 1995 – Macrozoobenthos in the benthic associations, The Criş/Körös Maros (Mureş) River, The Rivers’ valleys, Tiscia monograph Maros/Mureş River valley, Tiscia series, 243-262. monograph series, 185-192. Iepure S. and Selescu L., 2009 – Szitó A., 1997a – Macrozoobenthos biomass Relationship between heavy metals in the back-waters with different and hyporheic invertebrate water supply, The Criş/Körös Rivers’ community structure in the middle valleys, Tiscia monograph series, basin of the Arieş River 221-230. (Transylvania, Romania), Szitó A., 1997b – The crude oil pollution Transylvanian Review of effect on the macrozoobenthos, The Systematical and Ecological Criş/Körös Rivers’ valleys, Tiscia Research, Curtean-Bănăduc et al., monograph series, 231-242. (eds), 7, 125-148.

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Szitó A. and Mozes K., 1997 – The Ujvári I., 1972 – Geografia apelor României, Oligochaeta and the Chironomid Edit. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti, 305-306. fauna as indicators in the Criş/Körös (in Romanian) river system, The Criş/Körös Rivers’ Váncsa E. and Sárkány-Kiss A., 2007 – The valleys, Tiscia monograph series, study of macroinvertebrate 165-194. community in the heavy metal Szitó A. and Mozes K., 1999 – The polluted Arieş River (Romania), Acta Oligochaeta and Chironomidae fauna Siculica, Sfântul Gheorghe, România, in the river Someş/Szamos system, 103-114. The Someş/Szamos River valley, Tiscia monograph series, 179-192.

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AUTHORS:

1 Ioan SÎRBU [email protected]

2 Ana Maria BENEDEK [email protected]

3 Mihai VASILE [email protected]

4 Aurelia TOMA [email protected]

5 Mădălina SOARE [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environment Protection, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

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INVERTEBRATE SPECIES NEW TO SCIENCE AND NEW TO THE ROMANIAN FAUNA BASED ON RECENT (1994-2009) RESEARCH IN MARAMUREŞ (ROMANIA)

Iosif BÉRES 1

KEYWORDS: invertebrates, new species, Maramureş.

ABSTRACT In the present paper we enumerate Data presented here indicate and invertebrate species new to science and to describe 12 species new for science and 141 the Romanian fauna, with recorded place species new for Romania’s invertebrate and date of collection. These species have species list. been found by several zoologists in These results show the high Maramureș (România), over the period biodiversity of the area and lack of 1994-2009. systematic investigation of invertebrates in Maramureș.

REZUMAT: Specii de nevertebrate noi pentru știință și pentru fauna României, pe baza cercetărilor recente (1994-2009) din Maramureș (România). În prezenta lucrare am enumerat Noile date obținute enumeră și specii de nevertebrate, noi pentru știință și descriu 12 specii noi pentru știință și 141 de pentru fauna României, menționând locul și specii noi pentru inventarul faunistic de data colectării, specii care au fost nevertebrate al României. descoperite de diverși zoologi în Maramureș Rezultatele obținute indică o (România), între anii 1994 și 2009. biodiversitate crescută a zonei analizate și lipsa de investigații sistematice a nevertebratelor din Maramureș.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Für die Wissenschaft und die Fauna Rumäniens neue Arten auf Grund: rezenter Forschungen (1994-2009) im Gebiet der Maramuresch (Rumänien). In vorliegender Arbeit werden für Es geht um insgesamt 12 für die die Wissenschaft und für die Fauna Wissenschaft neu beschriebene Arten sowie Rumäniens neue Arten von Wirbellosen 141 für die Fauna der Wirbellosen aufgelistet und beschrieben, wobei Rumäniens neue Arten. Sammelort und Datum aufgeführt werden. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine hohe Dabei handelt es sich um Arten, die im Biodiversität des Untersuchungsgebietes hin Verlauf mehrerer Jahre, zwischen 1994 und und auf einen Mangel an systematischen 2009 von verschiedenen Zoologen in der Forschungen der Wirbellosen der Maramuresch entdeckt wurden. Maramuresch hin.

INTRODUCTION The area of Historical Maramureș is to the watersheds. In the north, the limit of situated in the north – north-west of Maramureș coincides with the state border Romania, in the county of Maramureș, being between Romania and the Ukraine – the made up of a depression having the same River Tisa (Fig. 1) and the Maramureș name and the surrounding mountains down Mountains (Figs. 4 and 5).

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The surface of this territory is 3.375 km².

Figure 1: Tisa River next to the Sighetu-Marmaţiei locality.

From the bio-geographical point of the alluvial fields of the Tisa up the alpine view, we speak about a well-defined area levels of the Rodnei Mountains (Figs. 2 and with high bio-diversity. This is mainly 3). In Maramureș we have isolated areas, because of the great variety of habitats, with difficult to reach, with almost natural a range of altitude of over 2000 meters, and habitats with minimal anthropogenic vegetation levels well outlined starting from pressures (Figs. 6 and 7).

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Figure 2: Rodnei Mountains.

Figure 3: Rodnei Mountains.

Systematic research on invertebrate with the “Vasile Goldiş” Western University fauna began in 1994, when specialists of Arad, who succeeded in making three- from the “Grigore Antipa” Museum of four study expeditions annually. During Natural History of Bucharest made trips to this period, Maramureș was also been Maramureș. Between 2004-2009, research visited by other foreign zoologists (Polish, teams from Budapest Museum of Nature Austrian, Hungarian), who have found had carried out research on invertebrate species new to science and to the Romanian fauna in Maramureș under research contracts fauna.

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Figure 4: Maramureşului Mountains.

Figure 5: Maramureşului Mountains.

In this paper, we enumerate the However, we note the fact that the species new to science and to the Romanian material collected within the mentioned fauna, with recorded place and date of interval of time has not been completely collection. These species are published in processed. There are indications that in the various papers, in Travaux XXVII-LII and near future, other new species may be Studia Universitatis “Vasile Goldiş” Life mentioned that are new to the fauna of Sciences Series Vol. supp. 2006 and XVIII, Romania and of Maramureș. supp. 2008 and other publications.

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Figure 6: Volcanic Plateau.

Figure 7: Volcanic Plateau.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The list of species that are new to ORIBATIDS – RIBATIDA science, collected in Maramureș by several Galumnidae researchers and published in various 7. Pergalumna seminervosus n. sp. scientific papers is presented below. Rodnei Mountains, Borşa,

COLLEMBOLA Staţiunea Borşa, spring rook of the Orychiuridae Bistriţa Aurie River under the 1. Protophorura ionescui. n. sp. Gărgălău Peak, 26.09.2006 Rodnei Mountains in Igniş Mountains, Deseşti, Orientali Carpathias, Borşa, N stope Tătarului Gorges, 750 m, 27.09.2006 of Pietrosul Rodnei (2,303) aprox. Rodnei Mountains, Săcel, Iza 1,200 m, 27.07.2004 Gorges, 946 m, 20.05.2008 Radwanski et al., 2006 ‒ 31 Mahunka S., Mahunka L. ‒ Isotomidae 15 2. Tetracanthella borsa n. sp. Gustaviidae Rodnei Mountains, Borşa, 8. Gustavia transilvanyca n. sp. Gura Fântânii, spring area of the Rodnei Mountains, Borşa, Bistriţa Aurie River under the Staţiunea Borşa, 878-1,022 m, 28.06.2005 Gărgălau Peak, pine scrub and alpine Igniş Mountains, Sighetu- grassland, 1,668-1,711 m, Marmaţiei, Piatra Mountains, 1,200 m, 29.06.2005 21.09.2005 Dany L., Traser G., ‒ 7 Mahunka S. ‒ 14 3. Tetracanthella ignisiana n. sp. Oppiidae Igniş Mountains, Deseşti, 9. Neotrichoppia (Confinoppia) calugarae Staţiunea Izvoare, Tătarului Gorge, Brazi n. sp. Stream, altitude 738 m, 01.09.2004 Rodnei Mountains, Săcel, Dany L., Traser G., ‒ 7 near Iza Izvor, 1,000 m, 22.09.2005

PLECOPTERA Rodnei Mountains, Săcel, 4. Leuctra dalmoni n. sp. near Iza, 22.09.2005 Lăpuşului (Văratec) Mahunka S. ‒ 14 Mountains, Văleni, Zermilor Lake, 10. Neotrichoppia (Confinoppia) beresi n. 23.05.2006; sp. Ţibleş Mountains, Igniş Mountains, Deseşti, Dragomireşti, Baicu Stream, 24.05.2006; Tătarului Gorges, 750 m, 27.09.2006 Maramureşului Mountains, Mahunka S., Mahunka L. ‒ Poieni Valley, Petrova, Tomnatic Stream, 15 950 m, 25.05.2006; Punctoribatidae Vinçon G., Muranyi D. ‒ 37 11. Schweizerzeles anoporosus n. sp. Igniş Mountains, Giuleşti, ACARI – MESOSTIGMATID Poiana Brazilor, 900 m, bog Trachytidae decaying woods, some peat-moss, 5. Trachytes carpaticus n. sp. 31.08.2004 Igniş Mountains Piatra, Vadul Mahunka S. – 14 Izei, Bârlan, 700 m, 20.09.2005 Kontschan J. ‒ 11 HOMOPTERA – AUCHENORRHYNCHA Veigaiaidae Cicadellidae 6. Veigaia transilvanyca n. sp. 12. Diplocolenus (Erdianus) beresi n. sp. Maramureşului Mountains, Rodnei Mountains, Borşa Borşa, Baia Borşa, sphagnum moss, 1,046 Resort, Gărgălau Peak, 2,100 m, 01.08.2002 m, 26.09.2006 Rodnei Mountains, Borşa, Kontschan J., Ujvari Zs. ‒ 12 Ştiol and Prislop, 1,500 m, 29.08.2005

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Next, we present the list of species Creasta Cocoşului, 1,050 m, that are new to the Romanian fauna, 23.09.2005; Maramureş Mountains collected in Maramureș by several Borşa-Băila Borşa, Stanchi Spring, researchers and published in various 1,600 m, 26.06.2007. (9) scientific papers.

OLIGOCHAETA Malacostraca Lumbricidae 9. Gammarus leopoliensis Jazdzewksi et 1. Allolobophora sturanvi (Rosa, 1895) Konopacka, 1989 Records: Maramureş Records: Igniş Mountains, Piatra Mountains, Borşa, Baia Borşa, Vinişor Ţiganului meadow, 1,200 m, Valley, 1,032 m, 22.05.2007; 21.09.2005, Sighetu Marmaţiei ‒ Igniş Maramureş Mountains, Poienile de sub Mountains, Vadul Izei, Piatra, 850 m, Munte, Lutoasa Valley, 868 m, 21.09.2005. (3) 24.05.2007; Maramureş Mountains, 2. Aporrectodea carpathica Cognetti, 1927 Poienile de sub Munte, Socolău Valley, Records: Igniş Mountains, Săpânţa 825 m, 24.05.2007; Rodnei Mountains, Stream, 500 m, 30.06.2005; Lăpuş Săcel, Iza River, 20.05.2008; Mountains, Băiuţ 860 m, 27.05.1996; Maramureş Mountains, Vişeu de Sus, Rodna Mountains, Borşa, Prislop, 160 Vaser Valley, Şuligu, 862 m, 21.05.2008. (21) m, 19.09.1974. (3) 3. Dendrobaena alpina alteclitellata Pop, CHILOPODA 1938 Records: Rodnei Mountains, Geophilomorpha Borşa, 1,665-1,710 m, 29.06.2005; 10. Strigamia pusilla (Sseliwanoff, 1884) Rodnei Mountains, Săcel, Muced Lake, Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa 1,400 m, 22.09.2005. (3) spering area of the Bistriţa Aurie 4. Octodrilus robustus (Pop, 1973) Records: beneath Gărgălău, 1,688-1,711 m, Rodna Mountains, Moisei, Măgura 03.09.2004. (4) Peak, 1,000 m, 18.06.1997; Gutâi Myriapoda Mountains, Breb, 450 m, 23.09.2005. 11. Geophilus oligopus (Attems, 1895) (3) Records: Igniş Mountains, Piatra

TARDIGRADA Săpânţa, Cabana Colibi, 832 m, 31.08.2004. (5) Eutardigrada 5. Diphascon oculatum Murray, 1906 COLLEMBOLA Records: Maramureş Mountains, Vişeu Neanuridae de Sus, Vaser, spring pin forest in the 12. Deutonura stachi (Gisin, 1952) Records: Mihoaia Valley, 683 m, 22.05.2008. (13) Igniş Mountains, Piatra, Săpânţa Valea 6. Isohypsibus prosostomus Thulin, 1928 Brazi, 02.09.2004. (6) Records: Maramureş Mountains, Vişeu 13. Pseudachorutes corticicolus (Schaffer, de Sus, Vaser, spring pin forest in the 1897) Records: Rodna Mountains, Mihoaia Valley, 683 m, 22.05.2008. Borşa piemont, 1,200 m, 27.07.2004. (13) (6) 7. Mesocrista spitsbergense Richters, 1903 Hypogastruridae Records: Rodna Mountains, Săcel, Iza 14. Ceratophysella borealis Martynova, spring pin forest, sphagnum bog, 1,037 1977 Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa m, 20.05.2008; Rodna Mountains, piemont, 700 m, 26.07.2004. (6) Săcel, Muced Lake, 1,450 m, 15. Ceratophysella granulata Stach, 1949 20.05.2008. (13) Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa,

CRUSTACEA Iezer, 1,780 m, 26.07.2004. (6) Copepoda 16. Xenylla schillei Borner, 1903 Records: 8. Heterocope saliens (Lilljeborg, 1863) Rodna Mountains, Borşa piemont, 1,200 Records: Gutâi Mountains (Breb), m, 27.07.2004. (6)

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Onychiuridae places Maramureş Basin, Sighetu 17. Hymenaphorus nova Pomorski, 1990 Marmaţiei, Mociar, 369 m, 27.06.2005; Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa Bârsana, Morii Stream, 384 m, piemont, 1,200 m, 27.07.2004. (6) 24.05.2006. Ţibleş Mountains, 18. Protaphorura subarmata (Gisin, 1957) Dragomireşti, Baicu Stream, 718 m, Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa, 24.05.2006 and Poeni Valley, 901 m, Iezer, 1,780 m, 26.07.2004. (6) 24.05.2006. (10) 19. Protaphorura bicampata (Gisin, 1956) 24. Ecdyonurus stramachi Sowa, 1971 Records: Igniş Mountains, Brazilor bog Records: Igniş Mountains, Giuleşti, peat bog with pine, 800 m, 31.08.2004. Brazi Valley, 841 m, 02.09.2004. (10) (7) 25. Caenis pseudorivulorum Keffermüller, Istomidae 1960 Records: Igniş Mountains, 20. Desoria duodecemaculata (Denis, 1927) Deseşti, Mara River, 706 m, Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa, 02.09.2004. (10)

Iezer, 1,780 m, 26.07.2004. (6) ORTHOPTERA Katiannidae Phaneropteridae 21. Sminthurinus bimaculutus Axelson, 26. Isophya posthumoidalis (Bazyluk, 1971) 1902 Records: Rodna Mountains, Records: Maramureşului Basin, Sighetu Borşa, Iezer, 1,780 m, 26.07.2004. (6) Marmaţiei, Mociar, 369 m, 27.05.2005; EPHEMEROPTERA Crăciuneşti, Mohelca, 299 m, Chironomidae 28.06.2005; Câmpulung la Tisa, Tisa 22. Rhithrogena carpatoalpina Klonowska, River, 235 m, 30.06.2005. (36)

Olechowska, Sartori, Weichselbaumer, PSOCOPTERA 1987, Records: Maramureş Basin, Rona Caeciliusidae de Sus, Hera brooh below the pass, 27. Valenzuela despaxi (Badonell, 1936) Igniş Mountains, Săpînţa, Runcul, Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa, 31.08.2004; Deseşti, Staţiunea Izvoare Staţiunea Borşa, 1,377 m, 03.09.2004; and Poarta Roşie, 937 m and Mara Igniş Mountains, Deseşti (Staţiunea River, 650 m, 01.09.2004. (10) Izvoare), 24.09.2005; Maramureş Basin, 23. Rhithrogena gorganica Klapalek, 1907 Rona de Sus, 504 m, 28.06.2005; Rodna Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa, Mountains, Săcel (Iza Spring), 900 m, Staţiunea Borşa, Ştiol Mountains and 22.09.2005. (35) Prislop Pass, 1,544 m, 29.06.2005. Elipsocidae Rodna Mountains, Borşa, spring brooh 28. Elipsocus annulatus Roesler, 1954 of the Bistriţa Aurie, Gărgălău Peak, Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa, 1,688 m, 29.06.2005; Borşa, Cimpoieş Staţiunea Borşa, 878 m, 28.06.2005. Valley 1,023 m, 23.05.2007. Maramureş (35) Mountains, Petrova Tomnatic Stream, COLEOPTERA 802 m, 25.05.2006. Maramureş Curculionoidea Mountains, Petrova Tomnatic, 29. Smicronyx brevicornis F. Sol – Wpal, 25.05.2006; Baia Borşa Vinişor Valley, Records: Maramureşului Basin, 870 m, 22-24.05.2007; Baia Borşa, Bârsana, 8.09.1995. (30) Bălăsâna Stream, 1,360 m, 22.05.2007; 30. Rhynchaenus horioni Dieckm, Records: Poienile de sub Munte, Budescu Valley, Maramureşului Basin, Moisei, six km 821 m, 24.05.2007 and Lutoasa Valley, downstream, 21.08.1997. (30) 868 m, 24.0.2007, Socolău Valley, 825 Staphylinidae m, 24.05.2007. Igniş Mountains, 31. Atheta malleus Joy, 1913, Records: Deseşti, Staţiunea Izvoare, 1,020 m, Maramureşului Mountains, Poienile de 24.09.2005 and three places, volcanic Munte, Rica Valley, 600 m, 16.07.2004. Plateau. Gutâi Mountains, Breb, Creasta (17) Cocoşului, 900 m, 23.09.2005 and two

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32. Atheta volans (Scriba, 1859), Records: 44. Rhinomias austriacus (Reitter, 1894), Maramureş Basin, Sighetu Marmaţiei Records: Maramureş Basin, Sighetu confluence of Tisa and Iza, 250 m, Marmaţiei, Dobăieş, 400 m. (17) 11.06.2003. (17) 45. Rhyncolus sculpturatus Waltl, 1839, 33. Atheta tenuissima Eppelsheim, 1892, Records: Rodna Mountains, Săcel, Iza Records: Vişeu River. (17) Valley, 05.06.2008. (17)

34. Eusphalerum alpinum obenbergeri DIPTERA Zanetti, 1982, Records: Rodna Dolichopodidae Mountains, Borşa, Izvorul Bistriţei, 46. Rhaphium quadrispinosum (Strobl), 1,665-1,710 m, 29.06.2005. (17) Records: Maramureş Basin, Ieud, 35. Omalium strigicolle Wankowicz, 1869, 4.07.1995. (22) Rodna Mountains, Borşa between Ştiol 47. Diaphorus deliquescens Loew, Records: and Prislop Pass, 1,544 m, 29.06.2005. Maramureş Basin, Bârsana, 3.07.1995, (17) Năneşti, 10.07.1995. (22) 36. Philonthus micantoides Berick Lohse, 48. Hercostomus separatus d’Assis Fonseca, Records: Maramureş Basin, Bârsana, Records: Maramureş Basin, Strâmtura 02-09.07.1995, Săpânţa, Colibi, 880 m, (Berşota Rivulet), 3-9.07.1995. (22) 5-14.07.1996. (33) 49. Dolichopus lepidus Staeger, 1842, Elateridae Records: Rodnei Mountains, Săcel (Iza 37. Adrastus kryshtali Dolin, 1988, Records: Spring), 6.07.1995. (22) Maramureş Basin, Valea Vişeului, 360 50. Dolichopus subpennatus d’Assis m, 11.06.2007; Remeţi, Piatra, bank of Fonseca 1976, Records: Maramureş Tisa, 210 m, 28.06.2007; Săpânţa, Basin, Strâmtura (Berşota Rivulet) Livada, 400 m, 04.06.2008. (17) 6.07.1995, Rodnei Mountains, Săcel Dasytidae (Iza Spring), 6.07.1995. (22) 38. Dasytes hickeri Kaszab, 1955, Records: 51. Tachytrechus hamatus Loew, Records: Săpînţa, Livada, Peri closter, 400 m, Igniş Mountains, Tăul lui Dumitru, 04.06.2008. (17) altitude 1,100 m., 7.07.1976. (23) Cerambycidae 52. Hercostomus angustifrons (Staeger), 39. Leiopus femoratus Fairmaire, 1859, Records: Igniş Mountains, forest range Records: Maramureş Basin, Sighetu Colibi, 8.07.1996, Poiana Brustan, 6- Marmaţiei, Dobăieş, 400 m, 13.06.2006; 13.07.1996. (23) from fruit trees, 07.06.2008. (17) 53. Dolichopus flavipes Stannius, 1831, Apionidae Records: Igniş Mountains, Săpânţa, 40. Perapion lemoroi (Brisout, 1880), Colibi Valley, forest range, 5- Records: Maramureş Basin, Sighetu 12.07.1996. (23) Marmaţiei, Dobăieş, 400 m, 03.06.2008. 54. Dolichopus signatus Meingen 1824, (17) Records: Igniş Mountains, Săpânţa, Curculionidae Nireş, 12.07.1996. (23) 41. Acalles petryszaki Dieckman, 1982, 55. Rhaphium ensicorne (Meigen, 1824), Records: Igniş Mountains, Sighetu Records: Maramureşului Mountains, Marmaţiei (Piatra) Şorompău, 1,000 m, Repedea – Smereceni, 22.09.1997. (24) 14.06.2006. (17) 56. Rhaphium rivale (Loew, 1869), Records: 42. Brachiodontus reitteri Weise, 1878, Maramureşului Mountains, Repedea- Records: Maramureş Mountains, Borşa, Smereceni, 22.06.1997. (24) Fântâna Stanchi, 1,600 m, 26.07.2007. 57. Argyra spoliata (Kowarz, 1878), (17) Records: Maramureşului Mountains, 43. Otiorhynchus repletus Boheman, 1843, Repedea – Cârligătura, 26.06.1997. (24) Records: Gutâi Mountains, Breb, 58. Diaphorus halteralis (Loew, 1869), mineral water spring, 700 m. (17) Records: Maramureşului Mountains, Repedea, 2.07.1997. (24)

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59. Rhaphium fasciatum Meigen, 1824 Mountains (Iezer Lake), 13.07.1995. Records: 19.07.1998. (28) (27) 60. Rhaphium longicorne (Fallen, 1823), 73. Empis (Copt.) impennis Strobl, 1902, Records: Igniş Mountains, Săpânţa, Records: Maramureşului Mountains, Colibia (forest range), 06-12.07.1996. Crasna Vişeu (Paltin), 25.06.1997. (27) (28) 74. Hilara apta Collin, 1927, Records: 61. Melanostolus melancholicus (Loew, Rodna Mountains, Izvorul Izei, 1896), Records: Igniş Mountains, 17.06.1998. (25) 15.07.1998; 17.07.1998. (28) 75. Hilara canescens Zetterstedt, 1849, 62. Chrysotus obscuripes Zettersted, 1838, Records: Maramureş Basin, Bistra, Records: Igniş Mountains, Giuleşti 21.07.1998. (25) (Poiana Brazi, Tăul lui Dumitru), 76. Hilara ritidorella Chvala, 1996, 07.07.1996. (28) Records: Igniş Mountains, Tătarul 63. Dolichopus phaeopus Haliday in Walker Gorges, 21.06.1998; Chalet Pleşca – 1851, Records: Rodnei Mountains, Iza Pârâul Roşu, 22.07.1998. (25) Izvor, 06.07.1995. (28) 77. Hilara lasiopa Strobl, 1892, Records: 64. Dolichopus tanytrix Loew, 1869, Igniş Mountains, Săpânţa, Colibi, 05- Records: Igniş Mountains, Giuleşti, 12.07.1996. (25) Tăul lui Dumitru, 07.07.1996. (28) 78. Hilara morata Collin, 1927, Records: 65. Dolichopus phorus kerteszi Lichwardt, Maramureş Basin, Bistra, 22.06.1997. 1902 Records: 19.07.1998. (28) (25) 66. Medetera murina Becker, Records: 79. Hilara obscura Meigen, 1822, Records: Cloşani, 19-20.06.1997. (29) Igniş Mountains, Tătarul Gorges, Empididae 19.07.1998; Sârbi, 19.07.1998; 67. Hilara albitarsis von Rozer, 1840, Izvoarele Resort, 23.07.1998. (25) Records: Maramureş Mountains, 80. Hilara griseifrons Collin, 1927, Repedea, poiana Smereceni, swamp Records: Igniş Mountains, Maramureş with Sphagnum in the freyfield, seven Mountains, Repedea clearing km, upstream the forest range, Semerceni, 22.08.1997, Izvoarele 22.06.1997. (27) Resort (seven km downstream), 68. Hilara augustifrons Strobl, 1892, 23.07.1998. (25) Records: Igniş Mountains, Săpânţa, 81. Chelifera astigma Collin, 1927, Records: Brustan Clearing, (near Colibi forest Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele Resort (one range), 06.12.1996. (27) km downstream), 23.07.1998. (25) 69. Hilara albiventris von Roser, 1840, Syrphidae Records: Maramureş Basin, Bârsana 82. Lejogaster nigricans (Stack, 1922), (sandy bank of Iza River), 03.08.1995. Records: Maramureş Mountains, Strâmtura, Berşota Streamlet (heyfield in Repedea – Poiana Smereceni, slop, in a decidous forest), 03- 22.06.1997. (2) 09.07.1995. (27) 83. Myolepta ruficornis (Zettrstedt, 1843), 70. Hilara pseudochorica Strobl, 1892, Records: Maramureş Basin, Crasna Records: Maramureş Basin, Bârsana, Vişeului, 23-29.08.1997. (2) 03.07.1995; Năneşti (the same biotope 84. Orthonevra intermedia (Lundt, 1916), as in Bârsana), 10.07.1995. (27) Records: Maramureş Basin, Bârsana, 71. Empis (s. str.) nuntia Meigen, 1838, 03.07.1995; Igniş Mountains, Săpânţa – Records: Marmureşului Mountains, Poiana Nireş, 06-10.07.1996; Records: Bistra, 28.06.1997; Rodnei Mountains, Maramureş Mountains, Repedea – Borşa, 20.08.1997. (27) Poiana Smereceni, 22.06.1997; Baia 72. Empis (s. str.) planetica Collin, 1927, Borşa, Bălăsâna Valley, 21.08.1997. Records: Maramureş Mountains, (2) Repedea-Smereceni, 22.06.1997; Rodna

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85. Liochrysogaster przewalskii (Stack, 97. Boletina gripha (Dziedzcki, 1885): 1924), Records: Igniş Mountains, Records: Maramureş Mountains, Săpânţa – Poiana Nireş, 11.06.1996. Repedea – Clearing Smereceni, (2) 22.08.1997. (26) Mycetophilidae 98. Boletina lundbecki Lundstrom, 1912, 86. Mycomya levis (Dziedzicki, 1885) Records: Rodna Mountains, 1,380 m, (pseudocinerascens Strobl, 1901), 11.07.1995. (26) Records: Maramureş Mountains, 99. Boletina moravica Landrock, 1912 Clearing Smereceni, 21.08.1997. Records: Igniş Mountains, Pleşca ‒ (26) Pârâul Roşu, 22.07.1998. (26) 87. Mycomya maura (Walker, 1856) 100. Grzegorzekia collaris (Meigen, 1818) Records: Maramureş Basin, Strâmtura, Records: Maramureş Mountains, Berşotă Stream, 03.07.1995. (26) Repedea – Clearing Elmo, 24.06.1997, 88. Mycomya pectinifera (Edwards, 1924): Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele Resort Records: Maramureş Basin, Mara (2 km (seven km downstream), 23.07.1998. upstream, right), 18.07.1998. (26) (26) 89. Mycomya tenuis (Walker, 185) Records: 101. Docosia fuscipes (von Roser, 1840) Maramureş Basin, Rona de Sus, Records: Rodna Mountains – 21.07.1998. (26) Laboratory house (about 1,400 m), 90. Mycomya trilineata (Zetterstedt, 1838) 14.09.1995. (26) Records: Maramureş Mountains, Baia 102. Docosia moravica Landrock, 1916 Borşa (four km upstream on Bălăsâna Records: Rodna Mountains – River), 21.07.1997. Igniş Mountains, Labotatory house, 11.07.1995. (26) Pleşca – Pârâul Roşu, 22.07.1998. (26) 103. Leia maculosa (Strobl, 1900) Records: 91. Mycomya vittiventris (Zetterstedt, 1852) Maramureş Basin, Rona de Sus, 20- Records: Maramureş Mountains, Baia 21.07.1998. Maramureş Basin, Moisei Borşa (four km upstream on Bălăsâna (six km downstream), 21.08.1997. (26) River), 02.1997, Repedea – Clearing 104. Rondaniella dimidiata (Meigen, 1804) Smereceni, 22.08.1997. (26) Records: Maramureş Basin, Bistra, 92. Noempheria winnertzi (Edwards, 1913) 28.06.1997. (26) Records: Maramureş Basin, Bistra, 105. Dynatostoma majus Landrock, 1912, 28.06.1997. (26) Records: Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele 93. Acnemia nitidocollis (Meigen, 1818) Resort (seven km downstream), Records: Igniş Mountains, Pleşca – 23.07.1998. (26) Pârâul Roşu, 23.07.1998 (26) 106. Dynatostoma reciprocum (Walker, 94. Leptomorphus (s. str.) quadrimaculatus 1848) Records: Igniş Mountains, Chalet (Matsumura, 1916) Records: Pleşca – Pârâul Roşu, 22.07.1998. (26) Maramureş Mountains, Repedea – 107. Mycetophila caudata Staeger, 1840, Clearing Smereceni, 22.08.1997. (26) Records: Igniş Mountains, Chalet Pleşca 95. Sciophola varia (Winnertz, 1863) – Pârâul Roşu, 22.07.1998. (26) Records: Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele 108. Mycetophila gibbula Edwards, 1925 Resort (one km downstream), Records: Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele 23.07.1997. (26) Resort (seven km downstream), 96. Boletina basalis (Meigen, 1818) 23.07.1998. (26) Records: Maramureş Basin, Bistra (on 109. Mycetophyla hetshkoi Landrock, 1918, the streamlet bank), 21.07.1998; Igniş Records: Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele Mountains, Pleşca – Pârâul Roşu, Resort (seven km downstream). (26) 22.07.1991; Maramureş Mountains, 110. Mycetophyla zetlerstedii Lundstrom, Repedea – Clearing Smereceni, 1906, Records: Igniş Mountains, 22.08.1997. (26) Izvoarele Resort, 23.07.1998. (26)

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111. Phronia flavipes Winnertz, 1863, 122. Streptanus confinis (Reuter, 1880), Records: Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele Records: Maramureş Mountains, Borşa, Resort (seven km downstream), Cercănel Peak, 1,400-1,800 m. 07.1998. (26) 30.07.2002. (19)

112. Platurocypta fumipennis (Bukowski, HETEROPTERA 1934) Records: Igniş Mountains, Pentatomidae Izvoarele Resort (seven km 123. Aeglia klugii Hahn, 1833, Records: downstream), 23.07.1998. (26) Igniş Mountains, Sighetu Marmaţiei, 113. Platurocypta punctum (Stannius, 1831) Piatra Ţiganului, 1,200 m, 21.09.2005 Records: Maramureş Basin, Strâmtura – and Rodna Mountains, Borşa, Staţiunea Pod, 03-09.07.1995, Izvoarele Resort Borşa, 1,000-1,200 m, 02.08.2002. (32) (seven km downstream), 23.07.1998. Miridae (26) 124. Stenodema (Brachyopis) trispinosa 114. Platurocypta testata (Edwards, 1925) (Reuter), Records: Maramureş Basin, Records: Maramureş Basin, Strâmtura – Valea Slătiorii, grass en the left river of Pod, 03-9.07.1995, Igniş Mountains, the Berşota Rivulet 3.07.1995. (34) Izvoarele Resort (seven km 125. Adelphocoris josifovi (Wagner) downstream), 23.07.1998. (26) Records: Maramureş Basin, Bârsana – 115. Trichonta conjugens Lundstrom, 1909 Onceşti 10.07.1995. (34) Records: Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele 126. Orthotylus (s. str.) interpositus Resort (one km downstream), Schmidt, Records: Maramureş Basin, 23.07.1998. (26) Bârsana 5.07.1995. (34) 116. Trichonta foeda Loew, 1869 Records: ACARINA Maramureş Basin, Bistra, 07. 1998. (26) Zerconidae 117. Trichonta fusca Landrock, 1918 127. Prozercon similis Bălan, 1992, Records: Igniş Mountains, Izvoarele Records: Igniş Mountains, Staţiunea Resort (seven km downstream), Izvoare, Tăul lui Dumitru, 1,143 m, 23.07.1998. (26) 31.08.2004. (11) 118. Trichonta vitta (Meigen, 1830) Macrochelidae (nigritula Edwards, 1925) Records: 128. Macrocheles opacus (Koch, 1839), Rodna Mountains – Laboratory house Records: Igniş Mountains, Sighetu (about 1,400 m), 14.09.1995. (26) Marmaţiei, Piatra, Şugău Valley, 119. Cordyla fusca Meigen, 1804 Records: 20.09.2005. (11) Maramureş Basin, Călineşti – Văleni Unodinychidae (La Săcătură), 8.07.1995. (26) 129. Uroobevella flagelliger (Berlese, 120. Exechia pseudocincta Srobl, 1910 1910), Records: Igniş Mountains, Records: Maramureş Basin, Ruscova, Staţiunea Izvoare, mesa Valhani, 1,020 the confluence Ruscova 20.08.1997. m, 24.09.2005. (11) (26) Brachychthoniidae HOMOPTERA 130. Liochthonius strenzkei Forsslund, 1963, Cicadeliidae Records: Localites: Igniş Mountains, 121. Psammotettix nardeli Remane, 1965, Vadul Izei, Piatra, Bârlan, 450 m, Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa, 20.09.2005. Rodna Mountains, Săcel, Staţiunea Borşa, Poiana Ştiol, 1,500 m, Iza River, 700 m, 22.09.2005. Gutâi 29.07.2002; Maramureş Mountains, Mountains, Breb, Creasta Cocoşului, Borşa, Cercănel, 1,400-1,800 m, 1,050 m, 23.09.2005. (14) 30.07.2002; Rodna Mountains, Borşa, 131. Sellnickochthonius immaculatus Gărgălău Peak, 1,900-2,100 m, (Forsslund, 1942), Records: Igniş 31.07.2002; Rodna Mountains, Borşa, Mountains, Vadul Izei, Piatra, Bârlan, Gărgălău Peak, 2,100 m, 02.06.2002. 450 m, 20.09.2005. (14) (19)

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132. Sellnickochthonius subcricoides Staţiunea Borşa, 878-1,022 m, (Balogh and Mohunko, 1979), Records: 28.06.2005. (14) Gutâi Mountains, Breb, 625 m, 137. Suctobelbata prelli (Märkel et Meyer, 23.09.2005. (14) 1958), Records: Rodna Mountains, Hermaniidae Borşa, Staţiunea Borşa, 878-1,022 m, 133. Hermannia convexa (C. L. Koch, 28.06.2005. (14) 1839), Records: Maramureş Basin, Oribatulidae Rona de Sus, Hera, Zalom Valley, 504 138. Liebstadia willimanni Miko and m, 28.06.2005; Igniş Mountains, Weigmann, 1996, Records: Rodna Staţiunea Izvoare, Cheile Tătarului, 738 Mountains, Borşa, Staţiunea Borşa, 878- m, 01.09.2004. (14) 1,022 m, 28.06.2005; Gutîi Mountains, Damaeidae Breb, 625 m, 23.09.2004. (14) 134. Adamaeus onustus (C. L. Koch, 1835), 139. Phauloppia lucorum (C. L. Koch, Records: Maramureş Basin, Rona de 1841), Records: Gutâi Mountains, Breb, Sus, Hera Hills, Zalom Valley, 450 m, 625 m, 23.09.2004. (14) 20.09.2005. (14) Ceratozetidae Carabodidae 140. Ceratozetes parvulus Sellnick, 1922, 135. Carabodes subarcticus Trägardh, 1902, Records: Igniş Mountains, Piatra M., Records: Maramureş Basin, Rona de Sighetu Marmaţiei, Ţiganu Peak, 1,200 Sus, Hera Hills, Zalom Valley, 504 m, m, 21.09.2005. (14) 28.06.2005. (14) Limnozetidae Suctobelbidae 141. Limnozetes ciliatus (Schrank, 1803), 136. Suctobelba discrepans Moritz, 1970, Records: Rodna Mountains, Săcel Muced Records: Rodna Mountains, Borşa, Lake, 1,225 m, 22.09.2005. (14)

CONCLUSIONS Distinct results can be noted from These data also show the high the researches conducted during 1994-2009 biodiversity of the studied area and the in Maramureş. 12 invertebrate species that lack of systematic investigations of are new to science have been identified and invertebrates in the very interesting, from described, and Romania’s invertebrate this point of view, Maramureș area. species list has been enriched with 141 taxa.

REFERENCES Béres I., 1997 ‒ The physico-geographical Dányi L., 2006 ‒ Contribution to the environment of the Maramureș zone. Chilopoda fauna of the Maramureş Geography-geomorphology, Travaux (România), Studia Universitatis du Muséum National d'Histoire Vasile Goldiş Arad, Seria Ştiinţele “Grigore Antipa”, XXXVII, 10-16. Vieţii, 17, 43-46. Brădescu V. and Pârvu C., 2002 ‒ Recent Dányi L., 2007 ‒ Geophilus oligopus data about some Syrphids (Diptera: (Attems, 1985) a species new to the Syrphidae) from Maramureş, fauna of România and to the whole România, Travaux du Muséum of the Carpathian Mountains, National d'Histoire “Grigore Schubartiana, Leipzig, 2, 39-48. Antipa”, XLIV, 299-303. Dányi L., Traser G., Fiera C. and Jerzy M. Csuzdi C. and Pop V., 2006 ‒ Earthworms R., 2006 ‒ Preliminary data on the of the Maramureş (România) Collembola fauna of the Maramureş (Olygochaeta, Lumbricidae), Studia (România), Studia Universitatis Universitatis “Vasile Goldiş” Arad, Vasile Goldiş Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 17, 37-41. Vieţii, 17, 47-51.

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Dányi L., 2008 ‒ Review and contribution to Mahunka S. and Mahunka-Papp L., 2008 ‒ the Chilopoda fauna of Maramureş, New survey of the Oribatid fauna of România, Studia Universitatis Vasile Maramureş (România, Transylvania) Goldiş Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 18, (Acari: Oribatida), Studia 185-197. Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Arad, Dányi L. and Traser G., 2008 ‒ Contribution Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 18, 365-378. to the Collembola fauna of Makranczy G., 2009 ‒ Two interesting Maramureş România, Studia thinobius species collected at the Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Arad, river Vişeu in Maramureş (România) Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 18, 211-219. Coleoptera Staphilinidae: Oxytelinae, Forro L. and Kovács K., 2008 ‒ Travaux du Muséum National Contributions to the microcrustacean d'Histoire “Grigore Antipa”, LII, fauna (Crustacea: Cladocera and 249-261. Copepoda) of Maramureş, România, Merkl O., 2008 ‒ Data to the knowledge on Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiş the beetle fauna of Maramureş, Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 18, 171- România (Coleoptera), Studia 175. Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Arad, Hordos N. and Muranyi D., 2008 ‒ Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 18, 243-311. Contribution to the Ephemeroptera Murányi D., 2008 ‒ Collecting sites of the fauna of Maramureş, România Studia Hungarian Natural History Museum Universitatis “Vasile Goldiş” Arad, in Maramureş – România between Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 18, 221-228. 2004-2008, Studia Universitatis Kontschany J., 2006 ‒ Mesostigmatid mites Vasile Goldiş Arad, Seria Ştiinţele from Maramureş (România) (Acari: Vieţii, 18, 117-227. Mesostigmata: Uropodina and Orosz A., 2006 ‒ Contributions to the Gamasina: Zerconidae, Auchenorrhyncha fauna of Macrochelidae, Epicriidae, Eviphidae Maramureş, Studia Universitatis and Parasitidae), Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Vasile Goldiş Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 17, 95-99. Vieţii, 18, 53-57. Orosz A. 2007 ‒ A new species of Kontchan J. and Ujvári Z., 2008 ‒ Diplocolenus (Auchenorrhyncha: Mesostigmatid mites from Cicadellidae) from the Eastern Maramureş (Acari: Mesostigmata) I., Carpathians, Folia Entomologica Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Hungarica, 68, 61-70. Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 18, 347- Papp J., Kovacs K. and Kontschan J., 2008 ‒ 357. Asellota and Amphipoda species of Lukasz K. and Lukasz M., 2008 ‒ New Maramureş (Crustacea: records of water bears (Tardigrada, Malacostraca), Studia Universitatis Eutardigrada) from România, Studia Vasile Goldiş Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Arad, Vieţii, 18, 181-184. Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 18, 167-169. Pârvu C., 1997a ‒ Dolicopodidae (Diptera: Mahunka S. 2006 ‒ Oribatids from Dolicopodidae) from Iza Valley Maramureş (România, Transylvania) Maramureş (România), (XII), (Acari: Orbatidae), Studia Travaux du Muséum National Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Arad, d'Histoire “Grigore Antipa” Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 17, 59-77. XXXVII, 113-124.

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Pârvu C. 1997b ‒ Dolicopodidae (Diptera) Procheş Ş., 1998 ‒ Superfamily from Săpânţa basin, Maramureş, Curculionoidae (Coleoptera) in România (XIII), Travaux du Muséum Maramureş (România), Travaux du National d’Histoire “Grigore Muséum National d'Histoire Antipa”, XXXIX, 333-334. “Grigore Antipa”, XL, 525-545. Pârvu C. 1998a ‒ Empididae (Diptera) from Radwanski J. M., Fiera C. and Weiner W. Maramureş Depression northern M., 2006 ‒ A New species of România Travaux du Muséum Protaphorura Absolon 1901 National d'Histoire “Grigore (Colembolla) Onychiuridae: Antipa”, XL, 561-586. Onychiurinae from România and Pârvu C., 1998b ‒ Dolicopodidae (Diptera) redescription of Protaphorura glebata from Vişeu basin, Maramureş (Gisin, 1952), Annales Zooligici, (România) XV, Travaux du Muséum Warsawa, 56/33, 449-455. National d'Histoire “Grigore Antipa” Rédei D., 2006 ‒ Contributions to the (XL), 547-560. Heteroptera of Maramureş, Studia Pârvu C., 1999 ‒ Dolicopodidae (Diptera) Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Arad, from the basin of Mara River; Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 17, 2006, 101- additional data from Maramureş 108. (România) (XVI) Travaux du Stan M., 2002 ‒ Rove beetles (Coleoptera): Muséum National d'Histoire Stafilinidae from Maramureș “Grigore Antipa”, XLI, 505-526. (România), Travaux du Muséum Pârvu C., 2001 ‒ Dolicopodidae (Diptera) National d'Histoire “Grigore from România (XIX) additional data Antipa”, XLIV, 209-248. from the Maramureş Depression Stancu A., 1997 ‒ Contributions to the (România), Travaux du Muséum knowledge of the heteroptera fauna National d'Histoire “Grigore from Maramureş (România), Travaux Antipa”, XLIII, 249-262. du Muséum National d'Histoire Pârvu C., 2002a ‒ Empididae (Diptera) from “Grigore Antipa”, XXXVII, 55-67. Mara basin additional data from Sziraki G., 2006 ‒ Data to the knowledge of Maramureș Depression România the Psocoptera of Maramureş, Studia Travaux du Muséum National Universitatis Vasile Goldiş Arad, d'Histoire “Grigore Antipa” XLIV, Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii, 17, 109-112. 277-291. Szöreny G. and Kirill M. O., 2008 ‒ Pârvu C., 2002b – Fungus – Gnats (Diptera: Contributions to the Orthoptera fauna Mycetophilidae) from Maramureş of Maramureş with th first record of Depression, at first mention in Isophya posthumoidalis Baziluk 1971 România Travaux du Muséum in România, Studia Universitatis National d'Histoire “Grigore Vasile Goldiş Arad, Seria Ştiinţele Antipa”, XLIV, 261-265. Vieţii, 18, 235-241. Vinçon G. and Muranyi D., 2007 ‒ Leuctra dalmoni a new orophilic species with wide distribution in Europe (Plecoptera), Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologic, 23, 3, 237-248.

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AUTHOR:

1 Iosif BÉRES

Maramureş Museum, Nature Sciences Department, Piaţa Libertăţii Street 15, Sighetu Marmaţiei, Maramureş County,

Romania, RO-435500.

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NEW SCIS PROPOSAL REGARDING THE ICHTIOFAUNA FOR THE STEPIC BIOGEOGRAPHIC AREA IN ROMANIA

Doru BĂNĂDUC 1 and Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC 2

KEYWORDS: Romania, Stepic Biogeographic Region, Natura 2000, SCIs, Aspius aspius, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Gobio albipinnatus, Gobio kessleri, Misgurnus fosilis, Cobitis taenia, Sabanejewia aurata, Gymnocephalus schraetzer, Zingel streber and Zingel zingel.

ABSTRACT The main goals of the European Accordingly, this paper proposes Community in its environmental policy are new Natura 2000 sites to be considered at to conserve, as well as protect and the bilateral talks and is to be held after the ameliorate the environment quality in the Continental Biogeographical Seminar for larger context of the optimum use of the Romania. ecosystem’s resources and services. Over The proposed European Community this side of fifty the biodiversity sites of interest in this paper are based on the conservation has been one of the main authors’ field survey data using specific objectives in this context. selected criteria, (stable fish populations; The purpose of this study is to give well preserved fish populations; typical data and arguments for the proposal of new natural habitats; healthy fish populations; Natura 2000 sites; specifically for ten fish favorable geographical position; relatively species. At the Stepic Biogeographical low human impact). The next species of Seminar for Romania (held at “Lucian conservation interest were included: Aspius Blaga” University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 9-12 June aspius, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Gobio 2008) it was agreed that the distribution albipinnatus, Gobio kessleri, Misgurnus zones of some species are not sufficiently fosilis, Cobitis taenia, Sabanejewia aurata, covered within the proposed areas and Gymnocephalus schraetzer, Zingel streber accepted in the past Natura 2000 sites, so and Zingel zingel. extra proposals were called for by the European Union.

REZUMAT: Noi propuneri de SCI-uri pentru ihtiofaună, după Seminarul Biogeografic Stepic pentru România, Sibiu (Transilvania, România), 9-12 iunie 2008. Principalele ținte ale Comunităţii Ca răspuns la această situaţie, Europene în domeniul mediului sunt lucrarea propune unele noi situri Natura conservarea, protecţia şi ameliorarea calităţii 2000 pentru discuțiile bilaterale post mediului, în contextul mai larg al utilizării Seminarii Biogeografice pentru România. raţionale a serviciilor şi resurselor Propunerile de situri de interes ecosistemelor. În ultimele decenii, comunitar, prezentate în această lucrare, se conservarea biodiversităţii a fost unul dintre bazează pe date de teren ale autorilor şi elementele principalele în această privinţă. criterii specifice (populaţii de peşti Scopul acestei lucrări este acela de a sănătoase, bine menţinute şi stabile, habitate sugera date şi argumente în favoarea naturale tipice, poziţie geografică favorabilă, propunerii de noi situri Natura 2000 pentru impact antropic relativ scăzut). Au fost zece specii de peşti. La Seminarul incluse următoarele specii de peşti de interes Biogeografic organizat pentru regiunea comunitar: Aspius aspius, Rhodeus sericeus Stepică, pentru teritoriul României şi amarus, Gobio albipinnatus, Gobio kessleri, Bulgariei s-a subliniat faptul că arealele unor Misgurnus fosilis, Cobitis taenia, specii de peşti sunt insuficient acoperite de Sabanejewia aurata, Gymnocephalus situri ale reṭelei europene Natura 2000 schraetzer, Zingel streber şi Zingel zingel. propuse şi acceptate, astfel noi propuneri au fost solicitate de Uniuniunea Europeană.

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RESUMEN: Nueva propuesta de Natura 2000 sobre la ictiofauna en el área biogeográfica de Stepic en Rumanía. Los principales objetivos de la política Sobre la base de lo anterior, en este ambiental en la Comunidad Europea son artículo se proponen nuevos sitios Natura la protección, conservación y mejoramiento 2000 para ser considerados en las pláticas de la calidad ambiental en el contexto que se llevarán a cabo de forma previa al del uso racional de los recursos y los Seminario sobre Biogeografía Continental servicios ecosistémicos. En este sentido, en Rumanía. en las últimas décadas, la protección de la La elección de sitios de interés biodiversidad ha sido una de las metas más para la Comunidad Europea que se importantes. presentan en este artículo, se basa en datos El propósito de este artículo es dar de muestreos realizados por el propio autor información y argumentos en pro del del artículo, bajo ciertas consideraciones establecimiento de nuevos sitios “Natura particulares (poblaciones estables, 2000” para 15 especies. En el Seminario saludables y bien preservadas de peces); sobre Biogeografía Continental del hábitats naturales típicos; sitios con Territorio Nacional Rumano (SBCTR; relativamente bajo impacto humano; llevado a cabo en la Universidad “Lucian posición geográfica favorable. Se incluyeron Blaga”, en Sibiu, del 9 al 12 de junio de en la propuesta las siguientes especies de 2008) se concluyó que las áreas de peces de interés para la conservación: Aspius distribución de algunas especies de peces no aspius, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Gobio están suficientemente representadas dentro albipinnatus, Gobio kessleri, Misgurnus de la propuesta ya aceptada de sitios “Natura fosilis, Cobitis taenia, Sabanejewia aurata, 2000”, de manera que los representantes de Gymnocephalus schraetzer, Zingel streber y la Unión Europea solicitaron planteamientos Zingel zingel. adicionales.

INTRODUCTION The primary purposes of the The action frame in the European European Community policy and strategy in Community (to manage the biodiversity the environment field of interest are the issue) was launched based on the Habitats conservation, protection and changing of Directive (92/43/EEC) and Birds Directive the environment elements and structure (79/409/EEC). The main goal these two quality. This purpose is for an improved use significant European Directives have is the of the natural services and resources of the biodiversity protection in the European ecosystems; including the aquatic ones. Union territory based on the Natura During the last 20-30 years the 2000 network; in order to conserve biodiversity was one of the main elements in significant habitats and species important for this respect. all the European biogeographic areas: To accomplish this target regarding Arctic, Boreal, Atlantic, Continental, the European Community environmental Alpine, Pannonian Mediterranean, issues, the most new scientific information Macaronesian, Steppic, Black Sea and was analyzed. Anatolian (Fig. 1).

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Figure 1: Europe biogeographic regions; European Environment Agency ‒ www.eea.eu.in

Figure 2: Biogeographic regions of Romania; after Ministry Order 776/2007, Annex 2.

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In the Romanian territory, the Stepic One main element of the region is well represented regarding its implementation of these Directives is the surface percentage of the national territory foundation of an optimal Natura 2000 (Fig. 2). network of sites on the Romanian national The Stepic biogeographic region territory, as a part of this European (E.U.) stretches from eastern Romania across wide network. southern Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Despite the fact that the western Kazakhstan to the borders of Biogeographic Seminars for the Romanian the Caspian Sea. It is part of a much territory were done (at the “Lucian Blaga” longer band of steppic vegetation that University of Sibiu, in 9–12 June 2008), it continues all the way across Asia to China was stated at the end of this official meeting, and Mongolia. Only 3% of the so-called that the areals of some fish species of the European Pontic-Caspian Steppe Region is Natura 2000 initiative conservative interest within the European Union; all of it lies in were not sufficiently covered by Natura eastern Romania. (Sundseth and Creed, 2000 proposed sites; so new site proposals 2008) were asked for by the European Union Considerably, Romania has the most delegation members. biogeographic diversity of all the European As a consequence, this scientific Union countries, including a total of five work deals with the proposal of additional biogeographic regions: Continental, Alpine, Natura 2000 sites to be accepted at a Pannonian, Pontic and Stepic (Fig. 2). This potential second Stepic Biogeographic country’s national territory offers the Seminar for the Romanian territory, or at following to the European natural heritage: bilateral E.U. – Romanian Ministry of around 47% of the territory covered by Environment future negotiations. natural and semi natural ecosystems; 780 The suggested new sites of the types of habitats; 3700 superior plant European Community interest for this species; 33,085 invertebrate species and 717 scientific paper are based on data gathered vertebrate species (Bănăduc, 2001, 2006, from several field campaigns and specific 2007a, 2007b). criteria (stable fish populations; well In this geographic and administrative preserved fish populations; healthy fish area, there are some major directions populations; typical natural habitats; through which the Natura 2000 net relatively low human impact; and favorable enterprise on the Romanian territory can geographical/hidrographical position) enhance its nature conservation: broaden the regarding the following protected fish natural area’s surface; the production and species: Aspius aspius, Rhodeus sericeus carrying out of optimum management plans amarus, Gobio albipinnatus, Gobio kessleri, for all these protected areas; governmental Misgurnus fosilis, Cobitis taenia, and nongovernmental institutional capacity Sabanejewia aurata, Gymnocephalus building; as well as general and specific schraetzer, Zingel streber and Zingel zingel. awareness rising.

MATERIALS AND METHODS In the European Natura 2000 hidrographical position (possibility of process, context for the following site species spreading in more than one selection criteria were used for this study: hydrographic watersheds); best option for healthy fish (oCi) populations; well species/habitat (oCi) in relation with the preserved fish (of Community interest ‒ needed future Natura 2000 area’s general oCi) populations; stable fish (oCi) and specific management. populations; typical natural habitats This paper is based on data (oCi); lowest (as possible) human impact gathered during the last seven years and presence; favorable geographical/ focuses on the following fish species of

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Natura 2000’s conservative interest process: Further multiannual fish population Aspius aspius, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, assessment field studies are still needed for Gobio albipinnatus, Gobio kessleri, the specific quantitative aspects fulfillment. Misgurnus fosilis, Cobitis taenia, The fish individuals were caught with Sabanejewia aurata, Gymnocephalus specific fishing nets (active and/or passive schraetzer, Zingel streber and Zingel zingel; fishing nets) or through electrofishing, Annex II fish species. followed by on site identification up to It should be stated that no complete species level, and released unharmed data were available in order to definitely and immediately afterwards in their natural comprehensively establish and border habitats for obvious conservative reasons. different local stable fish populations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Aspius aspius (Linnaeus, 1758) ‒ body length. The anal fin extremity is Natura 2000 code 1130 (RO-avat, haut, aun, strongly concave and the caudal is deeply gonaci, peşte-lup, buţoi, guran; DE-Raapf, holed. The scales are thin, but well fixed. Rapen; FR-Aspe; GB-Asp; RU-Zherekh; The back is dark-olivewith silvery flanksand UK-Bilyzna; HU-Balin; CS-Bolen). the ventral part is white. The dorsal and the A minimal descriptive fact sheet caudal fins are dun, the ventral and anal fins is offered here due to the fact that this are colourless or pale reddish, the pectoral fish species can be wrongly determined fins are colorlessand the lips are hoary. because of the relative similarities with other Usually this species can reach a length of fish species (Leuciscus idus, Rutilus 30-40 cm and a maximum of 80 cm. rutilus, Leuciscus cephalus or Vimba vimba) (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007). by the Natura 2000 sites administrations Concerning Aspius aspius species, at members. the Continental Biogeographic Seminar for Minimal descriptive fact sheet. The Romania, in Sibiu 9-12 June 2008, body of this species is rather elongated and conclusions were emphasized about its slightly laterrally compressed. The head proposed sites as insufficient moderate dorsal profile smoothly reaches up to the status. More sites were required for this fish head where it suddenly gets raised up species on the Romanian national territory. forming a kind of humpback. The head A new site in this circumstance was length represents 22-27% of the body proposed below. (excluding the caudal fin) length. The eyes Proposed site. The proposed site are small and are placed laterally and ahead. should be created in three administrative The forehead is almost flat and the snout units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), length represents 25-31% of the head length. respectively to include the Siret River in its The mouth is big, terminal and at an upward lower part between downstream Adjud oblique which ends under the eye. In localities sector and to its confluence with addition to thin and continuous lips, the the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi inferior jaw has a protuberance which is locality, and its major tributaries and fitting in a cavity of the superrior jaw; this wetlands present in the Stepic region. morphological adaptation helps the fish to Actually, this proposal is an enlargement of grab its prey. The dorsal fin insertion is an old proposal made by the Natura 2000 situated closer to the caudal fin base than to working group on fish in 2008; partial and the top of the snout. The dorsal fin extremity small fragmented sectors were accepted at is concave. The pectoral fins do not touch the beginning of the project. the base of the ventral fins; their length Supplimentary such scientific represents 17-20% of the body length and researches can improve this proposal with the ventral fins represent 13-17% of the new sites.

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Rhodeus sericeus amarus (Bloch, part of the body and of the head are greysh- 1782) ‒ Natura 2000 code 1134 (RO-boarţă, yellowish while the flanks are white; the boarcă, blehniţă; GB-Bitterling; DE- dorsal and caudal fins are grey and the other Bitterfish; FR-Bouvière; HU-szivárványos fins are a redish shade. Along the bodies ökle; UA-Gorchak). posterior half and of the caudal peduncule is A minimal descriptive fact sheet is a greenish line. It can reach 7.9 cm in length. presented here to allow the identification of (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007) this fish species by some of the European Concerning the Rhodeus sericeus Natura 2000 sites administrations members amarus species, at the Stepic Biogeographic for its assessment, monitoring and Seminar meeting from Sibiu, 9-12 June management. 2008, some final statements about its Minimal descriptive elements. proposed sites as insufficient moderate Accentuated and high laterally compressed status were stressed. More sites were body. Convex dorsal profile, drawing up required and also extensions of existing sites from the tip of the snout to the dorsal fin were required on the Romanian national insertion; behind the dorsal fin the profile territory, especially in the Siret River basin. descent is accentuated. Laterally compressed In this respect a new (enlarged/unified) site head, and the eyes are situated in the for this species is proposed. anteriour half of the head. Small, Proposed site. The proposed site subterminal and crescent shaped with a thin should be created in three administrative lipped mouth. The dorsal fin is inserted in units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), general at equal distances from the tip of the respectively to include the Siret River in its snout and the caudal fin base. The edge of lower part between downstream of Adjud the dorsal fin is slightly convex. The locality sector and to its confluence with the pectoral fins are short and rounded at the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi locality; top. The ventral fins insertion are situated its major tributaries and wetlands are present under the dorsal fin insertion or very little in the Stepic region. Actually, this proposal before it; their tops reach or almost reach the is an enlargement of an old proposal made anteriour edge of the annal fin. The annal fin by the Natura 2000 working group on fish in insertion is under the middle of the dorsal 2008, and partially accepted at the beginning fin; its edge is slightly concave. The scales (relatively small and fragmented sectors). are big, higher than longer, and are Supplimentary scientific researches persistent. The chest is covered with smaller can improve this proposal with new site. scales and the lateral line is short. The dorsal

Gobio albipinnatus (Lukasch, 1933) compressed. The peduncle height is a little ‒ Natura 2000 code 1124 (RO-porcuşor de higher in comparison with the thickness at şes; DE-Weißsflossiger Gründling; GB- the level of the annal fin posteriour edge. White-finned gudgeon; HU-halványfoltú seven, exceptionally eight divided rays in küllő; UK-Pinchkur svitloplavtsovyi; RU- the dorsal fin. There are four scales between Peskar svetloplavnikovyi). the lateral line and the ventral fins. In A minimal descriptive fact sheet is Romania Gobio albipinnatus vladykovi Fang also presented here for this species due to 1943 can be found. There is a convex dorsal the fact that this species can be misidentified profile and the maximum height of the body with other species of the genus Gobio, by is situated at the dorsal fin insertion. The the Natura 2000 sites administrations staff snout is short and obtuse. The eyes are big members, and these misidentifications and close, looking more upward. The should be avoided. wisckhlers reach in general the posterior Minimal descriptive elements. The edge of the eye. The caudal peduncule is body and the caudal peduncule of this fish slightly compressed laterally and the caudal species are relatively high and laterally fin is profound holed; its superior lobe being

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longer than the inferior one. The pectoral status. More sites were required and also the fins do not reach the ventral fins insertion, extension of existing sites were required on the ventral fins outgrow the annus, but do the Romanian national territory, especially not reach the annal fin. The annus is closer in the Siret River basin. A new to the ventral fins than the anal fin. The (extended/unified) site is proposed in this superior part is light yellowish-grayish. The respect below. dorsal side of the head is darker grayish, Proposed site. The proposed site with even darker spots and lines. On flanks, should to be created in three administrative there are generally seven-eight round spots. units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), The lateral line scales have two black spots respectively to include the Siret River in its which are not very well marked. The ventral lower part between downstream of Adjud face is white. On the dorsal and caudal fins localities sector and to its confluence with are two rows of black spots, also not very the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi well marked. It can reach 13 cm in length. locality, and its major tributaries and (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007) wetlands present in the Stepic region. Concerning the Gobio albipinnatus Actually, this proposal is an enlargment of species, at the Stepic Biogeographic an old proposal made by the Natura 2000 Seminar meeting for Romania, in Sibiu working group on fish in 2008, and partially (Transylvania, Romania), 9-12 June 2008, accepted at the beginning (relatively small there were some underlined final and fragmented sectors). conclusions about the proposed and Supplimentary scientific researches accepted sites as an insufficient moderate can improve this proposal with new sites.

Gobio kessleri (Dybowsky, 1862) ‒ Regarding the Gobio kessleri Natura 2000 code 1124 (RO-porcuşor de species, at the Continental Biogeographic nisip; DE-Sandgressling, Kessler Gründling; Seminar meeting from Sibiu 9-12 June GB-Kessler’s gudgeon; RU-Dnestrovskii 2008, there were some underlined final dlinnuosyi peskar; HU-homoki küllő; UK- conclusions about its proposed sites as Pichkur dunaiskyi dovgousyi). insufficient moderate status. More sites were A descriptive minimal fact sheet required and also the extension of the is presented here because this species can existing sites was required in the Romanian be misidentified with other species of national territory. A new site in this respect the genus Gobio by the Natura 2000 is proposed below. sites administrations members. Also, this Proposed site. The proposed site species’ population needed assessment, should be created in three administrative monitoring and management which are units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), impossible without their accurate respectively to include the Siret River in its identification. lower part between downstream of Adjud Descriptive elements. The body has localities sector and to its confluence with a low profile and is thick or relatively high the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi and slightly laterally compressed. The locality, and its major tributaries and caudal peduncule is thick and cylindrical; its wetlands present in the Stepic region. thickness is generally bigger than the Actually, this proposal is an enlargement of minimum height. The eyes are variable in an old proposal made by the Natura 2000 dimensions, usually smaller than the working group on fish in 2008, and partially interorbitary space. The lateral scales are accepted at the beginning, (relatively small higher than they are longer. The whiskers and fragmented sectors). have variable length. The caudal lobes are Supplementary scientific specific almost equal (excepting G. k. banaticus). researches can improve this proposal with (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007) new sites.

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Misgurnus fossilis (Linnaeus, 1758) to the caudal fin; in the posterior part ‒ Natura 2000 code 1145 (RO-ţipar, chişcar, this line is interrupted by isolated spots. vârlan; GB-Weatherfish; FR-Kerlèche; DE- Below this line, the body is light dun; is Wetterfish, Beitzger, Moorgrundel; HU-réti following a new sooty line, very broad, csik, UA-Viun; BG-Zmiorche; HU-Réti continuous from the eye to the caudal csík; CS-Cikov). fin base. Below this line is yelowish-rusty A minimal descriptive fact sheet is spotted with brown dots. The head is presented here to allow the identification of light-fawn with small dark spots. Smoky this species by some of the European Natura fins with dark spots. The females reach 30 2000 sites administration members for the cm, the males are smaller. (Bănărescu and necessary assessment, monitoring and Bănăduc, 2007) management activities. Regarding the Misgurnus fossilis Minimal descriptive elements. species, at the Continental Biogeographic Prolongued and thick body with almost Seminar meeting in Sibiu 9-12 June 2008, uniform height. The dorsal and the ventral there were drawn some conclusions about profiles are almost horizontal. The head is this species proposed sites as insufficient thick, slightly compressed lateraly. The moderate. More sites were required and also nostrils are closer to the eyes than to the tip the extensions of the existing sites, were of the snout. The anterior nostril is tubular, required in the Romanian national territory. round, covered by a skiny operculum. The A new site in this respect is proposed below. mouth is inferiour and crescent. The upper Proposed site. The proposed site lip is fleshy and continuous. The lower lip is should to be created in three administrative fleshy with two pairs of flashy lobes; the units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), anteriour pair (and median) short and thick, respectively, to include the Siret River in its the posteriour pair long and thin whiskers lower part between downstream of Adjud like. The caudal peduncle is lateraly localities sector and till its confluence with compressed, mostly in its posteriour part. the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi The caudal dorsal and ventral peduncule locality, and its major tributaries and edges are straiten and form two faty wetlands present in the Stepic region. streamlines, which is looking like an Actually, this proposal is an enlargment of elongation of the caudal fin. The dorsal and an old proposal made by the Natura 2000 ventral fins are situated at the same level. working group on fish in 2008, and accepted Small scales. Hardly visible lateral line. The at the beginning, only partially (relatively dorsal side is dark dun, with small sooty small and fragmented sectors). spots. This dun area is limited by a narrow Supplimentary scientific researches longitudinal line, almost black, which lay can improve this proposal with new sites. from the superior corner of the operculum

Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758 ‒ ecological assessment, monitoring and Natura 2000 code 1149 (RO-zvârlugă, fâsă, management activities. câră, zmorlă, râmbiţar; DE-Dorngrundel, Descriptive elements. The dorsal Steinbeisser; FR-Loche de rivière; GB- and ventral profiles are almost horizontal. Spined Loach; RU-Shtschipovka; UK- The inter-orbitary space is plain. The two Shtschipovka; HU-Vágó csík; BG-Piskal; halfs of the inferiour lip are subdivided in CS-Vijun). 3-4 lobes. The third pair of whiskers A minimal descriptive fact sheet is is the longest. The caudal peduncule in presented here to allow the identification, its posteriour part has a dorsal and a without confusion with other Cobitis and ventral streamline, the last one more Sabanejewia genera species, by some of the developed. The ventral fin insertion is Natura 2000 sites administrations staff situated a little backward in comparison members for the necessary biological and with the dorsal fin insertion. The caudal

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fin is truncated or slightly holed. The species proposed sites as in moderate. A pectoral and ventral fins are rounded. The new site for this species is proposed below. lateral line is short, in general does not Proposed site. The proposed site overdraw the pectoral fin. The body should be created in three administrative background is white-yelowish. The dorsal units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), spots are small, rectangular or rounded, respectively to include the Siret River in its close, in variable number (13-24). The lower part between downstream of Adjud lateral pigmentation of the body consist of localities sector and till its confluence with four zones. At the caudal fin base, in the the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi upper corner, there is a clear vertical black locality, and its major tributaries and intense spot. On the head there are small wetlands present in the Stepic region. spots and an oblique line, from the backhead Actually this proposal is an enlargment of an to the mouth. It can reach 12 centimeters in old proposal made by the Natura 2000 length. (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007) working group on fish in 2008, and accepted Regarding the Cobitis taenia species, at the begining, only partialy (relatively at the Stepic Biogeographic Seminar small and fragmented sectors). meeting from Sibiu, 9-12 June 2008, there Suplimentary scientific researches were underlined some conclusions about this can improve this proposal with new sites.

Sabanejewia aurata (De Filipi), names are proposed and used. (Bănărescu 1863, 1758 ‒ Natura 2000 code 1146 (RO- and Bănăduc, 2007) câră, fâţă, râmbiţă, şărpan, sfârlează, Regarding the Sabanejewia aurata dunăriţă; GB-Goldside Loach, Golden species, at the Stepic Biogeographic spined loach; SK-Plž zlatistý; UK- Seminar meeting from Sibiu 9–12 June Shchypovka zolotistaya). 2008, there were underlined some A minimal descriptive fact sheet is conclusions about this species proposed sites presented here to allow the identification, as in minor. A new site for this species is without confusion with other Sabanejewia proposed below. and Cobitis genera species, by some of the Proposed site. The proposed site Natura 2000 sites administrations staff should be created in three administrative members for the necessary biological and units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), ecological assessment, monitoring and respectively to include the Siret River in its management activities. lower part between downstream of Adjud Minimal descriptive elements. locality sector and till its confluence with the Descriptive elements. Moderate lateraly Danube in the proximity of Galaţi locality, compressed body. Five to twenty dorsal and its major tributaries and wetlands spots, and five to seventeen lateral spots. At present in the Stepic region. Actually, this the caudal fin base there is a are a dorsal and proposal is an enlargment of an old proposal a ventral small spot, the dorsal one is made by the Natura 2000 working group vertical. It is characterised by an accentuated on fish in 2008, and accepted at the variety. It should be stated the fact that the begining, only partialy (relatively small and systematic of this taxonomic group is still fragmented sectors). under international scientific debate and Suplimentary scientific researches byond the Natura 2000 purposes many other can improve this proposal with new sites.

Gymnocephalus schraetzer (Linnaeus, A minimal descriptive fact sheet is 1758) ‒ Natura 2000 code 1157 (RO-răspăr, present in this paper to allow the şpârliu, bălos, firizar, ferăstraş; DE- identification, without confusion with others Schraitzer, Schratz; GB-Schraetzer, Striped species of the Gymnocephalus genus, by the Ruffe; HU-Selymes durbincs; UK-Yersh Natura 2000 sites administrations members polosatyi). for the necessary biological and ecological assessment, monitoring and management.

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Minimal descriptive elements. The Biogeographic Seminar meeting in Sibiu 9- fish body is relatively prolonged. The 12 June 2008, there were stressed some dorsal profile draws up almost directly conclusions about this species proposed sites from the tip of the snout to the dorsal as insufficient minor. It was stated the fact fin insertion, descending afterwards. that more sites will be needed and also an Looking from the lateral sides, the extension of the already proposed and head looks like a triangular shape. The accepted sites were required in the ventral profile is almost horizontal. The Romanian national territory. In this respect a eyes are located towards in the posteriour new site for this species are proposed. part of the head, looking more lateraly. Proposed site. The proposed site The mouth is small and terminal, its should be created in three administrative opening is situated anteriour to the units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), nostrils. The dorsal side and the flanks respectively, to include the the Siret River in are yellow and the ventral side almost its lower part between the downstream white. On the dorsal side of the body there Adjud localities sector and till its confluence are three thin longitudinal black-blueish with the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi lines. Two, sometimes three of them are locality, and its major tributaries and intrerupted. On the hard dorsal fin wetlands present in the Stepic region. membrane part exist three rows of round, Actually, this proposal is an enlargment of big and black spots. The soft part of an old proposal made by the Natura 2000 the dorsal fin membrane and the other working group on fish in 2008, and accepted fins are colourless. The iris is black. It at the begining, only partialy (relatively can reach a maximum of 24 cm in body small and fragmented sectors). length. (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007) Suplimentary scientific specific Regarding the Gymnocephalus researches can improve this proposal with schraetzer species, at the Continental new sites.

Zingel streber (Siebold, 1863) ‒ triangular, high anteriour and decreasing Natura 2000 code 1160 (RO-fusar, fus, gradually to the posteriour part. The pectoral prundar, peşte de piatră; GB-Streber, Danube fins with truncated edge. The ventral fins are Streber; DE-Streber, Strever, Ströber, inserted behind the pectoral fins insertions. Strengkatze, Zagel; HU-kis bucó, német The scales are small. The lateral line is bucó; UK-Chop malyi; SK-Kolok malý). complete and plain. The superior side of the A minimal descriptive fact sheet is head and of the body, and the majority of the presented to allow the identification, without flancks are brown-greysh with a green confusion with Zingel zingel species, by nuance. On this background are five wide some of the Natura 2000 sites sooty lines. The ventral side is white and the administrations staff members for the fins are colourless. It can reach over 20 cm assessment, monitoring and management. in length. (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007) Descriptive elements. Elongated Regarding this species, at the body, skewer-like shape. The dorsal profile Continental Biogeographic Seminar, there of the body ascends slightly, uniform and were stressed conclusions about its straight from the tip of the snout to the first insuficient minor status and it was stated the dorsal fin insertion. The ventral profile is fact that more sites will be needed and also almost plain. The head is much broader than the extension of the already proposed sites, high, from an above perspective is triangular. was required on the Romanian territory. In The snout is obtuse, wide in the posteriour this respect, new sites, for this species is part, narrow in the anteriour part. The mouth proposed. is inferiour, crescent-like shape and small. Proposed site. The proposed site The caudal peduncle is long and thin, round should be created in three administrative in section. The dorsal fins are distanced and units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi),

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respectively, to include the the Siret River in an old proposal made by the Natura 2000 its lower part between downstream of Adjud working group on fish in 2008, and accepted localities sector and till its confluence with at the begining, only partialy (relatively the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi small and fragmented sectors). locality, and its major tributaries and Suplimentary scientific researches wetlands present in the Stepic region. can improve this proposal with some new Actually, this proposal is an enlargment of sites.

Zingel zingel (Linnaeus, 1766) ‒ Regarding the Zingel zingel species, Natura 2000 code 1159 (RO-fusar mare, at the Continental Biogeographic Seminar pietrar, peşte cu două nume; GB-Zingel; meeting in Sibiu 9-12 June 2008, there were DE-Zingel, Zindel, Zink, Zinne, Zint; CS- stressed some conclusions about this species Veliki vretenac; HU-nagy bucó; BG- proposed sites as insufficient moderate. It Uretenarka; SK-Kolok velký; UK-Chop). was stated the fact that more sites will be A minimal descriptive fact sheet is needed and also the extension of the already presented here to allow the identification, proposed and accepted sites was required on without confusion with Zingel streber the Romanian national territory. In this species, by some of the Natura 2000 sites respect, new sites for this species are administrations staff members for the proposed below. necessary ecological assessment, monitoring Proposed site. The proposed site and management activities. should be created in three administrative Minimal descriptive elements. units (Bacău, Vrancea and Galaţi), Elongated body, skewer-like shape, almost respectively, to include the the Siret River in circular in section. The head is oval. The its lower part between downstream of Adjud dorsal fins are relatively closely apart. Both localities sector and till its confluence with dorsal fins are triangular, high anteriour and the Danube in the proximity of Galaţi decreasing gradually to the posteriour part. locality, and its major tributaries and The pectoral fins with truncated edge. The wetlands present in the Stepic region. ventral fins are inserted behind the pectoral Actually, this proposal is an enlargment of fins insertions. The scales are small, on the an old proposal made by the Natura 2000 ventral side they reach the ventral fin’s base. working group on fish in 2008, and accepted The dorsal side and the majority of the at the begining, only partialy (relatively flancks are brown-greysh. The ventral side small and fragmented sectors). and the abdomen are yellowish. It can reach Suplimentary scientific specific a maximum body length of 49 cm. researches can improve this proposal with (Bănărescu and Bănăduc, 2007) new sites.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thanks to the Faculty of Science of the ˮLucian Blagaˮ University of Sibiu, WWF-DCP and NGO Ecotur Sibiu for the support during the field campaigns. The first author is grateful to the European Committee representatives and Topic Center representatives for the official allowance at the Continental Biogeographic Seminars for Romania and Bulgaria.

REFERENCES Bănăduc D., 2001 – Specii de peşti dulcicoli Mater Sibiu, ISBN 973-632-243-2, şi migratori în mediul dulcicol, de 72-81. (in Romanian) interes comunitar, prezente în Bănăduc D., 2006 – Preinventory for a draft România, în Natura 2000 în list of Natura 2000 (SCI) sites for România, Conservarea speciilor şi fish species, edited by Bureau habitatelor acvatice, coordonator Waardenburg and Ameco Holand, Curtean-Bănăduc A., Edit. Alma 62.

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Bănăduc D., 2007a – Fish of Natura 2000 Bănăduc D., 2008 – Umbra krameri network interest in Romania, in Walbaum, 1792 a Natura 2000 Romanian NATURA 2000 NGO protected fish species, in Romania, Coalition contribution for the SCIs Acta Ichtiologica Romanica, III, 33- designation, Curtean-Bănăduc 44. Angela and Florescu Florentina Bănărescu M. P. and Bănăduc D., 2007 – (eds), Edit. Alma Mater Sibiu, ISBN Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) fish 978-973-632-402-4, 147-182. species (Osteichthyes) on the Bănăduc D., 2007b – Alosa pontica; A. Romanian territory, Acta tanaica; Aspius aspius; Barbus Ichtiologica Romanica, II, Bănăduc meridionalis; Cobitis tenia; Gobio D. (ed.), 43-78. albipinntus; G. kessleri; G. Sundseth K. and Creed P., 2008 – Natura uranoscopus; Misgurnus fossilis; in 2000 Protecting Europe’s Combroux I., Thiry E. and Toia T. biodiversity, European Commission, (eds) Caiet de habitate şi specii, Edit. Directorate General for the Balcanic, Timişoara, România, ISBN Enviroment, ISBN 9789279083082, 978-973-85742-6-7, 57-78. 296.

AUTHORS:

1 Doru BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environment Protection, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

2 Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environment Protection, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

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THE SPECIES HUCHO HUCHO (LINNAEUS, 1758), (SALMONIFORMES, SALMONIDAE) IN THE RUSCOVA RIVER (NORTHERN ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS)

Doru BĂNĂDUC 1, Răzvan RĂCHITĂ 2, Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC 3 and Laurian GHEORGHE 4

KEYWORDS: Tisa River basin, lotic system, Danube salmon, ichthyocenoses, fish and macroinvertebrate trophic resources, assessment, human impact, management, conservation.

ABSTRACT The distribution area (including are of major conservation interest, and also Romania) of Hucho hucho, has drastically reveals that the fish species Hucho hucho diminished, especially in the last half of the itself and the invertebrate food source of the 20th century. species are in good condition. Based on ichthyological studies, the Present and potential anthropogenic hydrographic basin in which the species threats are identified. Specific management Hucho hucho was regularly found was that measures for the river, as well as for the of the Vişeu River, especially the Ruscova protection and conservation of the species River. This would have been the case even if Hucho hucho, of its food source, of the restocking had not been carried out. specific habitats, and of the nearby intra- The present study reveals that a good and inter-lotic basinal connectivity are abundance of the individuals of this species proposed.

REZUMAT: Specia Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758), (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) în râul Ruscova (Carpaţii Româneşti de nord). Hucho hucho a cunoscut un regres conservativ major, precum şi o stare foarte drastic al arealului de distribuţie în special, bună a bazei trofice piscicole şi de în a doua jumătate a secolului XX, inclusiv nevertebrate a speciei Hucho hucho. în România. Sunt identificate ameninţările Bazinul hidrografic în care lostriţa, prezente şi cele potenţiale de natură chiar în lipsa repopulărilor, a fost antropică şi sunt sugerate măsuri de identificată relativ constant pe baza studiilor management specific pentru acest râu în ihtiologice este cel al Vişeului, în acesta, vederea protecţiei şi conservării speciei râul Ruscova fiind de o însemnătate aparte. Hucho hucho, a bazei sale trofice, a Prezentul studiu relevă o abundenţă habitatelor specifice şi a conectivităţii lotice bună a indivizilor acestei specii de interes intrabazinale şi interbazinale limitrofe.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Hucho hucho Linnaeus, 1758 (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) art im Ruscova Fluss (nördlichen Teil der Karpaten Rumäniens). Der Hucho hucho hat vor allem in fachlicher Bedeutung sowie einen sehr guten der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts Zustand der Nahrungsgrundlage an Fischen einen drastischen Rückgang seines und Wirbellosen für den Huchen. Verbreitungsgebietes ‒ Rumänien Es werden auch die gegenwärtigen eingeschlossen ‒ erfahren. sowie die potentiellen menschlich bedingten Das Einzugsgebiet in dem der Huchen Gefährdungen aufgezeigt. Außerdem werden sogar ohne Wiederbesiedlungs-aktionen auf im Hinblick auf Schutz und Erhaltung von Grund ichtiologischer Untersuchungen Hucho hucho auch spezifische Management- relativ konstant festgestellt wurde, ist jenes maßnahmen für den Fluss vorgeschlagen, die des Vişeu-Flusses, wobei dem Ruscova- auch die Sicherung seiner Nahrunsgg- Fluss eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt. rundlage der charakteristischen Lebensräume Die vorliegende Untersuchung belegt und der Konnektivität der Fließgewässer eine gute Abundanz der Individuen dieser innerhalb des Einzugsgebiets sowie mit den Art von außergewöhnlicher naturschutz- angrenzenden Einzugsgebieten beinhalten.

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INTRODUCTION Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758) is the mountains. Currently, reliable data on biggest, entirely riverine and anadromous the species occurrence exist only for a fish species that live in: Europe, the Danube, few lotic systems. Even in these rare cases, Volga and Pechora watersheds (Munda, the data on the species occurrence show a 1935; Nelson, 1976; Randík, 1976; Noakes, significant variability in the species 1977; Holčik, 1982, 1995; Schulz and Piery, presence/absence data along medium 1982; Hensel and Holčik, 1983; Witkowski, periods of time; when the monitoring et al., 2012). It is known in the Romanian was done (Bănăduc, 2008b), and also Carpathians region under different names, during a numerical decline (Telcean and such as lostriţă, lostoză, lostosă, lostocă, Bănărescu, 2002). lostiţă, lostruţă, lostucă or puică (Băcescu, This clear emphasized regress was 1947; Vasiliu, 1959; Giurescu, 1964), and it induced by the general context of the is the largest salmon species in the amplification of the anthropogenic-induced Romanian national territory waters. It can impact, also in the upper salmonid river reach a weight of around 20 kg and a length sectors of the Romanian Carpathians with of over one m. Due to its dimensions, weight damaging effects on the aquatic fish and good taste, it was the most popular communities (Ardelean and Wilhelm, 2007; salmon species in its distribution area in the Bănăduc, 1999, 2005, 2006; Bănărescu, last centuries. It came under the Romanian 2005; Bănărescu and Vasiliu-Oromulu, ichthyologists notice especially since the 2004; Curtean-Bănăduc, 2005, 2008; XVIII Century (Antipa, 1909). Curtean-Bănăduc et al., 2007; Davideanu et In undisturbed natural conditions, the al., 2006; Sandu et al., 2008; Telcean and Romanian Carpathian lotic systems are very Károly, 2000; Staicu et al., 1998; Oprean et favorable for salmonid species, mainly in al., 2009; Telcean, 1997; Olosutean and Ilie, their upper and sometimes in their middle 2008; Sîrbu et al., 2011). sectors. These mountainous and The Danube salmon are actually a submontainous Carpathian regions offered a protected species by the Law 13 of 1993 protective covering to this valuable salmon (through which Romania became a part of species at the end of the 19th century and in the Bern Convention), the European the beginning of the 20th century, in many Directive 92/43/EEC, O.U.G. 57/2007 of the watersheds: Cerna River in the Banat region, Romanian Government regarding the regime rivers Mureş, Jiu, Olt, Lotru, Argeş, Râul of natural protected areas, and conservation Târgului/Târgului River, the Danube River of natural habitats of the wild flora and (probably from its tributaries) and possibly fauna. in the rivers Crişul Negru, Crişul Alb, Crişul In spite of all the efforts in terms of Repede, Strei, Timiş, Râul Doamnei/ legal protection of this fish species, the Doamnei River, Buzău, Moldova, Suceava constant and aggressive human impact and Siret (Bănărescu, 1964). continues to cause decline, particularly due In the middle of the 20th century this to: illegal overfishing, man-made lakes, species distribution range in the Romanian ditches/water abstractions of the river’s Carpathians decreased drastically, and it was upper reaches, and pollution. As a result of found only in Vişeu, Ruscova, Vaser, Novăţ, these impacts, the Danube salmon are now Dorna, Bistriţa Moldovenească, Suceava and considered as a common species only in Moldova rivers (Bănărescu, 1964; Decei, around 33% of its past range, rare in 28% 1981). and have disappeared in 39% of that range Regrettably in the last few decades, (Holcik, 1990). the total range of this species has It must also be noted that in the last decreased in all the Carpathians (Holčik, decades this situation has become worse in 1990; Koller, 1970; Kulmatycki, 1931), terms of range. including the Romanian part of these

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Hucho hucho is extinct in many County, and flows in the Maramureşului of the areas of its past range; it has a Mountain Nature Park area. very fragmented distribution in the present, The Ruscova River (a right-hand particularly in its European range where tributary of the Vişeu River) is formed by it survives in a majority of the cases due the confluence of Socolău and Rica streams. to constant and heavy restocking. In The Socolău, Rosoşu Mare, Rosoşu Mic, comparison to its extensive original Răchita and Rica streams belong to the trout range, no other fish species has been zone (Bănăduc, 2008a). wiped out by humans in such a way (Holčik, The Maramureş Mountains release 1995). to the Ruscova River all of its affluents. In Europe, the Danube salmon were The mountainous altitudes, specific geology originally found only in the Danube and vertical profiles (including the levelled Watershed, but mostly in the river’s surfaces) induce the declinity which right side tributaries; it was present also decreases to Vişeu and Tisa lower in the lower reaches of the streams in geomorphological levels; the Ruscova the Prut River watershed, though very Valley is limited by the Pop Ivan, Farcău rarely. During the last decades attempts and Pietrosu Bardăului mountains, with were made to spread it westward but quartz and metamorphic schists, hard they often failed as in the Rhine and metamorphic rocks ‒ gneiss and limestone, Thames cases. Nor were attempts in Mesozoic dolomites, and grit stones extending the species range into the Elbe (Chiş, 2008; Mureşan, 2008; Chiş and very successful since there has been no Kosinszki, 2011; Iştvan, 2011). With a data about its natural reproduction. The total basin surface of 43 km², a river same unsuccessful results were observed length of 39 km and an average annual in the Poprad and the Dunajec (Vistula’s flow of 11.3 m³/s, this river has a tributaries) lotic systems and also in hydrographical regime which belongs to the stream sections in its distribution range the Carpathian-oriental-moldavian type in area where it did not appear naturally its upper basin and to the Transylvanian (Lelek, 1980). Carpathian hydrological regime for the Fortunately some reintroduction middle and lower river basin. The attempts in its former Romanian Carpathian accentuated pluviosity, the late melting of range (Cengher, 2007) were successful and snow and the high spring-summer flows encouraging for the species potential constitute reference displays of this conservation. However, the reintroduction hydrologic type. For Ruscova, the specific areas are under a severe threat due to average outflow is lower in the sources the overextension of new micro- area of the basin as a consequence of hydropowerplants in this area. the less abundant oriental regime and It must be stated that the farming higher in the western part of the basin. The of this species for restocking purposes is characteristic Carpathian region water not easy due to problems related to supply conditions induce a variation of feeding (Jungwirth, 1978; Nikcevic et al., the liquid and solid outflow regime from 1998). one period to another with maximum The Ruscova River area (Fig. 1) is spring flow when the rains are associated situated on the Romanian national territory, with the snow melt. (Chiş, 2008; Costea, in the north of Transylvania, in Maramureş 2008)

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Figure 1: The Ruscova River basin localization, in the northern Romanian Carpathians.

Figure 2: Map of the sampling stations.

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MATERIAL AND METHODS The fishing method which was used intolerant species, proportion of individuals in this study, in April of 2013, to assess the of typically tolerant species, proportion of ecological state of the species Hucho hucho individuals, which are omnivorous feeders, in the Ruscova River was electrofishing in proportion of insectivorous feeders, number time/effort unit (one hour). The used device of individuals in the sample and number of was an Aquatech IG 600, 30 A, 0.65/1.2 introduced species. kW. The same method was used for At each station, quantitative samples sampling other fish species which are the of benthic macroinvertebrates from five food source of over few month old points were collected in order to analyze the individuals of Hucho hucho (Tab. 1) natural food source (Tab. 2) of Hucho hucho (Bănărescu, 1964). individuals younger than a few months All the sampled fish species of the 19 (Bănărescu, 1964). A total of 20 quantitative sampling stations (Fig. 2), including the samples of benthic macroinvertebrates were Danube salmon individuals, were identified collected and analyzed. The benthic and counted in situ and released for macroinvertebrate quantitative samples were conservative reasons. collected with 887 cm2 surface Surber The ichthyological integrity of the Sampler, with a 250 µ mesh net. The river was calculated for every sampled sampled biological material was fixed in 4% sector based on the Carpathian Fish ‒ Index formaldehyde solution, where NaHCO3 of Biotic Integrity (CF-IBI) river assessment was added. The invertebrate biological (Bănăduc and Curtean-Bănăduc, 2002). This material was sorted and analyzed in the index reveals the fish associations’ laboratory, preserved in 70% alcohol and ecological state inclusively in response to included in the collection of the “Lucian river natural and anthropogenic variations in Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of a predictable manner, showing a strong Sciences, Department of Ecology and correlation with the habitat degree of Environment Protection and Physics. The degradation. The metrics used in this case relative abundance (A%) and the statistical are: total number of fish species, proportion density (Ds) were used for the quantitative of benthic fish species, proportion of water structure description of the benthic column species, proportion of individuals of macroinvertebrates communities.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sampled fish material (Tab. 1) Chondrostoma nasus (Linnaeus, 1758); consisted of 16 species: Eudontomyzon Gobio gobio (Linnaeus) 1758, Barbus danfordi (Regan, 1911), Salmo trutta fario barbus (Linnaeus, 1758); Barbus Linnaeus, 1758; Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, meridionalis Riso 1826; Orthrias barbatulus 1758); Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, (Linnaeus, 1758); Cottus gobio Linnaeus, 1758); Telestes souffia (Risso, 1827); 1758; Cottus poecilopus Heckel, 1837. Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758); The collected macroinvertebrate material Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758); (Tab. 2) constisted mainly of Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus) 1758; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch, 1782); Diptera species.

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Table 1: Geographic location of the sampling stations (R1-R19) and relative abundance (A%) of the sampled (in time/effort unit) fish species in the Ruscova River basin; Eudontomyzon danfordi ‒ E. d., Salmo trutta fario ‒ S. t. f., Hucho hucho ‒ H. h., Thymallus thymallus ‒ T. t., Telestes souffia ‒ T. s., Squalius cephalus ‒ S. c., Phoxinus phoxinus ‒ P. p., Alburnus alburnus ‒ A. a., Alburnoides bipunctatus ‒ A. b., Chondrostoma nasus ‒ C. n., Gobio gobio ‒ G. g., Barbus barbus ‒ B. b., Barbus meridionalis ‒ B. m., Orthrias barbatulus ‒ O. b., Cottus gobio ‒ C. g. and Cottus poecilopus ‒ C. p. Sampling Geographic location Fish station A% Altitude (m) Latitude Longitude species code C. p. (11.11) R1 684 47°51.372’N 024°30.672’E S. t. f. (22.22)

C. g. (66.66)

E. d. (2.94) S. t. f. (2.94) T. t. (2.94) R2 600 47°50.797’N 024°29.878’E O. b. (8.82)

H. h. (11.76) P. p. (17.65) C. g. (52.94) E. d. (3.23) H. h. (3.23) T. t. (3.23) T. s. (3.23) R 591 47°50.550’N 024°29.504’E 3 A. b. (9.67) P. p. (12.90) O. b. (19.35) C. g. (45.16) H. h. (1.41) T. t. (1.41) T. s. (1.41) R 572 47°50.022’N 024°28.612’E 4 C. g. (2.82) O. b. (30.98 P. p. (61.97) H. h. (2.63) T. s. (2.63) C. g. (5.26) R5 557 47°49.729’N 024°27.578’E A. b. (5.26) T. t. (10.53) O. b. (15.80) P. p. (57.89) C. g. (6.66) O. b. (6.66) H. h. (13.34) R 534 47°49.424’N 024°25.835’E 6 A. b. (20.00) P. p. (26.67) T. t. (26.67)

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Table 1 (continuing): Geographic location of the sampling stations (R1-R19) and relative abundance (A%) of the sampled (in time/effort unit) fish species in the Ruscova River basin; Eudontomyzon danfordi ‒ E. d., Salmo trutta fario ‒ S. t. f., Hucho hucho ‒ H. h., Thymallus thymallus ‒ T. t., Telestes souffia ‒ T. s., Squalius cephalus ‒ S. c., Phoxinus phoxinus ‒ P. p., Alburnus alburnus ‒ A. a., Alburnoides bipunctatus ‒ A. b., Chondrostoma nasus ‒ C. n., Gobio gobio ‒ G. g., Barbus barbus ‒ B. b., Barbus meridionalis ‒ B. m., Orthrias barbatulus ‒ O. b., Cottus gobio ‒ C. g. and Cottus poecilopus ‒ C. p. Sampling Geographic location Fish A% station code Altitude (m) Latitude Longitude species O. b. (2.78) H. h. (5.56) R7 522 47°49.617’N 024°25.311’E A. b. (25.00) T. t. (27.78) P. p. (38.88) A. b. (1.75) B. m. (1.75) H. h. (1.75) R8 515 47°49.701’N 024°24.723’E C. n. (3.51) T. t. (7.03) O. b. (21.05) P. p. (63.16) E. d. (2.86) T. s. (2.86) H. h. (2.86) B. m. (2.86) O. b. (5.71) R 499 47°49.882’N 024°23.378’E 9 A. b. (5.71) C. g. (8.57) T. t. (11.43) B. b. (11.43) P. p. (45.71) H. h. (1.61) B. m. (1.61) O. b. (3.23) C. g. (6.45) R 492 47°50.000’N 024°22.136’E 10 T. t. (6.45) B. b. (6.45) A. b. (9.68) P. p. (64.52) O. b. (2.78) C. g. (5.56) P. p. (44.44 R11 475 47°49.802’N 024°20.897’E H. h. (2.78) T. t. (27.78) B. b. (2.78) A. b. (13.88)

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Table 1 (continuing): Geographic location of the sampling stations (R1-R19) and relative abundance (A%) of the sampled (in time/effort unit) fish species in the Ruscova River basin. Sampling Fish Geographic location A% station code species O. b. (2.56) H. h. (2.56) T. t. (2.56) B. b. (2.56) R12 464 47°49.357’N 024°19.934’E T. s. (2.56) S. c. (2.56) C. g. (5.14) A. b. (12.83) P. p. (66.67) H. h. (0.92) T. t. (0.92) B. m. (0.92) B. b. (0.92) R13 458 47°49.090’N 024°19.596’E T. s. (0.92) C. g. (3.67) O. b. (5.50) A. b. (12.84) P. p. (73.39) E. d. (1.35) S. c. (1.35) T. s. (1.35) B. b. (1.35) H. h. (2.70) R 452 47°48.709’N 024°18.959’E 14 T. t. (8.11) P. p. (10.81) A. b. (16.22) O. b. (21.62) C. g. (35.14) E. d. (0.75) B. m. (0.75) H. h. (1.50) C. g. (1.50) S. c. (0.75) T. s. (0.75) G. g. (0.75) R 440 47°48.234’N 024°18.299’E 15 C. n. (0.75) A. a. (0.75) T. t. (4.52) B. b. (4.52) O. b. (7.52) A. b. (27.07) P. p. (48.12)

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Table 1 (continuing): Geographic location of the sampling stations (R1-R19) and relative abundance (A%) of the sampled (in time/effort unit) fish species in the Ruscova River basin. Sampling Geographic location Fish A% station code Altitude (m) Latitude Longitude species B. b. (1.75) B. m. (1.75) C. n. (1.75) S. c. (1.75) T. s. (1.75) R 431 47°47.811’N 024°17.955’E 16 T. t. (7.02) C. g. (7.02) P. p. (10.53) O. b. (7.02) A. b. (59.66) A. a. (1.75) T. s. (1.75) C. n. (1.75) B. m. (1.75) S. c. (1.75) G. g. (1.75) R 420 47047.592’N 024017.328’E 17 H. h. (1.75) B. b. (3.51) T. t. (7.02) O. b. (7.02) A. b. (35.09) P. p. (35.09) A. a. (20) S. c. (20) R 416 47047.274’N 024017.058’E 18 O. b. (20) A. b. (40) S. c. (25) A. a. (25) R 409 47°47.055’N 024°16.534’E 19 A. b. (25) H. h. (25)

Important are the significant number this situation is temporary or permanent only of juveniles of Hucho hucho (Fig. 3), in the based on a future long term monitoring data. context of this relatively small river; and This lower area including the confluence also the presence of reproductive age area between the Ruscova and Vişeu rivers individuals, a fact which reveals that the should be mostly but not only the target of reproduction in this river is happening. specific management for fish protection. The habitats and fish trophic offer for The benthic invertebrates as a trophic Hucho hucho can be considered as good base for Hucho hucho juveniles is very with respect to diversity and abundance-with good, in terms of Ephemeroptera, the exception of the lower Ruscova River Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera larvae (R18-R19), where apparently the human high diversity and density (Tab. 2). This impact induces a significant temporary or favorable situation has consisted for the last permanent decrease of the ichthyocenosys seven years (Curtean-Bănăduc, 2008, 2009, diversity and abundance. We can find out if 2010; Curtean-Bănăduc and Radu, 2010).

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Figure 3: Hucho hucho juvenile.

Table 2: The benthic macroinvertebrate communities structure in the Ruscova River studied sectors (A ‒ relative abundance). Benthic macroinvertebrate Taxa A% sampling stations r1 ‒ at the Cls. Gastropoda confluence with Fam. Ancylidae 3.70 the Bardiu River Subcls. Oligochaeta 1.64 affluent Ord. Amphipoda Fam. Gammaridae 2.45

Ord. Ephemeroptera 47.88 Ord. Plecoptera 3.28 Ord. Trichoptera 26.93 Ord. Coleoptera 1.64 Ord. Diptera Fam. Chironomidae 1.00 Fam. Blepharoceridae 11.48

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Table 2 (continuing): The benthic macroinvertebrate communities structure in the Ruscova River studied sectors (A ‒ relative abundance). r2 ‒ between the Cls. Gastropoda 2.19 confluence with Fam. Ancylidae Rica tributary and Ord. Tricladida 1.38 the cofluence Fam. Planaridae with Bardiu Subcls. Oligochaeta 5.17 tributary Ord. Amphipoda Fam. Gammaridae 2.61 Ord. Ephemeroptera 31.06 Ord. Plecoptera 24.06 Ord. Trichoptera 5.54 Ord. Coleoptera 2.20 Ord. Diptera Fam. Chironomidae 21.72 Fam. Blepharoceridae 4.07 r3 ‒ at the Ord. Tricladida confluence with Fam. Planaridae 2.04 the Bardiu River Subcls. Oligochaeta 7.80 tributary Ord. Amphipoda Fam. Gammaridae 1.42 Ord. Ephemeroptera 36.07 Ord. Plecoptera 18.25 Ord. Trichoptera 15.71 Ord. Coleoptera 2.00 Ord. Diptera Fam. Chironomidae 12.50 Fam. Blepharoceridae 4.21 r4 ‒ in the Cls. Gastropoda 1.07 Poienile de Sub Fam. Ancylidae Munte locality Subcls. Oligochaeta 10.73 Ord. Amphipoda Fam. Gammaridae 0.93 Ord. Ephemeroptera 34.74 Ord. Plecoptera 16.51 Ord. Trichoptera 18.14 Ord. Coleoptera 2.44 Ord. Diptera Fam. Chironomidae 13.88 Fam. Blepharoceridae 1.56 r5 ‒ in the Subcls. Oligochaeta 13.04 Ruscova ‒ Vişeu Ord. Amphipoda rivers confluence Fam. Gammaridae 0.54 area Ord. Ephemeroptera 25.35 Ord. Plecoptera 10.85 Ord. Trichoptera 25.33 Ord. Coleoptera 2.39 Ord. Diptera Fam. Chironomida 22.50

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Our working hypothesis is that the river. Proper management actions should be presence and relatively high numbers of enforced regarding these human impact Hucho hucho individuals in the Ruscova categories, by the Maramureş Mountains River have been determined by the river Nature Park Administration and conditions regarding: the trophic governmental agencies for nature protection. (invertebrate and vertebrate) natural sources, These actions will assure a higher habitat natural and human induced habitat quality in the river and a better connectivity conditions, lotic connectivity inside the for the ichthyofauna in the Ruscova River. Ruscova River, and lotic connectivity The connectivity among Ruscova, among Ruscova, Vişeu and Tisa rivers. The Vişeu and Tisa rivers is essential for the results can be used for improving the Hucho hucho’s continuous presence in Ruscova River management plan and for Ruscova River due to the fact that the Vişeu- applying good practices to other rivers Tisa river’s confluences play a role in the where Hucho hucho populations exist or can aquatic biodiversity-due to the fact that the spread in the future. upper Tisa River has very good ecological The fish trophic offer is consisting of conditions for the ichthyofauna. ten fish species, all of them being potential The connectivity was interrupted in food for Hucho hucho after their individuals the past by the upstream of Vişeu River are over few months old (Bănărescu, 1964). basin mining of Cu, Zn, Cd activities; The number of fish species (12) and (Staicu et al., 1998), the mining water their abundance in the river are high. The flowing on Vişeu River sometimes creates majority of these species are present in over chemical barriers and breaks the 80% of the river sectors and the connectivity between Tisa and Ruscova ichthyologycal integrity is also high. The ichthyofauna, through Vişeu River. The Hucho hucho fish trophic base is not a interruption of such mining activities has problem in this river. allowed a better connectivity in this respect The R1-R17 river sector has a very nowadays. good CF-IBI score which reflects very good Another human impact type present species richness, intolerant species in in the Vişeu River sector which represents particular − sensitive species present. The the connection between Tisa and Ruscova R18-R19 sector has a fairly poor CF-IBI rivers is the mineral exploitation; especially score which shows few species and upstream the Vişeu River entering in the individuals, tolerant species dominating. Vişeu River lower gorge, before the The benthic macroinvertebrates confluence with Tisa River. These natural trophic offer also represents a very exploitations should not be stopped, but a good support for juveniles of the Hucho rigorous programme of functioning in hucho in the studied river. It has to be stated parallel, (avoiding their functioning all that, in the lower area where the together and creating areas of disturbances ichthyocenosys are affected by the human which create significant obstacles in front impact, the macroinevertebrate communities of the Hucho hucho upwards and are in good conditions like in the other downwards mobility) should be done. Of sectors of the river; here the fish course overexploitation should be communities’ structure can be affected avoided. mainly by illegal fishing. A proper waste water canalisation The human impact (riverbed and cleaning system should be realized in modification/exploitation/regularization and the riverine localities, both in Ruscova and waste water household pollution) is not very Vişeu rivers-because their influences as a high in the present study (with the exception chemical barrier are not negligible. of the lower course of the river) but still has The selective collection of the solid significant potential to become the reason wastes should also be a task in the Ruscova for future regress of Hucho hucho from this and Vişeu rivers adjacent areas.

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In the context of the climate unnatural siltation processes should be warming and the deforestation activities in monitorized. significant areas of this watershed, the The relatively low number of changing (warming) water temperature individuals of relatively small dimensions, will affect mainly the cryophilic and their general late sexual maturation species/associations, including the Hucho make this population very prone to hucho populations. In this context, disappearance, in the conditions through reforestations are needed. which this species has been classified as Despite the fact that this area is most endangered, both locally and globally a protected one, illegal over-fishing is (Witkowski et al., 2003; Freyhof and still present. Done with nets, electricity, Brooks, 2011). natural and/or synthetic substances, dung In its general and local/specific forks, etc., this is a situation which should context, this population is threatened by be stopped somehow for respect of the extinction at any lack of proper management big/reproductive Hucho hucho individuals’ of this river basin. protection. The approach used for this The spawning areas/sectors for watershed management can be used as a Hucho hucho are not completely known and model approach for any other similar proper protection cannot be assured for them Carpathian watershed of conservation in this circumstance. interest, where Hucho hucho can recover its The status of trophic (fish and initial range. macroinvertebrates too) resources for This approach should be based on Hucho hucho should be permanently extensive and intensive biological and included in integrated studies/monitoring ecological data, obtained and checked/ activities. monitored at least along a medium period of The river sectors management time (ten years). should include implementation of a proper From the perspective of Hucho waste water canalisation and cleaning hucho management/conservation objectives system. and measurements required, in the The Ruscova River substratum and Ruscova River, for this course and lower banks should not be changed or over- Vişeu River watershed a special exploited, in the benefit of the Ruscova management zone can be revealed. The River biocoenosis too (Curtean-Bănăduc et zones which should be managed for Hucho al., 2012). hucho conservation are the Ruscova No significant water abstraction and watershed and Vişeu River between the hydro-technical constructions should be confluence with Ruscova and the allowed in this river area. confluence with Tisa. In these areas the The forestry activities which cause natural structure of the habitats, the aquatic direct harm to the river and creek beds communities, and the natural dynamic of due to the transport of logs on them and the ecologic processes, are still existing and indirect harm due to the increased and should be protected.

CONCLUSIONS The management related with this should be encouraged by the appropriate highly endangered species of the Ruscova forestry management in all the basin; no River and lower Vişeu River basin should hydro-technical works should be allowed to include: maintenance of the relatively high be built on the Ruscova River basin in the and constant water flow; the basin future; no important water captures should management should include specific be allowed for hydro-technical works in the measures to counteract the climate warming neighbouring watersheds; the water quality changes; forest water retention capacity in the streams should be improved

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everywhere in the basin where it is a salmon but for all the local fish species (as necessity in this respect, through trophic resources) and for the trophic (quantitative and qualitative) cleaning resources of benthic macroinvertebrates; the activities, centralized canalisation of the aquaculture of Danube Salmon and the riverine localities, sawdust management artificial stocking and restocking of water and avoidance of riverbed alteration; bodies of interest should be initiated; a stopping of illegal fishing and enforcing permanent integrated monitoring system the forbidding of legal fishing for the should be implemented in the Vişeu Basin, Danube salmon; the lower gorge sector of as a needed base for an optimum the Vişeu River, including the confluence management plan, including for the Hucho area, should have a highly restricted hucho conservation. protection regime not only for Danube

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was suported by the Maramureş Mountains Nature Park Administration. The authors are greatfull for the administration members continuous and generous support in the field work, especially to the park managers Mrs. Bogdan C. and Mr. Bucur C.

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Staicu G., Bănăduc D. and Găldean N., 1998 Telcean I. and Bănărescu P. M., 2002 – – The structure of some benthic Modifications of the fish fauna in the macroinvertebrates and fishes upper Tisa River and its southern communities in the Viseu and eastern tributaries, Tiscia, 6, Watershed, Maramureș, Romania, 179-186. Travaux du Museum National d Vasiliu G. D., 1959 – Peştii apelor noastre, Histoire naturelle Grigore Antipa, Bucureşti, Edit. Ştiinţifică. (in Bucureşti, XL, 587-608. Romanian) Telcean I., 1997 – Influenţa barajelor şi Witkowski A., Kotusz J., Goryczko K., amenajărilor hidrotehnice asupra Pokrryszkp B. M. and Kusznierz J. ihtiofaunei bazinului Crişurilor, (eds), 2012 – Book of Abstracts, II Analele Universităţii din Oradea, International Hucho Symposium, Fascicula de Biologie, 5, 64-75. (in Species of genus Hucho Günther, Romanian) 1866: population status, Telcean I. and Károly G., 2000 – The conservation, biology, ecology, antropogenic impact of the fishfauna genetics and culture, University of from the Vişeu River valley, Studii şi Wrocław, Inland Fisheries Institute Cercetări, Biologie, 5, Universitatea Olsztyn, Polish Angling Association Bacău, 231-237. Warszawa, 1-84.

AUTHORS:

1 Doru BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Applied Ecology Research Center, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

2 Răzvan RĂCHITĂ [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

3 Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Applied Ecology Research Center, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

4 Laurian GHEORGHE [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

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HABITAT MANAGEMENT IN A NATURA 2000 SITE – MARAMUREŞ MOUNTAINS CASE STUDY

Oana Viorica DANCI 1

KEYWORDS: habitat, management measures, Natura 2000 site, Maramureș Mountains.

ABSTRACT The territory chosen for study is the Nature Park and the Maramureș Mountains Maramureş Mountains Nature Park Natura 2000 Site of Community Interest RO (MMNP). This is a relatively new protected SCI 00124, which overlaps the park area. natural area, set up by Government Decision The purpose of this paper is to offer support 2151/2004, 30 years after Filipaşcu A. in elaborating habitat management plans and recommendation (1975-1976) to “declare monitoring their conservation status. The some large and representative natural parks paper also presents a comparative analysis within more significant massifs: Maramureş, of habitats identified in the field and of Rodnei, Călimani, Bucegi and Făgăraş”. habitats listed in Natura 2000 Standard Data In this paper we present the Form. identified habitats in Maramureș Mountains

REZUMAT: Managementul habitatelor în siturile Natura 2000 – Studiu de caz Munții Maramureșului. Teritoriul ales de noi pentru studiu Munţii Maramureşului și implicit din situl este Parcul Natural Munţii Maramureşului Natura 2000 RO SCI 00124 Munții (PNMM), o arie naturală protejată relativ Maramureșului, suprapus peste suprafața nouă, instituită prin H. G. 2151/2004, la 30 parcului. Scopul acestei lucrări este de a de ani de la recomandarea lui Filipaşcu A. oferi suportul pentru realizarea planului de (1975-1976) de „declarare a unor întinse şi management al habitatelor şi a monitorizării reprezentative parcuri naturale în masivele stării de conservare a acestora. De mai importante: munţii Maramureşului, asemenea, lucrarea prezintă și o analiză Rodnei, Călimani, Bucegi şi Făgăraş”. comparativă a habitatelor prezentate în Acestă lucrare vizează identificarea formularul standard al sitului Natura 2000 tipurilor de habitate din Parcul Natural cu habitatele identificate de noi pe teren.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Habitat Management in Natura 2000-Gebieten – Fallstudie Maramurescher Gebirge/Munṭii Maramureşului. Das von der Verfasserin zur Vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Untersuchung ausgewählte Gebiet, der der Erfassung der Habitattypen des Naturpark Maramurescher Gebirge/Munţii Naturparks Maramurescher Gebirge/Munţii Maramureşului (PNMM) ist ein relativ Maramureşului, einschließlich des Natura neues Naturschutzgebiet, das durch den 2000 Gebietes RO SCI 00124 Regierungsbeschluss H. G. 2151/2004 Maramurescher Gebirge das sich mit der ausgewiesen wurde und zwar 30 Jahre nach Fläche des Naturparks überlagert. Zweck der Empfehlung von Filipaşcu A. (1975- dieser Arbeit ist es, die Grundlagen zur 1976) betreffend die “Ausweisung einiger Ausarbeitung des Managementplanes für die ausgedehnter und repräsentativer Naturparks Habitate und das Monitoring ihres in den bedeutendsten Gebirgsmassiven der Erhaltungszustandes zu liefern. Außerdem Karpaten: Maramurescher Gebirge/Munţii umfasst die Arbeit eine vergleichende Maramureşului, Rodnaer-Gebirge/Munţii Analyse der im Standardformular des Natura Rodnei, Călimani-, Bucegi- und 2000 Gebietes vorgestellten Habitate und Fogarascher/Făgăraş-Gebirge”. denen, die von der Verfasserin im Gelände erfasst wurden.

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INTRODUCTION Maramureş Mountains represent the Leordina, Petrova and Bistra with their highest mountain massif located on the villages Valea Vişeului and Crasna Romanian national border and is the Vişeului) are included within the MMNP. convergence point of several ethnographic These have developed along the courses of regions (Romanian Maramureş, Zacarpatia, the Vişeu, Repedea, Ruscova and Tisza Southern and Northern Bucovina, Galiţia). rivers. The population in the ten localities in Maramureş Mountains are located in the the MMNP is approximately 90,000 northern part of the Oriental Carpathians, inhabitants. and border Ţibăului Mountains in the east, The evolution of landscape is closely Rodnei Mountains and Maramureş connected to the traditional occupations. Depression in the south, and Rahiv and Therefore, logging, breeding cattle and Cernahora (from Ukraine) Mountains in the mining have affected the landscape and north. implicitly the natural framework over time. The hydrographical network is The pre-Christian customs related to nature highly developed, providing abundant, worship, old and new religious holy days, permanent water runoff during the entire agricultural customs and traditions related to year. Maramureş Mountains include three the human life cycle harmoniously combine drainage basins: Vişeu (Tisa), Bistriţa (Siret) in the communities of the MMNP. and Ceremuş (Prut) (Mureşan, 2008). The entire surface of the massif Maramureş Mountains are located in (including the depression and marginal hills the continental moderate climate area, areas) is 1,500 km2. The area of this study is permanently subjected to the influence of represented by the territory of the western oceanic air masses advection, whose Maramureş Mountains Nature Park characteristics reflect into the evolution of (MMNP; Fig. 1), with the limits stipulated all climatic elements (Moldovan, 2000). The by GD 2151/2004. These limits comprise a rainiest season is summer, when 61% of 133,354 ha surface. total rainfall registered. The poorest rainfall About 70% of MMNP surface was season is winter, with only 17% of the total declared as a Natura 2000 Communitarian rainfall. The annual number of rainfall days Interest Site by the Order 1964/2007 is 150-170. The snow layer occurs in regarding the establishment of protected September and during the last decade the area status for communitarian interest sites, last snow has typically been in March. The as part of the European Ecological Network snow layer is maintained between 120-200 Natura 2000 in Romania. days, and the layer thickness ranges from The management plan of Maramureș 75-150 cm. Mountains Nature Park has to include in it’s From the large soil groups, structure specific information for the significant surfaces are covered by management of Natura 2000 site RO SCI districambosoil, prepodzolic soils, litosoils, 00124 Maramureș Mountains. This paper humisoils and alluvial soils. provides instruments for the elaboration of Two towns (Borşa and Vişeu de Sus) habitats management plans and monitoring and eight communes (Moisei, Vişeu de Jos, plans. Ruscova, Repedea, Poienile de Sub Munte,

MATERIALS AND METHODS Identification of habitat types in type distribution can be produced. There is the growing stock. For the land surfaces also the possibility to achieve a included in the growing stock, sylvic correspondence with the habitat types of planning was performed. Using the Romania, with a much greater concern for correspondence between the forest types and details. Natura 2000 habitat types, a map of habitat

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Identification of other habitat habitat limits, where the transition to a types. Identification of habitat types other certain type of habitat (identified based on than the forest ones is usually performed by the forest type) to another type of habitat is recognition of phytocenoses that performed. For the meadow, scrub, swamps characterizes them. That means by and wet land habitat types, we set the limits considering the significant (generally of the habitats to the changes of the prevailing) species and ecological and/or phytocenoses and sites characterizing them. cenological markers, as well as by The positioning of habitats on the map is recognition of the characteristics of the site, performed by means of the GPS coordinates first by geographical location, altitude, collected from the field, by using a GPS relief, rock and soil. This type of Trimble ProXH receptor with a zephir identification may be used also for forest antenna and GPS Trimble ProXT. The data habitats, but also for smaller sites. were processed using ArcGIS 9.3 software. Habitat mapping. For mapping the Summary of the identified habitat types, regardless of their nature, we habitats. Using the habitat identification used the following cartographical materials: means described in the previous chapter, the Ortophotoplans, satellite images, existing bibliography and setting the topographic maps (1:25,000), sylvic maps correspondence between the Natura 2000 (1:20,000 and 1:50,000). The information on habitat types and Habitats from Romania these maps has been transposed into a (Doniţă et al., 2005, 2006; Gafta and Geographical Information System (GIS). On Munford, 2008) and then by correlating these the land use data resulting from the them to the field data, we summarized the planning of the growing stock were habitat types in Maramureş Mountains superimposed. For the forest habitat types Nature Park. we used the limits of land use units as

Figure 1: Location of Maramureş Mountains Nature Park.

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RESULTS Using the methodology presented In this summary we included the above we identified 19 Natura 2000 habitat habitat types we identified until now, types (of which six are priority habitats). 36 without considering that a comprehensive habitats correspond to the above mentioned classification of all habitat types was habitats, in the sense of Habitats from performed and the names used in this Romania (Doniţă et al., 2005, 2006) and six summary are the same with those in the habitats which do not have a correspondent Natura 2000 classification system and in the Natura 2000 habitat types (Tab. 1). Habitats from Romania.

Table 1: Correspondence between Natura 2000 habitats and habitats from Romania identified in MMNP. Natura Type of habitat according to Type of Natura 2000 Romania No. 2000 Habitats from Romania habitat code code (Doniţă et al., 2005, 2006) Mountain rivers and Dacic shrubs of box thorn (Myricaria 1. 3230 wood vegetation with 4415 germanica) Myricaria germanica Alpine and boreal South – Eastern Carpathian pastures rhododendron scrubs (Rhododendron 3104 myrtifolium), with bilberry (Vaccinium 2. 4060 myrtillus) South – Eastern Carpathian short 3108 juniper shrubs (Juniperus sibirica) Shrubs with Pinus South – Eastern Carpathian juniper mugo and tree shrubs (Pinus mugo), with Rhododendron rhododendron (Rhododendron 3. 4070* 3105 hirsutum (Mugo- myrtifolium) Rhododendretum hirsuti) Species rich Nardus South – Eastern Carpathian grasslands grasslands on the 3608 with Scorzonera rosea and Festuca siliceous substrata of nigrescens 4. 6230* mountainous areas South – Eastern Carpathian grasslands 3609 with nard grass (Nardus stricta) and Viola declinata Woodside associations South – Eastern Carpathian with tall higrophyle communities of tall bushes with 3704 grass from the level of Senecio subalpinus and alpine dock 5. 6430 plains to the (Rumex alpinus) mountainous and Daco-getic communities with Angelica alpine level 3708 sylvestris, Crepis paludosa and Scirpus sylvaticus Mountain South – Eastern Carpathian grasslands 6. 6520 grasslands 3801 with Trisetum flavescens and Alchemilla vulgaris Transition peat South – Eastern oligotrophe swamps and moving Carpathian swamps, with Carex 7. 7140 5408 peateries (not fixed in limosa the substrata)

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Table 1 (continuing): Correspondence between Natura 2000 habitats and habitats from Romania identified in MMNP. Natura Type of habitat according to Type of Natura 2000 Romania No. 2000 Habitats from Romania habitat code code (Doniţă et al., 2005, 2006) Petrifying springs Fontinal South – Eastern Carpathian with travertine communities with Cratoneuron 8. 7220* 5417 formation commutatum and C. filicinum (Cratoneurion) Rocky slopes with South – Eastern Carpathian 9. 8210 chasmophytic 6213 communities on rocks with Saxifraga vegetation luteoviridis and Silene zawadzkii Luzulo-Fagetum South – Eastern Carpathian spruce type forests forests (Picea abies), beech (Fagus 4102 sylvatica) and firs (Abies alba), with Hieracium rotundatum South – Eastern Carpathian beech 10. 9110 forests (Fagus sylvatica) and firs 4106 (Abies alba), with Hieracium rotundatum South – Eastern Carpathian beech 4110 forests (Fagus sylvatica) with Festuca drymeia Asperulo-Fagetum Dacic beech (Fagus sylvatica) and type of forests 4118 hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) forests, with Dentaria bulbifera Dacic beech (Fagus sylvatica) and 11. 9130 4119 hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) forests, with Carex pilosa Mixed Moldavian beech (Fagus 4120 sylvatica) silver lime (Tilia tomentosa) forests, with Carex brevicollis Cephalanthero- South – Eastern Carpathian beech Fagion type medio- (Fagus sylvatica) and firs (Abies alba) 12. 9150 4111 European forests forests, with Cephalanthera damassonium Oakery with Galio- Dacic holmoak (Quercus petraea), Carpinetum beech (Fagus sylvatica) and hornbeam 13. 9170 4123 (Carpinus betulus) forests with Carex pilosa Slope, detritus or South – Eastern Carpathian ash ravines forests (Fraxinus excelsior), sycamore maple 14. 9180* 4117 composed of Tilio- (Acer pseudoplatanus), elm (Ulmus Acerion glabra) forests with Lunaria rediviva Wooded peateries South – Eastern Carpathian rare tree 15. 91D0* 4412 spruce (Picea abies) and/or Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests

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Table 1 (continuing): Correspondence between Natura 2000 habitats and habitats from Romania identified in MMNP. No. Natura Type of Natura 2000 Romania Type of habitat according to 2000 habitat code Habitats from Romania code (Doniţă et al., 2005, 2006) Alluvial forests with South – Eastern Carpathian grey alder Alnus glutinosa and 4401 (Alnus incana) forests, with Telekia Fraxinus excelsior speciosa 16. 91E0* (Alno-Padion, Alnion Daco-getian forests in hill meadows incanae, Salicion 4402 with black alder (Alnus glutinosa), albae) with Stellaria nemorum South – Eastern Carpathian spruce (Picea abies), beech (Fagus sylvatica) 4101 and firs (Abies alba) forests, with Pulmonaria rubra South – Eastern Carpathian spruce (Picea abies), beech (Fagus sylvatica) 4103 Dacic beech forests and firs (Abies alba) forests, with 17. 91V0 (Symphyto-Fagion) Leucanthemum waldsteinii South – Eastern Carpathian beech 4104 (Fagus sylvatica) and firs (Abies alba) forests, with Pulmonaria rubra South – Eastern Carpathian beech 4109 (Fagus sylvatica) forests with Symphytum cordatum Daco-getian sessile oak (Quercus Dacic oak and 18. 91Y0 4128 petraea) forests, with Dentaria hornbeam forests bulbifera South – Eastern Carpathian spruce firs 4203 (Picea abies) forests with Soldanella hungarica South – Eastern Carpathian spruce firs 4205 (Picea abies) forests with Oxalis acetosella South – Eastern Carpathian spruce firs 4206 (Picea abies) and firs (Abies alba) forests with Hieracium rotundatum South – Eastern Carpathian spruce firs Forests with Picea 4207 (Picea abies) and firs (Abies alba) 19. 9410 from the alpine – forests with Hylocomium splendens mountainous region South – Eastern Carpathian spruce firs 4208 (Picea abies) and firs (Abies alba) forests with Luzula sylvatica South – Eastern Carpathian spruce firs 4210 forests with Sphagnum sp. South – Eastern Carpathian spruce firs (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus 4214 sylvatica) forests with Hieracium rotundatum

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Table 1 (continuing): Correspondence between Natura 2000 habitats and habitats from Romania identified in MMNP. Poa media South – Eastern Carpathian 20. No correspondent 3610 forests Dacic holm oak (Quercus petraea) and 21. No correspondent 4129 beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests with Festuca drymeia South – Eastern Carpathian spruce fir 22. No correspondent 4209 (Picea abies) forests with Leucanthemum waldsteinii South – Eastern Carpathian spruce fir 23. No correspondent 4211 (Picea abies) and firs (Abies alba) forests with Pulmonaria rubra South – Eastern Carpathian spruce fir 24. No correspondent 4213 (Picea abies) forests with Doronicum columnae South – Eastern Carpathian spring and 25. No correspondent 5423 rivulet communities with Carex remota and Caltha laeta Note: * = priority European level habitat.

DISCUSSIONS We identified 19 Natura 2000 Natura 2000 habitats presented in the habitats in the field (Fig. 2), comparing to 15 standard form of Maramureș Mountains Natura 2000 habitats presented in the Natura 2000 Site RO SCI0124, as presented standard form in M.O. 1964/2007 and 18 in the review in 2011 by M.O. 2387.

Figure 2: Nine identified Natura 2000 habitat types.

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We appreciate this review realised by Management plans, or at least a set the Ministry of Environment as very useful of management measures is needed for for the conservationists and staff involved in every Natura 2000 habitat. protected areas management and in Monitoring plans and protocols are environmental issues in protected areas. required only for the most sensitive habitats, The limit of the communitarian priority ones, or the habitats of rare, interest site was given in 2007 as 103.391 ha vulnerable, endangered or flag species. The and revised in 2011 to 106.909 ha, the new list of species and habitats for which there is limit is designed according to the villages a need of monitoring plan is specifically inside the park boundaries. designed for every particular protected area. Almost all protected areas We consider that for Maramureş management plans in Romania are Mountains Nature Park and Natura 2000 site elaborated according to the manual designed monitoring plans are needed for at least the by Michael Appleton, that do not include following habitats: mountain rivers and their management plans for Natura 2000 species wood vegetation with Myricaria germanica; and habitats that are required for Natura Shrubs with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron 2000 sites. In addition to this, an appropriate hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti), identification of species, their mapping and species rich Nardus grasslands, on the ecological information for them are required siliceous substrata of mountainous areas, in order to complete the management plan. Petrifying springs with travertine formation This paper offers support in the elaboration (Cratoneurion); Alluvial forests with Alnus of habitats management plans in Maramureș glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno- Mountains Nature Park and Natura 2000 site Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae). by providing a list of habitats more close to Until now, we elaborated monitoring the reality in the field. In addition to this protocols for the habitat Shrubs with Pinus paper, we intend in our future work to mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo- elaborate management plans for some Rhododendretum hirsuti) (Danci, 2008; priority habitats in the studied area. Danci and Cristea, 2009).

CONCLUSIONS The studies that were performed Thus, 19 Natura 2000 habitat types in this paper offer a highly complex image were identified (of which six are priority of the habitat types in the Maramureş habitats). 36 habitats correspond to the Mountains Nature Park, of their above mentioned habitats, in the sense of management and conservation measures and Habitats from Romania (Doniţă et al., 2005, meet the management needs of the Natura 2006) and six other habitats which do not 2000 habitats with precise tools and have a correspondent in the Natura 2000 management recommendations. habitat types. This paper summarise the habitat A list of habitats for which we types, setting the correspondence between consider necessary to design monitoring the Natura 2000 habitat types and Habitats plans was designed. from Romania (Doniţă et al., 2005, 2006) and then by correlating them to field data.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper presents a part of the results of my PhD thesis; for the scientific coordination of the thesis and for his permanent support I am grateful to Mr. Cristea V. Also, I would like to thank my former colleagues from Maramureș Mountains Nature Park administration for their help and understanding.

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REFERENCES Appleton M., 2001 ‒ Ghid pentru Elaborarea Gafta D. and Mountford O. (coord.), 2008 ‒ Planurilor de Management pentru Manual de interpretare a habitatelor ariile protejate din România, 89. (in Natura 2000 din România, Edit. Romanian) Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca, 101. (in Ciocârlan V., 2009 ‒ Flora ilustrată a Romanian) României: Pteridophyta et ***, 1999 ‒ Manuel d’interpretetion des Spermatophyta, Edit. Ceres, habitats de l’Union Européene. Bucureşti, 1141. (in Romanian) Commision Européene DG Cristea V., Denaeyer S., Herremans J.-P. and Environnement. (in French) Goia I., 1996 ‒ Ocrotirea naturii şi ***, 1992 ‒ European Comission. Council protecţia mediului în România, Edit. Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 Cluj University Press, Cluj-Napoca, on the conservation of natural 365. (in Romanian) habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Danci O., 2008 ‒ Conservation and ***, 2004 ‒ Hotărârea de Guvern nr. 2151 management of the mountain pine din 30 noiembrie 2004 privind habitat in the Maramureş Mountains instituirea regimului de arie naturală Nature Park (Maramureş, Romania), protejată pentru noi zone, M. O. Transylvanian Review of 38/12.01.2005. (in Romanian) Systematical and Ecological ***, 2007 ‒ Ordinul ministrului mediului şi Research, Curtean-Bănăduc A., et al. dezvoltării durabile nr. 1964 privind (eds), 5, 31-37. instituirea regimului de arie naturală Danci O., 2011 ‒ Maramureș Mountains: protejată a siturilor de importanṭă habitat types, conservation and their comunitară, ca parte integrantă a management, Phd. Thesis. reṭelei ecologice europene Natura Danci O. and Cristea V., 2009 ‒ Mountain 2000 în România, M. O. nr. 98 din pine habitats in the Maramureş 07.02.2008. (in Romanian) Mountains Nature Park (I): ***, 2008 ‒ Maramureş Mountains Nature distribution and management, Paark Management Plan. (in Contribuţii Botanice, 44, 77-81. Romanian) Doniţă N., Popescu A., Păucă-Comănescu ***, 2011 ‒ Ordinul ministrului mediului și M., Mihăilescu S. and Biriş I.-A., pădurilor nr. 2387/2011 pentru 2005 ‒ Habitatele din România, Edit. modificarea ordinului ministrului Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 496. mediului şi dezvoltării durabile nr. Elzinga C., Salzer D., Willoughby J. and 1964 privind instituirea regimului de Gibbs J., 2001 ‒ Monitoring plant arie naturală protejată a siturilor de and animal populations, Blackwell importanță comunitară, ca parte Science, 360. integrantă a rețelei ecologice Filipaşcu A., 1975-1976 ‒ Vechimea europene Natura 2000 în România, prezenţei umane active în M. O. nr. 846 bis din 29.11.2011. (in ecosistemele subalpin-alpine ale Romanian) Carpaţilor şi consecinţele sale, Cumidava, Ştiinţe Naturale, Braşov, 9-2, 53-66. (in Romanian)

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AUTHOR:

1 Oana Viorica DANCI [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

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SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF THE BIOCAPACITY VALUES AND THE RELATION WITH THE PROTECTED AREAS DISTRIBUTION IN OLTENIA SOUTH-WEST DEVELOPMENT REGION

Laurian GHEORGHE 1

KEYWORDS: ecological footprint, biocapacity, protected areas, South-West Oltenia, development region.

ABSTRACT The South-West Development footprint analysis to indicate the manner in Region of Oltenia is one of the Romanian which different bioproductive areas (forests, regions with high biodiversity. In the present croplands, grasslands, aquatic surfaces, article, using the Wackernagel-Rees method, built-up land) have the capacity to sustain biocapacity values were calculated for the the resources needs of human society. The territorial administrative units from the purpose of this paper is to establish the region and for protected areas. Biocapacity relationship between the spatial dynamics of is an indicator used at a global scale since biocapacity values and the protected areas the 1990s, but very little is used in Romania. distribution in the South-West Development The indicator is used in an ecological Region.

REZUMAT: Dinamica spațială a valorilor biocapacității și relația cu ariile protejate în Regiunea de Dezvoltare Sud-Vest Oltenia. Regiunea de Dezvoltare Sud-Vest pentru a indica modul în care diferite arii Oltenia, este una din regiunile României cu bioproductive (păduri, terenuri cultivate, biodiversitate ridicată. În acest articol, terenuri pentru pășunat, suprafețe acvatice, utilizându-se metoda Wackernagel-Rees, au terenuri construite) au capacitatea de a fost calculate valorile biocapacității pentru susține cererea de resurse a societății umane. unitățile administrativ teritoriale din regiune Scopul acestei lucrări este de a stabili și apoi pentru ariile naturale protejate. legătura dintre dinamica spațială a valorilor Biocapacitatea este un indicator utilizat la biocapacității și distribuția ariilor protejate scară globală încă din anii 90, dar foarte din Regiunea de Dezvoltare Sud-Vest puțin utilizat în România. Indicatorul este Oltenia. utilizat în analiza amprentei ecologice

RÉSUMÉ: La dynamique spatiale des valeurs de la biocapacité et sa relation avec la distribution des aires protegées dans la Région de Développement Sud-Ouest Oltenia. La Région de Développement Sud Cet indicateur est utilisé dans l’analyse de Ouest Oltenia est l’une des régions de la l’empreinte écologique afin d’obtenir une Roumanie possédant une grande indication sur la capacité des différentes biodiversité. Dans cet article, on utilise la aires productives à soutenir la demande de la méthode Wackernagel-Rees pour calculer société humaine. L’objectif de cet article est les valeurs de la biocapacité pour les unités d’établir la liason entre la dynamique administratives ainsi que pour les aires spatiale des valeurs de la biocapacité et la protegées. La biocapacité est un indicateur distribution des aires naturelles protégées utilisé dans le monde depuis les années 90, dans la Région de Développement Sud- mais il a été très peu utilisé en Roumanie. Ouest Oltenia. .

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INTRODUCTION Since the concept of sustainable the impact of the consumption on natural. development was introduced on the political This concept was launched in the ’90s by agenda of the humanity, there were Mathis Wackarnagel and William Reese numerous approaches to identify methods from British Columbia University (Ewing et and support the decision makers in the al., 2001) and it is defined as “the amount of planning of the best measures needed to biologically productive land and water area reach the sustainable development targets. required to produce all the resources an Unsustainable consumption and exaggerated individual, population or activity consumes production were both considered to be the and to absorb the waste they generate, given main factor of the environment degradation prevailing technology and resource (Simpson et al., 2000). The reconsideration management practices”. Although the of the exploitation model of natural concept appeared in the ’90s, the Romanian resources and management of the waste is researchers didn’t pay too much attention to one of the most important challenges for the it, until after 2000, and only a few stories human society in the 21st century (Barett were published. In this paper, the focus is and Scott, 2001). not on the assessment of the ecological Although three decades have passed footprint in the SW Development Region, since the definition of the concept, the but on the assessment of a related indicator developed states continue to consume the which is called biocapacity. This approach natural resources in a way that obviously was used too for the neighbour Muntenia overpass the carrying capacity of the planet, Development Region (Cherăscu, 2012). The the differences between the offer of the biocapacity, or the biological capacity, is nature, and the level of consumption defined as “the amount of the productive leading to a real ecological crisis. Today’s area that is available to generate the society is based on excessive consumption resources and absorb the waste” mentioned and the model of the western countries seem above. The evaluation of the biocapacity to extend in other countries. This model was values in Oltenia is a part of a larger study also created by Romania and its impact which aims to establish the ecological seems to increase every day. In time, many footprint of the consumption in the SW indicators were developed, like the Region and to draw the attention of the ecological footprint, that aimed to quantify decision makers in the area on this indicator.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The assessment of the biological In the ecological footprint analysis, five capacity is an important step in the analysis bioproductive areas are considered: of the ecological footprint values in a given cropland, built-up land, forests, grazing land space, because the biocapacity is an answer and fishing ground (or water surfaces). For given by the ecosystems to the human each of these categories, we applied the society resources demand. Depending on the following formula: consumption, the pressure on the (1) BC = A x YF x EQF ecosystems can be higher or lower. The BC = biocapacity, YF = yield factor and values of the biocapacity depend on the EQF = equivalence factor. natural factors (clime, soils), but also on the The results are in global hectares particularities of the land use. In our (gha), where a global hectare represents a analysis, to calculate the values of the hectare with the world’s average biocapacity in the SW Region, we started productivity. From the total values, we from the land use types in each of the 448 deducted 13%, which represents the territorial units in the region. The data were biocapacity reserve necessary to satisfy the obtained from the Corine Land Cover 2006 needs of other species besides humans. system, but also from the national statistics.

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In table 1, there are the values of the The same method was used to yield factor and equivalence factor used in calculate the biocapacity values for the our calculation. The aim of these factors is protected areas. to allow a comparison between different lands, but also between different regions.

Table 1: Yield and equivalence factors used to calculate the biocapacity of the SW Development Region. Yield Land type Equivalence factor factor Cropland 0.9 2.64 Grazing land 2.04 0.50 Forests 2.01 1.33 Built-up land 0.9 2.64 Water 2.8 0.40

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The SW Development Region, called The region has a surface of 29,212 also Oltenia, is one of the eight development m2 and it is populated by 2,246,033 regions of Romania, and, as it can be seen in inhabitants, with a density of 79.3 habitant figure number 1, it is located in the south- per square kilometer. west of the country.

Figure 1: The Development regions in Romania.

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For the SW Development Region, the habitant, but this value is higher than the value of the total biocapacity is 5,595,558 national or the world average. Figures 2 and 3 gha, although the surface of the region has present the value of the total biocapacity and only 2,922,121 ha. When we take in the biocapacity per habitant respectively, in consideration the whole population of the the SW Region. region, the data show a value of 2.49 gha per

Figure 2: The biocapacity values per habitant in the SW Region.

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Figure 3: Total biocapacity values in the SW Development Region.

The values are not equally distributed At the NUTS five level, the highest in the region. The highest values of the values are specific to mountain areas. High biocapacity are registered in Dolj County and biocapacity values, over 50,000 gha, are the lowest in Mehedinți. The high values of registered in Voineasa (91,155 gha), Mălaia the biocapacity in Dolj County are explained (80,500 gha), Padeş (76,000 gha), Tismana by the large surface of the cropland. When we (60,000 gha), Runcu (59,000 gha), Câinenii refer to the biocapacity which is distributed to Mari (53,000 gha) and so on. These territorial each habitant, the hierarchy is reversed: the unities have a high naturality index because of first place is occupied by Mehedinți County, the large forested areas. The biocapacity which is the least populated county in the values are not too high in the capitals of the region, so the biocapacity per habitant counties and this can be a surprising aspect. registers 3.20 gha. Craiova, the capital of the Craiova, Drobeta Turnu-Severin, Slatina, SW Region, situated in Dolj, concentrates Râmnicu Vâlcea, Târgu-Jiu have a 40% of the regional population, so, in Dolj biocapacity which surpasses 10,000 gha, but County, the values of the biocapacity are the these values are given by the different percent lowest (1.96 gha – Fig. 4). of the productive areas. Thus, in Craiova, the

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highest biocapacity value is due to the built-up The first method of the ecological land, in Drobeta Turnu-Severin and Râmnicu footprint had a strong anthropocentric Vâlcea is due to the forest, in Târgu-Jiu and approach, because only the human needs were Slatina to the cropland. It is necessary to taken into consideration. The first ecological mention that the grazing land and the water footprint researchers considered that Earth’s surfaces both have very low values in the surface was all available for human society, capitals of the counties. Despite the medium without taking into consideration the needs of values of the total biocapacity, the numerous other species. The studies show that human populations and the high density are leading to population appropriates 32 percent of the net high values of the ecological footprint. Thus, primary productivity (Venetoulis, 2007), a the capitals of the counties are ecological value quite high for a species who represents debtors that mean they have to import only 0.5 percent from the Earth biomass biocapacity from other areas. (Imhoff et al., 2004). Nevertheless, the human On the other side, low values of the welfare depends on the ressources and biocapacity are registered in the territorial services provided by the natural ecosystems units with small surface: Ipotești (2,962 gha), (Ewing et al., 2010). Băile Govora (2,976 gha), Oboga (3,740 gha), After the improvement of the methods, Mitrofani (3,940 gha), Șopârlița (3,997 gha). some parameters regarding the biodiversity Usually, these units have less than 2,000 ha, were introduced in the calculation formula of so the bioproductive potential is very low. the biocapacity. Thus, from the total Comparatively Voineasa has a total surface of biocapacity of the Earth, 13.7 percent are 46,000 ha and Malaia over 38,000 ha. reserved for the needs of other species than Differences also exist between the humans, an aspect which was taken into biocapacity value in the urban ecosystems, on consideration by us when we calculated the one side, and the rural ecosystems, on the biocapacity values in the SW Development other side. Thus, the biocapacity of the urban Region. areas, in Oltenia, has an average of 2.13 Studies show that the human gha/habitant and, in the rural areas, the population appropriates 32 percent of the net average value is 5.10 gha/habitant. The primary productivity, a value quite high for a differences appear because of the different species who represents only 0.5 percent of the magnitude of the human pressure on the Terra biomass. The value is even higher (89- natural ecosystems, which is lower in the rural 96 percent) if we take into consideration only areas. the areas accessible to humans. (Sunquist, The values presented above are for the 2005) territory of the administrative units existing in Human well-being requires, in part, the SW Development Region. Our analysis the material consumption of provisioning continues with the calculation of the services provided by the ecosystem (Ewing et biocapacity of the protected areas declared in al., 2010). Oltenia. We consider that 13.7 percent is not IUCN defines the protected area as a always enough to sustain the needs of other “clearly defined geographical space, species than humans, because there are areas recognised, dedicated and managed, through with high biodiversity and very high human legal or other effective means, to achieve the pressure, where a larger protected surface is long term conservation of nature with needed. associated ecosystem services and cultural values” (Dudley, 2008).

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In the SW Region, protected areas The above mentioned values is cover 6,000 square kilometers, that is 23 additional proof of the importance of the percent of the region surface. Despite protected areas to maintain biocapacity. The this value, there are a lack of studies to prove 25 percent point out the important role that if this coverage is enough to insure an protected areas have to produce the resources efficient protection of the habitats and necessary to the human society, but also to species. We consider that this kind of satisfy the needs of other species. studies are absolutely necessary to establish if As it can be seen in figure number 4 the vulnerable fauna and flora species are the forests have the highest biocapacity adequately protected through the protected weight in the protected areas from the SW areas network, especialy because the SW Region. Actually, only in the Natura 2000 Region has a great biodiversity. sites, forests cover 60 percent of the total There are four main categories of surface. The presence of the forests indicates a protected areas in the SW Region: high value of the naturality index (Forest a) Protected areas of national interest area/Total area X 100), so the Natura 2000 national parks, nature parks, strict sites, especially, but the other categories of reserves, natural reserves etc. protected areas are also less affected by the b) Protected areas of international human impact. Between 1990 and 2006, land interest: Ramsar sites, biosphere cover changes inside protected areas in reserves. Oltenia were very small, so the values of the c) Protected areas of community biocapacity in the two years are almost interest: Natura 2000 sites. similar. For the future, it will be interesting to d) Protected areas of local interest. follow how the conservation measure for the The categories of protected areas are species and the habitats, inside and outside the presented in table number 2. protected areas, will affect the land cover and Taking into account the surfaces the biocapacity values. covered by the bioproductive areas in the Once the biocapacity values inside protected areas from Oltenia, the yield and protected areas were calculated, we equivalence factors, we calculated the overlapped the map of the total biocapacity biocapacity values in the protected areas. with the limits of the protected areas (Fig. 5). Thus, for the protected area from SW Region, Thus, it can be observed that most of the the biocapacity value is 1,389,159 gha, which protected areas are distributed in the north of means 25 percent from the total Oltenia’s the region and they overlap with the NUTS biocapacity, respectively 5,595,558 gha. with the highest values of the biocapacity Forested areas have the highest (over 50,000 gha or between 25,000 and biocapacity value, 986,556 gha, followed by 50,000 gha). The protected areas limitrophes arable land, 253,765 gha, grazing land, 88,144 to the big rivers (Danube, Jiu, Olt) are also gha, water, 37,593 gha, and built land, 37,593 overllaping administrative units with high gha. values of the biocapacity (over 10,000 gha).

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Figure 4: Biocapacity weight values for the main categories of the productive areas in protected areas.

Figure 5: Biocapacity values and the protected areas distribution in the SW Development Region.

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Table 2: Categories of protected areas in the SW Development Region. Other conventions, Category at the IUCN directives, Exemples national level conservation programmes, etc. Strict reserves I Piatra Cloşanilor National parks II Parcul Naţional Buila Vânturariţa, Parcul Naţional Domogled – Valea Cernei Nature parks V Parcul Natural Porţile de Fier Nature reserves IV Poiana Bujorului de la Pleniţa, Ciuperceni ‒ Desa Nature monuments III Peştera Lazului Biosphere Reserves MAB-UNESCO Retezat Programme Special protection Birds Directive Bistreţ, Confluenţa Jiu ‒ Dunăre areas Sites of community Habitats Coridorul Jiului, Nordul Gorjului de Vest, importance Directive Nordul Gorjului de Est Special areas of Directiva They will be designated in six years after the consevation Habitate accesion in the EU Geoparks UNESCO Geoparcul Platoul Mehedinţi

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CONCLUSIONS The biocapacity values in the SW The values of the biocapacity in the Development Region were calculated by SW Region are unequaly distributed. The using the Wackernagel-Rees method. The highest values are in the administrative units SW Region has a total biocapacity of from the north of the region, where most of 5,595,558 gha, but the real surface of the the protected areas are concentrated. region is 2,922,121 gha. The average of the In conclusion, the biocapacity can be biocapacity value per habitant is 2.49 gha, an indicator to evaluate the needs of higher than the national (1.95 gha) and protected areas and, together with other global (1.78 gha) average. indicators, it can be used for the designation of more protected areas.

REFERENCES Barrett J. and Scott A., 2001 ‒ An Ewing B., Goldfinger S., Wackarnagel M., Ecological Footprint of Liverpool: Stechbart M., Rizk S., Reed A. and Developing Sustainble Scenarios, Kitzes J., 2010 ‒ The Ecological Stockholm Institute, York, 212. Footprint Atlas, Oakland. Cherăscu R., 2012 ‒ The analysis of Imhoff M. L., Bounoua L., Ricketts T., biologically productive areas and Loucks C., Harriss R. and Lawrence the assessment of their biocapacity W. T., 2004 ‒ Global patterns in from the Muntenia Development human consumption of net primary Region and its protected areas, production, Nature, 429, 870-873. Acta Oecologica Carpatica, Curtean- Simpson R. W., Petroeschevsky A. and Bănăduc and Bănăduc (eds), V, 171- Lowe I., 2000 ‒ An Ecological 191. Footprint Analysis of Australia, Dudley N. (ed.), 2008 ‒ Guidelines for Journal of Environmental Appling Protected Areas Management, 7, 1, 11-18. Management Categories, IUCN, Venetoulis J. and Talberth J., 2007 ‒ Gland, Switzerland, 8-9. Refining the ecological footprint, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10, 441-469.

AUTHOR:

1 Laurian Mugurel GHEORGHE [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street 5-7, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

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STUDIES REGARDING GLOBAL AND NATIONAL PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE OILS AND OIL SEEDS

Mihaela STOIA 1 and Simona OANCEA 2

KEYWORDS: vegetable oils, production, health, organic farming.

ABSTRACT A wealth of epidemiological Common edible oils like olive, soybean, evidence shows that the consumption of corn or sunflower oil seem to fulfill health vegetable oils brings important health claims and consumers’ needs, requiring benefits to humans, specifically the further support for crop diversity and prevention of chronic and degenerative organic farming development. It is therefore diseases. In this respect, we have analyzed useful at this juncture to examine trends in statistics on global, European, and national consumption patterns worldwide and oilseeds production, concluding that deliberate on the potential of the food and soybean, rapeseed and sunflower seeds agriculture sector to meet new demands and occupy an excess share of the market. challenges.

REZUMAT: Cercetări privind producţia globală şi naţională de uleiuri vegetale şi seminţe oleaginoase. Consumul de uleiuri vegetale, este uzuale, cum ar fi uleiul de măsline, soia, demonstrat de către o mare parte dintre porumb sau uleiul de floarea-soarelui par să dovezile epidemiologice, că aduce îndeplinească cerinţele de sănătate şi nevoile oamenilor beneficii importante pentru consumatorilor, necesitând în continuare sănătate, spre exemplu, prevenirea bolilor sprijin pentru cultivare şi dezvoltarea unei cronice şi degenerative. În acest sens, am agriculturi ecologice. Prin urmare, la ora analizat statistici privind producţia de actuală este necesară cercetarea tendinţelor seminţe oleaginoase la nivel mondial, modelelor de consum la nivel mondial şi european şi naţional, concluzionând că dezbaterea potenţialului sectorului alimentar boabele de soia, precum şi seminţele de şi agricol, în scopul de a răspunde noilor rapiţă şi de floarea-soarelui ocupă cota de cerinţe şi provocări. exces de pe piaţă. Uleiurile comestibile

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Untersuchungen zur globalen und nationalen Produktion pflanzlicher Öle und Samen von Ölpflanzen. Durch einen großen Teil Soja-, Mais- oder Sonnenblumenöl epidemiologischer Nachweise wurde belegt, scheinen die Gesundheits- und dass der Verzehr pflanzlicher Öle für Verbraucherbedürfnisse zu erfüllen, so die Gesundheit des Menschen von dass weiterhin eine Unterstützung für großem Nutzen ist, beispielsweise in der den Anbau und die Entwicklung einer Prävention chronischer und degenerativer ökologischen Landwirtschaft erforderlich Erkrankungen. In diesem Sinne wurden ist. Dementsprechend ist es derzeit sinnvoll, welt- und europaweite Statistiken sowie Trends in den Modellen des solche auf lokaler Ebene über die Konsumverhaltens auf globaler Ebene sowie Produktion von Ölpflanzensamen analysiert die Debatten über das Potential im und daraus gefolgert, dass Sojabohnen Lebensmittel- und Landwirtschaftssektor zu sowie Raps- und Sonnenblumenkerne, den untersuchen, um auf die neuen überschüssigen Anteil des Marktes Notwendigkeiten und Herausforderungen zu einnehmen. Übliche Speiseöle wie: Oliven-, reagieren.

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INTRODUCTION Diets evolve over time, being the Food and Agriculture Organization influenced by income, prices, individual (FAO), global olive oil production could preferences and beliefs, cultural traditions, suffer a sharp decline, with the total output as well as geographical, environmental, estimated to fall by 0.7 million tons (FAO, social and economic factors. According to 2012). The nutritional benefits of MUFA- the World Health Organization (WHO), rich diets are well accepted, but olive oil is food strategies must not merely be directed an expensive commodity. High-oleic-acid at ensuring food security for all people, but sunflower oil represents a cheaper source of must also ensure the availability of adequate dietary MUFA and it could be particularly quantities of safe − good quality foods that valuable in enriching the diets of northern together make up a healthy diet (WHO, Europeans with MUFA at the expense of 2003). The main nutrient provided by saturated fatty acids (Roche, 2001). vegetable oils is fat, generally a highly Vegetable oils are also attractive for valued element of the diet to provide energy, the production of biodegradable lubricants palatability to dry foods or to serve as a and biodiesel, and therefore cooking medium (Zevenbergen et al., 2009). environmentally-friendly. The growing Based on the predominant fatty acid (FA) demand for biodiesel may induce farmers to which is primarily responsible for the switch from producing food crops to functionality of the oil, categorizing fats as growing biofuel crops. With respect to the “saturated”, “monounsaturated” (MUFA) or increase of vegetable oil production by the “polyunsaturated” (PUFA) may be helpful biodiesel industry, which in past years for consumer understanding (Foster, 2009). accounted for one-third or more of global Vegetable oils are also the main source of consumption growth, demand on biodiesel natural plant sterols in the diet and contain producers are forecast to only rise by 3–5 minor components, such as squalene and percent, compared with at least ten percent sphingolipids, all of which may provide a in recent years, pointing to a slowdown in range of health benefits. The use of demand expansion (FAO, 2012). vegetable oils in their natural state to help As in past years, much of the modulate blood lipids and inflammation increase in global demand is expected to might be preferred over oil that undergoes originate in Asia, with China as a dominant the process of hydrogenation. Common player where food and oleochemical uses vegetable oils that are n-6 rich and PUFA vegetable oils will be the main areas of are not recommended for frying because of growth (FAO, 2012). heat-induced damage to the properties of the In the future, it is possible there will oil. Although fried food is considered a be a mismatch of supply and demand, health risk, the EPIC-Spain cohort study influenced by the growing needs of an found no association between the expanding urbanized population. consumption of fried olive or sunflower oil The aim of the present study is to and all causes of mortality (Guallar- evaluate global, European, and national Castillón et al., 2012). A bulk of research oilseeds production through market papers are dedicated to olive oil and Italy is research, MADR official bulletins, and by far the leading consumer. According to epidemiological evidence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The following methods were used: Agriculture and Rural Development  Analysis and market research on main (MADR), and National Institute of edible plant oils using different sources Statistics (INS) – crop area and (specialized publications and press production of sunflowers; releases);  Epidemiological evidence.  Analysis of certain Romanian indicators Statistical processing: mathematical from bulletins of the Ministry of extrapolation using Statistica software.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on the zoom effect, we have oilseeds worldwide, in the European Union analyzed production statistics of major (Figs. 1 and 2), and finally in Romania.

8% 3% 10% soybean rapeseed cottonseed sunflower seed 14% 65% palm kernels

Figure 1: World production of major oilseeds forecasted by 2012/13 (FAO, 2012).

3% 2% 23% rapeseed sunflower seed soybean other 72%

Figure 2: European Union oilseeds production (USDA, 2010).

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The European Union is the world’s 15.2% (INS, 2011). Sunflower is a culturally second largest import market for vegetable traditional crop in Romania (Fig. 3) and oils after China, suggesting a high sunflower oil is popular for its mild taste consumption of vegetable oils instead of and health benefits. It is an edible oil with saturated fats. a high sensory and nutritional value, but it Oleaginous plants experienced is rather unstable during storage due to high growth in Romania, reaching an the high content of linoleic acid. The increase in sown area by 40.7% in 2010. actual edible oil industry is concentrated Soy and rapeseed production increased mainly in the eastern, southern and north- by 73.8%, and 62.1% respectively, while western regions of the Romanian national sunflower seed production increased by territory (Fig. 4).

crop area 2000 total production 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Figure 3: Sunflower crop area (1,000 hectares) and production (1,000 tons) in Romania (Source: MADR).

Vegetable oil consumption is Cooperation and Development (OECD) forecasted to grow by 54% during the period vegetable oil production will originate in the 2000-2015 with 37 kg per year per capita European Union and the United States consumption expected in the European (OECD-FAO, 2006). Union, which is comparable to existing A negative future consequence of the consumption in the United States of growing demand for oil crops may involve America. In 2015, it is projected that almost significant deforestation to create more crop 80% of Organization for Economic lands.

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Figure 4: Geographic distribution of the edible oil industry in Romania (Source: Interbiz Group).

In many countries, traditional processing fresh and authentic food products processes for producing oil are very respects nature and its systems. Crude oils important, especially among communities serve as important sources of β-carotene and which have easy access to raw oleaginous tocopherols. materials. Traditional processing tends to be The chemical composition (Beardsell environmentally sound and typically et al., 2002; Pellegrini et al., 2003) and conducted as a family or group activity. health benefits of common vegetable oils are Traditional processing methods need to be highlighted in table 1. encouraged because organic farming and

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Table 1: Edible oils commonly used in the European Union: profile and health benefits. Chemical composition Antioxidant Vegetable Fatty acid Health impact Main phyto- capacity oil profile (%) (epidemiological evidence) chemicals (mmol MUFA PUFA Trolox/kg) ‒ risk reduction for cardio- vascular and peripheral vascular disease. ‒ lowered platelet rich plasma thromboxane B2 concentrations. ‒ lowered levels of coagulation factor VII activity, which would confer Coumaric an anti-thrombotic effect. acid Olive ‒ reduced the concentration 69-82 4-13 Cinnamic 1.79 oil of intercellular adhesion acid molecule 1 (ICAM-1) Sitosterol involved in the inflammatory response. ‒ decreased oxidative stress in liver from aged rats, resulting in lower levels of membrane hydroperoxides and higher coenzyme Q levels in plasma membrane (Roche, 2001). ‒ reduced post-menopausal breast cancer risk associated Sitosterol Soybean with increased consumption 24 54-58 γ-tocopherol 2.20 oil of sunflower seed and α-tocopherol soybean (Zaineddin et al., 2012). ‒ antioxidant potential of corn oil in vivo (total Sitosterol antioxidative capacity in Corn 24 59 γ-tocopherol 1.29 plasma and LDL) was as oil α-tocopherol efficient as the mixture olive/sunflower oil (Tomasch et al., 2001). ‒ n-6 PUFA may be harmful. Soybean and sunflower oil Sunflower Sitosterol treatments (subcutaneous 20-23 66 1.17 oil α-tocopherol injections) might generate insulin resistance (Poletto et al., 2010).

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As virgin olive oil is the best of example a 4:1 proportion of rapeseed and the healthy oils, but an expensive sunflower oil is an inexpensive and simple commodity, there are trends in finding way to meet current dietary cheaper sources of dietary MUFA, such as recommendations for fatty acids and vitamin high-oleic sunflower oil or blends. For E (Darmon et al., 2006).

CONCLUSIONS Oil extraction from annual oilcrops is Crude oils are more broadly anticipated to grow, especially by strong beneficial than refined oils as traditional expansion in global soy oil production, methods of crude vegetable oil production, whereas sunflower and olive oil could suffer involve the development of organic farming a decline forecasted by 2013-2014. A and organic food processing. healthy diet should include the consumption of vegetable oils as functional food.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific

Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0474.

REFERENCES Beardsell D., Francis J., Ridley D. and Poletto A. C., Anhê G. F., Eichler P., Robards K., 2002 ‒ Health Takahashi H. K., Furuya D. T., Promoting Constituents in Plant Okamoto M. M., Curi R. and Derived Edible Oils, Journal of Food Machado U. F., 2010 ‒ Soybean and Lipids, 9, 1. sunflower oil-induced insulin Darmon N., Darmon M. and Ferguson E., resistance correlates with impaired 2006 ‒ Identification of nutritionally GLUT4 protein expression and adequate mixtures of vegetable oils translocation specifically in white by linear programming, Journal of adipose tissue, Cell Biochemistry and Human Nutrition and Diet, 19, 1, 59- Function, 28, 2, 114. 69. Roche H. M., 2001 ‒ Olive oil, high-oleic Foster R., Williamson C. S. and Lunn J., acid sunflower oil and CHD, British 2009 ‒ Briefing paper: Culinary oils Journal of Nutrition, 85, 3. and their health effects, Nutrition Tomasch R., Wagner K. H. and Elmadfa I., Bulletin, 34, 1, 4-47. 2001 ‒ Antioxidative power of plant Guallar-Castillón P., Rodríguez-Artalejo F., oils in humans: the influence of and Lopez-Garcia E., 2012 ‒ alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, Consumption of fried foods and risk Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, of coronary heart disease: Spanish 45, 3, 110. cohort of the European Prospective United States Department of Agriculture Investigation into Cancer and (USDA), 2012 ‒ Table 26: European Nutrition study, British Medical Union (27): Oilseeds and Products Journal, 344, e363. Supply and Distribution (available Pellegrini N., Serafini M., Colombi B., Del at: http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/ Rio D., Salvatore S., Bianchi M. and Current/). Brighenti F., 2003 ‒ Total World Health Organization (WHO), 2003 ‒ antioxidant capacity of plant foods, Technical Report Series, 916, Global beverages and oils consumed in Italy and regional food consumption assessed by three different in vitro patterns and trends, 13. assays, Journal of Nutrition, 133, 2812.

Global and national production of vegetable oils and oil seeds; 177/194 pp. - 193 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

Zaineddin A. K., Buck K., Vrieling Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, A., Heinz J., Flesch-Janys D., 54, suppl. 1, 15-24. Linseisen J. and Chang-Claude J., *** ‒ Food and Agriculture Organization of 2012 ‒ The Association between the United Nations (FAO), 2012 ‒ Dietary Lignans, Phytoestrogen-Rich Food Outlook: Global Market Foods, and Fiber Intake and Analysis, Rome-Italy, 41-43. Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk: *** ‒ National Institute of Statistics (INS), A German Research Case-Control 2011 ‒ Press Release 64, Bucharest, Study, Nutrition and Cancer, 64, 5, Romania. 652. *** ‒ Organization for Economic Co- Zevenbergen H., de Bree A., Zeelenberg M., operation and Development (OECD) Laitinen K., van Duijn G. and Flöter and Food and Agriculture E., 2009 ‒ Foods with a high fat Organization (FAO), 2006 ‒ quality are essential for healthy diets, Agricultural Outlook 2006-2015.

AUTHORS:

1 Mihaela STOIA [email protected] Faculty of Medicine “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Lucian Blaga Street 2A, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550169.

2 Simona OANCEA [email protected] Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection,

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Victoriei Boulevard 10, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550024.

- 194 - A. Didenko, I. Velykopolsky and A. Chuklin Acta Oecologica Carpatica VI

ECOLOGIE APLICATĂ/ APPLIED ECOLOGY

‒ REVIEW ‒

Leontin PÉTERFI 1

In 2013, at the Romanian Academy The following areas of applied Publishing House, the book „Ecologie ecology are addressed (or discussed) in this Aplicată”/“Applied Ecology” was published, book: whose author is the University Professor ‒ agricultural ecology; Stoica Preda Godeanu. ‒ pest and invasive species ecology; This work is part of the growing ‒ praticol ecology; concerns about global development and ‒ landscape ecology; popularization of ecology as the main ‒ forest ecology; science to be taken into account in the ‒ environment protection ecology; context of sustainable development, ‒ aquaculture ecology; preventing overexploitation of renewable ‒ ecology in tourism; material resources, and the increasingly ‒ degrading processes ecology; alarming decline in global biodiversity. ‒ human ecology; Mr. Stoica Preda Godeanu’s book ‒ ecology of cultivated plants and starts with the persistent question that its domestic animals; author put over two decades ago: “what is ‒ urban ecology; ecology good for?” and “who uses it and ‒ ecology in sustainable how?”. The book wants to clarify concepts, development; to sort out the multitude of activities in ‒ ecology regarding Earth’s major which ecology is involved in one way or issues. another, to point out the ecologists’ ability Each chapter begins with a plan, and in solving the problems raised by the current at the end of the topic there is a selective and future state of the environment in which bibliography specific to each domain. we live and we depend on, to achieve The book has 805 pages and it is sustainable management of natural illustrated with 331 figures and 169 tables. resources. Applied ecology is very vast because This book highlights the humans’ the volume of information and publications increasingly aggressive interference with the in the field has grown exponentially in functioning of nature, specifically recent years. Therefore, the chapters do not underlining our dependence on the claim an exhaustive treatment of all aspects, environment, but also indicates the ways in but an overview of the field, a summary on which we can move forward, in which we the many treaties and publications already can fix what we damaged or disturbed, as printed in major global and national well as the methods with which we can publications. The book was conceived after better manage natural resources in the long the author has taught several courses on run. topics of applied ecology at the University „Ecologie aplicată” includes an “Ovidius” of Constanṭa in the last two introduction (which adresses applied decades (applied ecology, ecotechnics, ecology) and 14 chapters in the areas listed human ecology, ecology of human below, a glossary and an index of terms. settlements, integrated monitoring, environmental protection, human impacts on environment, etc.).

Ecologie aplicată/Applied ecolgy - review; 195/196 pp. - 195 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

The book is the result of an extensive exploitation of environmental resources. It is documentation and synthesis work of over therefore of interest to people of all 20 years, targeting new guidance on the role categories, as it offers a new vision of the of ecology and its specialists in the life of man-environment relationship not only for mankind. now, but especially for the future. It can be „Ecologie aplicată” is an interface the basis of new jobs, as well as new work between ecologists and practitioners. specialities, so it allows specialization in It is addressed to specialists in the new areas for a better future and then will fields of natural sciences, life sciences, lead to the creation of new jobs for people economy and technology, education, interested in the future evolution of political science, futurologists and trainers humanity. of views, all who are involved, in one way In Romania there is neither a similar or another in solving problems of human work nor any other work which covers interest or of the related state and approaches such a large range of issues.

REVIEWER:

1 Leontin PÉTERFI [email protected]

Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County Romania.

- 196 - L. Péterfi Acta Oecologica Carpatica VI

DIVERSITATEA LUMII VII – MEDIUL SUBTERAN/ LIVING WORLD DIVERSITY – UNDERGROUND ENVIRONMENT

‒ REVIEW ‒

Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC 1

The fourth volume in the series of The volume contains referrals to the “Living world diversity”, issued as a the following: Prokaryota ‒ Victoria Herlea, homage to the renown Romanian biologist Cyanobacteria ‒ Leontin Ştefan Péterfi, Emil Racoviṭă, deals with the diversity of Andrei Kozma, Laura Momeu, Ana the living organisms in the underground Rasiga, Rhyzopoda ‒ Stoica Godeanu, environment. In the 423 pages of the volume Ciliophora ‒ Adriana Petran, Stoica 636 species are presented (with more than Godeanu, Xanthophyta ‒ Leontin Ştefan 900 illustrations), which are found in the Péterfi, Andrei Kozma, Laura Momeu, most diverse subterranean environments Ana Rasiga, Bacilariophyta ‒ Leontin (caves, stagnant or running waters, crevices, Ştefan Péterfi, Andrei Kozma, Laura sinkholes, interstitial waters as well as man Momeu, Ana Rasiga, Actinopoda ‒ Stoica made environments such as wells, mines, Godeanu, Chlorophyta ‒ Leontin Ştefan cellars, subterranean constructions, etc.) Péterfi, Andrei Kozma, Laura Momeu, The editor, Mr. Stoica Godeanu, Ana Rasiga, “Funguses” of the Protoctista prefaces the book with an interesting and a and Fungi kingdoms ‒ Adriana Pop, necessary general introduction to the topic at Gavril Negrean, Ioan Cristurean, hand, the subterranean environment. Ascomycotina ‒ Katalin Bartok, Bryophyta As a tribute to our forefathers, ‒ Sorin Ştefănuț, Emanuel Plămadă, exceptional specialists in the subterranean Filicinophyta and Sphenophyta ‒ Ioan environments, the volume presents a Cristurean, Sanda Paula Lițescu, touching encounter with the work of Emil Anthophyta ‒ Ioan Cristurean, Sanda Racoviţă, „Speologia”, the role and the Paula Lițescu, Turbellaria: Tricladida ‒ significance of this synthetic science. Doina Codreanu-Bălcescu, Nemertina ‒ In the introduction chapter the Vasile Decu, Nematoda ‒ Iuliana Popovici, characteristics of the subterranean Rotatoria ‒ Stoica Godeanu, Gastrotricha ‒ environment are presented, along with its Stoica Godeanu, Annelida ‒ Victor Pop, origins, its biogeography and the so-far Gastropoda ‒ Alexandrina Negrea, accumulated knowledge regarding the Tardigrada ‒ Stoica Godeanu, Arachnida ‒ subterranean microbiota, the flora and fauna Victoria Ilie, Liviu Vănoaică, Scorpiones ‒ found on the Romanian territory. Victoria Ilie, Liviu Vănoaică, Araneae ‒ The 53 chapters present, in Maria Georgescu, Palpigradida ‒ Maria systematical order, the main groups of Georgescu, Pseudoscorpiones ‒ Maria underground dwellers. Each chapter Georgescu, Acarina: Gamasida, Ixodida, contains: a brief description of the group, a Acaridida and Ortibatida ‒ Vasilica general and schematic description Iavorschi, Hydrachnidia (Hydracarina) ‒ explaining the specific terms used in the Magdalena Gruia, Opiliones ‒ Vasile Decu, chapter’s text, the determination keys for the Christian Juberthie, Victoria Ilie, Crustacea most common species as well as for the ‒ Ionel Tăbăcaru, Cladocera ‒ Ştefan protected species, and the most accessible Negrea, Ostracoda, Podocopida ‒ Anghelina bibliography related to the group. The Kovalenko, Mircea Vicol, Copepoda: determination keys are clear and easy to use. Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida ‒ Corneliu Each species description is accompanied by Pleşa, Sanda Iepure, Bathynellacea ‒ Eugen an adequate illustration. Şerban, Amphypoda ‒ Iorgu Petrescu,

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Isopoda ‒ Ionel Tăbăcaru, Decapoda: and Ecology, all students and teachers, Astacidae ‒ Vasile Decu, Symphyla ‒ Ionel members of speleological organizations, all Tăbăcaru, Diplopoda ‒ Ionel Tăbăcaru, environment-oriented and nature-protecting Chilopoda ‒ Ştefan Negrea, Insecta ‒ NGOs, specialists of official agencies in the Marius Skolka, Collembola ‒ Magdalena field of quality control and environmental Gruia, Diplura ‒ Vasile Decu, protection, etc. Microcoryphia ‒ Vasile Decu, Siphonaptera Due to the addressed topics, its ‒ Carol Prunescu, Paula Prunescu, unique character and comprehensiveness, Heteroptera ‒ Vasile Decu, Psocoptera ‒ the present volume on the subterranean Vasile Decu, Coleoptera ‒ Vasile Decu, plants and animals has a significant value, Eugen Nițu, Diptera ‒ Aurelia Ursu, Victor resulting from the hardy and assiduous Gheorghiu, Lepidoptera ‒ Iosif Căpuşe, efforts of its experienced editor and Dorel Ruşti, Trichoptera ‒ Lazar scientist, Mr. Godeanu S. The book release Botoşăneanu, Hymenoptera: Terebrantia ‒ is also due to the generous efforts of the two Vasile Decu, Chiroptera ‒ Victor volume coordinators, Mr. Decu V. and Gheorghiu, Andrei Giurginca. Ardelean A. It is the first Romanian work treating The volume is also a new and all organisms living in subterranean significant success for the researchers of the environments, many of the presented groups “Emil Racoviṭă” Speleology Institute of the being in the first edition of the identification Romanian Academy, a prestigious and keys in Romanian scientific literature (all world-wide recognized institution in the Protists, some worms, millipedes, insects field of speleology, who have contributed etc.). In conclusion, the present book is a greatly to the contents. valuable asset due to a correctly performed We congratulate the editor, the evaluation of the subterranean environment volume coordinators and the authors and we biodiversity. hope that the “Living World Diversity” The book is targeted to the series will continue just as successfully with university teachers in the fields of Biology future issues.

REVIEWER:

1 Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC [email protected]

“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences 5-7, Department of Ecology and Environment Protection, Dr. Ioan Raţiu Street, Sibiu, Sibiu County, Romania, RO-550012.

- 198 - M. Dumbravă-Dodoacă Acta Oecologica Carpatica VI

TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF SYSTEMATICAL AN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 15.1 (2013) ‒ THE WETLANDS DIVERSITY

‒ REVIEW ‒

Kevin CIANFAGLIONE 1

Angela Curtean-Bănăduc and Doru an unconventional manner using a charged Bănăduc, 2013. Transylvanian Review of coupled device. A computer code for image Systematical and Ecological Research, 15.1 processing, written for this purpose, was ‒ The Wetlands Diversity, 202 pages, Edit. used to compute the average far field Universităţii “Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu, contrast. The variation of average contrast ISSN-L 1841-7051, online ISSN 2344-3219. with particle concentration was analyzed, Wetlands are accepted worldwide as and a possible fast procedure for assessing very important ecosystems, being the particle concentration over an extended characterised by rich natural services and concentration range was suggested. products. The second contribution in this Considering the important values of section is the paper “Gerris lacustris wetlands and the need for their protection, (Linnaeus 1758) and Gerris costae (Herrich- conservation and proper use in the spirit of Schäffer 1850) species-habitat relations on the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971), mountainous tributaries of Vişeu River the editors of the Transylvanian Review of (Maramureş, Romania)” by Horea Systematical and Ecological Research Olosutean and Daniela Minodora Ilie. The scientific series dedicated Volume 15.1 to study of the semi aquatic Heteroptera the Wetlands Diversity. Most of the species from some mountainous tributaries scientific papers resulted from the Aquatic of the Vişeu River and their relations with Biodiversity International Conference, habitat variables were investigated. Only Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania, 2013 and two species, Gerris lacustris and Gerris offer data from diverse wetland areas around costae were found, either one or both the world. species, in almost half of the investigated This Volume is also dedicated to the sampling stations. Correlation analysis memory of Eugene Pleasants Odum (1913- between samplings and habitat conditions 2002), a distinguished American biologist showed that Gerris lacustris prefers well known for his pioneering subtle small deep ponds or river banks with approach, hard work and very valuable steep slopes and it is easily adaptable to results on ecosystem ecology. habitat changes, while Gerris costae is The 16 papers in the Volume explore mostly found in large marshes with low, different aspects of the wetlands diversity, stagnant water and high amounts of grouped in four thematic sections: Biotopes, vegetation. Both species are relatively Biocenosis, Ecosystems, Human Impact and tolerant to human impact on their habitat, Protection and Conservation. Gerris lacustris more so. The two species The Biotopes section starts with a are negatively correlated to each other, as an paper entitled “Estimating particle expression of competition between them. concentration in natural water by speckle Principal Component Analysis resulted in contrast” by Dan Chicea. It illustrates a two dominant factors explaining almost 60% coherent light scattering experiment carried of the habitat variation, and their graphic out on an aqueous clay suspension with an representation proved the observed extended range of concentrations. The far correlations. field speckle was recorded as a video clip in

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The third contribution in this section The second paper of this section is is the paper “Habitat vulnerability for the Utilization of periphytic natural food as Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in partial replacement of commercial food in Nasser Lake (Egypt)” by Ashraf Hussein organic tilapia culture – an overview, by Ibrahim Salem. The study presents the Ana Milstein, Alon Naor, Assaf Barki and results of a field investigation of the Sheenan Harpaz. This article summarizes crocodile nesting sites on lake Nasser, the results obtained during five years of observed during the breeding season 2009- research at the Dor Fish and Aquaculture 2010. A relatively low number of nesting Research Station on partial replacement of sites was found, explained by the intensity commercial food by periphytic natural food of anthropogenic activity in the area and by in the culture of organic tilapia (hybrid the low water levels of lake Nasser. Based Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner) x on analysis of satellite imaging and its Oreochromis niloticus (L.)). Tilapia culture correlation with the biotope data of the lake experiments were conducted in earth ponds shores, a classification system of habitats with and without substrates and utilizing and their suitability for crocodile nesting different substrates. Applying this was established. Correlated with land use technology would save food and money in information, the results can lead to the the culture of organic tilapia, and it can also identification of potential nesting sites for be appropriate in the conventional pond the Nile crocodile, establishing a legal culture of tilapia as a method to reduce feed protection system for such habitats. costs and increase sustainability. There are three contributions in the Diversity and abundance patterns of Volume dealing with Biocoenosis. The first amphibians in rehabilitated quarries of is Preliminary observations on the Family Bamburi near Mombasa (Kenya) is Mormyridae in Oyan Dam lake (Nigeria) by presented by Dominic Otwori Ong’oa, Olaniyi Alaba Olopade. This study was Rossa Nyoike Ng’endo, Shadrack Muvui carried out to investigate the abundance, Muya, Mathew Mugechi Nyoike, Patrick distribution, diversity and condition factor of Kenyatta Malomz and Zipporah Lagat Mormyrids in Oyan Dam lake, Abeokuta Osiemo. Amphibians are sensitive to North Local Government Area of Ogun changes in the environment and are, State, Nigeria. A total of six species therefore, excellent indicators of success in belonging to the family of mormyrids were restoring degraded habitats. As such, a clear observed during the investigation. In the wet understanding of how amphibian season five species were recorded, while populations respond to changes in the only four species were recorded in the dry environment is required. In order for season. The result also revealed that the conservationists to establish if the declining condition factor during the wet season was trends are changing, biodiversity recovery higher than in the dry season. The following studies are essential especially in reclaimed species of mormyrids, Mormyrus rume, habitats. This study focused on the recovery Hyperopisus bebe, Petrocephalus bane and of amphibians, particularly on frogs, in Mormyrops deliciosus showed a linear reclaimed quarries of the Bamburi Cement relationship in terms of length-weight Plant near Mombasa whereby the diversity, relationship. Based on the outcome of species abundances and composition at this study, it is advised that the dam different stages of quarry re-establishment should be replenished with other species were assessed. of Mormyridae to allow future increases The authors of two papers in the in abundance and regulatory measures Volume present their research results on should be enforced particularly in the rainy wetlands at Ecosystem level. The authors of season which coincides with the breeding the first paper, Marioara Nicoleta Filimon, season for sustainable fishery in Oyan Dam Patricia Drăguşin, Cristina Drăguşin, lake. Roxana Popescu, Maria Mugur, Claudia

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Ratis and Sorin Voia, discuss “Fisheries are necessary in order to preserve the management influence on some diversity of EPT communities in the types ecophysiological groups of bacteria in lotic of Carpathian rivers analysed: preserving ecosystems of the Cefa Nature Park the natural morphodynamics of the riverbed, (Romania)”. The nutrient circuit in aquatic limiting substratum exploitation, avoiding ecosystems may seem simple, but the truth changes in the substratum structure due is that nutrient biochemical circuits are to the extraction of boulders and large rather complex. Circuits are established by a cobbles from the riverbed and preserving series of interconnected biological, chemical riparian tree vegetation along the river and physical processes. Human activities banks. lead to degradation of wet fields. Water Four contributions in the Volume quality and quantity have been changed, focus on the consequences of Human especially the quantity of polluting Impact on different types of wetlands. The substances. Bacteriological studies in lotic first contribution presents data on ecosystems from Cefa Nature Park were “Environmental indicators of water quality carried out to establish four ecophysiologic in the Cibin River (Transylvania, Romania)” microorganism groups: nitrogen-fixing by Ramona Iancu, Letiția Oprean, Diana bacteria, amonifying bacteria, nitrifying Stegăruş, Ovidiu Tiţa, Adrian Boicean and bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. Recorded Ecaterina Lengyel. Water pollution has values differ greatly from one species to the become a worldwide problem and its other according to sample points and season. influence on the health of human Higher values in autumn are due to an populations grows every day. This study increased intake of organic matter at the end was carried out to determine the rate of of the vegetation period. Decomposition pollution of the Cibin River (Transylvania, processes are intensified because of a Romania) via physical-chemical and growing number of microorganisms. Fishery microbiological tests. Water samples were management influences qualitative and measured at six different locations along the quantitative variations in the microorganism Cibin River for a period of 12 months. communities of the lotic ecosystems in Cefa Analysis methods were used to determine Natural Park. physical-chemical quality indices for water. Angela Curtean-Bănăduc and Horea The water samples were analyzed also from Olosutean present the results of a study on a sanitary and public health point of view, “The influence of some environmental for example: total number of mesophilic variables on diversity of Ephemeroptera, bacteria, total number of yeasts and moulds, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages ‒ total coliforms, total fecal coliforms, Vişeu Basin case study”. The study analyses Enterococcus and Escherichia coli, the influence of certain biotope parameters, according to current Romanian legislation such as hydro-morphological characteristics, and normatives. The significant results place channel modification, bank vegetation and the river in the first (sampling stations one, riverine land use, on the diversity of two and three) and second (sampling Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera stations four, five and six) water Quality (EPT) larvae communities, in the case of the Class. Due to the fact that the upper dam Vişeu Basin. The results show that riverbed reservoir at Gura Râului is the main source embankments, mineral substrata of drinking water for Sibiu, it is certain that exploitation, and forest exploitation of this water presents optimal characteristics the hillsides of the river basin cause a loss for human consumption and is thus declared in diversity of EPT communities. Based to be one of the healthiest water sources in on the principle that simplification of Romania. the structure of these communities has In the next paper, Zahra Kohsnud, a negative impact on the self-regulating Reza Kohsnud and Mehdi Ghobeitihasab capacity of the lotic system, several steps report on the “Effects of the invasive

Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 15.1; 199/204 pp. - 201 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

Ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi species, on sustainable. For prevention of over- Caspian Sea”. Human interventions in the exploitation of the sandy sea cucumber, the Earth’s natural systems are evident even in prohibition on capturing them should remote regions of the Antarctic and rain continue. forests deep within the Amazon. In addition In this study, seven exploited sites to human-induced climate change and were recognized, the target size for habitat destruction, an emerging fishermen was more than 20 cm and sandy anthropogenic threat to biodiversity is the cucumber was the target species in Qeshm drastic species re-distribution (the Island. In this area, the fishing operation was movement of species from one place to only carried out by scuba diving and was another due to human intervention) at a done only by men, although in other global scale. This creates fertile conditions countries women have an important role in for biological invasions which in turn cause sea cucumber fishing activities. Among the substantial economic and ecological losses. coasts around Qeshm Island, sea cucumbers These human-mediated invasions, often were found at Hmoon, Tolla, Kovei, referred to as “biological pollution”, are a Ramchah, Messen and Hengam. A worldwide problem that is increasing in maximum length of 35 cm and maximum frequency and magnitude, causing weight of 1,080 g was recorded. significant damage to the environment, The last study of this section, is economy and human health. Bioinvasions Health risks evaluation of heavy metals in have strong impact on biodiversity and sea food, by Zahra Khoshnood and Reza ecosystem functioning and stability. They Khoshnood. Fish is an excellent, low-fat are ranked as the second most important source of protein and provides many threat to biodiversity (after habitat benefits, such as contributing to low blood destruction) by World Conservation Union. cholesterol. Heavy metals are increasingly “The survey of sea cucumber being released into natural waters from fisheries on Qeshm Island coasts (Persian geological and anthropogenic sources. Due Gulf)” by Majid Afkhami, Maryam to the rapid development of agriculture and Ehsanpour, Amin Mokhleci and Kazem industry, and a historical lack of Darvish Bastami. Sea cucumbers are aquatic enforcement of regulations, the study areas animals of a wide variety, useful to human have become contaminated by heavy metals. health. Increasing demand for beche-de-mer, In the Protection and Conservation along with steady price increases, has led to section, there are four papers. The first is, worldwide intensification of sea cucumber “The relevance of data interchange for the harvesting. The rearing of sea cucumbers effective protection of threatened species by with shrimp controls is an environmental example of new records of endangered pollution that results from over- enrichment caddisfly species (Insecta, Trichoptera)” by in nutrients, built up on the pond bottom. Christian Scheder and Clemens Gumpinger. These organisms eat detritus and, together All over the world, comprehensive data on with devouring organic materials on the aquatic communities is collected in the surface, they not only clean the course of applied investigations (e.g. environment, but they also cause the fast environmental impact assessments for growth of shrimps and of themselves. In this road or railway construction projects, study, based on information from local assessments of wastewater treatment plants, fishermen on Qeshm Island, the authors hydropower plants, etc.). At the same time, provide some data about the fishing little is known about certain endangered or methods, processing and distribution on the rare species, their distribution or their actual Qeshm Island coastline. Comparative study conservation status, as the data collected in of fishing status with another part of the applied projects is usually not published. It world determined that the status of sea can be stated that applied investigations cucumber stocks in Qeshm Island is would offer valuable information on the

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distribution of endangered species if there The next paper is “The comparative was sufficient data interchange within or analysis of pressures and threats to the data transfer to the scientific community. Natura 2000 sites for wild birds protection. This thesis is supported by the fact that the Case studies in wetlands in Romania and authors were able to demonstrate that 72 Bulgaria” by Doina Cioacă. The Natura caddisfly species were quoted in the 2000 concept and wetlands protection are Austrian Red List in the course of applied relatively new in Romania and Bulgaria, investigations in Austria, but that none of because they are former communist this information has been published so far. countries and, after the 1990s, had too little The present study provides a list of value placed on nature conservation in endangered Trichoptera species that were favour of infrastructure development and observed by the authors in the context of agriculture. The development of the routine surveys over the past five years. It is European ecological network Natura 2000 intended thus to provide an example of how in these territories has come as an obligation data that could be relevant for obtaining a for accession of these countries to The comprehensive picture of certain species is European Union. In Cernica area there are often lost on its way to publication. two Natura 2000 Sites under investigation: The second paper of this section is the first is ROSPA0122 Cernica Lake and “Barbus meridionalis Risso 1827 (syn. Forest; the other is ROSCI0308 Cernica Barbus balcanicus) monitoring elements Lake and Forest, both areas proposed in proposal for Croatia, in Natura 2000 2006. context” by Doru Bănăduc and Angela The last paper of the section and of Curtean-Bănăduc. The action framework at the volume is “Nusa Penida Marine the European Union level for the protection Protected Area (MPA) Bali ‒ Indonesia: of biodiversity was established based on the Why need to be protected?”, by Toni Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and the Ruchimat, Riyanto Basuki and Marthen Birds Directive (79/409/EEC). One main Welly. The last work is concerned with the element of the future implementation of Nusa Penida which is comprised of a group these Directives in Croatia is the of islands in the south-east of Bali. This establishment of a Natura 2000 network of archipelago contains a high level of marine special protection sites, a network which biodiversity and has significant tourism should rely on a specific monitoring plan at potential. In addition, Nusa Penida has national level for each species of community aquaculture and fishing areas which interest. In this context, the present study continue to be developed. Efforts towards proposes a set of monitoring elements for conservation and sustainable use by means Barbus meridionalis for the Croatian of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) provide Continental Biogeographical Region. The an important solution to counteract proposal is based on seven main criteria: increasing pressure on natural resources due proximity of national border, high quality to economic activities. Zoning system populations, habitats which should be arrangements to protect marine biodiversity, ecologically reconstructed, key as well as sustainable economic activities, habitats/sectors with high importance for form the highest priority in the management connectivity, point sources of industrial of the Nusa Penida MPA. pollution, areas/sectors influenced by diffuse The high variety of studies in the sources of agricultural pollution, and Volume shows the importance of such a areas/sectors influenced by habitat scientific forum devoted to Wetlands modifications. Diversity. Hopefully the Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research editors will continue this tradition.

Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 15.1; 199/204 pp. - 203 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI .

REVIEWER:

1 Kevin CIANFAGLIONE [email protected]

University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, Camerino (MC), Italy.

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TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF SYSTEMATICAL AN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 15.2 (2013) ‒ THE WETLANDS DIVERSITY

‒ REVIEW ‒

Erika SCHNEIDER-BINDER 1 and Eckbert SCHNEIDER 2 Angela Curtean-Bănăduc and Doru also their importance for a sound Bănăduc, 2013. Transylvanian Review of environment in which the people can work Systematical and Ecological Research, 15.2 and live sustainably. ‒ The Wetlands Diversity, 210 pages, Edit. The volume is dedicated in Universităţii „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu, memoriam of the American biologist ISSN-L 1841-7051, online ISSN 2344-3219. Eugene Pleasants Odum (1913-2002) to the The Transylvanian Review of anniversary of 100 years from his birth in Systematical and Ecological Research is an September 1913. In the scientific world important forum for ecological research Odum is appreciated and honoured for his presenting the results of diverse scientific pioneering work with very valuable results activities. In its sub-series of Wetlands in ecosystem ecology. Diversity, it continuously published a large The recently issued volume of spectrum of different research related to Wetlands Diversity 15.2 also presents ‒ like wetlands around the world. The water and the antecedent volumes ‒ a number of wetland related subjects are more and more interesting subjects in the field of habitats in the focus of ecological researchers as the research, biocoenoses and ecosystems from diversity of wetlands, their habitats and different countries. The first paper signed by communities are threatened by a multitude Dan Chicea and Liana-Maria Chicea, titled of human impacts. Therefore the sub-series “Estimating particle concentration in natural “The Wetlands Diversity” is considered – as waters by far field speckle intensity”, reports it is mentioned by the editors ‒ as “a on an interesting physical and water related scientific debate platform for the wetlands subject. A coherent light scattering conservation, and not to take in the last experiment was carried on aqueous clay moment, some last heavenly “images” of a suspension having a concentration that perishing world”. stretches over an extended range. For the The content of the volume is based – realisation of the experiment, a computer as mentioned by the editors in the preface ‒ code for image processing was written for mainly on some of the scientific materials this purpose and used to extract the scattered presented at the fourth edition of “Aquatic light intensity. The variation of the average Biodiversity International Conference” scattered light intensity with the particle which took place on October 8-11, 2013 at concentration was analysed and a possible the “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, fast procedure for assessing the particle Romania. The various research papers concentration was suggested. presented in this scientific journal are of Doru Bănăduc and Mircea great importance and help expand the Mărginean present in the paper knowledge about the functioning of wetland “Geographical and human impact influence ecosystems, their structure and biodiversity, on the fish fauna of the Olteţ River and at the human impacts and their (Romania)” their studies on the fish fauna in consequences. In addition, the papers the lower Olteţ River, a sector which emphasize and demonstrate the need for suffered an intensive human impact further research in the field of wetlands for especially in the last half of the XXth increasing the knowledge about wetland century. The authors state that the ecosystems, their functioning and health and management for the protection and

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conservation of this river’s fish fauna cannot mention that the level of the Dead Sea has be done without a complete ichthyofauna dropped more than 20 m in the past decade monitoring, creating through this research and had as a consequence a massive the base for later comparative studies of precipitation of halite from the water column 2++ changes in the ichthyofauna over a longer that led to a decrease in Na concentration, period of time. To realise this purpose the concomitant with an increase in Mg, making ichthyological study was realised in 2011- the lake supersaturated with NaCl. This 2012 on the whole 175 km length of the situation presents a big challenge to the Olteţ River from its mountainous area to the microbial life of the lake. To understand the confluence with the Olt River. The factors that affect the microbes in the Dead monitoring was done at 56 sampling Sea and to predict the possible effects of the stations. Based on these samples, the authors planned conveyance of Red Sea water to the conducted a detailed analysis of the fish Dead Sea, a series of experiments were communities along the river course from the performed in the field, as well as in the upper trout zone in the mountainous sector laboratory. The results of the experiments to the carp zone in the lowest sector of the and the observations made on the growth of river. The similarity analysis of the Dunaliella and on the red halophilic monitored river stretches gives very Archaea are important when attempting to impressive results about the fish predict how the biological properties of the communities and the diversity of habitats. lake may change in the future and they have The study is trying to explain the relation important implications for the planning of between the fish communities and the units the Red Sea-Dead Sea conduit. of the macro- and micro-relief responsible In their paper concerning the for the diversified habitats for fish. It “Climatic influence on the phytoplankton resulted very clearly that in the regions communities of the upper reaches of the without or very small human impact the Southern Bug River (Ukraine)” the authors classic ichthyological zones (sensu Olena Bilous (Kiev), Sophia Barinova Bănărescu, 1964) have a relatively good (Haifa, Israel) and Petro Klochenko (Kiev) overlay with the existing geomorphological present the results of their research over the units, changing simultaneously with them. period of one year on the Khmelnitsky In the stretches with visible human impact, monitoring station in the Southern Bug the classic ichthyological zones have an River, Ukraine. A total of 98 taxa of algae unremarkable overlay with the existing units were observed in monthly sampled of the relief and are not changing with them. phytoplankton between April 2010 and The remarkable studies on the Olteṭ River March 2011. The taxonomic groups are are important not only for the reason of presented and analysed in their seasonal being the first of this type in the area, but dynamics and their different role in the algal because they also provide a base for further communities in the course of the year. In comparative monitoring, as well as an this context the authors observed that the example for similar studies on other role of Bacillariophyta in communities was Carpathian rivers and for an appropriate high in January-March being replaced by management. Green algae in March-September. The authors Moh’d Wedyan, Ahmed Euglenoids were developed in February- El-Oqlah, Khalil Altif and Khalid Khlifate December and blue-green algae in summer from four universities of Jordan present their communities only. The authors also research concerning a problem with observed the strong positive correlations significant ecological consequences in the between temperature and species richness, area – the rapid drying out of the Dead Sea, the highest abundance and biovolume of this being recently one of the most the phytoplankton being in summer. challenging problems facing the scientists Furthermore the authors underline that the and governments of the region. The authors river ecosystem of the Southern Bug has two

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periods of trophic levels – high at summer land use in the Łeczna-Wlodawa Lakeland and low at winter. Bioindication (Poland)” the situation of the lake Piaseczno characterizes the river as low alkaline and supposed to be changed due to increasing low mineralized with a moderate organic pressure by a fast-growing recreation pollution level, originating from the infrastructure. The study of this lake is catchment area during ice melting and rains. representative for the long term changes The authors conclude that the low pollution which took place in the whole area of the level in the Khmelnitsky monitoring station Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland since the late can be used as a model of aquatic 1950’s. Based on three time sheets of maps community dynamics under seasonal from 1976, 1984 and 2010, the authors fluctuation in the southern boreal province present the changes occurred in the lake climate, applicable to the monitoring of the Piaseczno and its surroundings. They stated Southern Bug River. that from 1976 until 2010 an area of The paper entitled, “The economic recreation infrastructure in the studied and ecological potential of macrophytic region increased more than 3.5 times, and in vegetation in urban lakes” written by Oriana the built-up area more than five times, as Irimia-Hurdugan presents some aspects well as a doubling of the total length of the related to the ecological and economic roads. Meanwhile the surface area of importance of the aquatic macrophytes wetlands and peatbogs significantly common in the Romanian Plain lakes, decreased ‒ more than 11 times. Long-term especially those species belonging to the changes in the structure of the macrophyte genera Myriophyllum and Potamogeton communities show that the number of which are also common in Bucharest’s communities has varied in each year, urban lakes. She addresses an actual and probably as a consequence of changes in frequently discussed problem about the use land-use. Analysis showed changes to the of aquatic plants occurring often abundantly surface inhabited by macrophytes, which in urban waters exposed to human impact have decreased significantly over only four and where careful and well planned years, by more than 25%. However, the management measures are needed. She proportion of rush communities has mentions that the macrophytes of the increased. Such type of analyses in the Bucharest lakes are collected by the wetland landscape is very useful and personnel of the Lakes, Parks and Leisure important as they give a clear picture of Administration by mechanised and manual major changes occurred due to human methods, sun-dried and transported as waste pressures. Hopefully they can also help to to landfill. The paper also presents a review stop such evolution and plans existing for of international literature about water many other wetland regions which are still macrophytes in support of their economic in a natural or near natural state. potential as fertiliser for open field crop, The paper “High morphological orchard and garden crop application, as well variety of Gerris argentatus Schumel 1832 as food for farm animals and gives this as an (Heteroptera: Gerridae) and probably example to think about it in the situation of Europ’s smallest gerrids, in the Danube Bucharest’s lakes. The last part of the paper Delta” presented by Horea Olosutean, argues for the vital need for the preservation Codruţa Olosutean and Daniela Minodora of macrophyte stands in the lacustrine Ilie constitutes a proof that even in areas habitat for green, sustainable and integrated such as the Danube Delta, considered as a management of the urban lakes used for highly studied one, there can be found leisure and fishing. surprisingly new species or new varieties of Joana Sender and Weronika species with morphological well Maslanko present in their paper “Long- and distinguishable characters. This is short-term changes of the structure of documented by an apterous Gerris macrophytes in lake Piaseczno in relation to argentatus male captured during a field trip

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on the Busurca Canal, near the city of case study” is presented by Gina-Oana Sulina, in the Danube Delta, measuring only Popa, Miad Khalaf, Andreea Dudu, Angela 5.1 mm from the tip of the head to the last Curtean-Bănăduc, Doru Bănăduc, Sergiu abdominal segment, being the smallest adult Emil Georgescu and Marieta Costache. pond skater ever recorded in Europe. The The authors point out that the brown apterous form of G. argentatus is also trout (Salmo trutta, morpha fario, Linnaeus, mentioned for the first time, the species 1758), under consideration in their study, is being known either macropterous or the most common among the six species of micropterous. All studies related to the salmonids that exist in Romania and has individuals of the species Gerris argentatus high commercial potential, being used for presented in this paper are based on aquaculture or fishing. The present study intensive comparative studies with materials aims to analyse the genetic diversity of three of gerrids and confirming the need for Romanian brown trout populations from further researches in this scientific field. rivers found in Făgăraş Mountains area With their study “Analysis of the using as mitochondrial marker ‒ the D-loop microsatellite variation in the common control region. The study proved that the hybrid between Rusian sturgeon (Acipenser three Salmo trutta fario populations gueldenstaedtii) and Siberian sturgeon analysed were genetically distinct and that in (Acipenser baerii) from aquaculture” the Romania there are still pure Danubian authors Sergiu Emil Georgescu, Oana brown trout populations. The results are of Canareica, Andreea Dudu and Marieta great interest for the conservation of the Costache present a very actual field of brown trout in their natural habitats as well research with modern genetically methods. as for the aquaculture and fishing. This They are highlighting that sturgeons such as study is a first step in the molecular Acipenser baerii and Acipenser characterization of Salmo trutta fario from gueldenstaedtii, are the most common Romania using mitochondrial DNA markers species farm raised worldwide in and could provide precious information in aquaculture, because of the dwindling future management strategies. natural sources of caviar and meat. Also, With his studies of mangroves titled these species can easily participate in the “Reproductive ecology of mangrove flora: formation of an intraspecific hybrid with a conservation and management” the author great potential for growth in aquaculture. In Jacob Solomon Raju Aluri refers to a this context the major aim is the application worldwide important subject of the of microsatellite DNA for analysis of mangroves, a unique inter-tidal ecosystem of genetic diversity in common hybrids the tropical and subtropical coastal between A. gueldenstaedtii and A. baerii, environments. In the paper, the importance farmed at a hatchery in Romania. The results of the mangroves ecosystem is highlighted, will be applied to test the purity of hatchery their multiple functions and services and broodstocks at Romanian fish farms and to their threats from human impact. The increase the efficiency of selective breeding authors emphasize the importance of and performance testing programs. mangroves being among the world’s most This research is important as the productive ecosystems with a great role in natural sturgeon populations all over the protecting coasts from erosion, in promoting world has been overexploited by fishing and the diversity of marine organisms and poaching and are strictly protected by fisheries by contributing a quantity of food international conventions. and providing favourable habitats for Another paper also based on modern animals. At the same time, it is mentioned genetic research “Brown trouts populations that the mangrove forests are under extreme genetic diversity using mitochondrial threat worldwide due to their multiple markers in relatively similar geographical economic uses and alterations of freshwater and ecological conditions – a Carpathian inflows by various upstream activities in the

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catchment areas. Further the importance of A second study also dealing with the mangrove plants is discussed which play a Mangrove forests included in this volume crucial role in sustaining life in mangrove “Analysing learning at the interface of forests. They have unique adaptations and scientific and traditional ecological their reproductive biology is central to knowledge in a mangrove ecosystem understanding the structural and functional restoration scenarios in the eastern coast of components of mangrove forests. Under Tanzania” presents them from another point focus in the present paper are viviparous and of view. The authors Daniel Sabai and Heila crypto-viviparous species, which are self- Sisitka are discussing an important problem compatible, self-pollinating and also cross- related to the involvement of local pollinating; such a breeding system is a communities in coastal management. The requirement for the success of sexual authors bring into attention possible reproduction and subsequent build up and challenges of adapting and applying expansion of population. Both viviparous scientific indicators in community-based and crypto-viviparous species exhibit mixed monitoring of mangrove ecosystem and mating system and adaptations for suggests a new approach that may lead to entomophily. Included in the study are the the development of indicators which are less plants: Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, objectified, more contextually and culturally Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, congruent to users and likely to attract a Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and B. cylindrica. wider social learning in the mangrove From the non-viviparous plants are studied restoration context. Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinalis, The whole volume with the above Aegiceras corniculatum and Aegialitis discussed eleven contentful papers have an rotundifolia. extent of 209 pages. Each of the studies The study is not only relevant for the include informative maps, figures (graphics, new results concerning the ecology of fotographic images), tables all together mangrove-tree flowers and the complex forming a complete work with many pollination and cross pollination and the different facets, being recommended for complex functioning of mangrove scientists with interest in wetlands based ecosystems. The detailed information studies with all theoretical and practical included in this paper is also useful for aspects. designing effective measures for Therefore congratulations to the conservation and management of the studied meritorious work, not only to the authors for mangrove plants as these are the their papers, but also to the editors, for their characteristic species of mangrove forests. hard work for arranging the volume as a The study further provides a basis for taking whole, coordinating the reviewers’ work, up larger studies of mangrove plants for the and bringing it in the appropriate form ready sustainability of mangrove forests. for printing.

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REVIEWERS:

1 Erika SCHNEIDER-BINDER 2 Eckbert SCHNEIDER

[email protected], [email protected]

KIT-University of Land Baden-Württemberg and National Research Association of the Helmholtz Society, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Division WWF – Institute for floodplains ecology, Josefstrasse 1, Rastatt/Germany, G-76437.

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