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Study Regarding the Olt River (Romania)

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Study Regarding the Olt River (Romania) Acta Oecologica Carpatica VI THE TOPONYMY OF THE LOCALITIES WITH UKRAINIAN MINORITY POPULATION IN THE LOWER VALLEY OF THE VIŞEU RIVER AND THE RUSCOVA RIVER – HUTZULIA MARAMUREŞEANĂ VIŞEVŞCENA (MARAMUREŞ, ROMANIA) Vasile CURELEAC 1 KEYWORDS: toponymic localities, Vişeu and Ruscova valleys. ABSTRACT The toponymy of Ukrainian minority 16th century. A toponymic interaction of localities on the lower Vișeu and Ruscova Romanian and Ukrainian can be observed, rivers “Hutzulia maramureşeană yet it is not substantial. In the clarification of Vişevşcena” (Maramureş, Romania). toponyms, one must prioritize those versions The present paper introduces a corresponding at the most to the natural research method for the toponymy of the environment and to the nominating culture. cross-border areas using the lexical-semantic These toponyms have deep roots and are process. Toponyms used in the area of the true monuments of culture and language. 12 Ukrainian settlements in the lower toponym classes were elaborated and 126 catchment areas of the Vișeu and Ruscova toponyms were explained. The study of the rivers (Maramureș County) were collected toponymy has informative and geographical and studied. These toponyms were named importance and it is applicable in the field by the Ukrainian population, starting in the orientation and environmental reconstruction. REZUMAT: Toponimia localităţilor cu minoritate ucraineană din valea inferioră a râului Vişeu şi a râului Ruscova „Hutzulia maramureşeană Vişevşcena” (Maramureş, România). Lucrarea de faţă prezintă o trebuie să acordăm prioritate acelor versiuni modalitate de cercetare a toponimiei în zone care corespund mai mult mediului natural şi transfrontaliere, cu ajutorul procedeului acelei culturi care le-a nominalizat. lexico-semantic. Au fost culese şi studiate Toponimele au rădăcini adânci şi sunt un toponime de pe teritoriul localităţilor adevărat monument al culturii şi limbii. Au ucrainene al bazinului inferior al râului fost elaborate 12 clase de toponime şi Vişeu şi al râului Ruscova din judeţul explicate un număr de 126 toponime. Maramureş. Acestea au fost nominalizate de Studiul toponimiei are importanţă ucraineni şi datează încă din secolul al 16- informativ-geografică şi aplicabilitate în lea. Se remarcă o interferenţă româno- ceea ce priveşte orientarea în teren şi în ucraineană a toponimiei, dar puţin reconstrucţia mediului. substanţială. În desluşirea toponimelor RÉSUMÉ: Les toponymes des minorités ukrainiennes localisées dans le bassin inférieure des rivières de Vișeu et de Ruscova “Hutzulia maramureşeană Vişevşcena” (Maramureș, Roumanie). L’article ci-dessus présente une des toponymes, on doit accorder la priorité méthode de recherche de la toponymie des aux versions correspondant le plus au milieu zones transfrontalières à l’aide du procédé naturel et à la culture les ayant nominalisés. lexico-sémantique. Des toponymes utilisées Les toponymes ont des racines profondes et dans les localités ukrainiennes du bassin constituent de vrai monuments de la culture inférieur des rivières de Vișeu et the et de la langue. 12 classes de toponymes ont Ruscova, département de Maramureș, ont été élaborées et 126 toponymes ont été été recueillies et étudiées. Celles-ci ont été expliquées. L’étude de la toponymie présent nominalisées par les ukrainiens dès le 16- une importance informative et géographique ème siècle. On remarque une interférence ainsi qu’une applicabilité concernant roumano-ukrainienne de la toponymie quoi l’orientation dans le terrain et la que peu substantielle. Dans la clarification reconstruction de l’environnement. The toponymy of the localities with Ukrainian minority population in Maramureş; 1/6 pp. - 1 - Acta Oecol. Carpat. VI . INTRODUCTION Toponymy is considered an their purpose and meaning. Each toponym in interdisciplinary science which includes its way bears an important geographical scientific branches such as philology, historical, linguistic, ethnographical and history, geography and ethnography. Each cultural information. of these sciences tries to explain and analyse Geographical objects’ toponymy through methodology and specific nominalization is a popular creation in concepts, of the scientific branch. Historians which the dialectal meaning of words think that this science is auxiliary to history plays a special role, taking a hard task to where the chronological methods are being discover the meaning of toponyms in its used. Any phenomenon or process has a absence (Hudash, 1991). We need to offer a history, more exactly an origin. (Lyaşciuk, great priority to those versions 1993) corresponding more to the natural Philologists consider that the history background and to the culture which had of a phenomenon can be studied only after nominalized them, in order to discern its main elements have been characterized toponyms. We can see that the collected through linguistic methods. The essential toponyms have deep roots and represent a criterion of toponymy as a linguistic real monument of the Ukrainian culture and branch is functional and not semantic (Oros, language, having a semantic loading and a 1996). specific information. As a science, geography largely uses The diversity of the toponyms toponymy, as the geographical names are collected from the Ukrainian places in closely related to the territory and give the the inferior valley of the Vișeu River and of possibility of studying the relations between the Ruscova River in the Maramureș County the elements of the relief, the plants, the assert the very old presence of this ethnic animals and the people. community in the area. In his work called Toponyms gathered from some Maramureșean Diplomas, the well-known places on the inferior valleys of the Vișeu Romanian historian Ioan Mihali de Apsa and Ruscova rivers (Bistra, Ruscova, mentions the fact that most of the Ukrainian Repedea and Poienile de sub Munte and Romanian places in Maramureș County villages) have been named by the local have been dated from the 14th century. Ukrainian minority. If a certain territory had These places had been populated much been populated earlier, this would have been earlier. The historical facts and the semantic characterized by a presence of toponymy. analysis of the toponymy give us the Socio-political elements and the level of the possibility to include a great part of the spiritual culture had a remarkable influence geographical names as part of an old in naming the geographical objects. In order Ukrainian period. During the centuries many to be able to orientate themselves on the toponyms have met linguistic influences, territory, in the past, people were using as due to the existing interrelations from the clues the relief features (mountain tops, specific area. ridges, peaks, rivers, lakes and others). The Of course the majority Romanian similarities between features and their great population let numerous toponyms along the number require the individualization of this history, ex. Brebeneskul-Brebenescu, geographical objects with the aid of Bretskul-Breţcu, Turkul-Turcu, Trufanets- nominalization (Lyaşciuk, 1993). The origin Trufăneţ, Urda, Steryshora-Stânișoara, of toponyms is motivated, bearing Petros, Scherban-Şerban, Hropshora- addressing functions which hide Gropșoara, etc., (Drăgulescu et al., 1999) informations about geographical objects, but this is not the subject of this paper. - 2 - V. Cureleac Acta Oecologica Carpatica VI RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During his field research the author forest), Ialovet/Yalovet/Ялівец (spruce fir of this study collected and classified 360 forest), Bokovenka/Bocovinca/Буковинка toponyms from all the Ukrainian places (beech, beech tree forest) ‒ Ruscova village; situated in the inferior valley of the Vişeu Dolyna Iasenunska/Yasenunsca/Долина and Ruscova rivers in Maramureș County. Ясенунська (Ash Tree Valley); Ceretu/ Their classification was accomplished, based Очерет (the grass lawn); Dibrova/Діброва on the lexical-semantic principle (Cureleac, (grove, oak tree forest); Smereceanei/ 1999). Not all toponyms have been included Смеречяний (spruce fir tree forest); in the article. Suharasce/Сухарище (dry wood forest), Toponyms categories: Ceresenica/Черешенька (sweet cherry 1. Toponyms which are derived from tree) ‒ Repedea Village; Ruska Polyna (the the representatives of the animal world: old name given to Poienile de sub Munte ‒ a) wild animals: Bilka/Білка The Meadow Below The Mountain ‒ comes (squirrel) ‒ toponym with an Ukrainian from Poiana Rusului ‒ The Meadow of the origin ‒ Bistra Village; Vovcia/Vovchya/ Russian), Polyna/Поляна/Полонина Вовчя (wolf) ‒ Ruscova Village; (meadow, grassland, mountain), Zarub/ Medvejei/Medvejiy/Mедмежий (bear) and Заруб (cleared forest); Iasenunskiy/ Sokolov/Sokil/Cокіл (eagle) ‒ Poienile de Yasenunskiy/Ясенунський (ash tree sub Munte Village; Svennei/Свинний ‒ forest). (the place where the wild boars hide) and 3. Toponyms which derive from Suldac/Shuldak/Шулдак ‒ wild boar ‒ different landscape’s characteristic Repedea Village; features such as: b) domestic animals: a) toponyms deriving from Korovli/Коровлі (cow) ‒ Poienile de sub mountain and hill forms: Dil/Діл (rivers’ Munte Commune; sweep), Hora/Гора (mountain), 2. Toponyms deriving from the Makovita/Маковиця (Ukrainian ‒ vegetal world representatives (vegetal Makivka, the upper part of a mountain), elements, trees, bushes and herbs): Măgura/Мигура-Височина (mountain), Berezneac/Bereznyak/Березник (birch Obcina/Обчина (peak, a prolonged ridge of tree forest), Cosiv/Косів (mowed land), a hill
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