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A 3D Anthropometric Survey of the Chinese Head

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A 3D Anthropometric Survey of the Chinese Head SizeChina: A 3D Anthropometric Survey of the Chinese Head Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 17 mei 2011 om 15.00 uur door Roger MacLaren BALL Master of Fine Art in Product Design, The Domus Academy Milan, Italië geboren te Montreal, Quebec, Canada Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: Prof. ir. D. J. van Eijk, Prof. dr. L. Justice, Copromotor: Dr. ir. J. F. M. Molenbroek Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof. ir. D. J. van Eijk, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Prof. dr. L. Justice, Hong Kong PolyU, promotor Dr. ir. J. F. M. Molenbroek, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. dr. H. A. M. Daanen, Vrije Universiteit Prof. B. Ninaber Van Eyben, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. G. J. Kleinrensink, Erasmus MC Prof. dr. ir. E. Jansen, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. ir. R. H. M. Goossens Technische Universiteit Delft, reservelid Dr. Y. Luximon heeft als begeleider in belangrijke mate aan de totstandkoming van het proef- schrift bijgedragen. ISBN 978-90-5155-054-2 Copyright © 2011 R. M. Ball Email: [email protected] Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures v List of Tables vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background of the Research in Relation to Personal Design Experience 1 1.2 Prior Anthropometric Studies Relevant to SizeChina 3 1.3 Ethnic Variation 3 1.3.1 Significance of Head Shape Variation 4 1.3.2 Chinese Anthropometric Surveys 5 1.4 Proposed Research Questions 5 1.5 The Content of the Dissertation 6 1.5.1 The Scope of the Dissertation 6 1.5.2 Own Publications 8 1.6 Conclusion 8 Chapter 2 Literature Review 9 2.1 Human Head Anatomy 9 2.1.1 Overview 9 2.1.2 Skull Anatomy 10 2.1.3 Brain Anatomy 11 2.1.4 Upper Spine and Neck 11 2.1.5 Head Shape Disorders 12 2.1.6 Head Shape Manipulation 13 2.2 Anthropometrics 14 2.2.1 Ancient and Artistic Body Measurement 14 2.2.2 Anthropometric False Starts 15 2.2.3 Modern Anthropometrics 16 2.2.4 Traditional Approach 18 2.2.5 3D Scanning Potential 18 2 2.6 Different Approaches to 3D Scanning 19 2.2.7 Scanning Heads and Faces 23 2.3 Design Applications of Anthropometrics 24 2.3.1 Definition of Technical Fit 25 2.3.2 Helmet Design 26 2.4 Helmet Testing and Standards 30 2.4.1 History of Helmet Standards 30 2.4.2 Types of Standards 30 2.4.3 Standards and Testing 31 2.4.4 Testing Headforms 34 2.4.5 Headform Reference Planes 36 2.4.6 Future Standards 37 2.5 Head Injury 38 2.5.1 Causes 38 2.5.2 Neck Injuries 38 2.5.3 Effects 38 2.5.4 Injury Prevention 39 2.6 Social Importance 40 2.6.1 Firefighting and Emergency Medical Services 40 2.6.2 Construction Workers 40 2.6.3 Military Service 40 2.6.4 Road Safety 40 2.6.5 Athletics 41 i S i z e C h i n a - A 3D Anthropometric Survey of the Chinese Head 2.6.6 Helmet Safety Standards in China 42 2.7 Conclusion 42 Chapter 3 Research Methods 43 3.1 Data Collection 43 3.2 Planning the Survey 43 3.2.1 Criteria for Scanning Equipment 43 3.2.2 Enduring Value of Traditional Measurement 45 3.2.3 Sampling Locations 45 3.2.4 Subject Demographic 46 3.2.5 Number of Subjects Needed 47 3.3 Scanning Process 48 3.3.1 Physical Field Conditions 48 3.3.2 Traveling and Field Staff 49 3.3.3 Subject Scanning 50 3.4 Conclusion 58 Chapter 4 Research Findings – General Statistics 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 3D Data Analysis and Results 60 4.2.1 Data Processing 60 4.2.2 Removal of Some Scans from the Study 61 4.2.3 Alignment of Scan Data 61 4.2.4 Validation of the Hole-filling Algorithm 62 4.2.5 3D Chinese Head Shape 62 4.3 Simple Statistics 63 4.3.1 Correlation 68 4.4 Conclusion 70 Chapter 5 A Comparison between Chinese and Caucasian Head Shapes 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Methods 71 5.2.1 Data Acquisition 72 5.2.2 Data Set Selection 73 5.2.3 Data Parameterization 73 5.2.4 Characteristic Contour 74 5.2.5 3D Landmarks 75 5.2.6 Analysis 76 5.3 Results 76 5.4 Conclusion 80 Chapter 6 3D Design Tools for Chinese Fit 81 6.1 Forms of Anthropometric Data 81 6.1.1 Percentiles 81 6.1.2 Illustrated Data 82 6.1.3 Ellipse Diagrams 82 6.1.4 Pressure Maps 83 6.1.5 Testing Models 84 6.1.6 3D Datasets 84 6.1.7 Digital Human Models 85 6.1.8 Related Products 85 6.1.9 Parameterized Models 86 6.2 Functional Criteria for Anthropometric Tools for Designers 87 6.2.1 Current Best Practice 87 6.2.2 Functional Criteria for SizeChina Data Tools 87 ii Table of Contents 6.3 SizeChina Scan Processing 88 6.3.1 Introduction 88 6.3.2 Size Categories 89 6.3.3 Dimension Extraction for EN 960 Headform 89 6.3.4 CAD File Creation 90 6.4 SizeChina Tools 91 6.4.1 Chinese Headforms 91 6.4.2 Data Products 94 6.5 Conclusion 94 Chapter 7 Discussion 95 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 Research Questions Discussion 95 7.2.1 Research Question 1 – What is 3D Shape 95 7.2.2 Research Question 2 – Shape Differences 96 7.2.3 Research Question 3 – Design Tools 96 7.3 Future Research Topics 97 7.3.1 Chinese Face Shape 97 7.3.2 Chinese Foot Shape 98 7.3.3 Global Shape 98 7.3.4 Future Software Development 99 7.4 The “New Anthropometrics” 99 Summary 101 Samenvatting 103 Bibliography 105 Index 111 Appendix One – SizeChina Data 115 Appendix Two – Statistics from SizeChina and CAESAR Surveys 116 Appendix Three – Movie Clip or Video 120 Acknowledgements 121 Curriculum Vitae 123 iii S i z e C h i n a - A 3D Anthropometric Survey of the Chinese Head iv List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1.1 Flowchart of the dissertation 7 Figure 2.1 Human skull 10 Figure 2.2 The Frankfurt Plane 17 Figure 2.3 The Cyberware 3030 24 Figure 2.4 European Cage Test Rig 31 Figure 2.5 North American Monorail Test Rig 31 Figure 2.6 Testing Rig 32 Figure 2.7 Test Headforms 34 Figure 2.8 Facially Featured Headforms 34 Figure 2.9 The reference planes used in for the headform 36 Figure 3.1 Scanning in the field 43 Figure 3.2 Scan locations in China 45 Figure 3.3 Inclusive sampling 46 Figure 3.4 Subjects waiting for scanning 46 Figure 3.5 Field conditions vary widely at each location 49 Figure 3.6 Subjects handing in survey forms 51 Figure 3.7 Subject Photography 51 Figure 3.8 Traditional anthropometric measurements are taken of each subject prior to scanning 52 Figure 3.9 Head Circumference 53 Figure 3.10 Palpation 53 Figure 3.11 Facial Landmarks 54 Figure 3.12 Wig Cap 55 Figure 3.13 Scanning 56 Figure 3.14 Scan files 58 Figure 4.1 Distribution of age and sex of scanned subjects in each province 59 Figure 4.2 Scan noise is the long thin spikes sticking out from the head this is cre- ated by strong sunlight entering the scanning area 60 Figure 4.3 The scan noise here is created by clothing that blocks the scanners laser 60 Figure 4.4 The scan noise here is created by the subject wearing glasses during the scanning process 60 Figure 4.5 The scan is now aligned in the Frankfurt plane 61 Figure 4.6 Examples of processed scan data (small, medium and large size) 63 Figure 4.7 Scatterplot of head circumference 68 Figure 4.8 Scatterplot of head length 68 Figure 4.9 Scatterplot of head breadth 69 Figure 4.10 The correlation plot between head circumference and head length 69 Figure 4.11 The correlation plot between head circumference and head breadth 70 Figure 5.1 Head Shape Comparison 71 Figure 5.2 CAESAR full body scans 72 Figure 5.3 An example of the Reference Plane for comparison of the contour be- tween SizeChina and the CAESAR 74 Figure 5.4 Scatter Plot of the characteristic contours after Procrustes superimposi- tion 75 Figure 5.5 3D landmarks for parameterization model 75 Figure 5.6 Shape variations along the first five principal components 77 v S i z e C h i n a - A 3D Anthropometric Survey of the Chinese Head Figure 5.7 PCA analysis (Principle Component Analysis) of the characteristic con- tours 78 Figure 5.8 CVA (Canonical Variate Analysis) illustrates the high level of difference between the two populations 78 Figure 5.9 Vector Plot of the shape difference between the two mean characteristic contours 79 Figure 5.10 A comparison of mean shape of the Chinese and western head as seen from the top view 79 Figure 5.11 The two ellipses show a significant difference in the parameters of mean head shape between the western (blue) and the Chinese (red) 79 Figure 6.1 Parameterized Models 86 Figure 6.2 The size category by circumference of the adult Chinese population 89 Figure 6.3 Each point is assigned an X, Y, Z value 90 Figure 6.4 The mean value 3D points connected to create splines 90 Figure 6.5 Completed CAD file ready for rapid prototyping 90 Figure 6.6 Digital Headform models 90 Figure 6.7 Chinese reference Headforms 91 Figure 6.8 Scatter plot of head circumference vs.
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