Women's Communicative and Economic Strategies
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WOMEN’S COMMUNICATIVE AND ECONOMIC STRATEGIES IN GHANA’S KUMASI CENTRAL MARKET Sarah Monson Submitted to the faCulty of the University Graduate SChool in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University March 2019 ACCepted by the Graduate FaCulty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee _____________________________________ Daniel Suslak, PhD, Chair _____________________________________ Beth Buggenhagen, PhD _____________________________________ GraCia Clark, PhD _____________________________________ Kathryn Graber, PhD _____________________________________ Samuel Obeng, PhD January 25, 2019 ii Copyright © 2019 Sarah Danee Sanford Monson iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have often heard anthropology desCribed as a “lone wolf” disCipline, but in faCt I owe a debt of gratitude to a great many who have mentored and supported me throughout my graduate training and in completing this dissertation. I would first like to thank BeatriCe and the many traders in Kumasi Central Market who inspired and shaped this dissertation. I do not use their real names to proteCt their identities, but I gratefully aCknowledge their generosity of time and Contributions, inviting me to sit and talk with them for hours while they conducted business. It was BeatriCe in partiCular who took me under her wing, integrated me into her social network, and deepened my knowledge of trading and life in Kumasi. I am also grateful to those in the neighborhood where I stayed for welComing me into the community and treating me as one of their own. A speCial thank you to my committee for their guidance—from our brainstorming sessions in the early phases of this projeCt and debriefing conversations post-field work to our regular in-person meetings eaCh semester to keep me on traCk while I worked on my dissertation from out of state. I am grateful to GraCia Clark whose work in Kumasi Central Market inspired this projeCt and who generously offered support in the early stages of conceiving this projeCt long before I beCame a PhD student at Indiana University. Her insights helped to both nuance and refine my analyses. Beth Buggenhagen’s careful reviews and comments on numerous iterations of my grant proposals and dissertation chapters helped me clarify my projeCt and bolster my arguments. I am also tremendously grateful for her guidance on matters concerning professional development. Kathryn Graber’s comments pushed me to engage more expansively and courageously with anthropologiCal theories and, importantly, to take a step baCk and Consider the bigger piCture of my projeCt. Samuel Obeng’s enthusiasm for, and thorough review of, my transCripts and data analyses at critiCal moments of the writing process brought me a iv renewed perspeCtive to the way I approaChed my data and arguments. Finally, I owe a big thank you to my advisor and committee chair, Daniel Suslak, for his gift of making the insurmountable seem absolutely doable and for the lightness with whiCh he approaChed most situations. He has been an excellent resource for adviCe on several matters, from how to make the most out of graduate sChool to praCtiCal tips while in the field to how to approaCh writing and thinking in playful and productive ways. I thank my dear friends at Indiana University—Feray Baskin, RebeCCa Fenton, RiCardo Higelin Ponce de León, Cathryn Johnson, Safak KiliCtepe, Matthew Lebrato, Lucy Miller, Samson Ndanyi, Jenny Parker, Elena Popa, and Emily Stratton—for generously donating their time reviewing my work at its various stages. They have been (and continue to be) reservoirs of laughter, support, and encouragement. This dissertation would not be what it is without their insights. I would also like to thank my Akan language teaChers at Indiana University—Hannah Essien, Uncle Dave, Nana Amoah, and Godfred Antwi—for Creating the spaCe in their Classrooms for this projeCt to germinate. I would like to thank my mentors at various institutions who have offered guidance at eaCh stage of my graduate career: Karen Larson, Gillian RiChards-Greaves, Susan SChalge, Beverly Stoeltje, and Katherine Wiley. SpeCial thanks go to April Bell, Nana Bentil-Mawusi, Jennifer Hart, Sabrina Perlman, Sean Reid, Joeva Rock, and Brittany Sheldon for their adviCe and support pre-, during, and post- field work. I would also like to thank Professor Marfo, Dr. SolaCe Yankson, Nana George Appiah, Colleagues, and graduate assistants in the Department of Modern Languages at Kwame Nkrumah University of SCience and TeChnology for their warm welCome in the department, inclusion at the LinguistiCs Association of Ghana meetings, and for the invaluable Akan language training I reCeived. I owe a speCial thank you to my sister and friend, SolaCe, for opening up her home to v me eaCh time I traveled to Ghana for research and language training. I have greatly missed our Conversations over breakfast or tea in the evenings watChing telenovelas. Thank you to my colleague and sister-friend, Ms. Ida Assem, for introductory trips to the Central Market in 2013 and assistance with interviews, transCriptions, and translations during my pre-dissertation research in 2014. I am espeCially grateful for her Careful and thorough responses to all my Asante-Twi language inquiries, whiCh continue to the present day, and for her Continuing friendship. I owe much gratitude to Ms. Juliana Afriyie with whom I initially partnered for weekly Asante-Twi language tutorials and then later as my research assistant during my year of dissertation research in 2016. This projeCt would not have gained traCtion without her assistance and key insights. I am tremendously grateful for her abounding patience fielding my copious number of questions. She is truly an anthropologist at heart and remains a dear sister-friend. I would also like to thank the organizations that helped fund this projeCt: the U.S. Department of Education’s Foreign Language Area Studies Fellowship (FLAS) to study Akan, the Indiana University Anthropology Department’s David C. Skomp Fellowship and the Graduate and Professional Student Organization (GPSO) Research Award for support to conduct pre-dissertation research, the Fulbright Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Award (DDRA) for funding my dissertation research, the Indiana University Graduate SChool Grant-in-Aid of Doctoral Research Award for transCription and translation assistance, and the Indiana University College of Arts and SCiences (COAS) Dissertation Completion Fellowship for supporting a year of dissertation analysis and write-up. I thank my parents, family, and friends baCk home who cheered me on, made visits to Bloomington, followed my blog and sent paCkages during my field work, and generally kept me going. You are a constant source of encouragement and joy. vi Finally, I would like to thank my husband, IsaaC Vernon Sanford Monson, for simultaneously grounding me and giving me the spaCe to fly. vii Sarah Danee Sanford Monson WOMEN’S COMMUNICATIVE AND ECONOMIC STRATEGIES IN GHANA’S KUMASI CENTRAL MARKET This dissertation analyzes the CommuniCative and eConomiC strategies market women employ in Ghana’s Kumasi Central Market (KCM) amid current and ongoing eConomiC hardship. By examining the role of talk in market women’s daily transaCtions as they interfaCe with local and global markets, this dissertation illuminates how traders in KCM utilize their vast repertoire of linguistiC strategies to Create and negotiate value, build relationships, and mitigate eConomiC preCarity. To circumvent these challenges, market women, who dominate the Composition of traders in KCM, emphasize the importance of talk in the business of trade. Through talk in faCe to faCe interaCtions, traders (adwadifoɔ) evaluate and market commodities, negotiate relationships, and calCulate potential gains. They wield verbal skill to bargain (di ano), advertise (pae) their wares, call out to (frɛ(frɛ)) and persuade (nnɛɛdɛɛ/de kasadɛ) potential buyers to purchase their goods to eke out meager profits (mfasoɔ). My research elucidates the extent that talk as a pragmatiC, verbal performance in faCe-to- faCe interaCtions underpins market transaCtions. I base my analysis and findings on 15 months gathering ethnographiC and linguistiC data between 2014 and 2017 in KCM and at a small neighborhood shop. Traders indiCated that they use kasadɛ (‘sweet talk’/‘persuasive talk’) to woo potential buyers and krɔkrɔ (‘pamper’) reCurring Customers to mitigate risk and safeguard against persistent eConomiC preCarity. However, beCause preCarity charaCterizes the nature of buying and selling, I argue that sweet (or persuasive) talk (kasadɛ), rough talk (kasa basabasa), and pampering (akrɔkrɔ) both temper and create new forms of risk. Therefore, much of traders’ CommuniCative and business savviness involves assessing and minimizing risk at the interaCtional level through moment-to-moment deCision making, requiring vigilance viii (anidahɔ/ahosohwɔ) and cleverness (aniteɛ/nyansakwan). This dissertation prioritizes the role of talk in market women’s everyday transaCtional exchanges. While we have an increased understanding of global impaCt of women’s labor in the “informal” seCtor, this dissertation illuminates how, through talk, traders insert themselves in the global eConomy as aCtive producers of value and circulators of local and global goods. _____________________________________ Daniel Suslak, PhD _____________________________________