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International Federation London International Model United Nations 19th Session | 2018

Table of Content

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Table of Contents

Introduction Letters ...... p. 3

Introduction to the Committee ...... pp. 4-5

TOPIC A: Discussing the Future of Tennis as a Worldwide Sport

Introduction ...... pp. 6-7

History of the Problem ...... pp. 8-12

Current Situation ...... pp. 13-18 Bloc Positions ...... p. 19 Questions a Resolution Must Answer ...... pp. 20-21

Sources ...... pp. 22-25

TOPIC B: of Tennis Finals Bidding Process ...... pp. 26-28

Conference Information ...... p. 29

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Introduction Letters

Dear Delegates,

It is a pleasure to welcome you to the International Tennis Federation! My name is Florian, I am French and currently in my first year of a master in Political Science at Pantheon-Sorbonne. I will attend LIMUN for the fourth consecutive year and the second time as a chair. I am looking forward to this conference, as it is the first time LIMUN will run this special committee, and to discussing with you politics and sports, that are my two passions. I hope the study guide will be a useful base for your research, especially regarding the bidding process. Do not hesitate to contact us if you have any query, the email address is [email protected].

Florian GUIDAT, Director

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to the International Tennis Federation! My name is Ariel and I am a French second year Biotechnology student at Imperial College London. I have previously been a chair and a delegate at various Model UN conferences, including LIMUN last year as a delegate. Just like Florian, sports and politics are two subjects that I love and I am particularly excited about the bidding process that we will have during the committee sessions. I look forward to seeing you all in London in a few weeks.

Ariel FEDIDA, Assistant Director

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Introduction to the Committee

The International Tennis Federation (ITF)1 is recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the international sports federation for tennis, and has its headquarters in London. The Annual General Meeting of National Associations will be simulated at LIMUN. The simulation will also include a bidding process for the newly introduced World Cup of Tennis.

“The ITF, the world governing body of tennis, oversees the following five areas of the game2:

 Administration and regulation

 Organising international competition

 Structuring the game

 Developing the game

 Promoting the game

It administers and regulates the game through 210 affiliated National Associations, together with six Regional Associations. The ITF is responsible for the Rules of Tennis, including the technical specifications for courts and equipment, and the running and enforcing of a joint anti-doping programmes.

1 http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/constitution.aspx 2 http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/role.aspx 4

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ITF controls the major international team events including the world‟s two largest annual international team competitions in tennis, the and Fed Cup. The ITF is involved at the highest levels of the game, including the Olympic Games, to which tennis was reintroduced as a full medal sport in 1988. In addition, the ITF works closely with the four tournaments, namely the , Roland Garros, Wimbledon and US Open. The ITF develops the games through its worldwide development programme, and promotes tennis through television, marketing, sponsorship, etc.”3 Concerning the rules at LIMUN, a ⅔ majority will be needed for substantial votes4. Finally, we expect a position paper from all delegates on topic A, and would look favourably upon all those that will submit a bid for topic B as explained later in the Study Guide.

3 http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/role.aspx 4 http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/constitution.aspx 5

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Topic A: Discussing the Future of Tennis as a Worldwide Sport

Introduction

The topic of discussing the future of tennis as a worldwide sport that the ITF will be debating during LIMUN is related to the agenda ITF 2024, a long-term sustainable growth, which was created in June 2016. “The ITF has identified the following eight strategic priorities in order to achieve these goals: 1. Integrity: Uphold the highest levels of integrity, governance and transparency; 2. Investment: Strengthen the financial position of ITF and its member nations; 3. Development: Increase ITF development funding and expertise to grow tennis around the world; 4. Davis Cup and Fed Cup: Create more revenue for investment in Tennis through the creation of the World Cup of Tennis finals; 5. Olympics: Elevate tennis in the Olympics;

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6. Opportunity: Provide opportunities to play at all levels of the game; 7. Partnership: Increase cooperation and collaboration with all partners; 8. Communication: Engage, listen to, understand and work more closely with National and Regional Associations.”5

However aside from discussing some of the core ideas of the agenda ITF 2024, this committee will also upon principles of tennis that need more attention and implementation. Therefore, this committee will focus specifically on the four key areas: 1. Integrity (part of the agenda ITF 2024): protecting clean player and the integrity of the games through the discussions of doping and corruption; 2. Development (part of the agenda ITF 2024): promoting tennis worldwide to allow everyone to play tennis, promoting the emergence of new talents from developing countries; 3. Calendar: adjusting the calendar of tournaments to avoid the situation where players would rather skip a tournament or not be part of his national team (i.e. the Davis Cup or Fed Cup) to preserve himself for future games; integrate the newly created and World Cup of Tennis to prevent clashes with other major tournaments, reviewing the length spent on each surface (clay, grass and hard courts, outdoor and indoor tournaments) to balance the calendar; 4. Rules: making tennis more attractive to a large public, by introducing new technologies, reducing time lost between points or reviewing format of matches, for both men and women.

Finally, the delegates will also have a chance to apply the agenda ITF 2024 through their submissions of the bidding packs for the candidate host cities

5 http://www.itftennis.com/news/231617.aspx 7

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and the subsequent elections of the host cities of the World Cup of Tennis finals 2018. The further detail of the bidding process can be found in Topic B.

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History of the Problem

1. Integrity

One of the objects and purposes of the ITF is to promote the integrity of tennis and to protect the health and rights of tennis players. Two major plagues are affecting tennis alongside other major sports, namely doping and corruption.

a. Doping

It wasn‟t until the mid80s that tennis accepted international standards for drug testing, including out-of-competition testing and sanctions for rule-breakers. The first case of doping of major tennis stars occurred in the beginning of the 90s‟. However, as tennis continued to award itself a badge of merit for its drug program, started a press conference in 1994 by announcing that she had never been tested for drugs and that she suspected other women were bulking up on steroids. This was a mind-blowing statement which points out the real effectiveness and transparency of anti-doping programs. Few years before, spoke out to publicly speak about the use of drugs in tennis. Recently, doping cases have shocked the tennis community, with Marin Cilic in 2013 and Sharapova in 2016, two Grand Slams winners. Please refer to this excellent article for more information about doping history in tennis: A Short History of Drugs in Tennis6.

b. Corruption

Tennis is quite preserved from corruption; no scandal has hit the ITF unlike the Athletics, Football or Boxing International Federations to name a few. Rather, corruption needs to be seen as game fixing, where players agree on the result of the game beforehand for financial interests.

6 http://www.insidetennis.com/2009/10/short-history-drugs-tennis/ 9

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With more and more money involved in tennis due to globalisation and betting, the risk of corruption increased, especially in small tournaments. Indeed, the player has more financial interest to lose than to win to have more winnings from the bets. In small tournaments, the winner sometimes takes only $ 1,000 or $ 2,000. To get into their fees, some agree to cheat for higher amounts. In 2008, tennis was among the first sport to establish its own anti-corruption body: The Tennis Integrity Unit (TIU)7. Recently, the TIU has assessed three matches in Wimbledon 2017 (one match from the main draw and two from qualifications) and one from the . In parallel, players have been condemned because of gambling on matches. For instance, A. Dolgopolov is suspected to have voluntarily lost against T. Monteiro: The Ukrainian was the favourite of the bookmakers, but high amounts of bets inverted the odds 15 minutes before the start of the game. The TIU has started an investigation on that matter8.

c. Behaviour

Integrity can also refer to the duty that players have to behave correctly on tennis courts. For instance, some players such as the Australian N. Kyrgios, the Italian F. Fognini or the French B. Paire are known for their hot-heated character and sometimes their unprofessional attitude. They can be often seen insulting the public or officials, losing points voluntarily (or not fighting enough), breaking , etc. despite being some of the most talented players on the circuit. Behaviour issues did not start with the current generation of players: in 1990, John McEnroe, one of the best players in the , became the first player to be disqualified from a Grand Slam event (the Australian Open) in the Open Era for misconduct9.

7 http://www.tennisintegrityunit.com/about-tiu 8 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/01/sports/tennis/alexandr-dolgopolov-tennis-intergrity-unit.html 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_2rjocv-Jo 10

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2. History of Tennis

Tennis is thought to have been conceived in the 1860‟s, near Birmingham in the United Kingdom, with its inventors combining elements of racquets and the . Its ancestor, the “”, was very popular in the European royal courts10. The first tennis games were played on grass courts, and it took less than two decades for tennis to become quite popular worldwide with Championships in America, and in the 80s and 90s. Tennis was also a sports of the first Olympics of the Modern Era in 1896. By the 1920s, tennis had imposed itself as one the most important sports worldwide, with yearly tournaments and competitions like the Davis Cup (1900) or some famous tournaments known today as the Grand Slams, like Wimbledon, the French Open or the US Open. Tennis undertook a major change by 1968, becoming professional and marking the start of “modern” tennis as we know it today. This was the start of the “Open Era”, with further developments of the rules, the creation of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) in 1972, the ATP ranking and new tournaments.

3. Calendar

Twenty years ago, tennis tournaments were taking place mostly in Europe and North America. Players were going in Asia and South America at some specific moments of the year to play some exhibition matches (with the exception of the Australian Open of course) in exchange of big prize money. Thanks to globalisation, and particularly the development of communication and media to broadcast events, tennis became more popular and developing countries invested in tennis in order to welcome tournaments and create training centers. In developing countries, for the new upper-class and even middle-class, playing tennis is a symbol of welfare and there is a high demand to watch tennis. The ITF was of course in favour of this

10 http://www.countrylife.co.uk/out-and-about/sporting-country-pursuits/the-true-home-of-tennis-41091 11

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development for financial reasons as well as a bigger exposure on the international scene. Nowadays, many important tournaments are now played in these regions of the world at different times of the year which multiplies travels and jetlag for tennis players. Furthermore, tennis changed as a sport and becomes faster due technological improvement of balls and rackets. Consequently, the physical shape is essential. With a smaller physical dimension than today and less travels, players were able to endure an entire season in the past but this is not the case anymore. Overall, this has serious consequences today for players‟ health and tennis in general in terms of exposure as the best tennis players cannot play all tournaments due to injuries.

4. Rules

Rules cover all aspects of tennis such as the size of the court, permanent fixtures, specifications of tennis balls, rackets, as well as the scoring system. There are rules that also manage the service methods, and the various kinds of faults. In order to make this sport more spectacular and attractive rules have been modified and added over time. This was particularly the case before the first Wimbledon in 1877. The pitch became rectangular, the third became 40 instead of 45, the height of the net was increased and the server is entitled to a second ball. Rules for Tennis were first adopted on 1 January 1924. Making rules and regulations for tennis lies with the International Tennis Federation and it was accompanied by a Rules of Tennis Committee, which periodically monitors rules and make necessary recommendations for any modification, if it is needed. In 1970, the tie-break appeared and evolved through the time with different variants that are still used today.

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In addition, the technological development as well as the will to reduce the risk of error also played a role particularly in the introduction of the hawk-eye in 200611. Players have three “challenges” per set to ask for the hawk-eye to judge a ball if they believe the line judge was wrong. key technological development is now an entire part of the game and everyone seems happy with it even if some players are still perplexed about it such as who explains that it is not 100% reliable and some results seems incomprehensible. Ironically, Federer won the against Nadal on a match point judged by the hawk-eye12.

11 https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/11/11/history-of-hawk-eye-tennis-umpiring 12 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hp9JzkMHbF8 13

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Current Situation

1. Integrity

a. Doping In all sports, an “arms race” for doping always existed, between the cheaters and the authorities. And like in all sports, the cheating side is always ahead, creating new drugs and products that cannot yet be detected by the controls in place. Tennis does appear relatively modern, taking the issue of doping seriously, with the ITF being a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Code (the WADC), established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and adopted the Tennis Anti-Doping Programme (the TADP) to implement the provisions of the WADC. However, behind the scenes, it appears that the ITF covered a lot of cases of doping, especially ones of famous players. Indeed, the WADA leaves it to federations to communicate if they wish about doping cases, and it seems that the ITF used this to cover some cases or at least not publicize the fact doping exist in tennis, as it does in all sports. A lot of people point out the role of Ricci Bitti in this covering, who served as President of the ITF between 1999 and 2015. Some national anti-doping agencies also spoke out against the ITF for their lack of cooperation. This is ironic, as this process usually takes place the other way around. Players also demand more control13, which points out once again that the ITF‟s anti-doping policies are not at the level one might expect. Conspiracy theories do exist in tennis, as in a lot of domains, and a lot shed light on some cases of weird injuries, long term withdrawal from tennis or retirements. Delegates will have to tackle the issue of doping, proposing solutions to combat it, and address the case of athletes found guilty of doping but come back after a short suspension, such as M. Cilic, M. Sharapova14, R. Gasquet or others.

13 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2016/12/23/roger-federer-demands-regular-drug-testing-tennis-greater-investment/ 14 http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award_4643__FINAL__internet.pdf 14

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b. Corruption Due to technological development, a new plague is affecting tennis in terms of corruption: courtsiding15. Betting companies allow you to bet live on each point. Scammers physically present at tournaments take advantage of a delay of a few seconds between the end of a point and its formalisation on betting sites, to bet. Instantaneously, they transmit the result to dozens of bettors, online. Then, they have few seconds to play and are sure to win. Mafias are behind this courtsiding method and cover most tournaments in the world. To counter this plague, the referees are trained to recognize the possible courtsiders. They must also validate the point as quickly as possible, to reduce the reaction time of punters. But that's not always enough. Some courtsiders are equipped with very sophisticated connections in their pockets, which allow them to be almost unnoticed. To fight corruption, the TIU adopted in 2009 a Tennis Anti-Corruption Program “to maintain the integrity of tennis, protect against any efforts to impact improperly the results of any match and establish a uniform rule and consistent scheme of enforcement and sanctions applicable to all professional tennis Events and to all Governing Bodies”16. However, the ITF and the TIU are sometimes seen as too compliant with affairs with few exemplary sanctions for guilty players and quite often cases that lead to nothing because the link with corruption was not established. Indeed, it is extremely difficult to analyse the behaviour of a player on a court and know if he deliberately lost or not. Finally, there is more and more suspicion at the international level with strange withdrawals during matches and last minute injuries. This was the case at Wimbledon in 2017 with ten retirements in the men‟s singles. Many tennis observers have explained this with the willingness to receive the prize money, which is not the case if you withdraw before the tournament starts.

15 http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2017/09/behind-the-shadowy-practice-of-courtsiding-at-the-us-open/69262/ 16 https://www.tennis.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Tennis-Integrity-Unit-Tennis-Anti-Corruption-Program-as- of-1-January-2017.pdf 15

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c. Behaviour As previously mentioned, there are a lot of hot-tempered players on the professional circuit, and the ITF argues that they negatively affect the image of tennis. Whether it is a lack of fair play, insults, breaking rackets, lacking respect to the opponent, the referees or the crowd, there is a large range of such negative behaviours on a court, and this is why tough rules are currently in place to try to limit them. From warnings to points and games penalty during a game, a $10 000 fine, the withdrawal of the participation bonus, a potential suspension, the existing arsenal is quite large both on and off courts, with a posteriori decisions17. Delegates are invited to come up with alternative ideas the ITF, the ATP and WTA could enforce to preserve the integrity of tennis.

2. Development

Tennis has always been seen as a sport reserved for the upper class, which could explain why it is currently developing in rich Middle Eastern countries, and lagging in central Africa. Inequalities thus remain, between richer and poorer countries, where tennis development cannot take place because of a lack of financial resources to build infrastructure and promote talented players. For example, Serbia, decimated by war in the 1990s, became one of the major strongholds of tennis in the 21st century18. In Former Yugoslavia, , Živojinović or Pilić were great players and inspired new generations. Since then, and despite a small annual budget, with the best players using a swimming pool as their training court in their youth19, the Serbian Federation managed to further develop and created a Serbian Open (ATP 250, from 2009 to 2012), thanks to . The country became very successful with men (Troicki, Tipsarević, Lajović) and women

17 https://www.metro.news/tennis-pair-fined-for-bad-behaviour/778437/ 18 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/02/sports/tennis/02iht-SRDCDJOKOVIC.html 19 http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serb-and--the-tennis-school-that-conquered-the-world-842718.html 16

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players (Ivanovic and Janković), making it to the Fed Cup finals for the first time in their history in 2015 and winning the Davis Cup in 2010 (and another final in 2013). Serbia could be seen as a potential example to follow for other countries. Around a notorious figure, here Monica Seles, the Federation promoted the sports, created clubs and teams. Small countries with one central player could base their model on the Serbian one. Investments are highly rewarding on the long term, and Serbia‟s achievements are ones that should thus inspire all members of the ITF. Chinese officials, amongst others, visited Serbia multiple times in this regard.20 Finally, the ITF announced in March 2017 a reform to entry-level professional tennis with the creation of the ITF Transition Tour21, which will start in 2019. The idea is to smooth the passage from junior tournaments to Professional ATP / WTA tournaments by the creation of an intermediate level. A parallel ranking system will be put in place, and the best players will be able to pass from the ITF Transition Tour to the ATP / WTA, setting a limit of 750 players in both professional tours. It is important to note that only the best 300 players, male and female, can decently live of their passion for tennis: the biggest tournaments, where the prize money is high, is reserved for the players with the higher ranking. The “second tier” of players have to move around the globe, at their expense, to win few ATP / WTA points, without the presence of a staff they cannot afford, neither with big sponsors to help them out. The details of the ITF Transition Tour will be further announced until 2019, so delegates are invited to check the latest updates and announcements.

3. Calendar

Tennis is now at a major turnout regarding the calendar. Many important tournaments are now played in all regions and players make several rounds around the world every year. We arrive at a breaking point with an overload calendar and

20 http://english.cctv.com/2016/06/17/VIDE2VFapz10GZHANtPqqpVT160617.shtml 21 http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/about-pro-circuit/transition-tour-2019.aspx 17

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players who hurt themselves more and more frequently and have to shorten their season. 22,23As an example, in the last Master 1000 of the 2017 season, the Paris Rolex Master, a Top 10 player did not make it into the final for the first time since 1988. Today the best players need to choose between representing their country in Davis and Fed Cup and their personal career. Players should not have to make this choice and should be able to do both as it is the case in other sports. This calendar problem also led to situation that would never happen before with some women players being Number One without winning any Grand Slams such as C. Wozniacki or S. Halep. The WTA scoring point system can also be put forward as a reason to explain the latest example. The calendar is also linked to some rules. Major changes have recently been ruled out in the 2017 ITF AGM in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), such as the passage from 3 to 2 sets for men in Davis Cup in order to make the match less tiring and therefore attract the top players. Since 2007, Masters 1000 are played in 2 winning sets however a rule stipulates that the highest players in the ATP ranking must attend all Master 1000 (except the Master of Monte Carlo for which this rule does not apply) or they can be penalized. The only exceptions are if the player is injured (and he must prove it), over 31 years old or has at least a 12 years‟ career24.

4. Rules

Currently, the will of the ITF is to make tennis a more dynamic sport. Some rules have been tested at the 2017 ATP Next Gen Finals, the ATP Finals for Top 8 under- 21 players. Created in 2016, this tournament became a laboratory of possible future rules. In 2017, some rules have been tried during this tournament such as:

22 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/03/28/many-top-tennis-players-suffering-injuries-can-done/ 23 http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/41071538 24 http://bleacherreport.com/articles/863399-tennis-players-and-the-atp-schedule-why-it-is-such-a-big-deal 18

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 Shorter sets: each set finishing at four games instead of six with a tie- break at 3-3 and the match is played at the best of five instead of three,  No-ad scoring: at deuce (40A), the server chooses which side (right or left ) the deciding point will be played (no „advantage‟ anymore),  Shorter warm-up: matches to start five minutes after players walk on,  Hawk-eye live: all line-calling is automated therefore there is no judge line anymore,  No-let rule: if the serve clips the net-cord and drops in play continues,  Shot clock: players can see a 25-second countdown between points (maximum time allowed to serve) thanks to a clock on the court,  Player coaching: coaches can communicate with their player once per set via a headset,  Free movement policy for the public: fans can move around stadium at any time, except behind the baseline.

The latest is the most controversial as it can disturb players. Regarding player coaching, it already exists in some women tournaments and Davis Cup and Fed Cup. Regarding, player coaching, the coach can come on the court which was not the case at the ATP Next Gen Finals with players communicating with a headset. Detailed information about this experimental rules as well as feedbacks from the players can be found in this article: Headsets, shot-clocks and an opera-inspired set: which trials have succeeded at the ATP Next Gen Finals?25 Finally, some exhibition tournaments such as the Hopman Cup26 are using the FAST4 Tennis format which consists of 4 points per game, 4 games per set and 4 rules27 and can be an inspiration for the future of tennis.

25 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/11/09/headsets-shot-clocks-opera-inspired-set-trials-have-succeeded/ 26 https://hopmancup.com/results/how-the-draw-works 27 https://www.tennis.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/FAST4-Tennis-Information-Sheet.pdf 19

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Bloc positions

Countries where tennis is a main sport with a lot of notorious players are usually rich and developed, with major tennis tournaments taking place every year. Such countries would be Australia, France, the UK and the USA which welcome the four yearly Grand Slams, but as well Belgium which recently arrived in the Davis Cup Finals or Russia and with their world-famous male and female players. They have the money and technological means to fight doping with their national anti-doping agencies. They would be open to discuss changes in the rules to maintain tennis as a world sports, and would like to increase the ITF‟s revenues by promoting new contracts of sponsoring or hosting the World Cup of Tennis. Countries where tennis only arrived recently (in the 1990s), Eastern European and Central Asian countries that emerged from the dislocation of the USSR for instance, or Latin American countries like Argentina, Brazil, Cuba or Ecuador, would look favourably upon the development of tennis in their country by hosting more international tournaments, such as, but not limited to, ATP 500, Masters 1000 or the World Cup of Tennis.

Finally, countries in Southeast Asia or from the Middle East are the latest to have entered the world of tennis. Such countries include Singapore, or China, as well as Turkey, Israel, the Gulf States and Northern African countries like Tunisia, Morocco or Egypt. They have ambition and financial means to be important members in the future, and also hope to welcome major international competitions. It would make sense for such countries as well to bid for the World Cup of Tennis.

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Questions a Resolution Should Answer

Integrity

 How can the ITF increase its anti-doping controls and overall anti-doping system to ensure that only clean athletes take part in the tournaments?

 What sanction(s) should be used against athletes that violate doping and corruption rules? What about cases of recidivism?

 What role can the TUI play in tackling corruption?

 What should the ITF do to ensure the image of tennis is not tarnished by the behaviour of players?

Development

 What can the ITF do to promote tennis in areas where this sport is not fully developed such as, but not limited to, Africa or Asia?

 How can the ITF help lower ranking players to have a decent life and live from tennis?

Calendar

 Should the ITF reorder the calendar to ensure a better balance between the different surfaces?

 How can the ITF ensure Grand Slams, Masters 1000, ATP 500 and 250 Tournaments, the Davis Cup, the Fed Cup, the , the Laver Cup and the World Cup of Tennis can coexist without players having to choose between them?

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 Can some of the exhibition tournaments such as but not limited to, the Hopman Cup, the Laver Cup or the World Cup of Tennis merge or simply be removed from the calendar to make the it less busy?

Rules

 What new rules can be introduced by the ITF to make tennis more interesting for all types of publics (age groups, attracting more women, etc.)?

 Which rule changes can be made in order to make the Davis Cup and Fed Cup attractive again?

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Sources

1. ITF Constitution. ITF Website. http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/constitution.aspx

2. Role of the ITF. ITF website. http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/role.aspx

3. ITF announces long-term strategic plan. ITF Website. http://www.itftennis.com/news/231617.aspx

4. A Short History of Drugs in Tennis. Inside Tennis website. 30th October 2009. http://www.insidetennis.com/2009/10/short-history-drugs-tennis/

5. About the TIU. Tennis Integrity Unit website. http://www.tennisintegrityunit.com/about-tiu

6. Wins, but Is Grilled About a Suspicious Loss. The New York Times website. 1st September 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/01/sports/tennis/alexandr- dolgopolov-tennis-intergrity-unit.html

7. John McEnroe is disqualified, Australian Open 1990. Australian Open YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- _2rjocv-Jo

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8. The True Home of Tennis. Country Life website. 22nd June 2005. http://www.countrylife.co.uk/out-and-about/sporting-country- pursuits/the-true-home-of-tennis-41091

9. The history of tennis umpiring: How Hawk-Eye changed the game? Sports Illustrated website. 11th November 2015. https://www.si.com/tennis/2015/11/11/history-of-hawk-eye- tennis-umpiring

10. Match point cliffhanger Roger Federer. Australian Open YouTube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hp9JzkMHbF8

11. Roger Federer demands more regular drug testing in tennis and greater investment in anti-doping. The New York Times website. 23rd December 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2016/12/23/roger-federer- demands-regular-drug-testing-tennis-greater-investment/

12. vs International Tennis Federation. Court of Arbitration of Sport website. 30th September 2016. http://www.tas- cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award_4643__FINAL__internet.p df

13. Behind the shadowy practice of courtsiding at the US Open. Tennis website. http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2017/09/behind-the-shadowy- practice-of-courtsiding-at-the-us-open/69262/

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14. Tennis Anti-Corruption Program (2017). Tennis website. https://www.tennis.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Tennis- Integrity-Unit-Tennis-Anti-Corruption-Program-as-of-1-January- 2017.pdf

15. Tennis pair fined for bad behaviour. Metro website. 8th September 2017. https://www.metro.news/tennis-pair-fined-for-bad- behaviour/778437/

16. Behind Serbia’s Rise in Tennis, a Star and his Family. The New st York Times website. 1 December 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/02/sports/tennis/02iht- SRDCDJOKOVIC.html

17. Transition Tour 2019. ITF website. http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/about-pro-circuit/transition- tour-2019.aspx

18. Serb and volley: the tennis school that conquered the world. Independent website. 8th June 2008. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/serb-and-volley-the- tennis-school-that-conquered-the-world-842718.html

19. Serbia producing procession of tennis stars. CCTV website. 17th June 2016. http://english.cctv.com/2016/06/17/VIDE2VFapz10GZHANtPqqp VT160617.shtml

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20. Why are so many tennis players suffering injuries, and what can be done? The Telegraph website. 28th March 2017. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/03/28/many-top-tennis- players-suffering-injuries-can-done/

21. US Open: , Novak Djokovic & among those missing. BBC Sport website. 28th August 2017.

22. ATP Tennis Schedule: Why it is such a big deal? Bleacherreport website. 24th September 2011. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/863399-tennis-players-and-the- atp-schedule-why-it-is-such-a-big-deal

23. Headsets, shot-clocks and an opera-inspired set: which trials have succeeded at the ATP Next Gen Finals? The Telegraph website. 9th November 2017. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/11/09/headsets-shot- clocks-opera-inspired-set-trials-have-succeeded/

24. How the draw works. Hopman Cup website. https://hopmancup.com/results/how-the-draw-works

25. FAST4 Tennis Information Sheet. Tennis website. https://www.tennis.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/FAST4- Tennis-Information-Sheet.pdf

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Topic B: World Cup of Tennis Finals Bidding Process

During the ITF meeting at LIMUN 2018, the host city for the newly introduced World Cup of Tennis finals 2018 will be chosen. For the purpose of LIMUN, the city that has already be chosen to host the event in real life, Geneva, will be disregarded but the Swiss delegation will, of course, be able to make a bid.

What is the World Cup of Tennis finals?

The Davis Cup28 and Fed Cup29 have a historical importance, and were usually highlights of the season with unforgettable matches and comebacks throughout its long and rich history. However, both competitions have lost their appeal to the best players in the recent years: for the first round of games in February 2017, only one of the Top 10 best players was on the courts to represent his country, Novak Djokovic for Serbia. The analysis prevails for all rounds, Davis and Fed Cup combined, for the past decade. In an attempt to push all players to participate in these competitions, the ITF had to make some changes it believed could revive the interest of the competition. "Change

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is needed to ensure that we maximise the full potential of these iconic and historic competitions," said ITF president David Haggerty. The Davis and Fed Cup Finals will take place in the same city, decided in advance (by a similar bidding process to what we will be simulating at LIMUN), in an attempt to cut costs, renew the interest of the competition, and welcome fans from all over the world. In real life, the hard court event will be held at the Palexpo Convention Centre for three years from November 2018. Geneva was chosen by the ITF board at its meeting in Frankfurt from a shortlist of six that also included Copenhagen (Denmark), Miami (USA), Istanbul (Turkey), Turin (Italy), and Wuhan (China). The ITF World Cup of Tennis must not be confused with the project of the Tennis World Cup30, which is an exhibition event put forward by , Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic, and which will take place in the Madison Square Garden in New-York just after Wimbledon. Delegates could talk about this project as part of Topic A.

The process

Delegates that wish to participate in bidding should make an official submission in addition to their position paper for Topic A. Chairs will review all the submissions and select the best five of them which will be published for other delegates to see. After Lunch on Saturday, the normal rules of procedure will be suspended and the delegates will be able to present their bids for 5 minutes and have another 5 minutes to answer questions. Throughout the conference the delegates should lobby for their Candidate City. An anonymous vote will take place and the ITF will vote until one city has an overall majority. During each round, the candidate city with the lowest number of votes will be knocked out. This will continue until a city has an absolute majority. The chosen city will be announced at the closing ceremony and the delegation in question will win a diplomacy award.

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Format of the official submission

All bids will have to be between 2 and 5 pages, addressing the six points stated just below: 1. Country‟s past experience in welcoming international sport events, and in particular tennis events; 2. Choice of the city: a. City‟s experience in welcoming sport events, b. How will accommodation and transport be sorted for thousands of fans? 3. Choice of the venue: a. Characteristics of the stadium, b. Has this venue been used for tennis before? Or for another major sports event? 4. Evaluation of costs and revenues: a. What are the projected costs? b. What are the projected revenues? 5. How will the national tennis federation get involved in promoting tennis in the chosen country during the time of the competition, but also beforehand and the future legacy? 6. Concluding remarks a. How will your bid stand out from the others? b. What makes your city so special? c. Whatever other points you think are important to be addressed, such as fanzones or the potential environmental impact of the organisation of such an event

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Conference Information

When looking for information regarding LIMUN 2018 (and subsequent editions) your first step should be to visit our website: www.limun.org.uk

LIMUN on social media

Please follow updates from us through our social media channels:

London International Model United Nations (LIMUN)

@LondonMUN

When tweeting about this year‟s conference (your preparations, journey to/from London or when live-tweeting the events during the conference itself) –

- please use hashtag #LIMUN2018

Agenda & Rules of Procedure

The agenda for the 2018 conference is available online at www.limun.org.uk/agenda

The Rules of Procedure can be accessed here: http://limun.org.uk/rules

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