0006lJ IE BOUR & CAPITAL IN PARLIAMENT

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Prepared by THE LABOUR RESEARCH DEPARTMENT

January, 1923

t LONDON: THE· LABOUR PUBLISHING COMPANY LIMITED

38 GREAT ORMOND STREET CONTENTS

MAP. PAGE Labour Representation in House of Commons, 1922 Election frontispiece

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. The Theory of Parliament . 3 Brief History of Parliament 4

CHAPTER II

THE INTERESTS OF CAPITAL. House of Commons . 9 House of Lords 9 Associations and Combines II The Record of the F.B.I. 13

CHAPTER III

THE INTERESTS OF LABOUR. Growth of Working-class Representation 19 The General Election, 1922 . 24 The Forces behind the Labour Party 29

APPENDICES. I. Labour Representation . 34 II. Capitalist Representation 38 LABOUR AND CAPITAL IN PARLIAMENT

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

THE THEORY OF PARLIAMENT ANY attempt to describe the British Parliament is beset by a maze of legal forms and text-book notions of an imaginary Constitution. This confusion is partly due to the fact that there is both an antique theory of the Constitution and a modern theory of the Constitu­ tion. Thus the text-books tell us that the apparatus of government is the King in Parliament (King, Lords and Commons), the King in Council (for particular or extra­ ordinary legislation), and His Majesty's Judges. Now it is obvious that a description that applies both to the thirteenth and the twentieth centuries can have little reality about it, and is, indeed, hardly more than evidence of the continuity of the outward shows and ceremonies. On the other hand, the modern theory, which has grown up mainly since the French Revolution, is no less incom­ plete. This theory is that the House of Commons is supreme; that the House of Commons is elected by the free and equal citizens of the country who have the final say in all matters of government; while, for the purpose of choosing their Members of Parliament, these citizens are divided into constituencies. Now clearly this modern theory is not an adequate description. It takes no account of the existence of political parties or of the fact that the great industrial combines, on the one hand, and the great trade unions, on the other, regularly send ( 8 ) their representatives t~ Parliament. It conflicts with the antique theory of the Constitution; it also conflicts with the modern realities. To get any real description of Parliament or of the government of the country the analysis must go deeper. For instance, it must at least show what interests are represented in Parliament, and how those interests are combined in parties. The question of what constituency will be arranged for the representative of a particular interest is of a much lesser importance. Accordingly this study of Labour and Capital in Parliament, while it is intended to serve as a parliamentary guide, will also, it is hoped, be taken as a step towards this necessary analysis of our present institutions and the play of the forces within them.

BRIEF HISTORY OF PARLIAMENT We have stated that in legal form the apparatus of government comprises the King in Parliament, the King in Council, and the Judiciary. This is not the place to deal with the Judiciary; but with regard to the King in Council it may be said that this purely despotic alternative form of government, used by the Tudors and Stuarts, then by Pitt and his successors during the Napoleonic Wars, and finally in the late War under the sanction of the Defence of the Realm Act, has been subjected to the same changes of ownership (i.e., effective control) as can be traced in the case of Parliament itself. This legal form contains within it the history of Parliament. At first the King in Parliament was a feudal assembly corresponding to the States-General, and consisting for the most part of the Three Estates, together with the King. As a States-General it func­ tioned. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with the growing power of the Crown, its importance and prestige diminished under the Y orkist and Tudor Kings, and it would have seemed as though its destiny was that of the other States-General of Europe-to moulder away and finally disappear. In England, curiously, the Parliament took on a new lease of life in the seventeenth century, but there was a great difference. The revival of Parliament in the seventeenth century was nothing less than the capture and subjugation of the medireval ( 4 ) institution by a rising middle class. An instance of this is seen in the famous Act of the Long Parliament, when it was resolved that the" House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England ... and is hereby wholly abolished and taken away." The opposition was clearly felt between the part of Parliament that repre­ sented the feudal regime and the Lower House that had been adapted to the purpose of the new order. After the seventeenth century there was no longer any serious question of the supremacy of the House of Commons, or of the class that held it. After a century of land depredations, marked by Enclosure Acts, a quarrel broke out between the older section of the ruling class, made up of the landed gentry and the mer­ chant interests, and the newer section of manufacturers. That quarrel was finally settled * by the Reform Act of 1832, which actually left the working class with smaller franchise rights than they had before. It is nearly a century later. In the last hundred years Capitalism has passed through many cha·nges. The typical representatives of Capital now are the great monopoly combines and the international financiers; and the House of Commons has changed its colour accordingly. Again, the increased concentration of power in the hands of the financial and industrial oligarchy finds a parallel concentration of power in the State. With the Party system and the increasing status of the Premier, power has been concentrated in a Cabinet of Ministers who are not only the Executive, but also the body that decides what the House of Commons shall do and how it shall do it. The old form says that a Member shall ask leave of the House to bring in a Bill; the reality is seen in the appeal by that Member to the Government to allow facilities for the passage of a Bill. Thus, while there is an Opposition at the moment chiefly representing the working classes, the real power resides in the Cabinet and in the interests that support the Cabinet and have put it there. The dominant position held by finance capital can be measured in a curious way. That is by its effect on the vestige of feudalism, the House of Lords. There is no longer any question of the House ofLords representing * The Peers v. People issue of 1910-11 was, of course, a sham fight.

( 5 ) Norman blood or generations of titled ancestors. The men who sit on the red benches are great financiers like Lord Rothschild and Lord Swaythling; captains of industry like Lord Leverhulme and Lord Pirrie; great magnates like Lord Vestey, of the meat trust, and Lord Inchcape of the P. & O. combine; and finally million­ aire newspaper proprietors like Lord Beaverbrook and Lord Rothermere. But though the representatives of Big Business have captured both the Commons and the Lords, their power does not reside there or depend upon this capture. This generation, which has seen a newspaper make and unmake a Government, has no illusions on that score. Just as the King, the Sacramental Man of the Middle Ages, lost all his personal power and became the mere fa<;ade of the structure of government, so the whole of Parliament has become a fa<;ade behind which go on the operations of finance capital* and the real Government of the country. Were the workers' representatives to gain a majority in the House of Commons and abolish the House of Lords, they would only have captured the outworks. The real struggle would still lie before them.

* It is interesting to recall the minatory tones in which the Financial Times expostulated with a certain Minister at a time when there was a slight difference of opinion between the Govern­ ment and the banks. "Does he, and do his colleagues, realise that' half a dozen men' at the top of the five big banks could upset the whole fabric of Government finance by refraining from renewing Treasury bills ~ "-Financial Times, Sept. 26th, 1921.

( 6 ) CHAPTER II

THE INTERESTS OF CAPITAL

WHAT is the exact manner in which Capital and Labour are -represented in Parliament? How much money goes into the division lobbies each night? How many capital shares does an M.P. think ofwhen he speaks of " my constituents"? An answer to these questions would be of great value; it would reveal many remark­ able results, but it would mean a book of a thousand pages, and it would need to be revised every few months. There are in this country no less than 79,994 limited liability companies, each with its list of shareholders. It may be hazarded that, outside the Labour Party, there are very few Members or Peers ofParliament who do not possess an interest in one or more of these companies~ In the absence, however, of the larger compilation which an inquiry into these shareholding interests would demand, it is possible in this booklet to get an idea of the methods by which Capital is most directly represented in Parliament, namely, by setting forth how many company directors there are in Parliament, and what they stand for. In reckoning up the direct representatives of Capital in Parliament we must first of all exclude the members known as "placemen." The placemen were so called because, holding a Government post, it was as much as their place was worth to vote against the Government. There are now about 60 such placemen in Parliament. Of these the more highly placed, such as Ministers and Secretaries of State, are forbidden to hold directorships of public companies. When they enter the Government they must resign whatever directorships they hold, though they need not sell out their shareholdings in the companies of which they were formerly directors. But ( 7 ) on retiring from the Government they are then free to resume their former directorships or to accept new ones. Sir Robert Horn~, for instance, resigns the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, is succeeded there by Mr. Stanley Baldwin, and himself immediately becomes the chairman of Baldwins, Limited, the iron and steel combine, with a capital of over £9,000,000. Mr. Kellaway, the Coalition Postmaster-General (in which capacity he has to nego­ tiate with the wireless and broadcasting companies), resigns along with Sir Robert Horne, and immediately is made a director of Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company. Previous exits from the political stage and reappearance on the halls of industry are Mr. McKenna, who turned from being Chancellor of the Exchequer to be the chairman of the London Joint City and Midland Bank, and Sir Eric Geddes, whose meteoric career through the Ministries was followed by a still more lucrative course in which he has joined the board of the Dunlop Rubber Co., Ltd., and is now President of the Federation of British Industries. The second class of Member to be excluded from our calculations are many of the directors of private com­ panies. Of the 79,994 limited liability companies, 67,071, or over 80 per cent., are private, and complete information about them is not to be found in any book of reference.* We must, therefore, be limited in the main to directors of public companies. It will be seen that this considerably narrows the field of inquiry. Neverthe­ less, out of the 400 or more M.P.'s that remain when we have struck off the Labour Members and the placemen, there are no less than 255 company directors or land­ owners, while the figures of shareholdings for the remain­ der are unknown. Similar calculations (with similar limits imposed by the existence there, too, of placemen, and by the rule excluding Ministers, etc., from director­ ships) show that in the House of Lords there are 272 company directors. In the sections that follow we give first of all a general analysis of the Capital interests by industry, showing both Lords and Commons. This is followed by a brief survey of such mouthpieces of Capital as the Federation * A complete list of references is given at the end of the Appendix, containing all the 255 company directors, together with their companies and capital, where available. ( 8 ) of British Industries. Finally, in a lengthy appendix, we give the names of the M.P. company directors, together with all the companies they represent so far as they could be found, and, when available, the total amount of capital behind them. For the House of Commons alone it amounts to nearly £2,000,000,000.

HOUSE OF COMMONS On page 10 is a summary of how these 255 M.P.'s are connected with land, farming or industrial under­ takings. It will be seen that companies connected with finance, land and investment, have the largest represen­ tation in the new Parliament, totalling fifty-three. Railway directors have twenty-four representatives for the thirty-three companies, with a total capital of £839,433,834.* The sixty-eight shipping companies have thirty representatives; but we can only obtain the capital of twenty-nine of these companies. All the others are private companies or firms. Twenty-nine M.P.'s are known to be landowners, and nineteen are solely connected with land or farming. This, however, does not represent the true interests of land and farming. For it was announced by Lord Bledisloe on November 30th that 140 Members had been returned pledged to promote the farmers' interest, whilst forty others were partially pledged. According to a report of a National Farmers' Union council meeting, in the Glasgow Herald, November 23rd, sixty-seven Members had subscribed to the National Farmers' Union programme in its entirety, and ninety-eight had accepted it with reservations.

HOUSE OF LORDS The House of Lords, which is generally supposed to represent exclusively the land-owning interest, will be

* The number of directors and companies is decreased by the amalgamations now proceeding; but as, at the moment of writing, not one of the four railway combines is yet entirely com­ plete, we have included retiring di.rectors and separate companies. Nor is it likely that these retiring directors will sever their connec­ tion completely with the railways; many will still retain their shareholdings. ( 9 ) HOUSE OF COMMONS

No. No. of No. of whose Industry. Members Com· capital Total Capital. COll- panies. is cerned. known. --- £ Amusements . 7 12 6 1,270,905 Banking .. 19 21 18 162,791,549 Brewing, Distilling, etc. 16 27 22 44,260,016 Building, Timber 11 10 4 1,235,884 Chemicals 18 26 15 43,978,046 Coal, Iron, Steel 34 63 44 100,474,861 Distribution 24 35 9 5,234,977 Engineering, Shipbuilding and Metals. 52 54 32 59,457,913 Finance, Land and Invest· ment. 53 72 50 33,111,790 Farming 18 -- - Food 18 17 8 8,596,104 Gas, Water, Electric 19 39 35 28,098,359 Hotels, Catering 6 11 8 11,420,135 Insurance . 41 48 38 213,499,202 Landowners 29 - - - Mining (other than coal) . 9 13 10 4,101,279 Miscellaneous 9 11 - - Newspaper 18 17 5 2,640,575 Petroleum 14 33 30 89,792,666 Printing, Paper 12 17 10 4,316,541 Railways 24 33 33 839,433,834 Shipping . 30 68 29 188,801,597 Tea, Coffee, Rubber 9 16 14 4,228,394 Textiles, Clothing 28 36 13 7,613,380 Tobacco . 1 17 3 39,045,992 Transport (other than rail and ship) 7 16 15 37,676,195 --- TOTAL 255* 713 451 1,930,968,194 found from the table on the opposite page to contain representatives of 761 companies-even more, in fact, than are represented in the House of Commons. While 242 Lords represent the land-owning interests, 227 of which own a known acreage of 7,362,009 acres, 272 Lords are directors of companies. The sixty-nine insur­ ance companies have 106 representatives. Forty-two banks have sixty-six representatives; finance, land and * This total allows for the duplication of directorates in more than one group. ( 10 ) HOUSE OF LORDS

Industry. No. of Members No. of concerned. Companies.

Amusements 12 13 Banking .. 66 42 Brewing, Distilling 12 10 Building, Timber 1 1 Chemicals. . 15 22 Coal, Iron, Steel 27 51 Distribution. 15 18 Engineering, Shipbuilding 49 70 Finance, Land and Investment 79 114 Food 9 7 Gas, Water, Electric 13 17 Hotels, Catering 10 12 Insurance 106 69 Landowners 242 - Mining (other than coal) 29 56 Miscellaneous 10 12 Newspaper 6 11 Petroleum 15 32 Printing, Paper 6 6 Railways 64 78 Shipping 26 54 Tea, Coffee, Rubber 14 20 Telegraph 8 11 Textiles, Clothing ... 16 18 Transport (other than rail and ship) 14 15

TOTAL 425* 761

investment have seventy-nine representatives, railways sixty-four, engineering and shipbuilding forty-nine, and other mining (mostly gold), twenty-nine. It should be remembered that company promoters are said to make special efforts to induce Peers to become directors, because their names inspire confidence. Peers and other persons of rank or fame who act in this capacity are termed" guinea-pigs."

ASSOCIATIONS AND COMBINES We have so far dealt only with the representation of individual Capitalists and with the companies with which * This total allows for the duplication of directorates in more than one group. ( 11 ) they are connected. But this by no means completes the picture. Most ofthese companies are linked together in large associations for the fixing of prices, the restriction of output, or other "trade purposes." Many belong to their local chambers of commerce or trade. Many are merely constituents of great industrial combines, all ofwhose interests would represent a far greater capitalisa­ tion, even than the figure of about £2,000,000,000 that we are able to give (for the House of Commons alone). Lastly, a great number of these companies are linked together in the Federation of British Industries, the details of whose past achievements and present repre­ sentation in Parliament will be found below. Many M.P.'s are members of local chambers of com­ merce and also of the Associated Chambers of Commerce. At least one M.P. sits on the executive of the Shipping Federation, which covers the majority of shipping interests throughout the kingdom. The chairman of the Engineering and National Employers' Federation is a member; the National Union of Manufacturers and the National Federation of Iron and Steel Manufacturers both have M.P.'s on their executives. Many directors of such price-fixing associations as the Electric Lamp Manufacturers' Association of Great Britain, Ltd., are M.P.'s. Thus Siemens Bros. & Co. and the General Electric Co., both members, have directors who are Members of Parliament. Again, a director of the United Alkali Co., a member company of the Salt Manufac­ turers' Association, is an M.P. Both these associations, according to the Profiteering Act reports (Cmd. 622 and Cmd. 832), exist for the purpose of fixing prices, the latter also for regulating output. These and many other associations are represented in Parliament, and it would appear to be difficult in the face of these interests for Parliament to carry the legislation favoured and recom­ mended by the reports of the Profiteering Committees, even such a minor provision as that trust operations should be " surveyed " by the Board of Trade. As we have already pointed out above, it has been impossible to give a strictly true idea of the Capitalist interests of Members of Parliament, as no complete information is available as to combines. For instance, it is significant to see in the summary of M.P.'s according to industry, given on page 10, that there is only one ( 12 ) tobacco director, but seventeen tobacco companies. From information we have collected we can, however, give some details of some of the combines repre­ sented. Thus, the General Electric Co., Ltd., with twenty­ three subsidiary companies, has two director M.P.'s, and Nobel Industries has one director M.P. This latter combine is composed of at least seventy-four companies, twenty-eight of which have a capital of £164,102,989, whereas Nobel Industries itself has only a capital of £19,942,847. Cammell, Laird & Co. have also one director in Parliament; their interests, both controlling and connected, aggregate twenty-eight companies. These instances could be multiplied, but enough has been given to show how much larger the Capitalist representation actually is than even the sufficiently extensive tables we have been able to present. We will now give a brief history of the Federation of British Industries, the most influential of all the Capitalist associations, showing what it achieved in the last Parliament, and what representation it has in ·this Parliament. THE RECORD OF THE F.B.I. The Federation of British Industries, which was described in 1920 by Sir Eric Geddes, now the newly elected president of the F.B.I., as " probably the greatest organisation of its kind in the world," came into exist­ ence in July, 1916, chiefly through the initiative of the Engineering Employers' Association and the Employers' Parliamentary Association. The objects of the Federa­ tion as defined in its rules included :-. "The promotion and encouragement of free and unre­ stricted communication and discussion between masters and workmen with a view to the establishment of amicable arrangements and relations between masters and workmen and to the avoidance and settlement of strikes and all other forms of industrial warfare" (Rule 3 (ii.) ). " The promotion of improvements in the law ... and to effect improvements in administration and to co-operate with Governments in establishing a more efficient commercial consular service throughout the world" (Rule 3 (a) ). These two main objects have been pursued, first, by a steady attempt to weaken working-class organisation

( 13 ) by the compromising policy of the National Alliance of Employers and Employed (which was set up with the goodwill of the F.B.I. in May, 1917), and kindred bodies; and secondly by carefully organised efforts to influence Government policy and legislation. The general strength and position of the Federation was described as follows in the F.B.I. Bulletin of February 3rd, 1920:- " The Federation is now a very powerful body represent­ ing through its direct and indirect members, some 18,000 manufacturing firms with a united capital estimated at £4,000,000,000.... When the general voice of Industry on any particular question of national importance is expressed by the F.B.I. it is received with due weight by the Govern­ ment and the Press. ... During and after the War it has secured representation on most of the Government Com­ mittees appointed to inquire into matters concerning industrial, economic and financial policy. The value of its watchful activities regarding legislation affecting industry can hardly be 'overrated." After the election of 1918, when about seventy directors of firms belonging to the F.B.I. were returned to the House of Commons, a Parliamentary Committee was set up, and a special "Liaison Department" was established for the purpose of keeping in direct touch with Government Departments. From this time on the "watchful activities" of the Federation ranged from influencing the form of the Peace Treaties to the determining of the post-war programme of the Govern­ ment. The limits of this programme were set by an F.B.I. "Memorandum on Reconstruction," which urged :- (a) Reduction in the crushing taxation at present borne by industry. (b) Reduction of excess profits duty. (c) Continuance of import restrictions. (d) Abolition of Government control of trade and industry. (e) State financial assistance to sound British enterprises. All these items of the Memorandum, and more, were faithfully carried out. In January, 1919, it was reported that the revival of import restrictions had been" the subject of negotiation between the Federation and the Departments con-

( 14 ) cerned," and that" the pressure which has been exerted by the Federation ... has not been without result." In March it was announced that there were already five F.B.I. representatives on the Export and Import Restriction Committee, and that "the Federation is submitting other names in order that additions may be made to the personnel of the Committee." The demand for legislation against dumping was met by the Safe­ guarding of Industries Bill, which was introduced in 1921. The attack on Excess Profits Duty began in May, 1920, and by February, 1921, had reached its triumphant conclusion. "F.B.I. Victory against E.P.D." was the heading under which the Government's decision was announced in the Bulletin. "It is not necessary," the announcement continued, "to enter into the reasons given by the Chancellor for dropping the tax. The F.B.I. takes to itself credit for the fact that they are precisely the reasons which we have with such persistence urged upon the Government since the signature of the Armistice."-Bulletin, Feb. 8, 1921. The demand for reduced taxation rapidly developed into a campaign for national economy. At the annual meeting in November, 1920, Sir Peter Rylands (President of the F.B.I., 1919-21) said, with reference to the 1918 Education Act:- " During recent months the whole industrial situation of the country has very greatly changed. Wages have risen rapidly, and we have entered upon a period of decline in trade. ... It would seem, therefore, desirable that the general operation of the Act as far as it concerns compulsory continued education should be postponed." - Bulletin, Dec. 6, 1920. Except in London, continuation schools were never established, and there followed the reduction of unem­ ployment donation, the restriction of Trade Boards, and the cutting down of the Housing programme. But the most remarkable victories of the F.B.I. were in connection with the Railways Bill and the Elec­ tricity Supply Bill. When the F.B.I. was faced with a Government Bill on Electricity Supply, involving a danger of public control, its veto was immediately enforced through its parliamentary machine. The

( 15 ) Electricity Supply Bill in its original form gave certain powers to local Electricity Boards, including the com­ pulsory purchase of private power stations by public authorities. This was highly objectionable to the electrical interests represented in the Federation. The F.B.I. Bulletin gave the following account of their victory:- "At least one 'grandiose scheme' of the Government appears to be marked down for abandonment. ... The Federation opposed throughout the Electricity Boards. ... When the Boards were omitted from the Bill by the House of Lords, largely owing to the arguments put forward by the Federation, it was understood that they would be intro­ duced in a new measure. This Bill was duly introduced on April 13th, but no progress has been made with it since. Nor does it appear likely that we shall hear any more ofit so far as the compulsory electricity boards are concerned."-Bulletin, Aug. 16, 1920. The proposals in the Railways Bill which mainly aroused opposition were :- (1) Certain clauses which the F.B.I. considered to be veiled threats at nationalisation. On protests being made by the F.B.I. representatives in Parliament these clauses were withdrawn by the Government. (2) The granting of powers for road transport to railway companies. This would have prejudiced the interests of such combines as the British Electrical Federation, Ltd. (which is an influential member of the F.B.I.), controlling directly or indirectly some thirty­ two subsidiary and associated companies running road transport undertakings all over England and . The ground of opposition to these clauses which was most advertised, however, was the fear of railway monopolies and high rates. In July, 1921, it was announced that :- "The Federation has in all probability never done more important work than it has been able to accom­ plish in connection with this Bill."-Bulletin, July 26, 1921. A fortnight later the Bulletin made the following statement :- " As it leaves the House of Commons this week the measure differs materially from its original form, and it is gratifying ( 16 ) to be able to state that very considerable amendments were secured by agreement owing to the co-ordinating activities of the F.B.I." Thus the F.B.I. established a direct control of the machinery of government between 1919 and 1922. The results of its policy have been to prevent any development toward public control of industry to keep up prices and increase unemployment byrestrictions on foreign trade, to shift the burden oftaxation from employers to workers, to cut down those forms of public expenditure which mainly benefit the working class, and to undermine Trade Union solidarity by Whitley Councils and the organisation of alliances between employers and employed. The Federation now includes 169 Associations and 1,719 firms, divided into twenty-two industrial groups, and covering all the main industries of the country. Sixty-six Members of the present House of Commons and seventy Members of the House of Lords are known to be directors of companies belonging to the F.B.I. The names of these Members are given below. The F.B.I. firms through which the Members of the Commons are connected will be found in the Appendix.

HOUSE OF COMMONS Members connected with F.B.I. Firms Astbury, F. W. Forestier-Walker, L. Austin, Sir Herbert. Garland, C. S. Balfour, George. Guthrie, T. M. Banner, Sir J. S. Harmood. Greenwood, W. Barrie, Sir Charles C. HaJl, Sir Frederick. Bird, Sir William. Hall, Sir Reginald. Blades, Sir G. Rowland. Hannon, P. J. BowdleI', W. A. Henn, Sir Sydney. Brassey, Sir H. Leonard. Hewett, Sir John P. Brittain, Sir Harry. Hopkinson, A. Bull, Sir William J. Horne, Sir Robert. Butler, H. M. Houfton, J. P. Caine, G. R. Hall. Hume-Williams, Sir Ellis W. Churchman, Sir Arthur. Lever, Sir Arthur L. Clayton, G. C. Lloyd, C. E. Courthope, G. L. Manville, E. Croft, H. Page. Marshall, Sir Arthur. Davies, A. T. Mond, Sir Alfred. Ellis, R. G. Moore, Sir Newton J. Fildes, H. Morden, W. Grant. Flanagan, W. H. Morgan, K. P. Vaughan.

( 17 ) B Morrison, H. Roberts, Sir Samuel. Nesbitt, R. C. Robinson, Sir Thoma/!!. Newman Sir Robert. Rogerson, J. E. Norman, Sir Henry. Samuel, Samuel. Parker, O. Sanderson, Sir Frank B. Pease, H. Pike. Smith, Sir Allan M. . Preston, Sir Walter R. Stanley, Lord. Raeburn, Sir William H. Stephenson, H. K. Rawlinson, J. F. P. Sykes, Sir Frederick H. Remnant, Sir James F. Turton, E. R. Reynolds, W. G. W. Weston, J. W. Richardson, Sir P. Wigham. Wood, Sir H. Kingsley.

HOUSE OF LORDS Members connected with F.B.I. Firms Aberconway, Lord. HalI).pden, Viscount. Airedale, Lord. Hawke, Lord. Ampthill, Lord. Herschell, Lord. Antrim, Earl. Hillingdon, Lord. Ashfield, Lord. Hindlip, Lord. Askwith, Lord. Inchcape, Lord. Athlone, Earl. Inverforth, Lord. Athlumley, Lord. Invernairn, Lord. Bandon, Earl. Kinnaird, Lord. Barnby, Lord. Kintore. Earl. Be]per, Lord. Leverbulme, Viscount. Bessborough, Earl. Marshall, Lord. Bethell, Lord. Meston, Lord. Bledisloe, Lord. Montagu of Beaulieu, Lord. Buxton, Earl. Morris, Lord. Carisbrooke, Marquess. Pirrie, Viscount. Carmichael, Lord. Queenborough, Lord. Chichester, Earl. Radnor, Earl. Cochrane, Lord. Ribblesdale, Lord. Colwyn, Lord. Rochdale, Lord. Dalziel, Lord. Rothermere, Viscount. De Ramsey, Lord. . Earl. Dewar, Lord. Selborne, Earl. Doverdale. Lord. Shaughnessy, Lord. Downe, Viscount. Southborough, Lord. Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Southwark, Lord. Earl. Stuart of Wortley, Lord. Fairfax, Lord. Sydenham, Lord. Falmouth, Viscount. Vaux of Harrowden, Lord. Forteviot, Lord. Wargrave, Lord. Furness, Viscount. Warwick, Earl. Gainford, Lord. Weir, Lord. Glentanar, Lord. Wimborne, Viscount. Goschen, Vi£'count. Wolverton, Lord. Granville, Earl. Woolavington, Lord. Grey, Earl. Ypres, Earl.

( 18 ) CHAPTER III

THE INTERESTS OF LABOUR

THE GROWTH OF WORKING-CLASS REPRESENTATION THE Labour Party has come back to the new House of Commons elected in 1922 with a strength of 142 (includ­ ing four Co-operative Members elected with Labour support). It has thus nearly doubled its strength in the Parliament of 1918; and it is more than three times as numerous as in the House of Commons which sat from 1910 to 1918. It has achieved this success in face of the almost solid, and highly concentrated, opposition of the Press, and with the aid of only a single daily newspaper of its own. It has achieved this at a time when its financial resources were low, whereas the opposition parties were free to pour out money like water. Further, the results of the voting clearly entitle Labour to a much larger representation than has been obtained. It has only 142 Members as against 347 Unionists and 117 Liberals of both wings, and yet Labour polled 4,225,823 votes as against 9,468,747 votes for the Unionists and Liberals. Even after making some allowance for the fifty-eight uncontested seats, it is clear that upon the votes cast the representation of Labour is grossly unfair. An analysis of the votes secured for each seat con­ tested gives the following results :-

Votes per Party. Seats I Seats Total Vote. seat con- Contested. Won. tested. Communist 2 1 23,944 11,972 Conservative 455 347 5,361,650 1l,783 Labour and Co-op~rativ~ 412 142 4,225,823 10,256 National Liberal. . 157 58 1,542,109 9,822 Independent Liberal 325 59 2,564,988 7,892

( 19 ) B 2 In the following sections an attempt is made both to analyse the returns of the recent election, and to com­ pare them with previous results. The history of the growth of Labour representation in Parliament is briefly outlined, and the stages by which the Labour Party has gradually mounted to its present position of strength and independence are described. The struggle for working-class representation in Parliament began long ago in the early days of the struggle for political liberty. William Cobbett, the champion of the labourers and protagonist of the popular Reform movement which led up to the Reform A~t of 1832, sat in the reformed House of Commons from 1832 until his death in 1835. The Chartists, a decade or so later, nominated many candi­ dates for Parliament, and Feargus O'Connor sat in the House as their representative from 1847 to 1852. There­ after, with the decay of Chartism, the movement for working-class representation died out, to be revived with the coming of the struggle for the legal emanci­ pation of the growing Trade Union movement after 1867. The Reform Act of 1867 enfranchised large sections of the urban working class. At the General Election of the following year three working-class candidates went to the poll, but without success. The beginnings of the modern representation of the workers in Parliament are usually dated from 1874, when, under the auspices of the Labour Representation League, first forerunner of the modern Labour Party, two Trade Union officials, and Alexander Macdonald, were returned to the House of Commons, in both cases without Liberal opposition, although a number of the defeated Labour candidates of 1874 stood against Liberals. The return of Burt and Macdonald ushered in the period of Liberal-Labour combination, which lasted until the rise of independent Labour repre­ sentation in the 'nineties. From 1874 onwards there was never a Parliament without its group of working-class Members, elected with Liberal support, and acting in Parliament as part of the Liberal Party. The miners formed throughout the largest section of this group. Both Burt and Macdonald were miners' officials, and the dense concentration of the miners in the coalfield con­ stituencies made the organisation of the working-class

( 20 ) vote comparatively easy. Even after the formation of the Labour Party, the mmers retained for nearly a decade their association with Liberalism, only throwing in their lot with the independent working-class political move­ ment in 1909. The early 'eighties saw the rise of Socialism and the formation of the Social Democratic Federation and the Socialist League. The S.D.F. unsuccessfully entered the political field, fighting three seats in 1885, and thereafter each election produced its ·thin crop of independent Socialist candidates. After the dock strike of 1889 began the formation of independent Labour political asso­ ciations, united in 1893 in the . But before this Labour had achieved its first independent representation in Parliament, , , and Havelock Wilson securing election as Independent Labour or Socialist candidates at the General Election of 1892. But by 1895 two of these had ceased to count as independent Labour representatives, and the third -Keir Hardie-lost his seat at the election of that year. From 1895 to 1900 there was no independent Labour representative in Parliament. From the" Khaki" Election of 1900 dates the begin­ ning of the modern Labour Party. The Labour Repre­ sentation Committee, which became the Labour Party in 1906, was formed at the beginning of 1900, and secured the election of two Members-Keir Hardie and Richard Bell-at the General Election of that year. The L.R.C. was based on an alliance of the Trade Unions and the Socialist societies, except the S.D.F., which finally remained outside. Three more Members-Henderson,· Shackleton and Will Crooks-were added to the Labour forces by bye-election victories between 1900 and 1906 ; and at the election of 1906, following the Taff Vale judgment, the Labour Party returned to Parliament twenty-nine strong, and became for the first time a body of power in the House of Commons-a power shown in the passing of the Trade Disputes Act in the first session of the new Parliament. In 1909 the structure ofthe party was completed by the accession of the Miners' Federation, whose fourteen M.P.'s had previously sat in the Liberal­ Labour group. Eleven of these now joined the Labour Party; three, refusing to transfer their allegiance, remained in the Liberal Party and forfeited the support ( 21 ) of the Miners' Federation. Among the latter was Burt, one of the original working-class representatives elected in 1874. From the time when the miners joined the Labour Party, the Liberal-Labour group ceased to count as a separate force, and was completely merged in the Liberal Party. Besides the fourteen miners, it included eleven other members in 1906, one of them Richard Bell, who had severed his connection with Labour. Certain Members who can be classed as Liberal-Labour have sat in later Parliaments-two miners' officials still sit as Liberals in the new Parliament of 1922-but there is no longer a Liberal-Labour group. The two elections of 1910 left the Labour strength practically unchanged, and at about forty it remained until the first post-War election of 1918. The 1918 election was the first contested by the Party under its new constitution, adopted at the beginning of the year, under which individual members, as well as Trade Unions and Socialist bodies, were admitted to the Party, and it was reorganised as the Party of "the workers by hand and brain." Despite the very adverse conditions under which the election was fought, the Labour representation in Parliament rose from forty­ three to sixty-one, a number increased by bye-election successes to seventy-four at the dissolution of1922. More­ over, in 1918, two new working-class Parties entered the field. The Co-operative movement, forced into politics by its unfair war-time treatment by the Govern­ ment, ran a number of candidates in alliance with the Labour Party, and secured the election of one Member. In addition, several candidates stood unsuccessfully as Socialists, in some cases in opposition to sitting Labour Members. The Co-operative Party again entered the field in alliance with Labour in 1922; the Communist Party, which had put forward certain candidates against Labour candidates, withdrew these in the interests of unity, but fought two seats for which there was no Labour nominee, and secured the return of one Member to Parliament. The I.L.P., which secured the return of thirty-two Members, the Fabian Society, and the S.D.F. are part of the Labour Party, and . their candidates fought under official Labour auspIces. ( 22 ) LABOUR AND WORKING-CLASS REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT, 1874-1922

Labour Liberal- Coalition- Parliament. Other Independent or Socialist. Labour. Labour Party. &N.D.P.

1874-80 - - 2 - 1880-5 - - 3 - 1885-6 - - 11 - 1886-92 - - 10 - 1892-5 - 3 Independent Labour*. 13 - 1895-1900 - - 15 - 1900-1906 5 - 9 - 1906-10 421" 1 Socialist 14 - 1910 40 - 6 - 1910-18 43 - 6 - 1918-22 74 1 Co.operative 4 13t i 4 Co-operative . .} 1922 138 1 Communist . . 2 1 1 Labour-Prohibitionist

Seats won at bye-elections are included under the Parliament during which they were won. * Two of these became Liberal-Labour, and are included in the Liberal-Labour total for the next Parliament. 1" Eleven miners, who joined the Labour Party in 1909, are included in this total. t One National Democratic member, who joined the Labour Party after the election, is included in the Labour Party total.

Apart from these working-class Parties, the General Election of 1918 saw two groups of other so-called " Labour" candidates in the field. The Labour Party was represented in the successive Coalition Governments during the War. When it withdrew after the Armistice, certain Labour Members who had held posts in the Government refused to follow the orders of the Labour Conference, and secured re-election as Coalition-Labour or Independent candidates. These numbered four. In addition, a group styling itself the "National Demo­ craticand Labour Party," and acting as a working-class wing of the Coalition, secured the return of ten Members, one of whom subsequently joined the Labour Party. At the election of 1922, the N.D.P. representation was completely wiped out, and only one of the other" Coali­ tion - Labour" representatives returned to the new Parliament as an Independent.

( 23 ) The Table on the preceding page shows the growth of working-class representation in Parliament from 1874 to the present time.

THE GENERAL ELECTION, 1922 It will be seen from the tables given below that the Labour Party (including the Co-operative representa­ tives) came to the new House of Commons 142 strong­ an increase of sixty-seven over the number before the dissolution, and of eighty-one over the number returned in 1918. The difference between these figures is mainly accounted for by the seats won at bye-elections between 1918 and 1922. The Labour Party gained fourteen seats at bye-elections, and lost one, making a net gain of thirteen. Two more seats were gained, and one lost, by Members elected in 1918 changing their Party associa­ tion. Their numbers thus rose from sixty-one in 1918 to seventy-five in 1922. It is a significant fact that, whereas the Woolwich seat lost at a bye-election was won back, only three out ofthe fourteen seats won at bye­ elections were held at the General Election. Widnes, Sutton, Heywood, Spen Valley, Penistone, Dudley, South Norfolk, East Leicester, Dartford, Southwark Central, and Kirkcaldy Boroughs were all lost, and only Bothwell, Pontypridd, and North Camberwell held. Duddeston, Birmingham, where the N.D.P. Member had crossed over to Labour, was also lost; but Newcastle-under­ Lyme was held. It will be noticed that the gains were very unevenly distributed over different parts of the country. The greatest advance was in Scotland, where Labour has now twenty-nine seats (plus one Communist and one Labour­ Prohibitionist), as against seven in 1918 and nine at the dissolution. In Yorkshire the Party rose from six in 1918 and eight at the dissolution to twenty-one, and in from ten in 1918 and ten in 1922 to eighteen. In and Cheshire, on the other hand, the increase was only from fourteen and seventeen to nineteen, and for the Midlands as a whole from thirteen and seventeen to seventeen (i.e., the position at the dissolution was barely maintained). In the east, south, and south-west, Labour held but two seats in all, as against one in 1918 and two at the dissolution. ( 24 ) The map opposite the title page shows clearly the areas in which Labour is strong and weak. The solid block of the opposition Parties in the Southern and South Midland counties, in Central Wales, and in the Scottish Highlands, brings to notice the huge tracts which have still hardly been touched by Labour propaganda. These are, of course, the predominantly rural districts, although they include a good deal of scattered industry. Despite the rise of the agricultural unions and of the General Workers' Unions, Trade Union organisation is still weak in the country districts, and the map serves to bring out very clearly the close connection between strong Trade Union membership and a high Labour vote. The method followed in the shading of the map is that of using different shadings to indicate the different proportions which Labour representation in Parliament bears to the total representation of the area. The unit taken is not the single constituency, but the county, including the boroughs as well as the county divisions within each area. The intention is to bring out as clearly as possible the relative strength of the political Labour movement in different parts of the country. Apart from the weakness of Labour in the agricultural counties, the point which emerges most plainly is the extent to which the Labour Party draws its strength from the coalfields. The miners are the most strongly organised section of the industrial community, and they have now been almost completely brought over from their old alliance with Liberalism to the support of the political Labour movement. The treatment which the miners have received from the Government, and the terrible depression through which the coal industry has been passing, doubtless helped to account for the very large votes recorded in 1922 by the Labour candidates in the mining areas; but the relative strength of Labour in the mining constituencies was almost as marked at the General Election of 1918. It will be seen that the two areas which show the highest percentage of Labour representatives (66 per cent. or more of the total) are the industrial area round Glasgow and the counties of Monmouth and Glamorgan in South Wales. The Glasgow successes stand apart; but the remaining representation in the Scottish area marked black is drawn from the Lanarkshire coalfield,

( 25 ) while the black patch in South Wales roughly coincides with the South Wales coalfield. The other areas in which the Labour representation exceeds one-half of the total representation (marked with crossing lines on the map) coincide largely with the coalfields of Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Staffordshire and Fife, with the mixed coal and metal area of South Wales, and with the mining and quarrying districts of . In the West Riding of Yorkshire as a whole, Labour holds just under half the seats; but it is overwhelmingly preponderant in the areas of the Yorkshire coalfields. The one Labour seat in the West of England is- in the Forest of Dean coalfield. Nottinghamshire and Derby­ shire alone of the important coalfields fail to show a high proportion of Labour representatives. In Lancashire, where Labour representation is relatively weak, the Labour Members were returned in the principal mining constituencies. It is not suggested that Labour owes its triumph to coal alone. The Labour successes in Glasgow, Newcastle and Sheffield are enough to disprove such a contention. But it is undoubtedly true that the miners in 1922 voted far more solidly than any other section of the organised working class in support of the Labour candidates. Lancashire, for example, is an overwhelmingly industrial area; but it was only able to return eighteen Labour M.P.'s out of a total of sixty-six. The West Riding of Yorkshire returned twenty-one Labour Members out of forty-three; but of these twenty-one, no less than nine were miners. The industrial towns of the South and West of England failed between them to return a single Member. Birmingham and Liverpool (apart from one Irish Nationalist) returned solid blocks of Conservatives; London returned only nine Labour Members out of a total of sixty-two. The table on page 27, showing the represehtation of the twenty largest towns and of London after the 1922 election, shows how far Labour organisation in the towns still lags behind the close concentration in the mining areas. The Labour gains at the 1922 election, it should be noted, were almost wholly at the expense of the followers of Mr. Lloyd George, that is, of the National Liberals and the Coalition" Labourites." The Unionists, who returned 360 Members in Great Britain in 1918, have

( 26 ) PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION OF LONDON AND TWENTY LARGEST TOWNS OUTSIDE LONDON AFTER 1922 ELECTION

No. of Nat. Ind. - Seats. Labour. Unionist. Lib. Lib. Others. ------Birmingham 12 0 12 0 0 - Bradford 4 2 1 0 1 - Bristol 5 0 2 3 0 - Cardiff 3 0 3 0 0 - Edinburgh 5 1 2 0 2 - Glasgow. 15 10 4 1 0 - Hull 4 0 2 0 2 - Leeds 6 2 3 1 0 - Leicester. 3 1 1 1 0 - Liverpool 11 0 10 0 0 1 Nationalist London 62 9 44 6 3 - Manchester 10 3 7 0 0 - Newcastle 4 3 1 0 0 - Nottingham 4 1 2 0 1 - Plymouth 3 0 3 0 0 - Portsmouth 3 0 3 0 0 - Salford 3 1 2 0 0 - Sheffield 7 3 3 1 0 - Stoke-on-Trent. 3 2 0 1 0 - West Ham 4 3 1 0 0 - W olverhampton 3 0 2 0 1 ------TOTAl. 174 41 108 14 10 1 still 337, including Independent Unionists. This does not include the Ulster Unionists, as no comparison with 1918 is possible for Ireland, owing to the changed basis of representation. The Independent Liberals grew from twenty-seven to fifty-eight. On the other hand, the National Liberals fell from 146 to fifty-eight, and the National Democratic Party and Coalition-Labour group were completely wiped out, except that Mr. G. H. Roberts still holds his seat at Norwich as an " Indepen­ dent." Two miners' officials still sit as Independent Liberals; but otherwise the non-Labour "Labour" candidates were eliminated. The table on page 28 shows the party composition of Parliament to-day, and after the General Election of 1918. ( 27 )

I PARTIES IN HOUSE OF COMMONS AFTER GENERAL ELECTIONS 1922 1918

p.; ..., .ri .ri ~ :S .ri1Oi ..: tJ .ci .ri - ~ ..:l " . p. ;::l ~ ..: .".~ ..:lZ 0 0 ~ go .,.; .-d i3 " ." .,.; " '."" " :5 "" 'a .-d d :5'" P" Z" ...." 8@ ....""" 0 ..:l" P Z" ..:i 0 ....""" 0 ------London 9 44 6 3 - - - 2 45 12 3 - - - Greater London . 7 31 2 - - 1 - 2 33 4 - 2 - - Lancashire and Cheshire 19 49 7 3 - 1 1 Nationalist. 14 55 9 - 1 - 1 Yorkshire 21 24 3 9 - - - 6 25 31 2 2 - 1 North-West 3 2 - 1 - - - 1 4 1 - - - - North-East 17 7 2 2 - -- 5 9 9 4 1 - - West Midlands. 9 35 2 4 - - - 6 34 5 2 3 - - East Midlands 8 22 4 9 --- 7 23 10 2 1 -- Eastern Counties 1 24 3 4 - - - - 19 9 2 1 1 - South - 42 - 1 -- - - 40 2 1 - - - South-West 1 30 5 7 - -- 1 31 8 3 - - - Wales 18 6 8 2 - 1 - 10 4 19 1 1 -- Scotland 29 13 13 14 - 1 1 Communist, 7 30 24 7 2 1 - - 10 - { 1 Nationalist. } Ireland -- - 1 Sinn Fein. No comparison possible. Universities - 8 3 -- 1 - - 913 - ---- 142 347 -58-T59/--- 5 '4 61 361 11462714-2-1-1-1- 2 The following table shows how the Labour Party has fared both at bye-elections and at the General Election.

THE LABOUR PARTy-GAINS AND LOSSES (a) After the General Election of 1918. (b) At the dissolution of 1922. (c) After the General Election of 1922.

(a) (b) (c) Before New Gains Gains - General Dissolu- Over Over Election, Parlia- (a) 1918. tion, ment. (b) 1922.

London 2 3 9 7 6 Greater London 2 3 7 5 4 Lancashire and Cheshire 14 17 19 5 2 Yorkshire 6 8 21 15 13 North-West 1 1 3 2 2 North-East. 5 5 17 12 12 West Midlands 6 9 9 3 - East Midlands 7 8 8 1 - Eastern Counties. - 1 1 1 - South - - - - - South-West 1 1 1 -- Wales 10 10 18 8 8 Scotland 7 9 29 22 20 Ireland - - - - - Universities - - - - -

TOTAL 61 75 ~ 81 67

THE FORCES BEHIND THE LABOUR PARTY As we have seen, the Labour Party was formed (as the Labour Representation Committee) in 1900, on the basis of an alliance between the Trade Unions and the Socialist societies. In 1918, its basis was widened. Local Labour Parties, formed on the model ofthe national body, had been created throughout the industrial districts, and consisted of delegates from the Trade Union and Socialist bodies in their areas. A few of these local Labour Parties had already-at Woolwich and at Barnard Castle, for example-taken the further step of enrolling individual members, who might, or might not, belong also to one of the affiliated bodies. The new Lllbour Party constitution of 1918, which aimed as reorganising the movement as the Party for all "workers

( 29 ) by hand and brain," made this practice general. For the future, every local Labour Party was to have, in addition to its affiliated societies, its roll of individual members. Membership was thus made open for sympathisers who were neither prepared to join one of the Socialist bodies, nor eligible for Trade Union membership. No figures are available to show the number ofpersons enrolled by the Labour Party under this clause of the new Constitution. But it is certainly large, especially in the previously unorganised districts through which the Party rapidly spread its branches in the years following the War. It remains, however, very small indeed in comparison with the affiliated Trade Union membership, and the Labour Party is still primarily a federation of affiliated societies. These include most of the Socialist bodies (the Independent Labour Party, the Social Democratic Federation, and the Fabian Society), as well as a few miscellaneous organisations, but the vast majority of the affiliated societies are Trade Unions, and in any critical division taken at the Conferences of the Party, the Trade Union vote is decisive. The vote is taken in such cases on a basis of affiliated membership, the local Labour Parties having only one vote for each constituency, whereas the affiliated societies have one vote for each 1,000 members. This is important, because the Party Conference is the body which lays down policy, and is the final court of appeal on all questions arising within the Party. Both the growth of the Labour Party since its inception and the enormous preponderance of the Trade Union vote may be seen from the table on page 3l. It should be noted that, as many Trade Unions pay affiliation fees to the Labour Party on less than their full membership, the figures in the second column of the above table fail quite accurately to reflect the real backing of the Labour Party among the Trade Unions. Thus if, in the case of Unions affiliated to both the Trades Union Congress and the Labour Party, the mem­ bership returned to the former is taken as a standard, and the 78,676 Trade Unionists in societies affiliated to the Labour Party only added to the total, the total Trade Union membership connected with· the Party comes out at over four and a half instead of less than four millions. Moreover, the Labour Party works in close conjunction ( 80 ) LABOUR PARTY MEMBERSHIP, 1900-1921

T.C.& Trade Union•. L. L.P.- Socialist, &c., Societies. - --- Total. No. Membership. No. No. IMemhership.

1900-1 41 353,070 7 3 22,861 375,931 1901-2 65 455,450 21 2 13,861 469,311 1902-3 127 847,315 49 2 13,835 861,150 1903-4 165 956,025 76 2 13,775 969,800 1904-5 158 855,270 73 2 14,730 900,000 1905-6 158 904,496 73 2 16,784 921,280 1906-7 176 975,182 83 2 20,885 998,338 1907 181 1,049,673 92 2 22,267 1,072,413 1908 176 1,127,035 133 2 27,465 1,158,565 1909 172 1,450,648 155 2 30,982 1,486,308 1910 151 1,394,402 148 2 31,377 1,430,539 1911 141 1,501,783 149 2 31,404 1,539,092 1912 130 1,858,178 146 2 31,237 1,895,498 + + + 1913 + + 158 2 33,304 + 1914 101 1,572,391 179 2 33,230 1;612,147 1915 111 2,053,735 177 2 32,838 2,093,365 1916 119 2,170,782 199 3 42,190 2,219,764 1917 123 2,415,383 239 3 47,140 2,465,131 1918 131 2,960,409 389 4 52,720 3,013,129 1919 126 3,464,020 418 7 47,270 3,511,290 1920 122 4,317,537 492 5 42,270 4,359,807 1921 116 3,973,558 456 5 36,803 4,010,361

* Trades Councils and Local Labour Parties. t This column includes the membership of the Co-operativ~and Women's Labour League affiliations, in addition to those of the Trade Unions and Socialist Societies. t Owing to the operation of the Osborne Judgment it was impossible to compile membership statistics for 1913. with the Congress, which has an affiliated Trade Union membership of over five millions. In addition, many localised Trade Unions are affiliated to the Divisional Labour Parties in their areas, though not to the national bodies. The total Trade Union membership connected, in one way or another, with the two central bodies is probably at least five and a half millions out of a total of not more than six million Trade Unionists. It is interesting to compare the numerical strength of certain of the main Trade Union groups with their repre­ sentation in the new Parliament. This is shown in the following table.

( 81 ) TRADE UNION REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT

Membership Total Trade Affiliated to Labour Group. Unionists Labour Party, 1tIembers in December, 1921, 1922, Parliam0nt, in thousands. in thousallUS. 1922.

Mining and Quarrying . 942 907 43 Engineering, Shipbuilding and Ironfounding. . 810 357 9 General Labour 862 735 8 Transport 392 140 5 Railways 506 355 3 Cotton . 433 355 3 Iron and Steel and other Metal Trades 202 127 3 Boot and Shoe and Leather 102 71 2 Printing and Paper. 195 76 2 Public Administration 400 114 2 Wool and Dyeing 186 93 1 Other Textiles. 106 22 1 Building and Contracting. 469 121 1 Shop Assistants and Clerks 208 165 1 Teaching . 209 - - Agriculture 149 81 - Shipping 130 87 - Others . 480 160 -

The rfinal column of the above table shows only the Members returned as official candidates of the Trade Unions included in the various groups. In many cases other Members of these Unions were returned under the auspices of other bodies, such as the Divisional Labour Parties or the I.L.P. The composition of the new Party, grouped according to the organisations responsible for the candidature of the Members elected, is as follows.

l\fEMBERS RETURNED UNDER AUSPICES OF VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE LABOUR PARTY Under auspices of Trade Unions. .. 84 " Divisional Labour Parties . 20 " the Independent Labour Party 32 " " other Socialist Societies 2 the Co.operative Party 4 142

( 82 ) A full list of the new Labour Members of Parliament. with a detailed analysis of the organisations represented: the occupation of the Members, and their previous service in Parliament, is given on the next page. It appears that, of the 142 representatives, seventy-eight are full-time Trade Union officials (including check­ weighmen), and two or three more officials of various organisations. Only thirteen appear to be actual manual workers, coming direct from their trades to the House of Commons. Ten are teachers, including four University lecturers; a dozen or so are authors or journalists. Three practising barristers, two ministers of religion, and two doctors also represent the professions. Six Labour , Members are either employers or merchants or active company directors, and one is a landowner. These figures are approximate, as there is difficulty in classi­ fying some of the Members. The large number of full­ time officials is the most noticeable fact revealed by this analysis.

( 33 ) APPENDIX I LABOUR REPRESENTATION

Name and previous Organisation Constituency. responsible for Occupation. service in Parliament. Candidature.

Adams, David Newcastle, West (B.) A.E.U. Shipowner, for­ merlyengineer. Adamson, William (1910- Fife, West (C.) M.F.G.B.• Miners' official. 1922). Adamson, W. M. Staffs., Cannock (C.) Workers' Union. General workers' official. Alexander, W. .. Sheffield, Hillsborough (B.) Co·op. Party Co-op. official. Ammon, Charles G. (1922) CamberwelJ, North (B.) U. of Post Office Postal Union Workers. official. Attlee, Clement R. L. Stepney, Limehouse (B.) I.L.P. Univers. lecturer and barrister. Barker, George (1920- Monmouthshire, AbertilJery M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. 1922). (C.). Barnes, Alfred East Ham, South (B.) Co-op. Party Co-op. official. Batey, J. .. Durham, Spennymoor (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Bell, J. N. (deceased) Newcastle, East (B.) Nat. Amalg. U. General workers' of Labour. official. Bowerman, Charles W. Deptford (B.) London Soc. of Sec. T.U.C. (1906-1922). Compositors. Broad, F. A.. .. Edmonton (B.) D.L.P.. Engineer. Bromfield, William (1918- Staffs., Leek (C.) Midland Textile Textile official. 1922). Assn. Brotherton, James Gateshead (B.) A.E.U.. Engineer. Brown, James (1918-1922) Ayrshire, South (C.) M.F.G.B. . Miners' official. Buchanan, George Glasgow, Gorbals (B.) Patternmakers . Patternmaker. Buckle, Joseph Eccles (B.) Boot and Shoe Boot and shoe Operatives. official. Burgess, Stanley Rochdale (B.) A.E.U. Engineer. Buxton, Charles Rodex'; Accrington (B.) I.L.P. Social in vesti­ (Lib. 1910). gator. Buxton, Noel (Lib. 1910- Norfolk, North (C.) D.L.P. Social in vesti- 1918). gator. Calms, John (1918-1922) . Morpeth (B.) ... .M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Cape, Thomas (1918-1922) Cumberland, Workington (C.). M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Charleton, H. C. .. Leeds, South (B.) N.U.R. Raiiwayman. Clynes, John R. (1906- Manchester, Platting (B.) N.U.G.W. General workers' 1922). official. Davies, Evan (1920-1922). Monmouth, Ebbw Vale (C.) M.F.G.B. • Miners' official. Davies, Rhys John (1921­ Lanes., Westhoughton (C.) N.U.D.A.W. Distributive 1922). workers' official. Davison, J. E. (1918-1922) Smethwick (B.) Jronfounders Ironfounders' official. Duffy, Thomas Gavan Cumberland, Whitehaven (C.) Cumberland Iron Iron ,miners' Ore Miners. official. Duncan, Charles (1910- Derbyshire, Clay Cross (C.) Workers' Union General workers' 1918). official. Dunnico, Rev. Herbert Durham, Consett (C.) I.L.P. Minister. Edwards, Charles (1918­ Monmouth, Bedwellty (C.) ]lI.F.G.B.. Miners' official. 1922).

( 34 ) Organisation Name and previous I Constituency. responsible for Occupation. service in Parliament. Candidature. 1------:------1------Graham, Duncan (1918- Lanarkshire, Hamilton (C.) !II.F.G.B.. !IIiners' official. 1922). Graham, William (1918- Edinburgh, Central (B.) I.L.P. Teacher. 1922). Greenall, Thomas Lanes., Farnworth (C.) . M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Greenwood, Arthur . Nelson and Colne (B.) ~D.L.P. Labour Party official. Grenfell, D. R. (1922) . G1amorgan, Gower (C.) . M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Griffiths, Thomas (1918- Monmouth, Pontypool (C.) Iron and Steel Iron and steel 1922). Trades Assn. official. Groves, Thomas E .. West Ham, Stratford (B.) D.L.P. Coachmaker. Grundy, T. W. (1918-1922) Yorks., W.R., Rother Valley M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. (C.). Guest, J. (1918-1922) Yorks., W. R., Hemsworth (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Hall, Fred (1906-1922) Yorks., 'V.R., Normanton (C.) lILF.G.B.. Miners' official. Hall, George H. . Merthyr, Aberdare (B.) M.F.G.R. Miners' official. Hardie, George B. D. Glasgow, Springburn (B.) I.L.P. . ~Ierchant. Hartshorn, Vernon (1918- G1amorgan, Ogmore (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. 1922). Hastings, Patrick, K.C. Wallsend (B.) .. D.L.P. Barrister. Hay, Capt. John P. . Glasgow, Cathcart (B.) . I.L.P. Teacher. Hayday, Arthur (1918- Nottingham, West (B.) N.U.G.W. General workers' 1922). official. Hemmerde, E. G., K.C. Cheshire, Crewe (C.) . D.L.P.. Barrister. Henderson, Thomas Glasgow, Tradeston (B.) Co-op. Party. Shipyard worker. Herriotts, John Durham, Sedgefleld (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' offtcial. Hill,A. Leicester, West (B.) Boot and Shoe Boot and shoe Operatives. offtcial. Hirst, G. H. (1918-1922) . Yorks., W. R.,Wentworth (R) M.F.G.R. . Miners' official. Hodge, John (1906-1922). Manchester, Gorton (B.) Iron and Steel Iron and steel Trades Assn. official. Irving, Dan (1918-1922) Burnley (B.) .. S.D.F. . Labour official. Jenkins, William Glamorgan, Neath (C.) . !II.F.G.B.. Miners' official. John, William (1920-1922) Rhondda, West (B.) M.F.G.B.. ~finers' official. Johnston, Thomas. . Stirling, W. (C.). . I.L.P. Journalist. Jones, John J. (1918-1922) West Ham, Silvertown (B.) N.U.G.W. General workers' official. Jones, ~forgan (1921-1922) G1amorgan, Caerphilly (C.) I.L.P. Teacher. Jones, Richard T. Carnarv.on (C.) N.W.Q.U. Quarrymen's official. Jones, T. I. ~fardy (1922) . Glamorgan, Pontypridd (C.) D.L.P. Miners' official. Jowett, Fred. W. (1906­ Bradford, East (B.) I.L.P. Factory manager. 1918). Kirkwood, David. . Dumbarton District (B.) . A.E.U. Engineer. Lansbury, George (1910­ Poplar, Bow and Bromley (B.) D.L.P. Journalist. 1912). Lawson, John (1919-1922) Durham, Chester-Ie-Street (C.) M.F.G.B.. ~finers' official. Leach, William Bradford, Central (B.) I.L.P. Woollen manu- facturer. Lee, Frank Derbyshire, North-East (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Lees-Smith, H. B. (Lib. Yorks., W.R., Keighley (C.) I.L.P. University lec­ 191(}-1918). turer. Lowth, Thomas Manchester, Ardwick (R) N.U.R. R a i I way men's official. Lunn, William (1918-1922) Yorks., W.R., Rothwell (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. MacDonald, James Ram- G1amorgan, Aberavon (C.) I.L.P. Author. say (1906-1918). McEntee, Valentine L. . Walthamstow, West (R) A.S.W. Woodworker. Maclaren, Andrew. . Stoke, Burslem (B.) D.L.P. Journalist. McLean, Neil (1918-1922) Glasgow, Govan (R) I.L.P. Co-operative official. March, Sam. Poplar, South (B.) Transport and Transport official G.W.U. Mathew, C. J., K.C. (decad.) Stepney, Whitechapel (R) D.L.P. Barrister. Maxton, James .. Glasgow, Bridgeton (B.) I.L.P. . Teacher. Middleton, George Carlisle (B.) U. Post Office Journalist. Workers. Morel, RD. Dundee (B.). D.L.P. Author.

( 35 ) o 2 Organisation Name and previous Constituency. responsibie for Occupation. service in Parliament. Candidature.

Morrison, R. C. Tottenham, North (B.) . Co-operative Teacher. Party. Muir, John W. Glasgow, Maryhill (B.) I.L.P. Engineer. Murnin, Hugh Stirling and Falkirk (B.) Scottish Mine- Miners' official. workers. Murray, Robert Renfrew, West (C.) I.L.P. Journalist. Nichol, Robert Renfrew, East (C.) I.L.P. Teacher. O'Grady, James (1906- Leeds, South-East (B.) Transport and General workers' 1922). G.W.U. official. Oliver, G. H .• Derbyshire, Ilkeston (C.) D.L.P. General workers' official. Paling, W. . Yorks., W.R., Doncaster (C.) • M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Parker, Harper Stoke, Hanley (B.) N.A.U. of En- Enginemen's ginemen. official. Parkinson, James A. (1918­ Wigan (B.) M ..F.G.B.. Miners' official. 1922). Pousonby, Arthur A. W. H. Sheffield, Brightside (B.) I.L.P. Author. (Lib. 1908-1918). Potts, J. S. . Barnsley (B.) . D.L.P. Miners' official. Richards, Robert Denbigh, Wrexham (C.) D.L.P. University lec- turer. Richardson, Robert (1918- Durham, Houghton-Ie-Spring M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. 1922). (C.). Riley, Ben. Dewsbury (B.) I.L.P. Textile worker. Ritson, J. Durham, Durham (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Roberts, Fred. O. (1918- West Bromwich (B.) Typographical Printers' official. 1922). Assn. Robertson, John (1919- Lanarkshire, Bothwell (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. 1922). Robinson, W. C.. Yorks., W.R., Eiland (C.) Utd. Textile Fac- Textile workers' tory Workers' official. Assn. Rose, Frank H. (1918- Aberdeen, North (B.) A.E.U. Engineer and 1922). journalist. Royce, William S. (1918- Lines., Holland with Boston D.L.P. Landowner. 1922). (C.). Saklatvala, Shapurji Battersea, North (B.) D.L.P. Clerk. Salter, Dr. Alfred. . Bermondsey, West (B.) I.L.P. Doctor. Sexton, James (1918-1922) St. Helens (B.) Transport and Transport work- G.W.U. ers' official. Shaw, Thomas (1918-1922) Preston (B.). Utd. Textile Fac­ Secretary, Second tory Workers' International. Assn. Shinwell, Emanuel Linlithgow (C.) I.L.P. Transport work­ ers' official. Short, Alfred (1918-1922). Wednesbury (B.) Boilermakers Transport work­ ers' official. Sitch, Charles H. (1918- Staffs., Kingswinford (C.) Chainmakers Metal workers' 1922). official. Smith, Thomas Yorks., W.R., Pontefract (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Snell, Harry . Woolwich, East (B.) D.L.P. Lecturer. Snowden, Philip (1906- Yorks., W.R., Colne Valley (C.) I.L.P. Author. 1918). Spencer, George A. (1918- Notts, Broxtowe (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. 1922). Spoor, Ben C. (1918-1922) Durham, Bishop Auckland (C.) I.L.P. Merchant. Stephen, Rev. Campbell Glasgow, Camlachie (B.) I.L.P. Minister. Stewart, J. C. Glasgow, St. Rollox (B.) I.L.P. . Hairdresser. Sullivan, John Lanarkshire, North (C.). M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Thomas, James H. (1910-:. Derby (B.) N.U.R. Railwaymen's 1922). official. Thorne, William (1906- West Ham, Plaistow (B.) N.U.G.W. General workers' 1922). official. Tillett, Ben. (1917-1922) Salford, North (B.) Transport and Transport work­ G.W.U. ers' official. Tout, W. J. Oldham (B.) Utd. Textile Fac­ Textile Union tory Workers' official. Assn.

( 36 ) Name and previous Organisation Constituency. responsible for Occupation. service in Parliament. Candidature.

Trevelyan, Charles P. (Lib. Newcastle, Central (B.) I.L.P. ,.. 1899-1918). Turner, Ben. Batley (B.) N.U. Textile Textile Union Workers. official. Twist, Harry (.1910). Leigh (B.) . M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Wallhead, Richard C. Merthyr (B.) I.L.P. . Labour official. Walsh, Stephen (1906- Lanes., Ince (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official 1922). Warne, G. H .. Northumberland, Wausbeck M.F.G.R. MIner. (C.). Watson, W. McLaine . Dunfermline (R) . M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Watts-Morgan, Col. David, Rhondda, East (B.) M.F.G.R _ Miners' official. D.S.a. (1918-1922). Webb, Sidney James Durham, Seaham (C.) Fabian Soc. Author and Univ. lecturer. Wedgwood, Josiah C. (Lib. Newcastle-under-Lyme (B.) I.L.P. Naval architect 1906-1919; Lab. 1919­ and publicist. 1922). Weir, L. McNeil Stirling, East, and Clack- I.L.P. Business mau. mannan (C.). Welsh, James C. Lanarkshire, Coatbridge (C.). M.F.G.R. Miners' official. Westwood, W. Midlothian, Peebles and South- M.F.G.B.• Miners' official. ern (C.). Wheatley, James Glasgow, Shettleston (B.) I.L.P. Printer and pub- lisher. Whiteley, William Durham, Blaydon (C.). . M.F.G.R. Miners' official. Wignall, James (1918- Gloucester, Forest of Dean (C.) Transport and Transport work- 1922). G.W.U. ers' official. Williams, David Swansea, East (R) . I.L.P. Boilermaker. Williams, Dr. J. H. Carmarthen, Llanelly (C.) . D.L.P. . Doctor. Williams, T.. Yorks., W.R., Don Valley (C.) M.F.G.B.. Miners' official. Wilson, Cecil H. Sheffield, Attercllffe (B.) D.L.P. Co. director (metal). Wilson, R. J .. Durham, Jarrow (C.). . D.L.P. Co-op. official. Wright, W. . Lanarkshire, Rutherglen (C.). I.L.P. Miner. Young, Robert (1918- Lanes., Newton-Ie-Willows (C.) A.RU. Formerly enlZin· 1922). eel's' official.

NOTE (1). D.L.P. stands for Divisional Labour Party. NOTE (2). Mr. J. N. Bell, Member for East Newcastle, died without taking his seat. The bye­ election is in progress at the time of writing. NOTE (3). Mr. C. J. Mathew has since died. The bye-election is in progress at the time of writing:

( 37 ) APPENDIX II

CAPITALIST REPRESENTATION

THIS is a complete list of all Members of the House of Commons who are directors or in other ways connected with Capitalist industry or land. The following points should be noted when referring to the list ;- (1) After each M.P.'s name there is given in brackets a description of each Member. (2) Under each M.P.'s name there is first given a description of the Member's interests other than those connected with firms or companies. (3) After and including the letter (a) is given a list of companies the amount of whose capital is obtainable; the capital figures are the totals of share and loan capital, and reserves and carry forward where available. (4) After and including the letter (b) is given a list of companies and/or firms for which no information as to capital is obtainable. (5) In all cases except where references are given the information has been obtained from the "Stock Exchange Year Book, 1922," or the "Directory of Directors, 1922." (6) The number in brackets after the information given refers to the List of References at the end of this Appendix. (7) In all cases where the capital of a company is in foreign currency conversion into sterling has been made at par rate of exchange. (8) It has been impossible to include the shareholdings of M.P.'s, as for this it would be necessary to investigate the shareholdings of all the 80,000 odd companies at House. Even without this, however, the number of M.P.'s connected with Capitalist industry and land reaches a total of 255. ( 38 ) ;£ ADAMS, D. (Shipping.) (b) D. and T. G. Adams (partner) (1). AGG-GARDNER, SIR J. T. (La,ndowning, B1·ewing.) Lord of the Manor of Cheltenham. (a) Cheltenham Original Brewery Co., Ltd. 455,558 Kenward and Court, Ltd...... 261,224 New England Breweries Ce., Ltd. 391,683 New York Breweries Co., Ltd. 565,057 AINSWORTH, C. (Farming, Textiles.) Farmer and horse-breeder (1). (b) Charles Ainsworth & Co., Ltd. ALEXANDER, E. E. (Newspape1") (b) Era Press, Leyton (2). ALLEN, SIR W. J. (Textiles.) Linen manufacturer (3). ASTBURY, F. W. (Textiles.) Association of British Chambers of Commerce (Hon. Secretary) (26). Manchester Chamber of Commerce (Director) (1). (b) Astbury and Pickford, Ltd. (Federation of Calico Printers.*) ASTOR, J. J. (Building, Estate.) (a) Humber Portland Cement Co., Ltd.... 443,823 Welwyn Garden City, Ltd. 248,960 AUSTIN, SIR H. (Engineering.) (a) Austin Motor Co., Ltd.* 4,628,000 Wolseley Sheep-shearing Machine Co., Ltd.... 173,356 (b) Austin Motor, Societe Anonyme. Compagnie Anglo-BeIge de Constructions Navales. Syndicat de Plissant Societe Anonyme. Societe Anonyme Austin. BALFOUR, GEORGE. (Electric, Tramways, Finance.) (a) Arbroath Electric Light and Power Co., Ltd.... 47,836 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Electric Light and Power Co., Ltd. (4) ... 1,005 Balfour, Beatty & Co., Ltd.*... 75,000 Electric Supply Co., Ltd.... 12,013 Cordoba Light, Power and Traction Co., Ltd. 1,815,158 Dumbarton Burgh and County Tramways Co., Ltd. 226,132 Dundee, Broughty and District Tramways Co., Ltd. 112,477 Dllnfermline and District Tramways, Ltd . 300,000 Fife Tramway, Light and Power Co., Ltd . 1,414,986 Fife Electric Power Co., Ltd. (4) 600,000 Galashiels and District Electric Supply Co., Ltd.... 51,150 Lancashire Electric Light and Power Co., Ltd. 1,483,727 Lancashire Electric Power Co., Ltd. (4). (Incorporated Association of Electrical Power Companies.*) 926,351

( 39 ) BALFOUR, GEORGE-continued. £ Llandudno and Colwyn Bay Electric Railway, Ltd.... 156,651 London United Tramways, Ltd. 2,749,118 Mansfield and District Tramways, Ltd. 239,683 Metropolitan Electric Supply Co., Ltd. 3,485,243 Midland Counties Electric Supply Co., Ltd.... 1,499,579 Power Securities Corporation, Ltd. . .. 1,000,000 Scottish Central Electric Power Co., Ltd. (4). (Incorporated Association of Electrical Power Companies*) 320,000 Scottish Power Co., Ltd. 378,233 United Electric Tramways of Monte Video, Ltd.... 2,174,754 and District Electric Supply Co., Ltd.... 327,840 Wemyss and District Tramways Co., Ltd.... 116,055 (b) Edinburgh and London Trust Co., Ltd. BANBURY, SIR FREDERICK G. (Finance, Railways.) (a) Colonial Securities Trust Co., Ltd. . .. 560,704 Corporation of Foreign Bondholders... 54,900 Forth Bridge Railway Co. 3,236,833 Great Northern Railway Co.... 64,812,728 BANNER, SIR JOHN S. HARMOOD-. (Electric, Finance, Oil, Iron, Hotels, Tramways, B1'ewing, Engineering.) . Association of Municipal Corporations (Presi­ dent) (2). Provincial Electric Supply Committee of United Kingdom (Executive Committee)* (4). (a) Anglo-French and Belgian Corporation, Ltd. 151,439 Automatic Telephone Manufacturing Co., Ltd...... 566,861 Black Sea Amalgamated Oilfields, Ltd. 384,311 British Insulated and Helsby Cables, Ltd.*. 2,876,435 Canadian City and Town Properties, Ltd . 335,677 Dunderland Iron Ore Co., Ltd. (Trustee) (5) . 1,072,087 Empire Hotels, Ltd. (6) (11) ... 500 General Investors and Trustees, Ltd. 938,714 Imperial and Foreign Corporation, Ltd. 3,663,644 Kuban Black Sea Oilfields, Ltd. . .. 148,250 La Plata Electric Tramways Co., Ltd. 589,481 Liverpool Reversionary Co., Ltd. 125,221 Midland Electric Corporation for Power Distribution, Ltd. 1,042,253 Oilfields Finance Corporation, Ltd. . .. 161,806 Peter Walker () and Robert Cain & Sons, Ltd. 6,270,000 Pullman Car Co., Ltd . 1,481,517 Spiers and Pond, Ltd . 994,249 (b) Electric Supply Co. of Victoria, Ltd. Electric Supply Co. of Western Australia, Ltd. Nevile Foster & Co., Ltd. Telegraph Manufacturing Co. (Colonial), Ltd.

( 40 ) BARNETT, R. W. (Food, Oil, Tt·anspot·t.) £ (a) African Canning and Packing Corporation, Ltd.... 507,591 Baku Consolidated Oilfields, Ltd. 1,776,553 Chiciura Oilfields of Rumania, Ltd.... 286,750 Oilfields Finance Corporation, 'Ltd. ... 161,806 Rumanian Consolidated Oilfields, Ltd. 2,395,494 Rumanian Road Transport Co., Ltd. 144,369 Tchengelek Proprietary Co., Ltd. 179,512 BARNSTON, HARRY. (Landowning.) "Owns considerable land and property in Cheshire" (3). BARRIE, SIR CHARLES C. (Shipping, Engineering, Finance.) (a) Danube Navigation Co., Ltd. 824,300 Dundee, Perth and London Shipping Co., Ltd. 357,517 Sizaire-Berwick, Ltd. . .. 825,000 United Baltic Corporation, Ltd. 750,000 (b) Charles Barrie & Sons (Partner) (3). F. W. Berwick & Co., Ltd.* BECKER, HARRY. (Paper.) Paper manufacturer (2). BELL, W. C. H. (Ooal, Shipping, Railway.) (a) Nixon's Navigation Co., Ltd...... 595,140 Penarth Harbour, Dock and Railway Co. 1,031,215 Co. 2,823,391 BENN, SIR A. SHIRLEY. (Finance.) Associated British Chambers of Commerce (President) (1). (a) Equitable Trust of London, Ltd. 570,483 Western Canadian City and Town Lands, Ltd. 40,546 BENNETT, A. J. (Landowning.) " Owns large estates in the Argentine; has a big estate at Kirklington" (1). BENNETT, SIR T. J. (Railway, Newspaper.) (a) Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway Co. 40,658,385 (b) Bennett, Coleman & Co. (Times of India) (1). BIRD, SIR ROBERT B. (Food.) (a) Alfred Bird & Sons, Ltd. 438,047 BIRD, SIR WILLIAM B. M. (Ooal, Iron, Merchanting, Finance, Banking.) (a) Bullcroft Main Collieries, Ltd. 868,717 Dalmellington Iron Co., Ltd.... 439,577 Dreyfus & Co., Ltd. 357,120 Newstead Colliery Co., Ltd.... 825,000 Park Gate Iron and Steel Co., Ltd.* 1,762,200 Staveley Coal and Iron Co., Ltd.* .. 2,579,518 Wagon Finance Corporation, Ltd. . 929,756 Williams Deacon's Bank, Ltd.*. 3,500,086 (b) Doncaster Collieries Association, Ltd. BLADES, SIR G. R. (Printing.) (a) Blades, East and Blades, Ltd.* (11)... 300,000 W. W. Sprague, Ltd. (11) 20,000 ( 41 ) BLUNDELL, F. N. (Landowning.) £ Owns about 15,200 acres in Lancashire (3). BONWICK, A. J. (Newspaper, Printing.) (a) Loxley Brothers, Ltd. ',0' 263,676 (b) Ba7cer and Confectioner, Ltd. British Periodicals, Ltd. National Press Agency, Ltd. BOWDLER, A. (Chemical, Textiles.) Hull Chamber of Commerce (Member of Council) (7). (b) Bowdler and Bickerdyke (Partner) (1). (Association of ChemicalManufacturers*). " Director of the cotton mill at Kirkham" (I). BRASSEY, SIR H. L. C. (Coal, WatM', Landowning.) Owns about 3,000 acres in Northampton­ shire (3). (a) Powell Duffryn Steam Coal Co., Ltd.* 3,990,945 Southend Waterworks Co. 1,084,973 BRIGGS, H. (MM·chanting.) (b) William Briggs & Co., Ltd. (8). BRITTAIN, SIR H. (Finance, Engineering, Chemical.) (a) Anglo-Russian Trust, Ltd...... 2,091,582 D. Napier & Son, Ltd. 1,091,024 Dominion Western Lands Corporation, Ltd. 127,587 Low Temperature Carbonisation, Ltd.* 971,999 BROWN, J. W. (Shipping.) (b) Hanson, Brown & Co., Ltd. (2). BROWN, H. C. (Landowning, Banking.) Owns 2,000 acres in Surrey (1). (b) Brown, Shipley & Co. (8). BRUFORD, R. (Gas, Farming.) N a.tional Farmers' Union (Ex-Chairman Taunton Branch) (1). (a) Ta.unton Gas, Light and Coke Co. 96,280 BRUTON, SIR J. (Shipping, Food, Newspaper, Hotel.) (a) Sharpness New Docks and Gloucester alld Birmingham Navigation Co. 1,344,243 (b) Albert Flour Mills (Gloucester) (3). Gloucester Chronicle, Ltd. Gloucester Coffee House Co., Ltd. Gloucester Conservative Club Co., Ltd. J. Reynolds & Co., Ltd. Severn and Canal Carrying Co., Ltd. BUCKINGHAM, SIR HENRY. (Textiles.) Income Tax Payers' Society (Chairman) (I). (a) J. H. Buckingham & Co., Ltd. (9) •... 117,100 BULL, SIR WILLIAM. (Banking, Enginee1·ing.) (a) British Bank for Foreign Trade, Ltd.... 537,660 J. W. Singer & Sons, Ltd.* ... 47,918 Siemens Brothers & Co., Ltd. (Cable Makers' Association *) 3,403,690 (b) Siemens Brothers Dynamo vVorks, Ltd. BURNIE, J. (Engineering.) (b) Bell and Burnie, Ltd. (8).

( 42 ) BUTCHER, SIR J. (Insurance, Shipping.) £ (a) Equity and Law Life Assurance Society, Ltd. 5,176,130 Grand Junction Canal Co. 1,393,180 Law Reversionary Interest Society, Ltd. 761,929 BUTLER, H. M. (Steel.) (b) Kirkstall Forge, Ltd.* BUTT, SIR A. (Amusement, Finance.) (a) Empire Palace, Ltd. (10) 288,145 Glasgow Alhambra, Ltd. 149,461 Palace Theatre, Ltd. (10) 187,294 Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, Ltd. 187,195 Victoria Palace, Ltd. . .. 148,856 (b) G2 Syndicate, Ltd. BUTTON, H. S. (Gas, Dist1'ibution, Engineering, Miscellaneous. ) (a) Uxbridge, Wycombe and District Gas Co.... 300,375 (b) Alfred Button & Sons (Berkhamsted), Ltd. Alfred Button & Sons (High Wycombe), Ltd. Alfred Button & Sons, Ltd. Alfred Plested, Ltd. Brigden & Co., Ltd. Cox and Scott, Ltd. E. Proctor & Sons, Ltd. Howard Roberts, Ltd. J. K. Taylor, Ltd. Southwood and Freeman, Ltd. CADOGAN, HON. E. (Insurance.) (a) Law Union and Rock Insurance Co., Ltd. 9,864,424 CAINE, G. R. HALL. (Paper.) (a) Becker & Co., Ltd. 561,770 Charles Marsden & Sons, Ltd.* 1,431,155 Chicoutimi Pulp Co., Ltd. 900,920 CAMPION, W. R. (F'inance, Hotel.) Stockbroker (2). (a) Trust Houses, Ltd. 2,276,719 CAUTLEY, H. S. (Landowning.) Owns about 1,000 acres in E. Yorks., City of Leeds, and Cookridge (3). CAYZER, SIR C. (Shipping.) (b) Cayzer, Irvine & Co. CECIL, SIR EVELYN. (Finance, Inst£rance, Rc£ilway.) (a) American Investment and General Trust, Ltd. 2,326,772 Army and Navy Investment Trust, Ltd. 1,596,086 Clerical, Medical, and General Life Assurance Co., Ltd. 7,162,700 Foreign, American and General Investment Trust Co., Ltd. 2,175,023 Foreign and Colonial Investment Trust Co., Ltd.... 3,142,124 General Reversionary and Investment Co., Ltd.... 915,1l0 London and South·Western Railway Co. 66,518,860 Somerset and Dorset Railway Co. 2,270,267 West London Extension Railway Co. 555,000

( 43 ) CHADWICK, SIR R. B. (Shipping.) £ Liverpool Shipowners' Association (ex-Chair­ man). (a) Mersey Docks and Harbour Board (1) 25,759,167 (b) Chadwick & Co., Ltd. Chadwick, Weir (of London and Buen03 Aires) (2). Joseph Chadwick & Sons. CHAPMAN, SIR S. (Insurance, Distribution.) (a) Drapers' and General Insurance Co., Ltd. 67,431 Scott, Son & Co., Ltd. 303,279 CHURCHMAN, SIR A. C. (Tobacco, Printing, Distri­ bution, Timber.) (a) British American Tobacco Co., Ltd.*... 25,581,414 Imperial Tobacco Co. of Canada, Ltd. 10,556,879 United Tobacco Companies (South), Ltd. 2,907,699 (b) Afriean Cigarette Co., Ltd. J British American Tobacco Co. (Ceylon), Ltd. British American Tobacco Co. (Holland), Ltd. British American Tobacco Co. (India), Ltd. British American Tobacco Co. (Norway), Ltd. British American Tobacco Co. (Straits), Ltd. British Empire Trading Co., Ltd. Companhia Continental de Cigarros, Ltd. Container Box and Printing Co., Ltd. Export Tobacco Co. (Orient), Ltd. Export Tobacco Co. (Russia), Ltd. Les Grandes Imprimeries Belges. Maspero Freres, Ltd. Nicolas Soussa, Ltd. Orientaliska Cigarettfabriks Aktiebolaget. Western Packing Case Co., Ltd. Westminster Tobacco Co., Ltd. CJ_ARRY, R. G. (Gas, Enginee1'ing, Building.) (a) Sutherland Meter Co., Ltd...... 99,885 (b) Cardiff Gas Co. (General Manager) (8). Monolithic Structures, Ltd. CLAYTON, G. C. (Farming, Chemicals.) (a) La Concordia Estancia Co., Ltd. 133,000 Power Spirits, Ltd. 25,015 United Alkali Co., Ltd.* 6,997,004 COLLINS, SIR G. P. (Printing.) (a) W. Collins, Sons & Co., Ltd. 432,136 COLLINS, PATRICK. (Amusements.) Showmen's Guild of Great Britain (2). "A pioneer of cinemas and roller skating rinks" (2). COLLISON, LEVI. (Printing, Textiles.) " Interested in cotton concerns" (1). (a) Collisolls, Ltd. 78,157 COLVIN, R. B. (Insurance.) (a) Essex and Suffolk Equitable Insurance Society, Ltd.... 250,718

( 44 ) COPE, W. (Electric, Coal.) £ (a) South Wales Electrical Power Distribution Co., Ltd. (2) ... 1,208,289 (b) Albion Colliery Co. (2). Welsh Navigation Colliery (2). CORY, SIR J. H. (Engineering, Estates, Distribution, Insurance, Chemical, Hotels, Coal, Iron, . Oil, Shipping.) (a) Barry Graving Dock and Engineering Co., Ltd.... 375,194 Bute Shipbuilding, Dry Dock, and Engineer­ ing Co., Ltd. 240,210 Cardiff Channel Dry Dock and Pontoon Co., Ltd.... 963,442 Ship Salvage Corporation, Ltd. 250,000 Tredegar Dry Dock and Wharf Co., Ltd. 304,228 (b) British Steam Shipping Co., Ltd. Charing Cross Steamship Co., Ltd. Cornish Building Co., Ltd. Cory's Trading, Ltd. Danul;>ian Countries Trading Co. Esperia Steamship Co., Ltd. Great Britain Mutual Marine Insurance Association. J. T. Hutchins, Ltd. James Tucker Steamship Co., Ltd. John Cory & Sons, Ltd. McLintock's Paint and Composition Co., Ltd. Mark Lane Steamship Co., Ltd. Mercantile Pontoon Co., Ltd. New Restormel Steamship Co., Ltd. New Ross Steamship Co., Ltd. North Cornwall Hotels Co., Ltd. North Cornwall Ice and Cold Storage Co., Ltd. Pacific Coal and Ore Co., Ltd. Ramillies Steamship Co., Ltd. Reading Steam Shipping Co., Ltd. Redruth Steamship Co., Ltd. Rothesay Steamship Co., Ltd. Ruabon Steamship Co., Ltd. Shipping Federation, Ltd. T. Walters, Ltd. Tyneside Engine Works (1910), Ltd. United Kingdom Mutual Steamship Assurance Association, London. United Kingdom Mutual War Risks Associa­ tion, Ltd. United Oils (London and Cardiff), Ltd. White Brothers, Ltd. COTTS, SIR WILLIAM. (Shipping.) (b) Mitchell, Cotts & Co. (3). COURTHOPE, G. L. (Farming, Landowning, Transport, Food, Brewing, Finance, Engineering.) Central Chamber of AgriCUlture (ex-Chairman) (1).

( 45 ) COURTHOPE, G. L.-continued. £ Central Landowners' Association (Council). Council of Agriculture for England (connected) (12). Empire Forestry Association (Vice-President) (1). (a) British Motor Cab Co., Ltd.... 1,162,170 Home-Grown Sugar, Ltd. 716,624 Ind, Coope & Co. (1912), Ltd. 2,761,864 Lands Improvement Co., Ltd. 51,552 Submersible Motors, Ltd.* 165,353 (b) Grant & Co., Ltd. Farmers' Land Purchase Co., Ltd. Grain Belt Construction and Development Co., Ltd. CRAIK, SIR H. (Insu1·ance.) (a) Scottish Widows' Fund Life Assurance Society 23,791,164 CROFT, H. P AGE-. (Engineering, Food, Brewing.) Tariff Reform League (ex-Chairman) (1). (a) Henry Page & Co., Ltd. 200,000 Milton Manufacturing Co., Ltd.* 218,507 (b) Nairobi Coffee Plantations and Produce Co., Ltd. CROOKE, J. S. (1I1etals.) Jeweller and diamond merchant (1). DALZIEL, SIR DAVISON. (Estate, Engineering, Oil, Hotel, Distribution.) (a) Aux Classes Laborieuses, Ltd. 891,533 Charles Drecoll, Ltd. . .. 347,565 Cha,rron, Ltd. . .. 665,205 Cheleken Oilfields, Ltd. 356,119 Cie. Internationale des Wagon-Lits. 5,971,656 Elysee Palace Hotel Co., Ltd. 643,765 Gadjinsky Cheleken Oil Co., Ltd. 1,133,851 Les Galeries Universelles, Ltd. 250,535 Pullman Car Co., Ltd.... 1,481,517 DARBISlIIRE, C. W. (Rubb8?', Insu1'ance, Building,) Singapore Chamber of Commerce (ex-Chair­ man) (1). (a) Kuala Pergau Rubber Plantations, Ltd. (1)... 101,816 Lenggeng Rubber Co., Ltd.... 52,336 Malayan Rubber Loan and Agency Corpora- tion, Ltd. 173,787 North China Insurance Co., Ltd. 641,872 Penmaenmawr and vVelsh Granite Co., Ltd... 506,135 Rampah Coconut Estates 93,775 Union Insurance Society of Canton, Ltd. . .. 5,232,765 (b) Paterson, Simons & Co., Ltd. Cheran Jeloh Coconut Estates, Ltd. DAVIES, A. T. (Engineering, Coal, Chemical, Textiles, Food, Newspaper.) (a) Austin Motor Co., Ltd.* 4,628,000 Old Silkstone Collieries, Ltd. 275,565 South Wales Fuel Co., Ltd. 125,000 Wessex Flax Factories, Ltd. 258,795

( 46 ) DAVIES, A. T.-continued. £ (b) Aerial Chocolate Co. (1). Glynbendy Tin Plate Works, Ltd. (Welsh Plate and Sheet Manufacturers' Associa­ tion.*) London Chocolate Co. Regent Carlton Co., Ltd. (1). DAVIES, DAVID. (Oil, Railway, Coal, Landowning, Bank, Finance, N ewspape1', Amusement, Chemical.) (a) Agwi Petroleum Corporation, Ltd. 726,000 Barry Railway Co. 6,148,276 Cambrian Railway Co. 6,703,740 Deep Navigation Collieries, Ltd. 201,580 Dinam Estate Co., Ltd. (II) (13) 250,000 Great Western Railway Co. ... 116,1l8,131 London.Joint City and Midland Bank, Ltd..... 23,548,957 London City and Midland Executor and Trustee Co., Ltd. 150,000 Mawddwy Railway Co. 18,617 Ocean Coal and Wilsons, Ltd. 6,867,356 Ocean Coal Co., Ltd. ... 2,368,070 Taff Merthyr Colliery Co., Ltd. (11) (14) 400,000 WelshpoolLlanfair Light Railway Co. 56,282 (b) Cambrian Press, Ltd. Famous Players-Laski British Producers, Ltd. Maclaurin Carbonisation, Ltd. Scottish Bye-Products, Ltd. Welsh Town Planning and Investment Trust, Ltd. DAVISON, SIR WM. H. (Banking, Finance, Insurance.) (a) British Mutual Banking Co., Ltd. 126,242 County Fire Office, Ltd. 523,991 Improved Industrial Dwellings Co., Ltd. 1,061,085 N.S.W. Land and Agency Co., Ltd.... 801,402 DAWSON, SIR PHILIP. (Insurance, Electric, Oil, Enginee1·ing. ) (a) Caxton Insurance Co., Ltd. ... 288,505 Reading Electric Supply Co., Ltd. . .. 252,964 Standard Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd.... 178,448 Westminster Oil Syndicate, Ltd. 41,181 (b) Kincaird, Walter, Manville and Dawson (8). DIXON, C. HARVEY. (Farming, Distribution.) Rutland Agricultural Society (Chairman) (2). (a) Peter Robinson, Ltd.... 1,831,232 DIXON, HERBERT. (Insurance, Building.) (a) Commercial Insurance Co. of Ireland, Ltd. 110,474 (b) Thomas Dixon & Sons. DOYLE, N. GRATTAN. (Railway, Newspaper.) Northern Tariff Reform Federation (Founder and Hon. Secretary) (2). (a) Central Railway of Ecuador, Ltd. 270,000 (b) Northern Counties Conservative Newspaper Co., Ltd. (2). ( 47 ) EDMONDS, G. (Finance.) £ (b) Bethnal Green Poor Land Trust (2). EDMONDSON, A. .T. (Engineering.) (b) Bianchi Motors, Ltd. (1). Edmondson, Ltd. (1). ELLIS, R. G. (Coal, Electric, Chemical.) .. Has held partnership in Beckett's Bank, Leeds" (2). (a) Airedale Collieries, Ltd. 600,000 Yorkshire Electric Power Co., Ltd. (Incor­ porated Association of Electrical Power Companies.*) 1,700,572 (b) Yorkshire Waste Heat, I~td. ELVEDEN, VISCOUNT. (Brewing, Railway.) (a) Arthur Guinness, Son & Co., Ltd. 11,799,721 Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway Co... 520,700 L. & N. W. Railway Co. 202,078,208 Shropshire Union Railway and Canal Co. 352,432 ENGLAND, A. (Distribution.) Wholesale Clothier (1). ENTWISTLE, C. F. (Oil.) (a) United Oil and Refinery Co., Ltd. 430,000 ERSKINE, .T. M. M. (Landowning.) Landowner in Sussex (3). FALCON, M. (InSU1"ance.) (a) Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society, Ltd. 3,743,039 Norwich Union Life Insurance Society 17,532,538 FALCONER,.T. (Railway.) (a) Mersey Railway Co. 3,845,048 Newburgh and North Fife Railway Co. 42,558 (b) Gordon, Falconer and Fairweather. FAWKES, F. H. (Farming, Landowning.) National Agricultural Council (1). Yorkshire Agricultural Society (Council) (1). W. Riding Agricultural Committee (Chairman) (1). Lord of the Manor of Farnley (3). FERMOR-HESKETH, T. (Landowning, Food.) "Farms 300 acres" (2). (b) Rufford Produce Co. (1). FILDES, HENRY. (Engineering.) (a) A. V. Roe & Co., Ltd. 50,000 Willys-Overland Crossley, Ltd. 1,500,000 FITZROY, E. A. (Fa1"ming, Insurance.) (a) AgriculturalIndustries, Ltd.... 3,542,603 General Life Assurance Co. . .. 2,279,640 FLANAGAN, W. H. (Textiles.) (b) Imperial Patent Wadding Co.* (1). FORESTIER-WALKER, L. (Engineering, Insurance, Railways, M iscellaneou8.) (a) Brecon and Merthyr Tydfil.Tunction Railway 2,171,076 Cordes (Dosworks), Ltd.* ... '" ... 30,000 Welsh Insurance Corporation, Ltd. 50,000 (b) Jordans, Ltd. Thos. Spittle, Ltd. ( 48 ) FORESTIER·WALKER, L.-continued. ;£ South Wales and Newport Docks and Rail· ways Co., Ltd. FREMANTLE, F. E. (Finance, Mining.) (a) Coronation Syndicate, Ltd. '" 524,660 Welwyn Garden City, Ltd. 248,960 FURNESS, G. J. (Landowning.) Large landowner and property owner in Willesden (2). GARDINER, J. (Food.) Seed potato and grain merchant of Perth ( 1). GARLAND, C. S. (Chemicals.) Society of Chemical Industry(Vice-President) (1). National Union of Manufacturers (Executive) (2). (a) Lighting Trades, Ltd.* 748,206 GATES, P. G. (Brewing.) (a) Frederick Smith, Ltd. 195,467 Lion Brewery Co., Ltd. 980,739 St. Louis Breweries, Ltd. 2,087,807 GAUNT, SIR GUY. (Farming.) " Signed N.F.U. programme in entirety" (15). Hull Chamber of Commerce (Council) (7). GILBERT, J. D. (Shipping.) (a) Authority (1) 32,956,960 GOFF, SIR R. PARK. (Finance, Insurance.) (a) Lancashire and Cheshire Insurance Corpora­ tion, Ltd. 433,508 Prudential Trust, Ltd.... 1,100,186 GOULD, J. C. (Shipping, Enginee?'ing, Finance, Insurance. ) Lloyd's (Member of Committee) (2). (a) Blair & Co., Ltd. 360,000 Gould, Henderson & Co., Ltd. (11) (16) 1,000 Gould Steamships and Industrials, Ltd. 3,511,117 Richardson, Duck & Co., Ltd. 632,138 (b) Anchor Marine Mutual Underwriting Assur­ ance, Ltd. British Steamship Owners' Association. Hatherleigh Investment Trust and Trading Co., Ltd. J. C. and W. T. Gould & Co., Ltd. J. C. Gould, Aingier & Co., Ltd. J. C. Gould & Co. (Steamship Managers), Ltd. North of England Steamship Assurance Association. Richard Gould & Co., Ltd. Southern Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association, Ltd. Underwood Shipping Co., Ltd. United Kingdom Mutual Steamship Assur· ance Association, Ltd. GRAY, HAROLD. (Farming.) Farmer (1).

( 49 ) D GREAVES-LoRD, W., K.C. (Newspaper.) £ (a) Northern Daily and Weekly Newspapers (1920), Ltd.... 22,071 GREENWOOD, W. (Textiles, Rubber.) Textile Institute (Viee-President) (18). (a) Beldam Tyre Co. (1920), Ltd. 466,236 Belgrave Mills, Ltd. 1,020,000 Belgrave Standard Tyres, Ltd. 800,000 John Young (of Radcliffe), Ltd. 97,000 Royton Ring Mill, Ltd. 32,000 StandardTyre and Rubber Manufacturers, Ltd. 209,970 (b) Belgrave, Ltd. J. & W. Bourne, Ltd. John Wild & Co., Ltd. Royal Mills, Ltd. Stockport Belgrave, Ltd. Victor Mill, Ltd. GRENFELL, E. C. (Banking, Finance, Ins~t1'ance, Shipping. ) (a) AtlantIc Transport Co., Ltd.... 1,000,000 Bank of England 17,553,000 Borneo Co., Ltd. 600,000 George Thompson & Co., Ltd. 500,000 Indemnity Mutual Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. 3,559,376 International Mercantile Marine Co. (2) 39,416,584 International Navigation Co., Ltd.... 700,000 Oceanic Steam Navigation Co., Ltd. 8,024,694 Shaw, Savill and Albion Co., Ltd. 390,750 Sun Insurance Office ... 4,109,426 Sun Life Assurance Society ... 15,972,381 GRETTON, J. (Brewing.) (a) Bass, Ratcliffe and Gretton, Ltd. 4,843,896 GUTHRIE, T. M. (Dist1'ibution, Finance, Gas, Insur. ance, Paper, Textiles.) (a) Brechin Gas Co., Ltd. 33,183 United Free Church of Scotland Fire Insur­ ance Trust, Ltd. 37,690 (b) Brechin Agricultural Trading Co., Ltd. Brechin Laundry, Ltd. David Smith & Sons, Ltd. Deltic Investment Co., Ltd. East Mill Co., Ltd. (Scottish Flax Spinners' and Manufacturers' Association.*) Guthrie, Craig, Peter & Co., Ltd. HALL, SIR FREDERICK. (Finance, Electric.) Member of Lloyd's and Baltic Exchange (2). (a) County of London Electric Supply Co., Ltd.* 3,265,494 Mercantile Marine Finance Corporation, Ltd. 551,611 South London Electric Supply Corporation, Ltd.... 443,269 (b) Robert Gardner, Mountain & Co., Ltd. HALL, SIR W. REGINALD. (Brewing, Railways.) (a) Barclay, Perkins & Co., Ltd.* ... 3,086,055 Great Eastern Railway Co. 62,751,002 ( 50 ) HAI,STEAD, G. (Textiles.) £ (b) Anderson and Halstead (2). David Halstead & Sons (8). HANNON, P. J. British Commonwealth Union (Director) (2). F.B.I. (Executive Committee).* Tariff Reform League (Vice-President, 1910-14) (2). HARDIE, G. D. (Engineering.) Partner in firm of engineers (2). HAY, T. W. (Fanning.) Farms 450 acres in Bucks (2). HENDERSON, SIR THOMAS. (Finance, Ins1t?'ance, Textiles.) South of Scotland Chamber of Commerce (ex-President) (2). (b) Hawick Working Men's Building and Invest­ ment Co., Ltd. (2). Innes, Henderson & Co., Ltd. South of Scotland Woollen Manufacturers' Insurance Corporation, Ltd. (2). HENN, SIR SYDNEY H. (Chemical, Enginem'ing, Insu?'ance, Rubber.). (a) Forster's Glass Co., Ltd.* 471,123 Horseley Bridge and Engineering Co., Ltd.*'" 385,148 Rubber Co., Ltd. '" 420,850 (b) Victoria Insurance Co., Ltd. HERBERT, D. (Finance, Printing.) (a) Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd.... 423,424 Western Rand Estates, Ltd. ... 414,045 (b) Eyre and Spottiswoode (Bible Warehouse), Ltd. HERBERT, SYDNEY. (Finance, Railways.) Stockjobber (2). (a) Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway Co. 1,308,849 Great North of Scotland Railway Co.... 8,743,938 HEWETT, SIR J. P. (Bank, Building, Coal, Dist?'ibu- tion, Enginem'ing, Finance, Rubbm', Tea.) Indian Tea Association (President) (17). (a) British Borneo Timber Co" Ltd. 302,134 British North Borneo Co. 3,649,401 ,; Chislet Colliery Co., Ltd. 597,332 Chloride Electrical Storage Co., Ltd.* 363,340 Egyptian Markets, Ltd. 369,916 General Electric Co., Ltd.* ... 10,665,111 Hyderabad (Deccan) Co., Ltd. 962,013 Imperial Ottoman Bank, Ltd. 16,761,461 Imperial Tea Co., Ltd. 813,060 National Bank of India, Ltd.... 8,649,032 Peachey Process Co., Ltd. 184,392 HINDS, J. (Distribut·ion, Fa?'ming, Insurance.) Drapers' Chamber of Trade (ex-President) (2). United Counties Agricultural Society (Chair. man) (1). ( 51 ) D 2 HINDS, J.-continued. ;£ , (a) Drapers' and General Insurance Co., Ltd. 67,431 (b) Hinds & Co. (Blackheath), Ltd. HOLBROOK, SIR ARTHUR R. (Amusements, Finance, Newspaper, Printing.) Newspaper Society (ex-President) (3). (b) Holbrook & Son, Ltd. Portsmouth and District Bill Posting Co., Ltd. Portsmouth Times and Southern Daily Mail (Proprietor) (3). South Hants Bill Posting Co., Ltd. Southsea Conservative Club, Ltd. Southsea Picture Playhouse Co., Ltd. HOOD, SIR J. (Finance.) (b) Association for Protection of British Capital and Property in Enemy Countries, Ltd. HOPKINSON, A. (Engineering.) F.B.I. (" directly connected") (20).* (b) Delta Engineering Works (Proprietor) (2). HORNE, SIR ROBERT (Iron). (a) Baldwins, Ltd.* 9,862,966 HOUFTON, J. P. (Amusements, Goal, Engineering, Finance, Food, Gas, Railway.) F.B.I. Council.* (a) Bolsover Colliery, Ltd.* 3,304,400 Hatfield Main Colliery Co., Ltd. 515,557 Mansfield Railway Co.... 611,676 (b) Bolsover Gas, Light and Coke Co., Ltd. Bolsover Home-Grown Fruit Preserving Co., Ltd. Commercial Reconstructions, Ltd. Sherwood Forest Golf Club, Ltd. Wilkins Wire and Wire Ropes, Ltd. HOUSTON, SIR R. P. (Shipping.) (b) R. P. Houston & Co. HUDSON, A. (Printing.) (b) Morgan Bros., Ltd. HUME-WILLIAMS, SIR W. ELLIS. (Insurance.) (a) Eagle, Star and British Dominions Insurance Co., Ltd.* 18,435,561 JENKINS, W. A. (Goal, Distribution, Shipping.) British Sailing Ship Owners' Association (Executive) (1). (a) William Edwards (Swansea), Ltd. 159,278 (b) William A. Jenkins & Co. JONES, H. H. (b'on, Quarrying, Railway.) Iron merchant at Towyn (1). (a) Railway Co.... 20,000 (b) and Slab Co., Ltd. JONES, J. E. EMLYN. (Distribution, Shipping.) (b) Bryn Steam Navigation Co. (2). Emlyn Jones & Co., Ltd. (2). Channel Shipping Co. (Cardiff), L~d. (2).

( 52 ) KELLEY, F. A. (Brewing.) £ (a) Duncan, Gilmour & Co. . .. 816,574 (b) Whitworth, Son and Nephew, Ltd. KENNEDY, M. N. S. (Iron.) " Connected with several iron smelting firms in North Lancashire and Cumberland" (1). (b) Kennedy Brothers, Ltd. (" connected") (1). KENWORTHY, HON. J. M. (Engineering.) (a) Ventiheta (U.K.), Ltd. 34,651 KINLOCH-COOKE, SIR CLEMENT. (Enginee?'ing, Finance, Insurance.) (a) British Stamp and Ticket Automatic Delivery Co., Ltd. 43,078 Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society, Ltd.... 5,686,630 Western Canadian City and Town Lands, Ltd.... 40,546 LAMB, J. Q. (Farming.) "Practical agriculturist" (1). LAMBERT, GEORGE. (Farming.) " Large farmer" (1). LANE-MITCHELL, SIR W. (Food.) (b) John Layton & Co. (" connected ") (1). LEAOH, W. (Textiles.) Worsted manufacturer (8). LEIGH, SIR JOHN. (Landowning, Newspaper.) Owns about 4,000 acres (3). (b) Pall Mall Gazette (proprietor) (1). LEVER, SIR A. LEVY. (Engineering, Textiles.) (a) Hart and Levy, Ltd.... 448,829 Lloyd's British Testing Co., Ltd. 132,900 (b) Eyre Smelting Co.* LEWIS, T. A. (Finance.) (a) Guest's Trust, Ltd. 72,750 LINFIELD, F. C. (Goal.) Coal and iron merchant (2). LLOYD, C. E. (Engineering, boon.) National Federation of Iron and Steel Manufac­ turers (Vice-President) (2).* (a) Lloyd's British Testing Co., Ltd. 132,900 N. Hingley & Co., Ltd.* 400,000 (b) Netherton Iron Works (2). LORDEN, J. W. (Building.) (b) W. H. Lorden & Sons (2). LORIMER, H. D. (Fm-ming.) Agriculturist (2). LOUGHER, LEWIS. (Shipping, Food, Enginee1-ing.) Cardiff Chamber of Commerce (connected) (29). (a) Penarth Pontoon, Slipway and Ship Repair- ing Co., Ltd. . .. 152,525 Pugsley and Wakelin, Ltd. 64,280 Redcroft Steam Navigation Co. (1921), Ltd.... 13,000 (b) Lewis Lougher & Co., Ltd. Hodges & Co., Ltd. ( 53 ) LOWE, SIR FRANCIS W. (Finance.) :£ (a) St. Petersburg Land and Mortgage Co., Ltd.... 1,779,000 (b) Central African Lakes Syndicate, Ltd. LUMLEY, L. R. Hull Chamber of Commerce (Council) (7). MCCONNELL, T. E. (Engineering, Food.) (a) Bloomfield Bakery, Ltd. 45,000 (b) John Robson, Ltd. (2). MALLABy-DEELEY, SIR HARRY. (Insu1"ance, Land­ owning.) Lord of the Manors of Ravensbury, Biggin and Tamworth (1). (a) Norwich Union Life Insurance Society 17,532,528 MANVILLE, SIR E. (Engineering, Finance, Insurance, Mining, Pet?Ooleum.) Associated Chambers of Commerce (connected) (26). F.B.I. (Vice-President). (a) Birmingham Small Arms Co., Ltd.* 6,879,720 British Motor Spirit Co., Ltd. 1,136,860 British Orion Oil Co., Ltd. (19) 115,502 Car and General Insurance Corporation, Ltd.* 620,208 Daimler Co., Ltd.* 1,300,000 Phrenix Oil and Transport Co., Ltd. 1,175,107 Reinsurance Corporation, Ltd. 257,321 Royal Automobile Club's Buildings, Ltd. 322,515 Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation 9,879,371 Wm. Jessop & Sons, Ltd.* 453,420 (b) Kincaird, Waller, Manville and Dawson (partner) (8). Lake Copper Proprietary Co., Ltd. MARKS, SIR G. CROYDON. (Enginem·ing,Insu?·ance.) (a) British Equitable Assurance Co., Ltd. 1,628,009 (b) Marks and Clark (8). MARSHALL, SIR ARTHUR H. (Finance, Insurance, Newspaper, Textiles.) (a) Bond and Share Investment Trust, Ltd. 55,123 Bradford and District Newspaper Co., Ltd.... 100,000 Illingworth, Morris & Co., Ltd. 2,968,604 J. Hepworth & Son, Ltd. 663,909 Kenneth Durward, Ltd. 201,879 Legal Insurance Coo, Ltd. 281,321 (b) John H. Beaver, Ltd. Wm. Morris & Sons, Ltd.* MARTIN, A. E. (Amusements, Dist?·ibut-ion.) (b) Martin's Cinematograph Film Co. (1). Head of firm of merchants in Southend (2). MASON, GLYN K. M. (B1·ewing.) (a) City of London Brewery Co., Ltd. . .. 2,197,717 Nalder and Collyer's Brewery Co., Ltd. 962,197 Stansfield & Co., Ltd.... 287,993 MILNE, J. S. W. (Shipping, Food.) (b) Firm of shipowners, agents, and mill­ owners (1). I ( 54 ) MITCHELL, W. FOOT. (Banking, Petrolettrn, Rail­ £ ways.) Owns Quendon Hall Estate, Essex (1). (a) Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschaapij... 24,773,000 Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, Ltd.... 6,809,601 North Caucasian Oilfields, Ltd. 1,383,827 Shell Mex, Ltd.... 6,500,000 Shell Transport and Trading Co., Ltd. 33,372,733 Tampico-Panuco Valley Railway Co., Ltd.... 506,700 MOND, SIR ALFRED. (Metals, Gas.) (a) Mond Nickel Co., Ltd.* 5,639,794 Power-Gas Corporation, Ltd. (22) 388,214 MOORE, SIR NEWTON J. (Chernical, Enginee?'ing, Insurance, Mining, Newspaper, Pet?'oleum, Steel.) (a) California Exploration Co., Ltd. 262,910 Colombian Oilfields, Ltd. 725,000 Dominion Steel Corporation, Ltd. 17,752,440 General Electric Co., Ltd.* 10,665,111 Great Boulder Proprietary Gold Mines, Ltd. .•• 369,089 Hampton Celebration (W.A.), Ltd.... 294,541 Hampton Gold Mining Areas, Ltd. . .. 470,112 Odhams Press, Ltd. 1,780,353 South African Carbide and Bye-Products Co., Ltd.... 362,655 Western Australian Insurance Co., Ltd. 833,645 MORDEN, W. GRANT. (Finance, Landowning, News­ paper, Shipping, Steel.) Landowner in Bucks (3). Empire Development Resources Committee (Executive) (3). F.B.1. (" directly connected") (20).* Canadian Chamber of Commerce (Vice­ President) (3). (a) British Empire Steel Corporation, Ltd. 18,356,600 Canada Steamship Lines, Ltd. 11,263,225 Dominion Steel Corporation, Ltd. 17,452,440 Odhams Press, Ltd. 1,780,353 Prudential Trust Co., Ltd. 1,100,186 MOREING, A. H. (Finance, .111ining.) (a) London, Australian and General Exploration Co., Ltd. 138,837 (b) Bewick, Moreing & Co. (1). MORGAN, K. P. VAUGHAN. (Chernicals.) (a) Morgan Crucible Co., Ltd. (2).* ...... 1,431,600 MORRISON, HUGH. (Coal, Enginee?"ing, Insu?"ance.) (a) Lilleshall Co., Ltd. (British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers' Association (Inc.)*). 600,000 Londo!). Guarantee and Accident Co., Ltd.... 5,223,996 MORRISON-BELL, A. C. (Coal, Finance.) (a) Bankers' Investment Trust, Ltd. 2,822,948 South Moor Colliery Co., Ltd. 672,700 ( 55 ) MURCHISON, C. K. (Insuranoe.) £ Lloyd's underwriter (1). MURRAY, A. C. (Finanoe, Railways.) (a) London Caledonian Trust, Ltd. 312,555 North British Railway Co. 70,108,442 NALL, J. (Transp01i.) Manchester Chamber of Commerce (Director) (1). (b) J. Nail & Co. (8). NESBITT, R. C. (Banking, Insuranoe, Pape1'.) (a) British Law Insurance Co., Ltd. 300,000 National Mutual Life Association of Aus­ tralia, Ltd. . .. 15,190,400 Solicitors' Law Stationery Society, Ltd.* 116,613 Union Bank of Australia, Ltd. 5,833,056 NEWMAN, J. R. PRETYMAN. (Landowning.) Landowner in County Cork (3). NEWMAN, SIR ROBERT. (Banking, Landowning.) Owns 5,300 acres in Devonshire (3). (a) Lloyds Bank, Ltd.* 24,919,099 NEWSON, SIR P. W. (Banking, Goal, Finanoe, Insuranoe, Tea.) (a) Bengal United Tea Co., Ltd.... 214,000 Cachar and Dooar's Tea Co., Ltd. 172,000 Commercial Union Assurance Co., Ltd. 36,900,814 East Indian Coal Co., Ltd. 187,370 Eastern Bank, Ltd. 1,297,010 (b) Jardine, Skinner & Co. (1). NEWTON, SIR . (Landowning.) Council of Agriculture for England (Chairman) (12). Central Landowners' Association (Council) (21). NICHOLSON, W. G. (Distilling.) (a) J. and W. Nicholson & Co., Ltd. 1,200,100 NIELD, SIR H. (Shipping.) (a) Regent's Canal and Dock Co. ... 2,094,865 NORMAN, SIR HENRY. (Goal, Finanoe, Iron.) (a) DinningtoD Main Coal Co., Ltd. 395,335 Maltby Main Colliery Co., Ltd. 761,3fi9 Rossington Main Colliery Co., Ltd. 875,135 Sheepbridge Coal and Iron Co., Ltd.* 1,673,932 (b) Industrial Housing Association, Ltd. NORTON - GRIFFITHS, SIR JOHN. (Engineering, Finanoe, Insuranoe, Pet?·oleum.) (a) British Orion Oil Co., Ltd. (19) 115,502 Dominion Western Lands Corporation, Ltd.... 127,587 Phamix Oil and, Transport Co., Ltd. 1,175,107 Reinsurance Corporation, Ltd. 257,321 (b) Norton-Griffiths & Co., Ltd. O'NEILL, HUGH. (Insuranoe, Iron, Mining.) (a) Antrim Iron Ore Co., Ltd. 81,858 Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society, Ltd. '" .•. '" 5,686,630 Frontino and Bolivia (South American) Gold Mining Co., Ltd. 202,524 ( 56 ) PARKER, OWEN. (Boot, Gas, Insurance.) £ F.B.I. (Council).* Incorporated and Federated Association of Boot and Shoe Manufacturers * (President, 1913­ 1919) (1). (a) Allied Traders' Insurance Co., Ltd. '" 36,329 Rushden and Higham Ferrers District Gas Co. 55,204 (b) British Shoe Manufacturers, Ltd. " Firm of Charles Parker" (2). PATTINSON, R. (Distribution, Engineering.) (b) R. Pattinson & Sons (8). Director of a company of merchants and shippers (1). PATTINSON, S. (Insurance.) (a) Lancashire and Cheshire Insurance Corpora­ tion, Ltd. 433,508 PEASE, H. PIKE. (Goal, Iron.) (a) Henry Stobart & Co., Ltd. 473,218 Normanby Iron Works Co., Ltd. 172,646 North Bitchburn Coal Co., Ltd. 725,900 Pease and Partners, Ltd.* 4,911,866 PENNEFATHER, l,)E F. (Distribution, LanMwning.) Landowner and farmer (1). (b) D. F. Pennefatber & Co. PENNY, F. G. (Mining.) (a) Eastern Smelting Co., Ltd. 314,485 PERCY, LORD EUSTACE. (Petroleum, Railways.) (a) Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields, Ltd. . .. 1,954,002 Tampico-Panuco Valley Railway Co., Ltd.... 506,700 United British Mineral Oil Co., Ltd.... 110,464 United British Oilfields of Trinidad, Ltd. 1,500,000 United British Pipelines, Ltd. 30,000 United British Producing Co., Ltd. 403,300 United British Refineries, Ltd. 30,000 United British West Indies Petroleum Syndi­ cate, Ltd. 200,000 (b) Asiatic Petroleum Co. (Ceylon), Ltd. PERKINS, E. K. (Brewing, Distribution, Food, Gas, Newspaper. ) (a) Southampton Gas, Light and Coke Co. 894,381 Tyrrell and Green, Ltd. 122,500 (b) Forder & Co., Ltd. Hampshire Adve1·tiser County Newspaper, Ltd. Hampshire Mineral Water Co., Ltd. PERRING, W. G. (Distribution, Furnishing.) Paddington and Bayswater Chamber of Com­ merce (President) (1). (b) Crossley Co. (2). W. G. Perring & Co. (2). POWNALL, A. (Insurance, Wine.) Member of Lloyd's (1). (b) W. W. Pownall & Co. (1). ( 57 ) PRESTON, SIR W. R. (Metals.) £ (a) J. Stone & Co., Ltd.* ... 1,359,996 PRETYMAN, E. G. (Gas, Railway.) (a) Felixstowe and Walton Waterworks Co. 108,745 Felixstowe Dock and Railway Co. 153,500 PRICE, E. G. (Building.) (b) B. Goodman & Co. PRIVETT, F. J. (Building.) Builder and contractor (1). RAE, SIR HENRY N. (Textiles.) " Wool merchant of Harrogate" (1). RAEBURN, SIR WM. H. (Metals, Shipping.) Chamber of Shipping (Presid~mt 1916-18) (1). British Corporation for Survey and Registry of Shipping (Vice-Chairman) (1). F.B.I. (Council).* (a) Bull's Metal and Melloid Co., Ltd. 70,913 Clyde Navigation Trust * 6,855,399 RAINE, W. (Amusements, Shipping.) (b) J. Raine & Sons (8). Sunderland Football Co. (1). . RAWLINSON, J. F. P. F.B.I. ("directly connected") (20).* REES, SIR BEDDOE. (Coal, Engineering, Finance, Shipping.) (a) Ashburnham Steamship and Coal Co., Ltd.... 160,000 North Amman Collieries, Ltd. 164,643 (b) Ashburnham Collieries, Ltd. Berry Hinge, Ltd. British Transoceanic Steamship Co., Ltd. Compagnie Industrielle Charbonniere. United Kingdom and Overseas Development, Ltd. Welsh Garden Cities, Ltd. REMNANT, SIR J. F. (Brewing, Electric, Gas, Chemical, Hotel, Mining, Tea.) (a) Assam Co. 487,517 Bournemouth Imperial and Grand Hotels, Ltd.... 19,218 Continental Union Gas Co., Ltd. 1,001,957 Huggins & Co., Ltd. ... 955,244 St. John del Rey Mining Co., Ltd.... 1,075,771 Samuel Allsopp & Sons, Ltd.* 3,700,654 Welsbach Light Co., Ltd. 602,698 Westminster Electric Supply Corporation, Ltd.... 1,387,781 REYNOLDS, W. G. W. Leicester Chamber of Commerce (Vice-Presi­ dent) (1). (b) Waterhouse, Reynolds & Co.* RHODES, J. P. (Textiles.) (a) Thomas Rhodes, Ltd.... 100,000 RICHARDSON, SIR A. (Printing.) (b) "Brassey's Naval and Shipping Annual," Ltd. ( 58 ) RICHARDSON, SIR P. WIGHAlI1. (Engineering, £ Shipping.) (a) Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson, Ltd.* ... 11,327,916 (b) P. Wigham Richardson & Co. (1). ROBERTS, C. H. (Finance.) (a) Commonwealth Trust, Ltd.... 54,307 ROBERTS, G. H. (Finance, Food.) (a) Associated British Commerce and Industry, Ltd. (11) 250,000 Coleman & Co., Ltd.... 404,954 Home-grown Sugar, Ltd...... 716,624 ROBERTS, SIR SAMUEL. (Banking, Coal, Engineering, Shipping.) (a) Cammell, Laird, & Co., Ltd.... 7,140,387 J. Grayson, Lowood & Co., Ltd. (British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers' ASBo­ ciation.*) 115,006 National Provincial and Union Bank of England, Ltd. 19,576,707 Sheffield and South f orkshi;e N ~:;igati~~ Co. 1,428,438 Wright, Bindley and Gell, Ltd.* ... 268,987 ROBINSON, SIR THOMAS. (Chemicals, Textiles.) (a) Boots' Pure Drug Co., Ltd.* ... 1,500,000 Bradford Dyers' Association, Ltd.* ... 6,882,596 ROGERSON, J. E. (Banking, Chemical, Coal, Gas, I ron, Finance.) (a) Bank of Liverpool and Martins, Ltd. 4,046,009 Broomhill Collieries, Ltd. 730,725 Cargo Fleet Iron Co., Ltd.* ... 1,932,134 Jewel-Dinero :Mines, Ltd. 81,052 South Durham Steel and Iron Co., Ltd.* 2,518,629 Steel Developments, Ltd...... 96,174 Weardale Steel, Coal and Coke Co., Ltd. 1,560,786 (b) Canadian Western Syndicate. Cochrane & Co., Ltd.* John Rogerson & Co., Ltd.* North Walbottle Coal Co., Ltd. Ormesby Rolling Mills, Ltd. Seaton Burn Coal Co., Ltd. Southbank Chemical Co., Ltd. Trimdon Coal Co., Ltd. Tudno and Spennymoor Gas Co. ·Wingate Coal Co., Ltd. ROTHSCHILD, L. N. DE. (Banking.) (b) N. M. Rothschild & Sons, Ltd. (3). ROUNDELL, R. F. (Landowning, Railways.) Lord of the Manor of Marton-in-Craven (2). (a) Yorkshire Dales Railway Co.... 74,303 ROYCE, W. S. (Enginee1·ing, Landowning.) Large landowner (1). (b) Transvaal Engineering and Contracting Co. (1).

( 59 ) RUGGLES-BRISE, E. A. (Food.) £: (b) T. Bradridge & Co., Ltd. (2). RUTHERFORD, SIR W. W. (Food, Petroleum, Trans­ port.) (a) African Canning and Packing Co., Ltd. 507,591 Chiciura Oilfields of Roumania, Ltd. 286,750 Kertch-Taman Oilfields, Ltd.... 184,596 Oilfields Finance Corporation, Ltd.... 161,806 Roumanian Consolidated Oilfields, Ltd. 2,395,494 Roumanian Road Transport Co., Ltd. 44,369 SAMUEL, A. M. (Food.) Associated Chambers of Commerce (con­ nected) (28). (a) Apollinaris and Johannis, Ltd. 2,777,000 SAMUEL, SAMUEL. (Banking, Chemical, Finance, Insurance, Petroleum, Shipping.) Shipping Federation (Executive) (2). (a) Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co., Ltd. 8,000,000 Lloyds Bank, Ltd.* 24,919,099 M. Samuel & Co., Ltd. 1,200,000 Magadi Soda Co., IJtd. 1,969,752 Shell Mex, Ltd.... 6,500,000 Shell Transport and Trading Co., Ltd. 33,372,733 (b) Samuel Estates, Ltd. Samuel, Montague & Co. (1). Shell Marketing Co., Ltd. Standard Steamship Owners' Protection and Indemnity Association, Ltd. United Kingdom Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association, Ltd. SANDERSON, SIR F. B. (Food, Chemicals.) Seed Crushers' Association (Chairman) (2). Hull Incorporated Chamber of Commerce and Shipping (Chairman, 1914-15) (2). (a) United Premier Oil and Cake Co., Ltd. 1,729,074 (b) Humber Fishing and Fish Manure Co. (1).* SANDON, LORD. (Finance.) (a) British Central Africa Co., Ltd. 1,687,458 SASSOON, SIR P. (Merchanting.) (a) David Sassoon & Co., Ltd. 500,000 SCOTT, SIR LESLIE. (Shipping, Fwrming.) Agricultural Organisation Society (Chair­ man) (23). (a) Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., Ltd.... 13,870,480 SHAW, HON. A. (Banking, Insurance, Shipping, Tea.) (a) AUfltralian United Steam Navigation Co.,Ltd. 684,794 British India Steam Navigation Co., Ltd..... 4,660,426 Doodputtlee Tea Co., Ltd. . 38,660 Eastern and Australian Steamship Co., Ltd... 224,515 P. & O. Banking Corporation, Ltd . 2,601,006 P. & O. Steam Navigation Co., Ltd . 13,828,333 (b) United Kingdom Temperance and General Provident Institution. ( 60 ) SHEFFIELD, SIR B. (Insu?'ance, Landowning, Rail- £ way.) Owns 40,000 acres (3). (a) Great Central Railway Co. 59,055,019 North Lindsay Light Railways Co. 198,168 Scottish Widows' Fund Life Assurance Soc~ety 23,791,164 SHEPPERSON, E. W. (Landowning, Farming.) Landowner (1). National Farmers' Union (Member of Council) (23). SHIPWRIGHT, D. (Farming, Mining.) Interested in agriculture, tin mining and china­ clay (1). SIMPSON-HINCHLIFFE, W. A. (Landowning, Textiles.) Large landowner (2). " Closely interested in cotton industry" (2). SINCLAIR, SIR A. (Landowning,) Owns about 100,000 acres (3). SMITH, SIR ALLAN. (Engineering.) Engineering and National Employers' Federation (Chairman) (2).* British Commonwealth Union (President). SOMERVILLE, A. A. (Electricity, Farming.) East Berks Agricultural Association (Presi­ dent) (2). (a) Slough and Datchet Electric Supply Co., Ltd. 79,346 Windsor Electrical Installation Co., Ltd. ... 116,651 SOMERVILLE, D. G. (Engineering.) (b) D. G. Somerville & Co., Ltd. SPENCER, H. H. (Textiles.) (b) H. H. Spencer & Co., Ltd. (2). STANLEY, LORD. (Banking, Textiles.) (a) Barclays Bank, Ltd.* ...... 24,977,623 British Cotton-Growing Association 497,975 STEPHENSON, H. (Banking, Gas.) Sheffield Chamber of Commerce (connected) (24). (a) Sheffield Gas Co. 2,465,990 Williams Deacon's Bank, Ltd.* 3,055,086 (b) Stephenson, Blake & Co. Thomas Turton & Sons. STOCKTON, SIR E. F. (Me1'chantitng, Railways, Ship. ping, Textiles.) Association of British Chambers of Commerce (Manchester representative) (27). Manchester Chamber of Commerce (Treasurer, ex-President) (1). (a) London and North Western Railway Co. 202,078,208 Manchester Ship Canal Co. 16,103,900 (b) Abbott and Stockton (partner) (1). W. Hoyle & Co. Riverside Dyeing and Finishing Co. (3). STOTT, W. H. (Shipping.) (b) W. H. Stott & Co., Ltd.

( 61 ) STRAUSS, E. A. (Brewing.) £ (a) A. Le Coq, Ltd. 98,975 (b) Strauss & Co. (partner). STURROCK, J. LENG. (Newspaper.) (a) John Leng & Co., Ltd. ... SUETER, M. F. (Newspape1·.) (b) Sunday Publications, Ltd. SUGDEN, SIR W. H. (Building, Engineering, Iron, Rubbe1', Textiles, .111iscellaneous.) Constructional engineer (1). (a) Beldam Tyre Co., Ltd. 466,236 Belgrave Standard Tyres, Ltd. 800,000 Joseph Owen & Sons, Ltd. 172,019 North Wales Iron and Manganese Co., Ltd. '" 57,045 Royton Ring Mill Co., Ltd. ... 32,000 Standard Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers, Ltd.... 209,970 (b) Belgrave, Ltd. Carnarvon Brickworks, Ltd. SUTCLIFFE, T. (Shipping.) (b) J. Sutcliffe & Sons. SYKES, SIR F. (Engineering, Railways, Transport.) (a) Anglo-Argentine 'l'ramways Co., Ltd. 21,830,307 Associated Equipment Co., Ltd.* 1,1l0,000 London General Omnibus Co., Ltd.... 6,170,526 UndergroundElectric Railways Co. ofLondon, Ltd.... 20,221,999 TERREI,L, R. (Distribution, Engineering.) (a) Civil Service Co-operative Society, Ltd. 829,500 (b) Tyer & Co. (1). THOMAS, SIR OWEN. (Distribution.) (b) British Colonial Provision Co. Magnetic Provision Co. THOMPSON, L. (Goal.) (b) John Thompson & Sons (2). THOMSON, T. (hon.) (b) J. J. Thomson & Son (8). TURTON, E. R. (Banking, Finance, Insurance, Land­ owning, Railway.) Estates in Yorkshire and Ireland (3). (a) Cockermouth, Keswick, and Penrith Railway Co. 445,494 London City and Midland Executor and Trustee Co., Ltd. 150,000 London Joint City and Midland Bank, Ltd.... 23,548,957 North Eastern Railway Co. ... 95,339,803 People's Trust, Ltd...... 514,498 Scottish Boiler and General Insurance Co. '" 38,750 Yorkshire Insurance Co.* 6,498,840 WARD, JOHN. (Insumnce.) (a) Anglo-Marine Insurance Co. 27,841 WARING, W. (Railway.) (a) Isle of Wight Railway Co., Ltd. 647,907

( 62 ) WARNER, SIR T. C. (Finance, Landowning.) £ Central Chamber of Agriculture (ex-President) (3). Owns 4,000 acres (3). (a) Law Land Co., Ltd. 1,277,814 Warner Estate, Ltd. 926,982 WATSON, J. B. (Finance.) (a) Cleveland Trust, Ltd.... 63,596 WELLS, S. R. (Brewing.) (b) Wells & Co. WESTON, J. W. (Ohemical, Enginee?·ing.) (a) Nobel Industries, Ltd.* 19,942,847 (b) W. H. Wakefield & Co., Ltd.* WIIELER, G. C. H. (Farming.) Council of Central and Associated Chambers of Agriculture (ex-President) (2). WHITE, H. G. (Ohemical, Finance.) (a) Liverpool Stock Exchange Buildings Co., Ltd. 178,751 (b) Gum Tragasol Supply Co. Sing, White & Co. WILSON, CECIL H. (Iron.) (b) Sheffield Smelting Co. (1). ·WILSON, M. J. (Ooal, Hotel, Railway.) (a) Durham and North Yorkshire Public House Trust Co., Ltd. 32,511 North Eastern Railway Co. . .. 95,339,803 Pease and Partners, Ltd. (trustee) ... 4,911,866 WINDSOR, VISCOUNT. (Landowning.) (a) Plymouth Estates, Ltd. . .. 580,000 ",VISE, F. (Finance, Newspape1', Printing.) (a) Bradstreet's British, Ltd. 52,366 London Express Newspaper, Ltd. 474,475 Sudan Plantations Syndicate, Ltd. ... 1,336,401 (b) Speke & Co. (1). WOOD, SIR H. K. (Clothing, Enginee1·ing.) (a) Edward Wood & Co., Ltd.* ... 261,723 (b) Lincoln Bennett & Co. WOOD, SIR S. HILL. (Textiles.) (a) John Wood & Bros. (1920), Ltd. 858,724 WOODCOCK, H. C. (Finance.) Stockbroker (2). WORSFOLD, DR. T. C. (Building.) (a) Eastwoods, Ltd. 318,908

REFERENCES. * Firm or Association a member of Federation of British Industries. (1) Times, Nov. 17, 1922. (2) " Who's Who in the New Parliament" (Philip Gee). (3) "Who's Who," 1922. (4) "Manual of Electrical Undertakings," 1922 (Electrical Press, Ltd.). (5) "Mining Manual and Mining Year Book," 1922 (Walter R. Skinner).

( 63 ) (6) Financial Times, Nov. 21, 1922. (7) Yorkshire Post, Nov. 5, 1922. (8) Manchester Guardian Commercial, Nov. 23, 1922. (9) Somerset House. ( 10) "Theatre, Music Hall and Cinema Companies' Blue Book," 1921 (Keith MacAllister & Co.). (II) Authorised capital only. ( 12) Times, Dec. 8, 1922. (13) Western Mail, Oct. 2, 1922. (14) Western Mail, Dec. I, 1922. (15) Yorkshire Post, Dec. 7, 1922. (16) Western Mail, Dec. 2, 1922. (17) Times, July 22, 1922. (I8) Yorkshire Post, April 26, 1922. (19) Financial Times, Dec. 14, 1922. (20) Federation of British Industries Bulletin, Jan. 2, 1919. (21) Times, Dec. 8, 1922. (22) Financial Times, Dec. 15, 1922. (23) "National Farmers' Union Year Book," 1922. (24) Y orlcshire Post, Dec. 2, 1922. (25) Times, July 20, 1922. (26) Glasgow Herald, April 5, 1922. (27) Manchester Guardian, April 5, 1922. (28) Financier, Feb. 15, 1922. I (29) Western Mail, Jan. II, 1922.

PRI:-JTItD IN GR~AT BRITAIN BY THE W'HITEFRIARS PRE-SS, LTD., LONDON AND TONBRIDCE. THE CAPITAL LEVY EXPLAINED. By HUCH DALTON. M.A.. D.Se. (Econ.). Canel Ruder iD Comlheftle ia tlk, Uni~nity of London. Cloth. 2a. 6d.; Plgler.... A handy text-book 00 a sobject upon which the reel ClOIltroV8l'8}' fa ooIJ just beginning. Written bI an 8CODomiat oS di8tmctioo who foagllt .. coustituency at the General Election. it shows the ~WOl'kioS Qf tIae­ levy, meets objectioD8 to it, and makee ClOIlcrete propoarJe.

The LABOUR INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK. Ediled for THE LABOUR RESEARCH DEPARTMENT b, R. PALME DUTI. 12a. 6d. 50_ contributon .-No••"" A"CItL. HN BaAIUFOD. Non Bono", i.nun CHILD"', E. M. FOIISna R. 9. PClftCAn, CIiOIIOI YCMlIICI, L S. 900u. .. 'Ibis admirable volume, which ought to be acquired .. BOOO .. IlOiIibI'e by every centre of Labour thought and study. It repreaents .. 6ig aad laborious task weD done. No luch comlJaOt enoyoloJMiedja upon iJlt.ema.­ tional relatioDl is elsewhere to be found ••• the liook attame .. _h,jgIl standard in accuracy and completeDeu."-SmBBY WEBB in TAc ~ Herald• .. The book should be invaluable to epeaken and writers, oateide .. well all inside the ranks of Labour."-Phe NetD 8lG1uman. THE LABOUR INTERNATIONAL YE4It­ BOOK, 1923. Prepared by THE LABOUR RESEAROI DEPARTMENT. Paper," A record of reoeet deYe10pments in International affaln and wor1dal. clua organisation. Baaed on the fouodatioDt of •• The Labour IDterDatioJIi1 Handbook" this additional volume II DeTerthel..oompleteIn iUIlIf, LABOUR RESEARCH DEPARTMENT STUDIES IN LABOUR AND CAPITAL Is.each. L LABOUR AND CAPlI'AL IN THE ENCINEERING TRADES. •• Ojyee aD admirable IIUmmary. within veq brief oompaas of the ~ facta of thiB important indlJ8tir7. ••• Itfa an admin.bJe litde efran OR ~1 usefullin....-Etliabtu'gA B,*""9 N... .. This well-written pamphleL"-PAe Bf*ItIItw. D. THE PRESS• .. A concise aooount of the various gro.pa of ~penaDd tIutIr ownen whioh may interest many."-Pi... LikrG" 8~ II Exceedingly valuable."-Pl. Pleb.. Other 1IOlum611 in Pr,paratilm.

THE LABOUR PUBLISHING COMPANY LTD 38 Great Ormond street, London I, STUDIES IN LABOUR AND GA'FITAI, THE present stuuy of Labour and Capital in Parliament is the third of a series of stuuies prepared by the Labour Research Department. The first volume deals with Labour and Capital in the Engineering Trades and contains a review of the interests and organisation of important engineering companies, and of the special prohlems of engineering workers. The second, dealing with The Press, contains an analysis of the capitalist interests in newspaper production, and an account of the history and problems of workers in the newspaper trade. Later volumes will include studies of other leading industries as well as of special forms of capitalist enterprise such as banking and insurance. Further information about the series may be obtained from the Labour Research Depart­ ment, 162, Buckingham Palace Road, London, S.W.l.