Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 798-803

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 04 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.088

Comparative Evaluation of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Genotypes in Kanthalloor, Idukki, ,

S.N. Shibana* and Jalaja S. Menon

Kerala Agricultural University, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K e yw or ds Ten garlic genotypes of released varieties and local cultivar were evaluated during the

period May to September 2017 at farmer’s fields in two locations of Kanthalloor Garlic, Genotypes, Yield, Quality, panchayat of . The results showed that the genotypes differed significantly in Kanthalloor both yield and quality aspects. The local cultivar and Yamuna safed-3 recorded highest equatorial diameter and bulb weight. The number of cloves per bulb was as high as 16 in Article Info 2 AAS-2. The genotype Yamuna safed-3 recorded a highest yield of 1.19Kg/2m followed 2 2 Accepted: by local cultivar and Ooty-1 (0.90Kg/2m and 0.89Kg/2m respectively). While 07 March 2019 considering both yield and quality aspects in trade, local cultivar, Yamuna Safed-3 and Available Online: Ooty-1 were found to be the promising genotypes. 10 April 2019

Introduction and most of the medicinal effects are attributed to this sulphur compound. Its Garlic (Allium sativum L.), a member of nutritive value is very high among the family Alliaceae is the second important bulb bulbous crops. Fresh peeled garlic cloves crop grown after onion. India ranks second to contain 62.8% moisture, 29% carbohydrate, China in area and production of garlic in the 6.3% protein, 1% mineral matter, 0.8% fibre, world. In Kerala, garlic cultivation is confined 0.1% fat, 0.31% phosphorus, 0.03% calcium, to an area of 80ha with a production of 630t 0.001% iron, 13mg/100g vitamin C and (DASD, 2016) and it is commercially grown 0.4mg/100g nicotinic acid (Chadha and in Kanthalloor and Vattavada panchayats in Kalloo, 1993). block of Idukki district. A wide range of adaptability of garlic to Garlic is widely used for its pungent flavour different soil types, temperatures and day as a seasoning or condiment. Allicin length makes its cultivation possible from (diallylthiosulfinate), is the volatile compound tropics to temperate region. Studies conducted responsible for the pungent smell of garlic by Volk and Stern, 2009 suggested that

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 798-803 cultivars grown under diverse climatic estimated yield per hectare (t) were also condition have highly elastic environmental recorded. Pooled analysis of the two fields response, particularly relating to skin colour was done to study the combined effect. and yield. Information on the performance of improved garlic varieties in the traditional Observations were also recorded on growing tract of Kerala is lacking. It is in this biochemical parameters of harvested garlic background that the present study was bulbs at maturity. TSS (oBrix), total sugar undertaken with an objective to evaluate the (%), ascorbic acid (mg/100g), pungency performance of various garlic genotypes for (μM/g), essential oil (%) and oleoresin (%) yield and quality in the Kanthalloor panchayat were estimated. The data were statistically of Idukki district. analysed to test the significance of difference among the genotypes. The genotypes were Materials and Methods ranked to find out superior genotypes.

The study was conducted at farmer’s fields in Results and Discussion two locations of Kanthalloor panchayat of Idukki district which comes under Yield characters Dry Hills Agro Ecological Unit number 17. The area lies between 10° 13′ N latitude and Quantitative bulb characters of garlic 77° 11′ E longitude with an altitude of 5800ft genotypes are shown in Table 1. Local above Mean Sea Level. Soil texture of the cultivar and Yamuna Safed-3 recorded a experimental site was loam to clay loam. The higher equatorial diameter (3.28cm and area represents low rainfall region having a 3.09cm respectively) and the equatorial tropical sub humid monsoon climate with an diameter of Ooty-1 (2.97cm) was comparable. average annual temperature of 23.08oC and Yamuna Safed-3 also recorded a highest polar rainfall of 1703.71mm. diameter of 3.62cm and the local cultivar recorded a comparable value of 3.46cm. The study comprises evaluation of ten varieties viz. Yamuna Safed, Yamuna Safed- Umamaheswarappa et al., (2014) reported 2, Yamuna Safed-3, Yamuna Safed-8, that the cultivar Yamuna Safed-3 recorded a Yamuna Safed-9, BhimaOmkar, Bhima highest equatorial and polar diameter (3.04cm Purple, AAS-2, Ooty-1 and local cultivar. The and 3.72cm respectively) in his study under seed cloves of garlic genotypes were dibbled central dry zone of Karnataka. Polar diameter in flat beds of 2m2 size at a spacing of 15cm x and equatorial diameter determine the shape 8cm in randomized block design with three and size of the bulb which is an important replications. The recommended package of attribute for its market value (Ratan et al., practices of KAU (2016) was followed for 2017). raising the crop during May-September 2017. Bulb weight is the most important yield The bulbs were harvested at maturity and the contributing component (Sandhu et al., 2015 observations on quantitative bulb characters and Sharma et al., 2015). In the present study i.e. equatorial diameter (cm), polar diameter local cultivar and Yamuna Safed-3 recorded (cm), fresh bulb weight (g), cured bulb weight the higher fresh bulb weight (15.66g and (g), number of cloves per bulb and clove 15.31g respectively) and cured bulb weight weight (g) were taken from ten randomly (12.33g and 11.14g respectively) followed by selected garlic bulbs. Yield per plot (Kg) and Ooty-1. It was also reported that the variety

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Yamuna Safed-3 develop good bulbs in from Tamil Nadu, which may attributes to its southern hills (Chadha, 2003). Yamuna better performance in terms of yield in the Safed-2 was poor in performance when both studied agro climatic conditions. fresh bulb weight and cured bulb weight were concerned (5.30g and 3.80g respectively). The estimated yield of Yamuna Safed-3 and local cultivar were 5.96t/ha and 4.48t/ha Enormous variability was observed in the respectively which is in tune to the yield number of cloves per bulb. Genotype AAS-2 reported by Umamaheswarappa et al., (2014), recorded highest number of cloves (16.83) who noted that the variety Yamuna Safed-3 and lowest number of cloves per bulb was recorded a high total yield (6.15t/ha) and observed in Yamuna Safed-8 (2.81) which marketable yield (5.23t/ha) under central dry failed to differentiate cloves in the zone of Karnataka. It was also reported a Kanthalloor agro ecological situation in the yield of 5.80t/ha under subtropical season May to September. About 79.16 per environment of Jammu (Kumar et al., 2015). cent of the bulbs produced were single clove bulbs in Yamuna Safed-8. Number of clove Quality parameters was low as 5.55 in Yamuna Safed-2, which also lacks clove differentiation property and The biochemical characters of different garlic there was 25.17% single clove bulbs in the genotypes are depicted in Table 2. The experimental field. genotype Bhima Omkar recorded a high TSS value of 35.93oBrix and Yamuna Safed-2 was Highest clove weight was recorded in local on par (34.5oBrix). The lowest TSS was cultivar (1.21g) and Ooty-1 (1.20g) setting recorded in the genotypes Ooty-1 apart Yamuna Safed-8 (2.84g) which failed in (28.97oBrix) and local cultivar (29.07oBrix). clove differentiation. The number of cloves According to the reports of study by Agarwal per bulb was also goodi.e.13.33 and 12.08 in and Tiwari (2005) and Sharma et al., (2015), local cultivar and Ooty-1 respectively. the lines which are having high total soluble Though AAS-2 recorded the highest number solids can be stored for longer duration. The of cloves per bulb (16.83) clove weight was genotype Yamuna Safed-3 had a considerably as low as 0.44g which is the character of that good TSS content of 34.10oBrix, when particular Karnataka genotype. But it is not an compare with local cultivar and Ooty-1. acceptable trait from the point of consumer preference. Garlic, being a multicloved crop Total sugar content of Bhima Purple was the emphasis should be given to big and bold higher (37.60%). It was lowest in local cloved bulbs rather than bulb with too many cultivar (19.83%). Ascorbic acid content of cloves (Agarwal and Tiwari, 2005). garlic genotypes was found to vary from 7.53mg/100g to 17.77mg/100g. It was highest Yield is a complex character influenced by in Ooty-1 (17.77mg/100g) and Yamuna the varietal characters and the environmental Safed-8 was comparable (15.22mg/100g). But conditions where the plant has grown. The the high yielding genotypes, local cultivar and genotype Yamuna Safed-3 recorded a highest Yamuna Safed-3 were found to be low in yield (1.19Kg/plot and 5.96t/ha) followed by ascorbic acid content. local cultivar (0.90Kg/plot and 4.48t/ha) and Ooty-1 (0.89Kg/plot and 4.47t/ha) (Table 1 Pungency of Yamuna Safed-8, which had and Fig. 1). The genotype Yamuna Safed-3 is 79.16% of single clove bulbs, was higher a selection from a local collection obtained (74.00μM/g) than other genotypes followed

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by Ooty-1 (59.48μM/g) and local cultivar comparable. El-Sayed et al., (2017) reported (57.93μM/g). The high yielding genotype nearly 60% higher essential oil content in the Yamuna Safed-3 recorded a pungency of purple-skin garlic compared to white skinned 52.94μM/g. garlic. Yamuna Safed-9 is a purple skin genotype which also recorded highest Essential oil was highest in the genotype essential oil content compared to other Yamuna Safed-9 (0.35%) and Yamuna Safed genotypes. Highest oleoresin content of (0.34%) and the essential oil content of 2.06% was recorded in AAS-2 and Yamuna Bhima Purple and local cultivar (0.3%) were Safed (1.80%) was on par.

Table.1 Yield characters of different garlic genotypes

Genotypes Equatorial Polar Fresh bulb Cured Number of Clove Yield/ diameter diameter weight (g) bulb cloves/bulb weight (g) plant (cm) (cm) weight (g) (Kg) Yamuna Safed 2.42cd 3.28bc 7.22c 5.76bc 9.38cd 1.06bcd 0.50c Yamuna Safed-2 1.94f 2.66e 5.30c 3.80d 5.55ef 1.17bc 0.44c Yamuna Safed-3 3.09a 3.62a 15.31a 11.14a 14.47ab 0.91bcd 1.19a Yamuna Safed-8 2.00ef 2.84de 6.74c 5.25cd 2.81f 2.84a 0.60c Yamuna Safed-9 2.32de 3.12c 7.85c 5.43bcd 6.38e 0.78bcde 0.63bc BhimaOmkar 2.39cd 3.15c 7.44c 5.46bcd 7.60de 0.74cde 0.49c Bhima Purple 2.38cd 2.78e 6.83c 4.80cd 7.53de 0.70de 0.51c AAS-2 2.71bc 2.68e 7.33c 6.32bc 16.83a 0.44e 0.66bc Ooty-1 2.97ab 3.10cd 11.04b 7.24b 12.08bc 1.20b 0.89b Local cultivar 3.28a 3.46ab 15.66a 12.33a 13.33b 1.21b 0.90b CD (0.05) 0.34 0.28 2.72 1.90 2.861 0.432 0.28

Table.2 Biochemical characters of different garlic genotypes

Genotypes TSS Total Ascorbic acid Pungency Essential Oleoresin (oBrix) sugar (%) (mg/100g) (μM/g) Oil (%) (%) Yamuna Safed 33.77b 30.93cd 12.68bc 36.02f 0.34a 1.80ab Yamuna Safed-2 34.57ab 34.94ab 10.18cd 55.01bcd 0.21cd 1.11c Yamuna Safed-3 34.10b 24.60e 12.65bc 52.94cd 0.25bc 1.06c Yamuna Safed-8 30.07cd 30.74cd 15.22ab 74.00a 0.12e 1.28bc Yamuna Safed-9 33.63b 34.27abc 12.69bc 55.93bc 0.35a 1.29bc BhimaOmkar 35.93a 33.78abc 12.72bc 50.88d 0.16de 0.90c Bhima Purple 33.47b 37.60a 12.71bc 55.86bc 0.30ab 1.06c AAS-2 31.53c 28.51d 10.07cd 43.06e 0.16de 2.06a Ooty-1 28.97d 32.12bcd 17.77a 59.48b 0.15e 1.23bc Local cultivar 29.07d 19.83f 7.53d 57.93b 0.30ab 1.18bc CD (0.05) 1.71 3.89 4.56 4.98 0.06 0.66

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Table.3 Ranking of garlic genotypes based on yield and quality

Genotypes Clove Yield Fresh bulb Essential Pungency Total Rank weight weight oil

Yamuna Safed 9/15 3/3 3/3 6/6 1/5 3.8 Yamuna Safed- 5/10 3/3 3/3 9/18 7/10 3.7 2 Yamuna Safed- 9/15 1/3 1/3 7/12 5/10 2.34 II 3 Yamuna Safed- 1/5 3/3 3/3 1/6 5/5 3.37 8 Yamuna Safed- 14/20 5/6 3/3 5/12 1/5 3.15 9 BhimaOmkar 12/15 3/3 3/3 4/6 9/10 4.37 Bhima Purple 9/10 3/3 3/3 5/12 3/10 3.62 AAS-2 5/5 5/6 3/3 3/6 9/10 4.23 Ooty-1 2/5 2/3 2/3 2/6 5/5 3.07 III Local cultivar 2/5 2/3 1/3 2/6 3/10 2.03 I

Fig.1 Estimated yield of garlic genotypes

Ranking of garlic genotypes found to be the promising genotype over Yamuna Safed-3 (Table 3). Considering the important yield and quality aspects in trade, garlic genotypes were ranked In conclusion, in the present study, the local using a method suggested by Arunachalam and cultivar and Yamuna Safed-3 recorded a higher Bandyopadhyay (1984). When the genotypes equatorial diameter, fresh bulb weight and were compared based on yield characters, cured bulb weight and AAS-2 recorded highest Yamuna Safed-3 and local cultivar were found number of cloves per bulb. Yamuna Safed-3 to be the high yielders. But, when they were recorded highest yield per plot followed by the ranked based on both yield and quality viz.yield, local cultivar and Ooty-1. The local cultivar was fresh bulb weight, clove weight, essential oil found to be the promising genotype over content and pungency, the local cultivar was Yamuna Safed-3 when both yield and quality

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(4): 798-803 aspects are taken into consideration. In the El-Sayed, H. S., Chizzola, R., Ramadan, A. A., present study, among the ten garlic genotypes and Edris, A. E. 2017. Chemical studied, local cultivar, Yamuna Safed-3 and composition and antimicrobial activity of Ooty-1 were found to be the promising garlic essential oils evaluated in organic genotypes while considering both yield and solvent, emulsifying, and self- quality aspects. microemulsifying water based delivery systems. Food Chem. 221: 196-204. Acknowledgement Kumar, S., Samnotra, R. K., Kumar, M., and Khar, S. 2015. Character association and The authors wish to express sincere thanks to path analysis in garlic (Allium spp.) Kerala Agricultural University for the financial germplasm under sub tropical assistance. Express their gratitude to Dr. Nalini environment of Jammu. Bioscan 10(4): P. V., Dr. Miniraj N., and Dr. S. Krishnan, 1997-2003. College of Horticulture for their valuable Ratan, D., Gowda, R. V., and Pandey, H. 2017. suggestions.Acknowledgements are also owe to Evaluation of different onion (Allium DOGR, Pune and NHRDF, Rajasthan for cepa L.) genotypes for yield and quality supply of seed materials. parameters in kharif season under Bengaluru condition, India. Intl. J. Curr. References Microbiol. App. Sci6(11): 2393-2398. Sandhu, S. S., Brar, P. S., and Dhall, R. K. Agarwal, A. and Tiwari, R. S. 2005. Plant 2015. Variability of agronomic and aechitecture affecting yield and incidence quality characteristics of garlic (Allium of purple blotch in garlic (Allium sativumL.) ecotypes. SABRAO J. Breed. sativum). Natl. J. Plant. Improv. 7(1): 1-5. Genet. 47(2): 133-142. Arunachalam, V. and Bandyopadhyay, A. 1984. Sharma, D., Banyal, S. K., and Jarial, K. 2015. A method to make decision jointly on a Studies on the performance of some garlic number of dependent characters. Indian J. genotypes (Allium sativum L.) under Genet. 44(3): 419-424. subtropical conditions of Himachal Chadha, K. L. and Kalloo, G. 1993. Advances Pradesh. J. Spices Aromat. Crops 24(2): in Horticulture Vol. 13. In: Pandey, U. C. 106-111. and Singh, J. Agro-techniques for Onion Umamaheswarappa, P., Chandrappa, H., and and Garlic. Malhotra publishing house, Prasad, K. T. R. 2014. Evaluation of New Delhi, p. 451. garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes for Chadha, K. L. 2003. Handbook of Horticulture. growth and yield traits under central dry Directorate of Knowledge Management in zone of Karnataka. Environ. Ecol. 32 (2): Agriculture, ICAR, Pusa, New Delhi, p. 638-641. 404. Volk, M. K. and Stern, D. 2009. Phenotypic DASD [Directorate of Arecanut and Spices characteristics of ten garlic cultivar grown Development] 2016. Spices Statistics at a at different North American locations. Glance 2016. Directorate of Arecanut and Hort Science, 44(5): 1238-1247. Spices Development, Kozhikode, 156p.

How to cite this article:

Shibana, S.N. and Jalaja S. Menon. 2019. Comparative Evaluation of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)Genotypes in Kanthalloor, Idukki, Kerala. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(04): 798-803. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.088

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