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Note to Users The Campaign To Establish A Last Great Wilderness: The Arctic National Wildlife Range Item Type Thesis Authors Kaye, Roger W. Download date 10/10/2021 19:28:35 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8780 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE CAMPAIGN TO ESTABLISH A LAST GREAT WILDERNESS: THE ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE RANGE A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Roger W. Kaye, B.A. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3167010 Copyright 2005 by Kaye, Roger W. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3167010 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE CAMPAIGN TO ESTABLISH A LAST GREAT WILDERNESS: THE ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE RANGE By Roger W. Kaye RECOMMENDED: Advi|ory Committee Co-Chair jj ■ Acj^sory Committee Co-Chair " r\ Iv\. — ^------------------- Department Head APPROVED: 1-------------- c.---- :------------------ Dean, College of Liberal Arts bean of the Graduate School , / /2~, 2</&S__________________ Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract In 1960, after nearly a decade of controversy and failed legislative attempts, the Arctic National Wildlife Range was established by an executive order “for the purpose of preserving unique wildlife, wilderness, and recreational values.” This is the story of the transformation of this little-known expanse of mountains, forest, and tundra into a place internationally recognized as one of the finest examples of wilderness. This dissertation is a political history of the conflict, examining the roles of key proponents and opponents and the sequence of actions that finally brought the Secretary of Interior to issue the order. More important, it is an exploration of the historic, cultural, philosophical, and scientific underpinnings of the campaign. It focuses upon the beliefs and values, the ideas and idealism, and the hopes and concerns for the future that inspired leaders of the effort, captured the public imagination, and galvanized the political support necessary to overcome powerful opposition. The immediate context of the campaign was the post-World War II transformation of American society. More than in any previous period, postwar America was receptive to the idea of setting an area aside for a unique combination of tangible and intangible values—cultural, symbolic, and spiritual values as well as wildlife, ecological, and recreational values. The controversy reflected growing concerns about the era’s unprecedented rate of population growth; economic, industrial, and technological expansion; and consequent environmental alteration. For proponents, it came to symbolize the conflict between seemingly unbridled progress and the need to more carefully consider the environmental consequences of these trends. For opponents, the nine-million acre reservation represented a threat to the new state’s economic prosperity, resented federal control of natural resources, and a restriction of the opportunity and freedom they came to Alaska seeking. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rooted in the progressive era split between utilitarian conservation and nature preservation, the campaign was, to a large degree, a contest between competing views the appropriate relationship between postwar American society and its changing landscape. The view that prevailed reflects the successful integration of the emerging ecologically-based “environmental” perspective into the wilderness movement. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V Table of Contents Signature Page.. ...................... ...i Title Page ..... ii Abstract... ........................................................................................... .....................—iii Table of Contents ..... v Acknowledgements........................... viii Introduction............................................................................................ 1 A Note on Perspective ..... 7 Founding and Statutory Purposes.. ...... 8 The Physical Environment ............................................ .10 Chapter 1. Context of the Campaign ......................................................... 14 Underlying Concepts .............................................................................................14 Wilderness and the Emerging Environmental Perspective ................ 18 Robert Marshall and the Pre-campaign Years, 1936-1950 ............................... 22 George Collins’s Vision................................................ 26 Lowell Sumner, Maverick Biologist ....................................................................30 Chapter 2. To Northeast Alaska ................................................................. 36 1951: The Embodiment of an Ideal ..... 36 1952: A Primeval Wilderness ....... 40 Chapter 3. A Last Great Wilderness ............................................................................ 51 1953: Problems with a Park .................................................................... 51 An Arctic Frontier ..... 56 1954: Controversy Begins ............................. 63 William Pruitt, Local Scientist Advocate ..................................... 64 Virginia Wood, Pioneer Environmentalist............. 67 Howard Zahniser, Wilderness Idealist ..................................... 71 Olaus Murie, Campaign Leader ............ 73 Strategy..................... 76 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi 1955: Preparing for Alaska ..... 82 Chapter 4. The 1956 Sheenjek Expedition ................. 90 Science, Adventure, and Inspiration ........ 90 An Emerging Sense of Place... ...................... 113 The Conservationists’ Indian ................................. 115 Alaskan Support........... ...... 119 Chapter 5. Wilderness Area, Wildlife Range, or Both? ...... 130 1957: Political Action ............................................................................. 130 Clarence Rhode, Fish and Wildlife Service Proponent ....................................137 The Sportsmen’s Proposal... ........ 139 Interior Department Leadership ......................... 147 1958: The Mining Industry Aroused ....................................................................155 Chapter 6. Legislation Introduced ............................................................................. 178 1959: The Name Issue .........................................................................................178 Statehood .............................................................................................................. 183 Chapter 7. Senate Hearings........................................................ 199 Alaskan Support? ........................................................................................... 199 A Federal Withdrawal, the State’s Rights, and Outsiders ................................204 Timeliness of the Proposal .................................................. 208 Appropriateness of Size .................................................................. 209 Wildlife and Game Management.............................................................. 211 Ecological and Scientific Values ...... 214 Recreation.................................................. 216 Hunting ........... 219 Mining.............................. 221 Economic Consequences ............. 225 The Last Frontier.... ..... 228 Future Generations ........ 230 Intangible and Symbolic Values ...... 232 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter 8. House Passage, Senate Inaction, Executive Action .................... 239 The Secretary’s Dilemma ..... 239 After Establishment ..... 249 Conclusion ...... 253 Wildlife and Its Context ................. 259 Scientific Value................................... 262 Recreational Value ............................. 264 Heritage Value........................... 267 Bequest Value ................................ 269 A Compromise .................................... 271 A Symbol ............................. 272 Epilogue ......................................................................................
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