Evaluation of Microfinance Services and Potential to Finance Forest Land Restoration (FLR) Investments
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Evaluation of Microfinance Services and Potential to Finance Forest Land Restoration (FLR) Investments Final Report Prepared by Azimut Inclusive Finance SPRL November 2016 Azimut Inclusive Finance SPRL TVA : BE 0555.784.066 www.azimut-if.com – [email protected] Evaluation of Microfinance Services and Potential to Finance Forest Land Restoration (FLR) Investments Table of Content EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1 CONTEXT 4 1.1 BACKGROUND 4 1.2 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY 4 1.3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 4 2 FINANCIAL SECTOR AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 5 2.1 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR IN RWANDA 5 2.1.1 FINANCIAL SERVICES PROVIDERS 5 2.2 THE MICROFINANCE SERVICE SECTOR 7 2.2.1 THE CONCEPT OF MICROFINANCE 7 2.2.2 THE MICROFINANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS 7 2.2.3 THE INFORMAL SECTOR 8 2.3 FINANCIAL INCLUSION 10 2.4 RELATED POLICIES AND LAWS 12 2.4.1 POLICY ENVIRONMENT 12 2.4.2 MICROFINANCE POLICY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND SUPERVISION 13 3 MICROFINANCE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES AND FLR EFFORTS 15 3.1 EXISTING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 15 3.1.1 COMMERCIAL BANKS 15 3.1.2 MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS (MFIS) 19 3.2 ADAPTABILITY OF THE MICROFINANCE PRODUCT AND SERVICES TO SUPPORT FLR INITIATIVES (IN GATSIBO AND GICUMBI) 25 3.2.1 OPPORTUNITIES TO SUPPORT FLR INITIATIVES THROUGH MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS 25 3.2.2 CHALLENGES TO SUPPORT FLR INITIATIVES THROUGH MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS 28 3.2.2.1 Challenges related to the microfinance sector 28 3.2.2.2 Other challenges relating to the funding of FLR activities 29 4 RECOMMENDATIONS 30 FINANCIAL TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 35 ANNEXES 36 2 Evaluation of Microfinance Services and Potential to Finance Forest Land Restoration (FLR) Investments Executive Summary Rwanda has made international challenges, notably in terms of credit commitments via the Bonn Challenge to management policies, product restore 2 million hectares of degraded development, weak staff capacities and land. In this context, IUCN is working hand low customer literacy levels, to name a in hand with Rwanda Natural Resources few. MFIs show great potential in terms of Authority (RNRA) on a project to promote outreach but serious challenges in terms of the restoration of mosaic landscapes and product design and adequate enhance carbon stocks in Rwanda. methodologies to mitigate credit risk. This ambition not only requires all sectors Such barriers could easily be overcome by of society to support the national selecting providers that show serious restoration efforts but also a myriad of potential and strategic commitment and by financing solutions. Of all possible providing them with technical assistance financing mechanisms, this report looks at and support. The report highlights several the potential role that Microfinance initiatives that pave the way and provides institutions and their (inter)national recommendations on the process to financial supporters could play to channel develop tailored products. funding to smallholder farmers to invest in FLR initiatives. Smallholder farmers, on their end, are aware of the importance and benefits of Rwanda defines agroforestry and investing in FLR initiatives but lack the improving woodlots’ productivity as access to tailored products with reasonable central pillars of its FLR initiative. Given the terms and conditions, have little to no short-term nature of Microfinance, the knowledge on sustainable agriculture report focuses on the potential of having practices and reported to have limited Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) fund access to a variety of quality seeds. agroforestry. Despite the challenges of funding FLR The Rwandan microfinance industry is initiatives, the report highlights there are strongly supported by the government several opportunities that can be seized: which highly values its contribution to build MFIs are open to innovate but lack an inclusive financial sector. Financial resources and capacity, notably in the agro- inclusion in Rwanda is indeed the second sector; Experts have proven the gains of highest in Africa. sustainable agriculture practices, and; Smallholder farmers are already organized The sector comprises just under 500 in (in)formal groups and there are formal institutions, offering good outreach across channels that could be used to provide the territory, and is supported by a strong training and awareness raising. regulatory framework. Most MFIs do currently fund agriculture activities yet few While the development of an agroforestry have invested in the development of policy would certainly contribute a long suitable methodologies and tailored way, it should not refrain MFIs in their products to fund FLR initiatives. efforts to innovate and refine their product Performance varies greatly from one MFI offer. to another yet many face common 3 Evaluation of Microfinance Services and Potential to Finance Forest Land Restoration (FLR) Investments 1 Context 1.1 Background IUCN in partnership with Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA) is implementing a project on “Piloting Multiple Benefit Investment Packages through forest/landscape restoration and REDD+ in Rwanda for Scaling up in Africa” in the two pilot districts of Gatsibo and Gicumbi. The project aims to promote the restoration of mosaic landscapes and enhance carbon stocks in Rwanda as well as deepen commitments to FLR across Eastern Africa. The project further aims to stimulate increased public and private investment in Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) at community, district, national and regional levels by creating opportunities to enhance access to finance for farmers. This study gathers detailed information on microfinance services, products, risks, barriers, and recommend interventions to unlock the financing opportunities for individuals and groups at the community and district levels. 1.2 Rationale of the Study The purpose of the study is to evaluate how microfinance services recognize the national restoration agenda and can enable individual women and men farmers, groups/cooperatives and communities to invest in FLR in the pilot landscapes of Gatsibo and Gicumbi districts of Rwanda. The study includes a review of the microfinance sector with particular emphasis on a variety of community financing programs and brings to light the opportunities, prospects and challenges of financing forest landscape restoration projects, paying specific attention to gender differences in the microfinance sector. 1.3 Specific Objectives The specific objectives are as follows: 1. To gain a broad overview of the Microfinance service sector in Rwanda and the financial environment in general, related to the current level of understanding of, support to, and investment in forest landscape restoration activities, including differentiated information on the access, use, control and role in regard to gender and age group where appropriate and if information readily available; 2. To evaluate the existing microfinance products and services and their adaptability to support the restoration efforts of individual women and men, small holder farmers, community based groups and institutions at the whole community level. 3. To develop practicable recommendations on unlocking access to finance for individual women and men, groups, and communities in the Gatsibo and Gicumbi districts that aim to invest in FLR. 4 Evaluation of Microfinance Services and Potential to Finance Forest Land Restoration (FLR) Investments 2 Financial sector and Regulatory environment 2.1 Brief overview of the financial sector in Rwanda The Rwandan financial system comprises Banks, Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs - mainly insurance and pension funds) and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), which are regulated and supervised by the National Bank of Rwanda (BNR). In the context of the study, we will exclusively focus on Banks and Microfinance Institutions. 2.1.1 Financial Services Providers Banks regulated by BNR are divided into 4 categories: 1. Commercial Banks 2. Development Banks 3. Cooperative Banks 4. Microfinance Banks As of today, the Rwandan banking industry includes eleven commercial banks and six specialized institutions (including four microfinance banks, one development bank, and one cooperative bank): 11 Commercial Banks ACCESS Bank Rwanda Ltd – formerly BANCOR, Bank of Kigali Ltd, Banque Populaire du Rwanda Ltd (BPR), BRD Commercial Bank Ltd, COGEBANQUE Ltd, Crane Bank Rwanda Ltd, Ecobank Rwanda Ltd – formerly BCDI, Equity Bank Rwanda Ltd, Guaranty Trust Bank Rwanda Ltd – formerly FINA Bank Rwanda (ex BACAR), I&M Bank Rwanda Ltd - formerly Commercial Bank of Rwanda (BCR), Kenya Commercial Bank Rwanda Ltd (KCBR); 1 Development Bank Development Bank of Rwanda (BRD) 1 Cooperative Bank: ZIGAMA CSS (initially created as a microfinance institution in 1997) 4 Microfinance Banks: AB Bank Rwanda Ltd, Bank of Africa Rwanda Limited (BOA Rwanda) formerly Agaseke Bank Ltd, Unguka Bank Ltd, Urwego Opportunity Bank (UOB) The National Bank of Rwanda is also mandated to regulate and supervise Microfinance Institutions (See 2.2 The Microfinance service sector). The national financial sector remains strongly dominated by Commercial Banks, which account for 66.9% of the total assets of the sector (BNR, June 2016). The banking market is highly concentrated: the three largest banks (Bank of Kigali, BPR and I&M Bank) account for almost 60% of assets, loans, and deposits.1 The sectors that benefit the most from banking loans are mortgage industries and trade & hotel activities, which represent respectively 33% and 31% of loans. The Agriculture sector accounts for merely 2% of loans in