PoS(LHCP2016)152 http://pos.sissa.it/ ) oscillations. Simplified ¯ n − n -parity violating (RPV) is studied with a R experiment at the European Spallation Source has a sensitivity to a mass ¯ n − n 2 processes which allow –anti-neutron ( ∗ = B ∆ [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] RPV-SUSY models, including onlyConstraints the from relevant flavour physics, and searchescated couplings, BNV at experiments are the are quantified Large considered. for thethat Collider various a scenarios and proposed at searches the TeV at scale. dedi- It is also shown scale for new physics that goesregions beyond of all parameter other space. experiments and up to the PeV scale for certain Speaker. number violation (BNV) in focus on ∗ Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons c Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Fourth Annual Physics 13-18 June 2016 Lund, Sweden Ruth Poettgen Fysikum, Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail: David Milstead Fysikum, Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail: Christoffer Petersson Department of Physics, Chalmers University ofPhysique Technology, Göteborg, Théorique Sweden et Mathématique, Université LibreInternational de Solvay Bruxelles, Institutes, Brussels, Brussels, Belgium Belgium E-mail: Gabriele Ferretti Department of Physics, Chalmers University ofE-mail: Technology, Göteborg, Sweden Lorenzo Calibbi State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics,of Institute Sciences, of Beijing, Theoretical P. Physics, R. Chinese China Academy E-mail: Constraints on baryon number violation in supersymmetry from searches for neutron- oscillations and other observables PoS(LHCP2016)152 is 2), are L ¯ n = − rate is | − L ¯ B n n − − search with B n | or dinucleon ¯ n David Milstead ] which would ¯ ∆ n 8 − 0, − transitions. Each n n ) 2 process, neutron- = L searches as they rep- L = − ∆ ¯ n | ] (the quantity B 3 B 2, ( − , in which the ∆ ∆ | n 2 = L | , RPV SUSY models and the B -parity violating (RPV) super- − and 4 ∆ R | B L ( . This paper is largely an abridged ∆ ¯ n 6 , and − B 3 n ∆ searches, taken together, all three types 0), and neutrinoless double beta decays ¯ n − ) = 2 operators contributing to n L = − 1 ]. Even within the (SM) baryon B B 1 ( ∆ . In Sections ∆ 2 1, ]. While single decay and neutrinoless double beta 6 = separately). At the perturbative level baryon number conser- | ]. Setting aside the strong theoretical arguments for BNV, a L where it is shown that the proposed ESS search has a sensitivity L 7 ∆ 5 | , 2) are complementary and, in some cases, symbiotic with each 6 and 1, = B | = L | B − ∆ B | | ∆ ) oscillation [ ] offer no evidence for a long range force coupled to baryon number and thus a 2, ]; constraints are also studied here at higher mass scales than in that earlier work. ¯ n 4 9 = − | n ]. L 5 ∆ | 0, ; both processes are in fact predicted in theories violating Viewed in the broad perspective of the worldwide effort to look for violations of num- In this work, constraints on BNV-only processes in RPV SUSY scenarios predicting A promising way to search for BNV is via the observation of the The observation of baryon number violation (BNV) would be of fundamental significance and = ¯ n B − ∆ Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY decay in RPV models are given in Section free at the European Spallation Source (ESS) has been recently proposed [ quantified. Searches for new physicslow energy processes BNV at searches, the including LHC,paper estimates precision is for flavour organised the measurements, as proposed and follows. ESS search The are six- considered. This ber, baryon number and combinations thereof, searches for antineutron ( resent one of the few highrespected, precision quantity channels which in is which violated. baryontaneous number Conversely violation single would of proton be both the baryon decay and sole, searches lepton hitherto require number the to simul- conserve angular momentum. single proton decays ( plays an important rolescales in far the in search excess of for that new available physics, at the not Large least Hadron Colliderbe since (LHC). sensitive they A to are new oscillation sensitive probabilities tobeen up obtained. mass to This three paper orders is of motivated in magnitude part lower by than this has new previously development. up to the PeV mass scale.version A of summary Ref. [ is then given in Section strict experimentalist approach to testing conservation laws motivates ( other. For example, neutrinoless doublen beta decay can be regarded as the leptonic equivalentdecay of searches are arguably of higher profile than respected by the SM but not vation arises due to thecorresponds specific to an content “accidental” in symmetrylence the of Principle SM, the [ and, SM. like Furthermore, lepton precision number tests conservation, of the Equiva- symmetry [ connected to the mass sector [ span a broad range of possible selection rules for possible experimental results used to seton limits the on models are these given in scenarios Section are described, respectively. The bounds local gauge symmetry forbidding BNV.generic Given the feature above, of it many is proposed unsurprising extensions that to BNV the occurs SM, as such a as would address a number of openmatter-antimatter questions asymmetry in of modern the physics. universe BNV [ is required to understand the 1. Introduction number is subject only torare an non-perturbative approximate electroweak instanton conservation law. and sphaleron The processes SM [ predicts BNV to occur via PoS(LHCP2016)152 KK left- (3.2) (3.1) (2.1) → ,... β . NN , . This work α ππ David Milstead . This implies 00 tdb R λ ˜ b → , or Q and d i j NN R m s A j D 00 udb m m λ , . f f γ ≡ f ˙ f ˙ γ R γ L R ˙ 00 γ R are off-diagonal entries of the uds i j d d d s λ e e e  i j β ˙ ˙ ˙ β R β β R e ) are colour indices, R L d d . This antisymmetry implies that LR d d d 2 Q ˙ ˙ ˙ β δ d β ˜ β 00 m ik j d R d R β L d R  c k ( ,... λ u u u u ¯ D b j − b , , de f de f de f ¯ de f a D ε ε ε i j ε = a , and i ) ˙ couplings, non-vanishing RPV interactions ˙ ˙ γ c γ γ 2 Q ¯ i j γ c , respectively, for dimensionless coefficients 2 Q L R ]. c U R c R 00 . This notation in terms of the quark/squark ) i jk m ˜ 00 d d s 9 d i jk m λ 2 D b b b ( abc α λ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˜ ... α α α R R R b ε L 5 QCD m ( d d d d 2 ≡ Λ 00 ˙ ˙ ˙ i jk a 0 , 00 α α α udb a R a R a R α L λ i j d i j C λ u u u u ,  A oscillations oscillation and di- decay = = d ¯ LL ¯ 00 n abc abc abc abc n uds i δ 0 ε ε ε ε λ oscillation − oscillations and di-nucleon decay in the RPV context are −  right-handed (RH) ones. The second and third operator are n ¯ n ¯ n ≡ ≡ ≡ ≡ n BRPV KK | , 2 2 2 2 − W − and dinucleon declay can be seen, via dimensional reasoning, ) ) ) ) ,... O i j L ˙ n R R R | n ¯ n ) β 0 s d 2 D d d , 2 D R R L R − ˙ m ˜ α d d d m d NN n R ( L R R h -couplings: u u u u ( ( ( ( ≡ 00 i jk i j λ and are flavour and colour indices, respectively, and where the dimensionless experiment under various assumptions are  ¯ c n d RR , 6 QCD are masses; δ b − i , Λ  n a m C = and i and ¯ n j k | oscillations will arise only in presence of mixing among different squark flavours. The , depending on the operators and on the process at hand. j ¯ O n 6= 0 | , i i n C − h At the renormalizable level, the only additional BNV-only interaction, beyond the usual MSSM The matrix elements for Because of the antisymmetric structure of the The operators of interest for n and Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY only considers renormalizable (dimensionrenormalizable four) operator RPV is operators. briefly discussed in The Ref. possible [ relevance of non- A-term matrix, and the squark mass matrices (RH and LH respectively), expressed in the flavour there are 9 independent flavour is used in thisbe paper probed when at discussing the explicit processes. The relevant couplings that can where coupling is antisymmetric in the last two indices, where 3.1 RPV SUSY scenarios predicting superpotential, is given by to be 3. Baryon number violating supersymmetry of first generation must involve second or third generation squarks, ˜ 2. Operators contributing to Two component notation is used throughout the paper. that customary mass-insertion parameters are used to characterise squark mixing: the following: handed (LH) Weyl indices and while the first three contribute to both Parity conjugate of each other. The last operator contributes only to di-nucleon decay C PoS(LHCP2016)152 . Neutron KK → David Milstead NN and (b) , (g) GS and (h) CK . 2 KK (b) (d) → (f) (h) (f) BM NN 1 , (e) BM 2 (d) Z 1 3 → +meson n n 2 transitions. Dinucleon decay: (a) → = B ∆ NN a (c) (e) (g) ( ) RPV processes giving Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY Figure 1: oscillations in various models considered in this paper: (c) Z PoS(LHCP2016)152 . L 2 ) ˜ 21 d L ) ˜ , t = ) ( d RR L ˜ B t δ ( ( ∆ , and L ), ˜ b L 2 , ˜ b correspond- R , (Z ¯ ˜ n b David Milstead R ˜ , t − g , 00 udb R n λ ˜ b implements flavour , ), . It is then necessary, ) 1 L 0 31 ) ) ˜ χ (Z are average RH and LH 2 ( ( d LR Q , δ 00 uds ± m SU λ ˜ χ . The process is regulated with . ) . and ) ) L ˜ t D β β ( m cot tan and µ µ R ˜ t − − , b b L A ˜ A b , ( ( R ˜ b , 4 and and ) along with Feynman diagrams of dinucleon decays 0 ) 1 ) and the couplings are ˜ 31 χ β 2 ) . A single mass insertion ( ] and similarly contains RH and LH quarks as part of ( ) , ] from Zwirner, require that flavour violation takes place d are considered. Feynman diagrams of (Z LL L 11 tan ˜ ± ] from Barbieri and Masiero. This scenario contains no δ ¯ u n R 10 ˜ ( ( µ χ ˜ b , 11 − − n 00 udb b and λ A L ( will be applied to such models. The only important exception to ) and ˜ d 1 , 4 R couplings. (Z ˜ and b ) , R ). s β ). g 00 couplings can then occur in the LH squark sector and be transmitted to tds 2 , ˜ λ 00 R , based on Ref. [ ˜ ππ tan (Z d 2 λ , µ ], from Goity and Sher, uses to construct an electroweak SUSY g ], from Chang and Keung, is also based on an electroweak mechanism. Here, 31 → is based on Ref. [ ) − is also based on Ref. [ gauge invariance, to assume the other member of the doublet to be present in the diagram are assumed to be decoupled. The constraints from the other physical 12 1 13 b d RR L ¯ 2 and Z n NN ) A δ 1 ( ( 2 . The couplings are − ( ) n L and ˜ u and SU ( ) and 1 KK 00 udb Model BM Models Z (Z Models BM operator via the and its content: ˜ the RH sector through LR squark mixing. The minimal particle content is ˜ process for neutron oscillations.tially A the flavour supersymmetric changing version of box thechargino. diagram GIM The is mechanism. particle used, The content which mechanism is is uses a essen- wino-like flavour mixing among RH squarks. The flavour transition necessary to generate a the RPV vertex occurs inside the loop. The particle content is violation and LR mixing. Model GS [ λ Model CK [ in the 1-2 orcomprises in are the ˜ 1-3 sector, respectively via RH squark mixing. The sparticle content The couplings are → For each process, a simplified spectrum is assumed in which all the not contributing A number of RPV scenarios for Three different types of experimental measurements and searches are used to constrain the • • • • • -violating physics are used together with results from the LHC and dedicated low energy BNV NN Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY because of spectrum as well, and nearly degenerate inprocess mass. and Such sparticles are do given not contribute inwino-like to parentheses the are oscillation when present in listed the below. diagrams.squarks As as This far treated case as as the arises being spectrum degenerate when is and concerned, LH their all squarks the production relevant cross-section or are a scaled accordingly. to the actual processes discussed in Section down-squark masses. ing to the various models are shown( in Figure the above rule arises when some superpartners belong to a multiplet of basis where the down-quark mass matrix is diagonal. Finally, parameter space of the various RPV SUSY models.searches. Searches and measurements of flavour and 4. Constraints CP PoS(LHCP2016)152 ] ], 25 and 23 arise

-plane

13 ) and the mixing. ˜  q 13  K ¯ d m K LL oscillation ] (see also m d δ RR ¯ -production. − n − ∆ δ 17 ¯ ˜ ˜ q

g David Milstead ]. , − K q

m ]. In the conser- n ( 24 16 15 - and ˜ ATLAS card is used, ˜ q q , translating, after some O m. 2 16 - [ 10 R ] (version 3.3.0) together with > Delphes τ 21 [ c involving gluinos and down squarks ¯ n − n ]. The Super-Kamiokande experiment [ 7 Delphes 5 -hadrons which provided the smallest efficiency. For R data collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV [ 1 ] were also taken into account to show the impact of the − 19 -hadrons with long lifetimes R ]. -production and only to a lesser extent to ˜ ˜ q ] (version 2.3.3) and 14 g years for oscillation of bound neutrons in 20 strongly constrain models of . For flavour violation in the 1-3 sector, constraints on [ 32 K γ ε d can thus be constrained by the observed mass splitting 10 - and ˜

-hadrons can decay in the detector and leave a signature of a displaced vertex ˜ g -violation measurements. × → ]. For the detector simulation, the default R 12 g 9 b  . 22 CP [ d RR δ

mixing. ¯ B values, the were obtained as in [ − τ c 13 B A search for SUSY particles in final states with a large number of jets, which was conducted Searches have been made for free neutron oscillations and anomalous nuclear decays, under For sufficiently large coupling values, the decays of squarks and gluinos will be prompt and In the model considered here, the squarks and gluinos can become long-livedIf due either to squarks or weak gluinos are long lived, they form so-called If flavour violation occurs in the 1-2 sector, this gives rise to contributions to Transitions of  violation parameter ]). Using these results, exclusion limits on coupling, mixing parameter and sparticle mass were d LR δ 18 Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY has set a limit of 1 by the ATLAS collaboration on 20.3 fb the neutron oscillation or dinucleon-decay hypothesis [ from LHC results, a simulation forMadGraph5_aMC@NLO a simplified RPV SUSY model wasPYTHIA8.212 done. This simulation uses with the only change being that the radius parameter is set to 0.4 instead of 0.6. was considered. This analysismostly is sensitive aimed to at signals ˜ whichLimits result on the in squark high mass jet can multiplicities, be obtained i.e. from a it CMS4.3 is search Dedicated using low di-jet energy pairs BNV [ searches assumptions on the nuclear suppression factor, to an indirect estimate of the free extension in mass exclusions for quantified for the models considereda in centre-of-mass this energy work. of 13 In TeV addition, [ CMS results recently obtained at result in a large number of jets in the final state. In order to extract bounds in the The value of [ Yukawa couplings. If the lightesttwo (three) is quarks via a a squark RPV (gluino), interaction. it The will gluino decay necessarily proceeds decay via into an off-shell squark. 4.2 LHC searches lower and decay products emerginglived from particles (LLPs) that were vertex. made byconverted the Searches into CMS for excluded experiment during non-decaying regions Run of and 1, lifetime the decaying results and long- of mass which for were stops and gluinos in [ 4.1 Flavour and from of both RH and LHsector, kinds or which both feature the a LR LR and squark the chirality flavour flip mixing and occuring flavour at violation the in same the time. LH Bounds on vative approach adopted here, limitsto on detector squark interaction and scenarios gluino involving production which are used correspond CP PoS(LHCP2016)152 1 and pro- + K KK + are, how- TeV), the K γ ) → + 10 → David Milstead ( d NN oscillation time, O pp ¯ n → > where it is seen to b − 2 n are given for the conser- K ε . This limit covers much of the 12 ) corresponding to d RR O δ ]. Super-Kamiokande has also set the ( 16 and dinucleon searches is similar for to 26 ¯ ESS search would extend the constrained n s [ ¯ n ], respectively . − 8 are shown for model Z n − 28 10 B n 6 m × though this excludes lower sparticle masses. Limits ∆ ) are shown for low values of the Yukawa couplings 86 K years [ . 2 m -violating kaon parameter 32 ∆ -violating phase of CP 10 × CP ) 04 , and BM . . These typically extend to sparticle masses of 1000-1500 GeV. 4 π 1 2 , the model parameter space is based on the RPV Yukawa cou- models are constrained by the same non-flavour LHC bounds as Z 3.1 ]. Two mass regions are investigated: the TeV scale and the TeV-PeV 2 , BM models the proposed ] and 4 9 ) LHC searches for displaced jets and long-lived particles play a role 2 -mixing parameter 5 2 B and BM 27 − ,Z [ 1 s. The currently best direct measurement of the free 1 10 32 8 and BM − 10 10 1 6 and BM × − × 7 model, limits from the 1 . 7 10 . 1 shows bounds on each of the SUSY RPV models for sparticle masses up to several ∼ of 1 2 are weaker than the aforementioned bounds. Dinucleon searches for , BM 00 0 ¯ n 2 π λ 0 which restrict similar sparticle mass regions. Limits from searches for − π 2 n For the Z As described in Section The limit from the Dijet results are shown to constrain the GS and CK EW scenarios for squark masses as for the Figure Moving from the somewhat congested TeV scale to higher mass scales ( → Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY vative assumption of a maximal ( region constrained by the aforementionedmeasurement LHC of the measurements. kaon mass A difference constraint is also given by the be weaker than thosesearches. bounds The from BM theand jet Z measurements and long-lived and displaced particle chosen ( in constraining the models upsensitivity to to gluino squark masses masses up ofabout to around 700 around 1500 GeV. 400 GeV. Dijet GeV measurements and give the a multijet measurement extends this to from For the Z TeV. Values of the Yukawa couplingsthe and strong mixing scenarios parameters (Z are given on the plots. Results for earlier scenarios. The present body of limits from most stringent dinucleon decay limits of bound in 5. Constraints on RPV-SUSY models vide limits for squark (gluino)constraints. masses The below proposed (above) ESS around search 1 woulddinucleon give TeV, search, a limits for range similar this to covered scenario. those by already the obtained other from the ever, important for BM sparticle mass region by 500-1000 GeV for sparticles in the mass region around the TeV scale. region. The former iswhereas the chosen latter to illustrates the show fullios the sensitivity under of interplay study. the of low energy the BNV collider searches within and the non-collider scenar- constraints plings, mixing paremeters and sparticle masses.values Here and the ranges constraints of are the studied parametertions for space. can representative be A found more in comprehensive Ref. discussion [ of the model predic- time limit of 2 the dijet limits for thearound CK 1 model, TeV but for extends the the CKhundred scenario. squark GeV. mass The regime new for ESS search the would GS increase model this by sensitivity up byRPV to several Yukawa couplings and squark mixing parameters become increasingly unconstrained. Only nn done by ILL in Grenoble, sets a bound at 0 PoS(LHCP2016)152 David Milstead 2 2 , (e) GS, (f) CK. Constraints 2 Z CK BM (b) (f) (d) , (d) BM 1 , (c) BM 2 B (b) Z m 1

∆ 7 : (a) Z ¯ n − n 1

1 K LLP ε GS Z BM (e) LLP (c) (a) Displaced jet Displaced jet -violation measurements, LHC searches and dedicated low energy BNV searches are also shown. LLP CP

K Dijet m Multi- jet

∆ Bounds on RPV SUSY models predicting Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY The sensitivity of the proposed search at the ESS is also given. from flavour and Figure 2: PoS(LHCP2016)152 5). . 0 =

shows the 12  3 , shown as an violation, it is d RR David Milstead 6 δ )

CP model is used. 1 in which the oscillation ) limits. The dashed blue line ¯ 250 MeV 3 n ( − × n 3 i ≤ ¯ n | 2 ) R d oscillation experiment at ESS provides a R d ¯ n R u − ( | oscillation time versus squark mass. The thick purple line n n ¯ n 8 − ≤ h n 6 ) model, large squark flavour mixing ( 1 250 MeV versus squark mass. The red line represents the limit from LHC searches and ( for the Z 00 × uds λ 00 ) uds 3 λ / 1 ( Left: excluded regions of corresponds to a squark mass limit around 700 TeV for a Yukawa coupling of unity. This is Violation of baryon number is required to explain baryogenesis and plays an important role in ¯ n − Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY many theories of physics beyond theof SM, the motivating LHC searches is for continuing to BNV-processes. push Theof the second such high run theories. energy frontier, However, searching as for is evidence well for known the in correctness the context of flavour physics and envelope of thin curves aroundbe the said central to curve. lie in The the sensitivity range of 800 the – ESS 1300 TeV experiment in can this thus scenario6. and thus Conclusions explore up to the PeV scale. of utmost importance to also push thethey low can energy probe frontier by energy means scales ofcolliders. of precision experiments, the In since new terms physics of that BNV,remarkable the goes opportunity recently well to proposed make beyond progress the on reach this the important high issue. energy represents the best estimate and thinassumptions purple on lines the forming hadronic an matrix envelope element.sensitivity around of Limits the the from thick proposed ILL line ESS and show experiment SuperKamiokande the is are uncertainty given shown due by as to a solid dashed blue blue lines; line. the For both plots the Z the dedicated low energy BNV searches remain sensitive. To illustrate this, Figure time shown for the range shows the sensitivity of the proposed ESS search. Right: bounds on squark mass and The red line represents then present limits from the LHCextended and to flavour data. 1100 TeV The for presentuncertainties the low on energy the ESS hadronic search. matrix element. These This estimates is quantified are, in however, Figure affected by theoretical Figure 3: precision flavour measurements. The gray (solid blue) line shows current dinucleon ( PoS(LHCP2016)152 ]. 438 Lett. Rept. Inspire Rev. .[ David Milstead , . . oscillations were Phys. Phys. ¯ n − n . (2016) 144 . 05 . hep-ph/0406039 JHEP , hep-ph/9608313 , arXiv:1106.5499 , . [Usp. Fiz. Nauk161,61(1991)]. . hep-ph/9412208 arXiv:1410.1100 , , (2005) 1–202 9 420 arXiv:0902.0834 . [Erratum: Phys. Rev.D18,2199(1978)]. (1986) 679 (1996) 294–298 . , (2011) 114005 (1967) 32–35 . 5 . Rept. D84 B267 B389 (2016) 1–45 Fiz. (1995) 69–74 612 Rev. Phys. Lett. . Teor. B346 (2009) 104006 Rept. Phys. Phys. Nucl.Phys. (1983) 103–106 (1976) 3432–3450 (1969) 2426–2438 Eksp. G36 . Phys. 177 Zh. D14 Phys.Lett. B132 arXiv:0712.0607 al., Phys. , Rev. al.,. Expression of interest for a new search for neutron-anti-neutron oscillations at Rev. J. et Pisma et hep-ph/0611040 , Phys. Phys. Phys.Lett. (2008) 041101 (2007) 1–63 the ESS (2015) . arXiv:1602.04821 G. Moreau, E. Perez and Y. Sirois, 100 In this paper constraints were quantified on simplied RPV-SUSY scenarios giving rise to pro- It was shown that, at the TeV scale complementary regions of the parameter space are covered We thank our colleagues in the nnbar@ESS collaboration for discussions. D. M. is supported [2] S. L. Adler [3] G. ’t Hooft [9] L. Calibbi, G. Ferretti, D. Milstead, C. Petersson and R. Pöttgen, [5] R. Barbier, C. Bérat, M. Besançon, M. Chemtob, A. Deandrea, E.[6] Dudas, P. Fayet,R. S. N. Lavignac, Mohapatra [7] D. G. Phillips, II [8] G. Broojimans [4] S. Schlamminger, K. Y. Choi, T. A. Wagner, J. H. Gundlach and E. G. Adelberger, [1] A. D. Sakharov Neutron-antineutron oscillations in RPV SUSY [15] M. Fairbairn, A. C. Kraan, D. A. Milstead, T. Sjöstrand, P. Z. Skands and T. Sloan, [13] D. Chang and W.-Y. Keung, [14] A. Crivellin and L. Mercolli, [10] F. Zwirner [11] R. Barbieri and A. Masiero, [12] J. Goity and M. Sher, cesses in which baryonimposed number by is flavour physics violated measurements, but searches lepton for dinucleon number decays, remains conserved. The bounds by the various bounds.As well Beyond as the exploring TeVproposed hitherto scale search unexplored the at the regions low ESS of energy can parameter open BNV a space searches discovery at window remain up the the sensitive. TeV PeVAcknowledgments scale. scale, the new by the Swedish Researchthe Council. contract 637-2013-475, C. by P.and IISN-Belgium is (conventions by supported 4.4511.06, the by 4.4505.86 “Communauté the andd’Impulsion Française Scientifique" Swedish 4.4514.08) de of Research Belgique" the F.R.S.-FNRS. 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