The Algonquin POSTAGE LABEL HERE Eco Watcher TOLL FREE 1-888-894-TREE • FAX (705) 377-5200 Website www.algonquin-eco-watch.com Volume 7 Number 1 Spring-Summer 2006 Email: [email protected] RR#1 Spring Bay, ON P0P 2B0 OUR 10TH ANNIVERSARY ! A CELEBRATION OF WATER 2006 marks the beginning of our 11th year. minimizing additives, especially those resulting water. Such activities as road building, aggregate Algonquin Eco Watch has always considered from man’s activities. Examples of impurities extraction and the manipulation of swamps and the protection of pure constant water in the range from atmospheric sulphur dioxide, marshes may all lead to diminished flow from Algonquin Ecosystem to be our primary through road salt spread along the Highway 60 ground water and surface water sources. concern. corridor, to the soaps, shampoos, deodorants We hope as you read through this year’s A drop of completely pure water consists and perfumes left behind by people bathing “Algonquin Eco Watcher”, that you will of molecules, each of which is made up of in Algonquin waters. In a way, Algonquin is appreciate the many ways in which we are one atom of oxygen and 2 atoms of hydrogen. the water custodian for downstream towns dealing with water-related issues. In addition When pure water has anything else added and villages, which depend upon one of the of course, there are many other issues that all to it, it ceases to be pure water and becomes eight rivers that source within the Algonquin deal with the future well-being of this most a dilute solution of whatever has been added. Ecosystem for their fresh water. significant south central Ontario ecosystem. Atmospheric additives as well as those picked Another of our goals is to protect water up during downstream flow all contribute to quantity by ensuring that activities within the We invite you to join us as we enter our more complex, less pure, water molecules. ecosystem do not interfere in any way with second decade. One of our goals is to protect water quality by the flow, magnitude and patterns of Algonquin

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The 8 Algonquin Rivers ••••••••••••• Magnetawan South Amable du Fond Petawawa Ground water freezes as it encounters sub-zero Headwater sphagnum swamp. temperatures in this Highway 60 rock-cut. Bonnechere Madawaska York Muskoka PAGE #2 goals of Algonquin Park as: Why is Algonquin Eco Watch Concerned? The Algonquin -maintenance of water supply in eight major water systems Algonquin Eco Watch (AEW) is not Eco Watch - preservation of a primeval forest opposed to logging in the Park. We respect - protection of birds and animals its long tradition and the community support Board of Directors - a field for experiments in forestry logging provides. Furthermore, if logging is - a place of health resort, and conducted with respect for the ecosystems and Chair: Mike Wilton - beneficial effects on climate. the fish and wildlife these ecosystems support, Vice-Chair: Dave Euler it can be a positive activity. AEW is concerned, Sec-Treas: Marj Wilton Logging has a long tradition in the Park however, about the intensity of harvest and what Directors: seems to us a loss of wildlife habitat diversity Heather Campbell Ironically, even though commercial timber during the course of logging in that part of the Lela Gamble harvest was not part of the purpose for which Park where forest management is occurring. Erin Hogg the Park was established, timber harvest Linda Leckie continued to be a tradition in the Park and over Terry Spratt the decades following Park establishment, Individual profiles may be an active logging industry continued. For the found on our website: first half of the 20th century, there was little www.algonquin-eco-watch.com controversy about logging in Algonquin. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, considerable controversy developed about logging in the Park. The controversy centred on the principle of logging in a provincial park, the purpose of the Park and how the logging was being done. Considerable public debate and study of the issues resulted in the 1974 Master Plan for Algonquin Provincial Park. This plan changed the purpose of the Park from the original purpose, and provided for zoning of the Park intoCD# several categories, some of which allowed logging, and others which did not. The Master Plan also set out specific strategies for the conduct of forest management activities. The The transition from hemlock-hardwood to poplar-pine methods of harvest were specified (primarily forest across the Algonquin Dome is depicted in this shelter wood and selection) and a variety of north-westerly view up the Bonnechere River Valley. conditions pertaining to timing, location, and Abundant species diversity, typical of the Great Lakes standards were established. - St. Lawrence forest type can be preserved for the future by proper forest management throughout the Algonquin To manage and supervise commercial Ecosystem. forestry, the Algonquin Forestry Authority (AFA) was established in 1974 and is classified as an “Operational Enterprise” Crown Agency. Forest Management: The Authority is a commercially-oriented, operational agency and is self-financing. The The Single Most AFA was established by Bill 155 “An Act to Important Factor Incorporate the AFA, 1974”. The timber licences previously held by 20 companies were cancelled Affecting the and the timber rights were assigned to the AFA. In 1983, the Ministry of Natural Resources Algonquin Ecosystem (MNR)/ Ontario Parks (Ont. Pks.) and the AFA (By Dave Euler) concluded a Forest Management Undertaking, which transferred the responsibility for forest Algonquin Park: Established 1893 management, silviculture, wood measurement, and maintenance of public access roads from Circa 1870, the entire area between what the MNR to the AFA. This agreement continues is now Barrie to the French River had been today but is now called the Algonquin Park stripped of much of its original forest cover. Forestry Agreement. The MNR retains an audit The great white pine trees that supplied role on all activities of the AFA. square timbers for homes and industry were no longer abundant, and it was clear that the Excellent source of pine and hardwoods Logging methods have changed significantly over the harvest of the remaining forest would have years. to be carefully controlled. The government, The forest industry supplied by Algonquin looking to establish permanent settlements Park timber is comprised of sawmills, hardwood Loss of excessive overstory (canopy) in such and to manage the forests, sent James Dickson veneer mills, a pole plant and pulp mills, which areas as marshes and swamps, in addition to out from Ottawa to survey the land that is now are wholly or partly dependent on this source aggregate removal for road building can lead Algonquin Park. The purpose of his work was of raw material. This wood supply supports to temperature and flow alteration in ground to divide the land into settlements for future mills in communities such as Huntsville, and surface source water areas. As well, one of farms and to control the unrestricted harvest of South River, Sundridge, Whitney, Madawaska, the original purposes of establishing the Park trees. However Mr. Dickson was so moved by Killaloe, Pembroke, Palmer Rapids, and was to conduct experiments in forestry, and this the beauty of Algonquin’s lakes and rivers that Mattawa. There are 12 mills receiving part or purpose seems to have become virtually non- he began to lobby for a park to be established in most of their wood supply from the Park on a existent. the area. As a result of his survey and advocacy, regular basis while another 5 - 10 mills receive The “Recreation Utilization Zone” of the a Royal Commission was established, and the periodic supplies. There are over 420 people Park covers about 60% of the over 700,000 “Algonquin National Park” Act was passed employed in Algonquin woods activities and hectares of the current Park. Harvesting is only in May of 1893. In later years the word over 2,800 people employed in the mills. In permitted within the recreation-utilization zone “National” was changed to “Provincial”, since 2002-2003, the value of forest product sold by (479,768 ha). An extensive area within the Park other national parks in the Dominion were the Algonquin Forestry Authority was $25.4 (225,929 hectares) is zoned for wilderness, under federal control. million. recreation, research and historical purposes The original Commission established the PAGE #3 where timber harvesting is not allowed, they need in the logged areas of the Park, Forest Management Planning Algonquin Eco Watch has taken field although they will have some old-growth in trips to logging operations nearly every year the wilderness zones and “Areas of Concern” The next Forest Management Plan for since our beginning in 1996. These trips have (AOC’s), such as aquatic habitats. Only about Algonquin Park will need to be prepared involved inspecting harvesting operations, 5% of the managed area is in old-growth at for implementation in 2010. However, the reviewing the plans for future logging, and this time. Because logging can occur on some planning process takes from 2 to 3 years to discussing the impact of logging on surface 60% of the Park area, it would seem prudent to complete and will actually begin in early waters, ground water, fisheries and wildlife in allow for a greater component of dispersed old- 2007. Goals and objectives are developed first the Park. Our trips have included technicians, growth pine stands to occur in this part of the and then more specific plans are made and foresters and biologists from the AFA, MNR/ managed forest as well. finally a complicated approval process must be Ont. Pks. and Industry. Over the years, these The presence of a full range of pine stands, completed before the plan can be accepted and visits have allowed us to establish a strong co- from young, vigorous growing stands to old- approved. AEW needs to be in at the beginning operative working relationship with managers growth are needed to support the variety of of the planning process in order to advance our and technicians at the field level. In addition, wildlife species that exist in the Park, and we goals and objectives. we have reviewed the scientific literature on believe that logging can be carried out, and still the impact of logging on fisheries and wildlife meet the needs of fisheries and wildlife, if it habitat and have consulted with experts in is carefully planned and executed. A review Forest Certification specific wildlife species habitat. of the original objectives for the Park sustains Since our inception, we have expressed the idea that the prime purpose of the Park was The Minister of Natural Resources has concern regarding the lack of hemlock to provide protection for the headwaters of the asked all companies or other organizations recruitment into the forest overstory. The major rivers systems and the wildlife that live that manage forests on Crown land in Ontario problem stems from over-cutting of this valuable there, as well as to maintain forestry research to be audited by an independent organization wildlife-associated species in the 1950’s and and allow people to enjoy the beauty and to “certify” that the forest is being managed 60’s, during the construction of the Toronto climate of the area. sustainably. The Algonquin Forestry Authority Subway system. While hemlock regeneration Over the last decades, the prime purpose has decided to ask the Canadian Standards of the Park has evolved into providing a place Association to review forest management in where people can experience nature, while also the Park and compare that management to its allowing logging to occur. The protection of “standards for sustainable management”. If wildlife and the preservation of the health of the management practices conform to the headwaters of the major river systems seem standards for sustainable management, then the to have less emphasis. Algonquin Eco Watch Canadian Standards Association will “certify” seeks to reverse this trend to a more balanced that the forest is being managed sustainability. emphasis on all of the original objectives of the This will meet the Minister’s request for all Royal Commission that established the Park in forest management units to be certified, if the 1893. standards are met. Algonquin Eco Watch will be a participant Future activities of Algonquin Eco Watch in this process and will offer input to the certification authority as to the appropriateness In order to monitor, and hopefully halt of management in the Park the negative impact of old growth harvest on wildlife, over the next few years we will be Summary engaged in three major activities: • Establish a research project into the impact of Algonquin Eco Watch is an active participant intensive pine management on wildlife; in forest management in Algonquin Park • Participate in the next Forest Management and will continue to be involved in planning Plan for the Park; and monitoring logging and watersheds • Monitor the process of the Certification of the maintenance in the Park. We will institute Forest by the Canadian Standards Association. research to support the best logging practices possible in the Park and will be involved in This hemlock logging operation near Wilkins Lake in Research the process of certification of the management Algonquin Park will open the forest canopy, admitting of the Park. Our efforts are intended to help growth-promoting sunlight. However, regeneration may A recent donation to AEW will finance a fulfill the original objectives of the Park, as not reach the overstory due to browsing by moose and scientific study that will provide evidence as to established by the Royal Commission in 1893. deer. the impact of intensive pine harvest on wildlife habitat in the Park. This study commenced -maintenance of a pure, constant water can be accomplished relatively easily, it is a in the spring of 2006, and will concentrate on supply, sustaining healthy fisheries in 8 major favourite browse species of ungulates such the presence of wildlife in the areas that have watersheds as moose and deer and is consequently eaten undergone intensive pine management. This - preservation of a primeval forest before it can escape to the overstory – leading information will be helpful as we participate in - protection of birds and animals toward an eventual decline of this important tree the next Forest Management Plan for the Park. - a field for experiments in forestry species. Algonquin Eco Watch has attempted - a place of health resort, and to foster interest and expressed willingness - beneficial effects on climate. to participate in experiments, to ensure that hemlock remains a significant component in the Algonquin Forest. We will continue to work with AFA and MNR/Ont. Pks. staff toward that end. We are also concerned about the intensity of the ongoing timber harvest, particularly in the eastern part of the Park, where white and red pine are the major species of interest to loggers. The shelterwood system of logging employed by the Algonquin Forestry Authority, allows for harvesting of pine trees as soon as they reach about 120 years of age, when they are just at the beginning of the old growth stage of their life cycle. Since this age class of trees is removed from the mix, those wildlife species that use old-growth may not have the habitat Uniform shelterwood logging in eastern Algonquin Park. PAGE #4 The Graphite Mine at Kearney, Ontario Rehabilitation, Ministry of Northern The Kearney Graphite Development and Mines issued an order The Kearney Graphite Mine is an open pit under the Mining Act, requiring IGI to submit Mine graphite mine, with associated refining mill. It a certified Closure Plan to address the mine (By Heather Campbell) is located in the Town of Kearney, District of hazards at the Kearney site. To date, IGI has Nipissing on the western (Georgian Bay) side not filed such a plan. The Algonquin Park Ecosystem of the height of land. Although it is not a direct In October 2003, the Ministry of Northern threat to the Park, associated with the mine Development and Mines, Abandoned Mines Algonquin Eco Watch (AEW) defines the are 19 leased and 47 unpatented mineral claim Rehabilitation Fund, issued a request for Algonquin Ecosystem as Algonquin Park plus units, covering 3,400 acres northeast of the proposals for a rehabilitation plan for the all those watersheds that source outside the mine workings, less than 1 kilometre west of Kearney Graphite Mine, to be conducted at Park, but flow into it. There are more than 20 Algonquin Park. Many of the claims lie in the further public expense*. watershed sources (also known as headwaters headwaters of the Tim River, which flows east In January 2004, Environment Canada or source waters) that lie outside the perimeter through Algonquin Park to the Ottawa River. charged the owners of the mine with allowing of Algonquin Park. The headwaters drain into The mine operated from 1992 to 1994, and “acutely lethal effluent which is toxic to fish, to the eight major river systems that flow through created a tailings pond and polishing pond enter a tributary of the Magnetawan River.” In and out of the Park near Graphite, McGuire and Minnow Lakes. October, 2003, the Ontario Ministry of Northern While the majority of these more than It was not an economic success, and has been Development and Mines commissioned a 20 “outside” watersheds occur adjacent to owned by a series of companies. By 1993, the consultant to submit a plan outlining what steps Algonquin Park’s western boundary, there are pit & mill were already affecting water quality should be taken to rehabilitate the mine site, additional source waters outside the northern, through seepage of acidic, metal-contaminated should that be deemed necessary. southern and eastern boundaries as well. Source effluent.* or headwater areas are not subject to the same In 1998, we met with the graphite mine Current Situation restrictive development criteria as Park waters. owner, Applied Carbon Technology (ACT) As a result, we believe it is important not only to discuss our concerns, including long- term Throughout our 10-year history dealing to establish benchmark physical and chemical rehabilitation of the site. with the graphite mine, Algonquin Eco Watch, characteristics in these waters, but also to ensure In April 1999, we met with the new mine together with environmental lawyer Dianne that long-term degradation does not occur in owners, International Graphite Inc. (IGI) and Saxe and her team have maintained contact with these areas. Such degradation would negatively learned that the mining operation would likely the governments in an effort to exert positive affect downstream waters in Algonquin Park. be re-activated and expanded commencing in influence on possible rehabilitation activities at the year 2000. This did not occur. the Kearney mine site. Algonquin Eco Watch Efforts to Protect As of the summer of 2006 fines totaling over Headwaters Environmental Record $100,000 have been imposed on the owners of the Kearney graphite mine by provincial and In 1998, AEW made two submissions to On August 11, 1999 a Control Order federal authorities, for various pollution and the Great Lakes Roundtable recommending the was issued by the Ontario Ministry of the non-compliance offences. Most of the problems protection of headwaters in general and more Environment requiring the mine owners to identified remain as yet unresolved. particularly, for those areas surrounding the remove acid generating rock from several We will continue our efforts to have mining Park. The submission was made in response locations within the work site, and to construct claims that lie within the headwaters of the Tim to the Ontario government Lands for Life a “collection” ditch, from which acid drainage River and associated with the Kearney graphite initiative (see article this issue) that included could be pumped away from Graphite Lake mine operation permanently withdrawn from areas designated as “stewardship reserves” and into the tailings pond. AEW, the Wildlands future mining activity by the Ministry of which allowed for exploration, staking and League, the Federation of Ontario Naturalists Northern Development and Mines. Pollution mining activity within those designated areas. and two citizens had approached the MOE with generated in that area would ultimately flow In 1998 Algonquin Eco Watch, the a request to address the serious environmental through Algonquin Park via the Tim River into Federation of Ontario Naturalists, the Wildlands impacts from the mine. the Petawawa River. League and the Sierra Legal Defence Fund In January 2001, Applied Carbon In the meantime, Algonquin Eco Watch filed an Application for Investigation under the Technology pleaded guilty to failing to comply continues to communicate with the appropriate Environmental Bill of Rights. It focused on with the above Order in contravention of the government agencies and conduct aerial the actual and potential effects of acidification Environmental Protection Act and was fined monitoring of the site. Recent aerial photographs on the headwaters of the North and South $12,500. show mine waste stored above ground rather branches of the Magnetawan and Tim Rivers In May 2002, International Graphite Inc. than under the water as ordered, exposing it (immediately west of the Park boundaries), was convicted and fined $55,000 for a total of to rain and leaching acid into the Magnetawan from a proposed graphite mine expansion on the 10 charges under the Environmental Protection River. shore of Graphite Lake near Kearney, Ontario. Act and the Ontario Water Resources Act The planned mining of claims upstream of for violating conditions in its certificate of * Excerpted from a letter by Dianne Saxe, Algonquin Park poses a significant risk to the approval and control order relating to water environmental lawyer, to the Minister of Algonquin Ecosystem. The Ministry of the quality monitoring. IGI failed to meet its one- Northern Development and Mines on January Environment (MOE) decided not to conduct the year payment deadline. 9, 2004. requested investigation, owing to investigations In August, 2002, the Director of Mine by Ministry staff already in progress.

Expansion of this open pit graphite mine threatens to affect the headwaters of the Tim River. Acid leaching from mine tailings continues to enter the headwaters of the Magnetawan River. PAGE #5 Sustainable Development, respectively. These The Canadian actions and their results may be summarized as follows: National Railway - In 2000, A.E.W.’s testing for heavy metal (By Erin Hogg) toxicity in Algonquin Park bear kidney tissue (see article this issue) showed elevated cadmium Canadian National Railway’s (C.N.R.’s) levels in all specimens. Cadmium is a known use of its tracks through Algonquin Park was toxin. A paper by other investigators* suggested discontinued in the mid 1990’s. One of Algonquin that birds store and accumulate cadmium in the Eco Watch’s (A.E.W.’s) first concerns was the liver as well. We were concerned that birds lack of clean-up of C.N.R.’s rail-beds, spill and seeking grit along the right-of-way would ingest greaser sites and old creosote-saturated ties small particles of toxic heavy-metal laden slag, which would be stored in body tissue. - In 2001, two Ontario citizens, as well as A.E.W., the Federation of Ontario Naturalists (F.O.N.) and the Wildlands League (W.L.) began a request for investigation by the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario under the provisions of the Provincial Environmental Bill of Rights. The Environmental Commissioner’s response to that request indicated the M.O.E felt that ongoing Ministry investigations were sufficient and our request for an investigation was therefore not granted. Many “perched” culverts such as this one near mile - During 2001 and 2002, considerable 180 obstruct the upstream migration of brook trout fry correspondence between Algonquin Eco Watch into their nursery creeks, leaving them vulnerable to and the Federal Departments of Transport, predation. the Environment and D.F.O was generated. The Department of Transport maintained that to the Federal Ministers of Transport and the the decommissioning protocol, as it presently Environment, concerning the apparent lack exists had been observed. (Canada’s railway of an environmentally responsible railway decommissioning protocol in Canada, and the Ten years after abandonment, almost no vegetation decommissioning protocol contains no can be found growing up through the layer of slag provisions for environmental responsibility.) lack of enforcement for ensuing environmental that stretches the entire length of the rail line through The Department of Transport suggested that problems. Algonquin Park. the responsibility rests with the Departments - Subsequent responses into 2003, showed of Environment or Fisheries and Oceans. that ownership of the right-of-way was disputed, left over from maintenance sites. Slag from the While the Federal Environment Department with C.N.R. claiming Provincial ownership and Sudbury Basin had been used to top rail-beds maintained that Algonquin Park is a provincial Ontario Parks refusing ownership until clean- to a depth of 10-15cm as well. Slag analysis responsibility, the D.F.O decided that up is complete. One positive response to our conducted by Laurentian University for insufficient damage had occurred to fisheries petitions resulted when the Canadian Wildlife Algonquin Eco Watch indicated contamination habitat to warrant charges being laid. Service (C.W.S.), of Environment Canada, with highly elevated heavy metal levels. Also, - In 2002, A.E.W., W.L., F.O.N. and the Sierra decided to conduct heavy metal tests on slag because many of C.N.R.’s culverts have a raised Club (Eastern Canadian Chapter) submitted samples, to address our concerns regarding outflow, there was potential for the interruption petitions via the Federal Commissioner of the heavy-metal bearing slag ingested as grit by of the brook trout reproductive cycle in their Environment and Sustainable Development birds. many known nursery creeks. C.N.R. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE... The following are 3 commitments from CN’s Environmental Policy: -To assess environmental impacts before starting a new activity or project and before decommissioning a facility. - To conduct or support research on the environmental impacts of its operations and on the means of minimizing such adverse impacts, and to contribute to the transfer of environmentally sound technology throughout the industrial and public sector. - To foster openness and dialogue with employees and other stakeholders with respect to their concerns about potential hazards and impacts of the companyʼs operations. In 1999, Algonquin Eco Watch urged a complete environmental study prior to decommissioning closure specifying the following: 1. All petroleum product pollution sites Beaver, if left uncontrolled, will plug culverts, inevitably leading to flooding and washouts. (greasers and mechanical servicing facilities) be thoroughly rehabilitated. 2. All identified spill sites be assessed and rehabilitated. 3. Land adjacent to the right-of-way be walked and all old ties be removed. 4. All known and potential spawning beds in creeks and lakes adjacent to the right-of-way be assessed for slag presence and removal. 5. All culverts be removed, followed by appropriate streambed rehabilitation. Since that time these concerns have been brought to the attention of the Algonquin Park Superintendent, the Ontario Ministries of Natural Resources (M.N.R) and the Environment (M.O.E), the Federal Departments of Fisheries and Oceans (D.F.O), Environment and Transport (DOT). In addition, requests for investigation and petitions were submitted to the Ontario Environmental Commissioner and the This major washout occurred in the spring of 2004, pushing tonnes of fill, including slag brought from the Sudbury Federal Commissioner of the Environment and Basin, into the pristine waters of Mink Lake. While this washout was mitigated, dozens of culverts along the abandoned CNR through Algonquin Park will washout in the future, unless proper rehabilitation is carried out. PAGE #6

“Superstack” plume heading toward Algonquin, borne on north westerly winds.

emissions for the last ten years. This has been by December 31, 2006, with expected further Sulphur Dioxide done by following the plume by aircraft and reductions to follow in coming years. Even (By Marj Wilton) by continuing communication with the Ontario though the MOE has imposed increasingly Ministry of the Environment. restrictive emission caps on INCO into the Because the Algonquin Ecosystem lies Although some reduction has taken place over future, those caps relate to total emissions from directly in line and within range of emissions the years, a Director’s Order from the Ministry the Sudbury operation, but that Ministry is unable from the “Superstack” at the International Nickel of the Environment (MOE) in 2003 states that to determine exactly what the “Superstack” company in Sudbury, Ontario, Algonquin Eco INCO must further reduce total sulphur dioxide emissions are, and it is “Superstack” emissions Watch has been tracking and monitoring these (SO2) emissions to 175,000 tonnes annually that are the most likely to reach the Algonquin

times throughout the “ E67n Land Use Intent” maintained. Thirdly, as defined in the document, Lands For Life / description, the term “water quantity” does the meaning of “enhanced” is unclear, i.e. it can not appear, implying that flows need not be mean greater or lesser management intensity, Ontarioʼs Living while such activities as mining exploration and development along with access road development Legacy and aggregate extraction continue to be allowed, (By Mike Wilton) all of which will negatively affect water quality and quantity protection. The “Algonquin Dome” is home to the The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources source waters of eight major Ontario rivers; the Planning Section has recently completed the re- Magnetawan, South, Amable du Fond, Petawawa, mapping of the Algonquin Park boundary waters Bonnechere, York, Madawaska and Muskoka. in such detail that we can now be certain that all Of prime concern to Algonquin Eco Watch is inflow issues may be properly identified and dealt protecting the quality and quantity of water found with. It still remains to negotiate, with public in the lakes, creeks and rivers in the Algonquin involvement, exactly which waters will ultimately Ecosystem. We define the Algonquin Ecosystem receive “Algonquin Headwaters” status. as “Algonquin Park, plus all the drainages that Algonquin Eco Watch will attempt to have source outside the Park, but flow into it”. the term “water quality” expanded to “water Algonquin Eco Watch made several quality and quantity” throughout the “E67n presentations subsequent to the Ontario Land Use Intent” section of the “Living Legacy” Government “Lands For Life” initiative, document. beginning in February 1998, highlighting the We will also attempt to re-define the “E67n importance of protecting Algonquin headwaters Land Use Intent” description, prohibiting for the future. While the final document entitled such conflicting activities as new access road “Ontario’s Living Legacy” did indeed include development and such non-sustainable activities “Enhanced Management Areas” referred to as as mining exploration and development, along “E67n, Algonquin Headwaters”, three problems with aggregate extraction. emerged. Firstly, large scale mapping done at The tiny headwater lake in the centre of this photo is We have found Ministry of Natural Resources the time was not detailed enough to indicate typical of hundreds of vulnerable spring-fed source staff to be most helpful in attempting to resolve all existing inflowages to the Park. Secondly, waters that provide the flow for 8 major rivers, which these issues and look forward to continued while the term “water quality” is mentioned 5 originate on the Algonquin Dome. cooperation.

C.N.R...CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE lake trout/brook trout lake; providing a graphic regarding the ownership status of the right- C.W.S results were lower than those example of things to come, and pointing up of-way. Provincial M.N.R and M.O.E Legal established by Laurentian University, possibly how difficult it is to identify future problems Services are presently researching this aspect. owing to different analytical methods. Canadian from the air. The Department of Fisheries and Based on their findings, the Ontario Ministry of Wildlife Service personnel did however decide Oceans, the government body responsible for the Environment will decide whether or not to to replicate the action of a bird’s digestive fisheries habitat, ultimately decided not to take legal action against the C.N.R. tract experimentally using CNR slag samples, press charges against C.N.R in that instance, Of particular concern to Algonquin Eco in an effort to establish whether or not birds based on the fact that the corporation hired a Watch is the fact that Canada still does not have ingesting the slag would be vulnerable to toxic contractor to rehabilitate the site. an environmentally responsible protocol for the reaction. Their results appeared to indicate - In 2005, A.E.W. convened and participated decommissioning of railways. We have seen that birds ingesting slag would not be at risk. in a meeting with representatives from Ontario no indication that this is likely to occur; a fact While we very much appreciate the time Parks/Ministry of Natural Resources, the that does not bode well for others with similar and effort expended by CWS in conducting Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans, problems. In spite of this, progress has been this experiment, Algonquin Eco Watch and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, made. We now have a better understanding of the Laurentian University personnel do not feel that Environment Canada, and the Environmental workings of the various provincial and federal the experimental protocol used, truly replicated Law Office of Dianne Saxe. C.N.R. chose not to government agencies, and are determined to a bird’s digestive processes. be represented. It is hoped that this meeting will work with them cooperatively toward achieving In addition, no concern regarding the be the first of a productive series. Meanwhile, our goal – the environmentally responsible long-term effects that ingestion might have culvert washouts and creosoted trestles will decommissioning of the CNR mainline right- on predators feeding on bird flesh, or on the continue to alter fish habitat and contaminate of-way through Algonquin Park. future reproductive and genetic implications Algonquin waters. Algonquin Eco Watch attended the Annual upon the birds themselves, was expressed Ten years after abandonment, almost no General Meeting of the CNR on April 20, 2006, or investigated. Scientific literature searches vegetation is found growing through the entire where a statement summarizing our concerns indicate that very little experimental work has length of the slag-covered rail-bed that crosses was read to shareholders. We are hopeful that been done regarding this topic. It is obvious Algonquin Park. While the reason for this is as a result of our presentation, communications that such is needed. unclear, we do know that the slag is not “acid- with the Company may be established. It was - In June, 2003, DFO conducted an aerial generating” (such as that found at the Kearney learned at the Annual General Meeting that survey by helicopter along the entire route mine site), since the Sudbury slag has had the CN’s net earnings totaled $1.5 billion in 2005. through Algonquin Park. There were no toxic acid-forming elements such as sulphur, problems identified at that time. In the spring driven off during smelting, with the resulting * Bendell-Young, L.I., and J.F. Bendell. 1999. of 2004 however, a major right-of-way washout toxic sulphur compounds being exhausted into Grit ingestion as a source of metal exposure in occurred when a beaver dam blocking a culvert the air through the INCO “Superstack” (see the spruce grouse, Dendragapus canadensis. broke, pushing tonnes of fill, including slag, article this issue). Environmental Pollution 106: (1999) 405-412. into the pristine waters of Mink Lake, a known - In 2006, we are still awaiting a decision PAGE #7

Ecosystem on northwesterly winds. complex is projected to emit almost 2 billion to ensure a future healthy plant and animal Algonquin Eco Watch estimates that kgs of CEPA toxics between the years 2005 and community in the Algonquin Ecosystem, or will emissions from that chimney could have 2015”. CEPA toxics are substances that are future human activities such as timber harvesting exceeded 300,000 tonnes of sulphur dioxide included under the Canadian Environmental need to be severely curtailed because of retarded in the year 2000, significant portions of Protection Act, such as sulphur dioxide, arsenic, plant growth rates? The answer to this question which would be deposited into the Algonquin cadmium, lead, mercury and nickel. must await future studies – by which time it may Ecosystem, negatively affecting plant life. In INCO’s net earnings for all of 2004 totaled $612 be too late. addition, significant fallout would also reach the million compared with $153 million in 2003. In the meantime, Algonquin Eco Watch will Georgian Bay-Lake Huron Basin on northerly Much irreversible damage has already been continue to work with government agencies in and northeasterly winds, negatively affecting done to ecosystems within reach of INCO’s an effort to accelerate the reduction of airborne aquatic life. plume. Watmough and Dillon* conducting a emissions from INCO’s Sudbury facility. “Pollution Watch” (www.pollutionwatch. 17-year study in the Muskoka-Haliburton area org) has found INCO to be “number one” of immediately west of the Algonquin Ecosystem, * Watmough, Shaun A. and Peter J. Dillon. the “Dirty Dozen” (worst) polluters in Canada. express concern that the combination of airborne 2002. Base cation and nitrogen budgets for seven The Canadian Environmental Law Association sulphuric and nitric acid deposition, together forested catchments in central Ontario, 1983- (CELA) stated in a letter dated March 11th, 2005 with timber removal, may impair forest health 1999. Forest Ecology and Management. 6046 to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, and productivity due to soil calcium loss. (2002): 1-23. “At present planned emission levels of 175,000 Will the present and future caps being tonnes per year, the INCO Coppercliffe smelter imposed by the MOE on INCO be sufficient HEADWATER SURVEY COMPLETED

Sincerest thanks to field crews and staff members of Sir Sandford Fleming College for a job well done! Left to right. 1st photo (2001), Andrea Rhodenizer, Hugh Banks (SSFC), Terry Honsberger, Pat Hogan (SSFC). 2nd photo (2002), Andrea Rhodenizer, Leigh Hann. 3rd photo (2003), Jay McConnell, Leigh Hann. After three years of intensive planning and We are especially grateful to our partners in negotiations with the Ontario Ministry of Natural fieldwork, the job has been completed! this venture, the W. Garfield Weston Foundation, Resources, as we attempt to achieve recognition The major purpose of this project was to the McLean Foundation, Sir Sandford Fleming for these waters in the “E67n – Algonquin Head- establish baseline data for lakes and streams on College, Ontario Parks and the Lake Partners waters” category of the “Lands For Life – Living watersheds entering Algonquin Park. A secondary Program of the Ontario Ministry of the Environ- Legacy” program (see previous article). aim was to make the same baseline measurements ment, for their assistance. Background information and all the data col- on some of the lakes in the Park itself that are, The knowledge gained concerning those lected during the 3-year study have been sum- or in the future could be, subjected to the influence watersheds flowing into the Park will not only be marized on a CD, which is available to members of human activity. One hundred and eighty-nine useful for comparison with future studies to for $5.00. The price to non-members is $20.00, lakes and twelve streams were intensively sam- establish water quality/quantity trend information, but includes membership in Algonquin Eco Watch pled over the course of this three-year study. but will assist Algonquin Eco Watch in our as well as the CD.

Plan” this issue). Water Levels and Lake Trout On June 16th, 1999 Algonquin Eco Watch (By Linda Leckie) met with Algonquin Park staff, members of the Engineering Services responsible for the water control and MNR staff. Through cooperative efforts a compromise was reached to operate the South Tea Lake dam in the spring in such a way as to remove the spring run-off while minimizing egg loss, thus ensuring a higher reproductive rate within the lake trout population.

The above photos show the Galeairy Lake dam before (left) and after (right) repairs were carried out by the Ministry of Natural Resources, after communications with Algonquin Eco Watch. These repairs will assist in stabilizing the water level during the lake trout incubation period. In the fall of 1997 Algonquin Eco Watch work was completed on the dam to significantly observed major leakage of water between reduce leakage, and more stable water levels stop logs and through structural cracks in the were achieved. Galeairy Lake Dam, at Whitney. Galeairy Lake, In the winter and spring of 1998/1999 ice an Algonquin headwater of the Madawaska cracking and dropping was observed on Smoke River, is a major trout lake and if water levels Lake due to water drawdown under the ice. drop during lake trout incubation and early fry Smoke Lake is a major lake trout lake, situated stages (October – May) the maintenance of the in the upper reaches of the Muskoka River (see Lake trout often spawn with their dorsal fins out of the species is in danger. In the fall of 1998 repair article “The Muskoka River Water Management water. Stable water levels are essential. PAGE #8 common loon, aquatic mammals such as beaver for this present plan was to attempt to mimic The Muskoka and and muskrat, along with the many species of as closely as possible, the natural water level reptiles and amphibians that inhabit aquatic fluctuations encountered in uncontrolled lakes South River Water ecosystems. While our concern for these species and rivers during a normal year, or series of years. Management Plans encompassed the entire Muskoka River system, While Algonquin Eco Watch feels that the final (By Mike Wilton) our major interest lay in the headwater areas, plan is “less than perfect”, we acknowledge that and more specifically in those reaches within significant strides were made toward considering From its headwaters in Algonquin Park, Algonquin Park controlled by the dams situated the needs of the natural inhabitants of this most the Muskoka River flows through a series of on McCraney, Burnt Island, Joe, South Tea and important ecosystem. This was an enjoyable and connecting lakes to two outlets in Georgian Ragged Lakes. educational experience. Bay. The river system supports a wide range of For lake trout to reproduce successfully, water While Algonquin Eco Watch did not aquatic and wildlife ecosystems and numerous levels must not drop below those encountered participate as an active member of the Public human uses, including waterpower generation, during the October spawning period, at least Advisory Committee during the South River residential/industrial water supply and sewage until the following May, by which time the newly Water Management Plan Review, we did make disposal, swimming, canoeing, boating, angling, hatched fry will have moved into deeper water. comments specifically dealing with concerns hunting, trapping, and tourism operations. Loons have their legs situated far back on their relating to Craig Lake in Algonquin Park, a Algonquin Eco Watch was successful bodies, making it very difficult for them to move headwater of the South River. Past management in obtaining a seat on the Public Advisory on land. They therefore nest close to the water’s had allowed a 2-3metre seasonal fluctuation, Committee for the Muskoka River Water edge where excessive water fluctuation down which would be extremely detrimental not only Management Plan in July, 2002. Since that time or up during the nesting period can either make to fish species such as lake trout, but also to birds, many meetings and discussions have taken place, access to the nest difficult, or cause flooding mammals, reptiles and amphibians inhabiting finally arriving at a draft plan for public review of the nest, respectively. Beaver, muskrat and the shoreline areas. in the fall of 2005. The final plan was accepted many species of reptiles and amphibians will We were gratified to learn that the revised in March, 2006. be frozen out if water levels drop during the plan will have a more reduced and gradual annual The reasons Algonquin Eco Watch sought ice-up/hibernation period. In the past, such fluctuation that will more closely resemble the to participate in the plan preparation included considerations as these were secondary with the seasonal changes normally found in nature. concern regarding the welfare of fish species main priority being electric power generation. such as lake trout, avian species such as The environmental “philosophy” adopted

from the north-flowing Albany River south into Great Lakes Basin. Until or unless, a group or The De-watering of Lake Superior, are considered to “offset the coalition of groups, challenges or appeals the Lake Huron (massive) Chicago Diversion”, which draws U.S. Supreme Court decision to exempt the (By Mike Wilton) water out of Lake Michigan and sends it into State of Illinois, i.e. the City of Chicago, from the Mississippi River. the Great Lakes Charter Annex Agreement, The Magnetawan, South, Amable du Fond, The possibility of obtaining huge amounts there is little hope of its success. Petawawa, Bonnechere, Madawaska, York and of pure water from Canada’s Arctic would not Algonquin Eco Watch would be interested Muskoka are all major south-central Ontario only guarantee plentiful water for the Great in joining a group or coalition of groups willing Rivers that source in the Algonquin Highlands, Lakes – St. Lawrence Basin, but would provide to appeal the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that situated between Georgian Bay (Lake Huron) “instant” solutions to many pollution problems exempts Illinois from the Great Lakes Charter and the Ottawa River Valley. Much of the flow through dilution. While we suspect that plans Annex Agreement. in these rivers is derived from condensing for diverting increasing amounts of Arctic water Global Warming will lead to longer open moisture resulting from upward westerly to the Great Lakes have already been initiated water seasons within the Great Lakes Basin. airflow off the Lake Huron-Georgian Bay by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, we This will lead to greater evaporation, which Basin, a phenomenon known as “lake effect”. wish to state emphatically that Algonquin Eco may in the short term actually increase the Algonquin Eco Watch is committed to the Watch is steadfastly opposed to that alternative, flow within rivers sourcing on the Algonquin protection of headwaters within the Algonquin the results of which would ultimately prove Dome. Since 5 of those 8 rivers flow eastward Ecosystem. We are concerned that continuing catastrophic to Canada’s Arctic Ecosystem. into the Ottawa River, however, this will give long-term drawdown within the Lake Huron- We invite readers to visit our alternate website rise to a net loss from the Great Lakes Basin, Michigan Basin will result in decreasing www.arctic-waters-threatened.com. exacerbating the problem of the diminishing flow within Algonquin river systems, since Since the International Joint Commission surface areas of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, lake effect is directly proportional to surface has not created a Governing Board for the Lake and ultimately decreasing the “lake effect” area evaporation rate. As flow rates diminish, Huron-Michigan Basin, similar in nature to the upon which these rivers depend. This is living pollutant concentrations of such toxic substances Boards governing the Lake Superior and the proof of how human interference can disrupt as road salt (sodium chloride, calcium chloride Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence Basins, and indeed inter-connecting ecosystems. and ferrocyanide salts) will proportionately all other shared Canada-U.S. waters, we have Algonquin Eco Watch will continue to increase the toxicity to aquatic organisms. no way of determining the extent of water participate in programs relating to Great Lakes The provinces and states bordering the diversion to the Mississippi River via the City water quantity and quality in as constructive a Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin have recently of Chicago. This severely impedes our ability manner as possible. negotiated a document known as the “Great to monitor and control water flows through the Lakes Charter Annex Agreement”, which is intended to achieve water level and flow stability for the future. In addition, the International Joint Commission will be conducting a “Governmental Review” of the “Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement”, commencing in 2006. Algonquin Eco Watch attended public meetings and made verbal and written submissions regarding both these documents in Toronto and Sault Ste. Marie, respectively, and will continue to do so. Even though the GLCAA states that no (new) diversions will be allowed from the Great Lakes Basin, Algonquin Eco Watch is concerned that through time, water will have to be diverted into the Great Lakes Basin to sustain levels and flows. This has already been done in northwestern Ontario, where the Ogoki and Longlac Diversions, which divert water This dock at Gore Bay, Manitoulin Island, is no longer usable, owing to the low water level in Lake Huron. PAGE #9 approach the Park Superintendent and initiate Since that time, Park Management has Garbage and Organic meaningful dialogue. initiated an organic waste collection program Waste whereby organic waste is trucked to Pembroke (By Lela Gamble) to a composting facility. They have started with the lodges and camps as the first stage of this In the spring of 2002, Algonquin Eco Watch effort and then hope to move on to include the raised an interesting question for its membership drive-in campsites as well as the leaseholders. to consider. Should garbage be removed from Park Management is hoping that this program Algonquin Park to nearby landfills, thereby will reduce their current waste stream by 80%, ensuring the Park’s “pristine” nature OR should thereby significantly reducing the amount garbage generated within the Park be properly of garbage that is currently being sent to the treated within the Park, thereby supporting the Whitney landfill. notion of a self-sustaining ecosystem? Algonquin Eco Watch initially favoured All garbage generated along the Highway the idea of in-Park treatment of garbage for the 60 corridor is presently transported to the following reasons: 1) to keep the Park’s black South Algonquin Township Dump, located at bear population from frequenting out-of-Park Whitney. It is likely that the Whitney Dump dumps and being legally hunted while doing has only 3-4 years of life remaining, after so; and 2) to support the notion of Algonquin which time, a new location must be found for being a self-sustaining ecosystem. For the Algonquin’s garbage. Rather than find ourselves short-term at least, however, it appears that Park in a “Toronto-Kirkland Lake” controversy in Management has been examining the waste and garbage issue quite thoroughly and has settled the future, it was suggested that we all explore Better waste disposal in the future will help to re-direct this issue further in the hopes that we could then black bears toward natural food sources. on an out-of-Park solution to the problem.

To that end, beginning in 2004, Algonquin legal authority to conduct this program. Gray Water and Eco Watch chaired several meetings aimed at With that barrier crossed, the NBMCA initiating a multi-year program to ensure that has decided that they would like to hire a Domestic Sewage domestic sewage and gray water are not allowed consultant to conduct the inspections, and they Study to enter Algonquin Park waters. Present at are in the process of putting together a Request (By Lela Gamble) these meetings were representatives from the for Proposal (RFP). Once there is an idea of Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE), what various consultants would charge for this In 2001, Algonquin Eco Watch stated in the North Bay Mattawa Conservation Authority project, various funding partners (potentially its position paper, “Environmental Pressures (NBMCA), the Federal Economic Development Algonquin Eco Watch, APRA, FedNor and the To Be Considered in the Management of the Organization for Northern Ontario (Fed Nor), Ministry of Natural Resources, to name a few) Algonquin Ecosystem”, that eutrophication Ontario Parks/Ministry of Natural Resources can be approached. While it was hoped that (the aging of lakes) may be accelerated by (MNR), the Renfrew County District Health inspections could start in the summer of 2006, the introduction into water bodies of sewage Unit (RCDHU), and the Algonquin Park it may not be until 2007 that all of the planning effluent, such as that from pit privies, gray Residents Association (APRA). and funding pieces are actually in place. water cesspools and ineffective septic systems. While all parties supported the notion of It is understood that if there are no problems Algonquin Eco Watch felt that there should be an inspection program of leaseholds within the found with any of their systems, leaseholders ongoing water-quality and waste disposal site Park, no one knew who was legally responsible will not have to make changes. Should a monitoring programs within the Algonquin for conducting such an activity. After great problem be detected, however, leaseholders ecosystem to ensure that changes are noted persistence by Algonquin Eco Watch, the will have to meet the current Ontario Building and quickly dealt with to minimize negative Ministry of the Environment stated that the Code requirements to rectify the situation. It is effects. North Bay Mattawa Conservation Authority estimated that inspections will take place over (NBMCA) is the responsible agency with the a three-year time period.

would be expected throughout the Algonquin Road Salt Ecosystem due to the insoluble nature of the (By Terry Spratt) Pre Cambrian Shield bedrock, and this is generally the case. Testing carried out during The sum of all the chemical ions dissolved the Algonquin Eco Watch Headwater Study, in a lake or a stream can be estimated by however, noted unexpectedly high conductivity measuring the electrical conductivity of that readings in small headwater lakes along the water body. Very low conductivity readings Highway 60 corridor through Algonquin Park, possibly resulting from winter road salting operations. Environment Canada has classified road salt as a toxic substance. Road Salt contains sodium chloride, calcium chloride and ferrocyanide and is harmful to aquatic organisms. By removing drains from the new Smoke Creek Bridge at the request of Algonquin Eco Watch, the Consultants reduced the flow of runoff containing road salt, which is instead channeled from the ends of the bridge into the adjacent soil where salt ions can be bound to the soil particles. The following abstract is from a paper written by Professor Denis McGee of Sir Sandford Fleming College, which utilizes data collected by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Algonquin Eco Watch, to examine road salt concentrations adjacent to the Highway 60 corridor through Algonquin Park. Algonquin Wildlife is attracted to roadside salt pools in the spring, as Eco Watch will use this paper along with other a means of replacing natural body electrolytes. While this provides many viewing opportunities, it also contributes Road salt, such as this being spread along Highway reference material in an ongoing effort directed toward the loss of more than 20 moose in Algonquin 60, adjacent to South Tea Lake in Algonquin Park, has at government to accelerate the development of Park annually, through vehicle-moose collisions, some recently been classed as toxic and will affect nearby non-contaminating anti-icing agents of which result in serious human injury. water quality. PAGE #10 Changes in Conductivity (EC25) in small Highway #60 Corridor lakes in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario Canada. An illustration of road salt contamination. Denis McGee lakes, Control lakes) were compared. Lakes for both the Interior and Corridor lakes yielded were stratified into small (less than or equal to EC25 averages of 33.7uS/cm and 132.2uS/cm Fleming College, Fish and Wildlife Program, 50 hectares) and large lakes (greater than 50 respectively. P.O. 8000, Lindsay, Ontario, Canada. k9v 6g9 hectares). The average conductivity(EC25) of corridor The small Corridor lakes had an average lakes is roughly four times that of Interior lakes. Over 4.9 million tonnes of various road EC25 increase of 72.7% over the 20 year This difference is statistically significant(t test salts are dumped onto Canadian highways period between 1982 and 2002. Statistically unequal variances (F=166.5, p=4.56E-13), every winter with some finding their way the average EC25 has risen over this 20year t=2.488251, p=0.020852, 7df.) The effect into various aquatic ecosystems. Conductivity period and is highly significant( paired t test, of proximity to roads was also illustrated (EC25) was used as an indicator of road salt ion t = 2.29, p = 0.029, 7 df.). Some of the lakes by a simple linear regression of EC25 ,2002 concentrations in small Canadian Shield lakes. have increased 172.4% or 250uS/cm during for Small Corridor Lakes vs. Distance from Conductivity (EC25) from 1982 (A.P.I.O.S.) this time. Over the same period Interior lakes Highway #60 producing a R2= 0.58. The study and 2002 (Algonquin Ecowatch) of 8 lakes have had no statistically significant increase in demonstrated that lakes in close proximity to within 500 meters of Highway #60 (Corridor EC25 (t test, equal variances (F=0.81,p=0.35), roads receiving deicing salts can be impacted. Lakes, Impacted lakes) and 16 lakes greater t = 0.88, p = 0.19, 30 df.) with an average - than 500 meters from Highway #60 (Interior 6.47% decrease . A comparison of 2002 EC25

docks, since the 1970’s. In Algonquin Park it life, Algonquin Eco Watch feels that removal of Chemically Treated has been used for bridges and walkways on such structures should be mandatory as part of Lumber trails and portages. The lumber used is often the railway decommissioning process. In spite (By Terry Spratt) of a variety that will decay under natural moist of efforts by Algonquin Eco Watch, however, conditions, but has been treated with chemicals the federal government is still no closer to Pressure Treated Lumber (PTL) has such as arsenic, which, being toxic, destroy developing a protocol in Canada regarding the been used increasingly for building outdoor organisms that might otherwise lead to wood environmentally responsible decommissioning structures such as decks, picnic tables and rot. These chemicals can, over time, simply by of railways. contact with water or by foot traffic, leach into the environment. Algonquin Eco Watch continues to urge Ontario Parks to use only local white cedar, which is naturally resistant to water damage without the use of preservatives, on trail and portage maintenance in Algonquin Park. The Superintendent of Algonquin Park has agreed to do so, wherever possible. Many creosote-treated trestles remain in Algonquin Park after the abandonment of This photo, taken at Daventry along the former Canadian railways. In addition to those along the former National Railway right-of-way, shows one of the many This photo, taken on the Head Lake Portage, shows Canadian National Railway right-of-way in the creosote-treated trestles remaining in Algonquin Park, the original bridging (right), constructed of “local” north eastern part of the Park, decaying trestles after the abandonment of railways. In addition to those material, as well as the replacement bridging (left), along the CNR route, decaying trestles may also be seen which consists of PTL that was flown in by helicopter at may also be seen at such locations as Cache Lake, at such locations as Cache Lake, along the route of the considerable expense. It will be interesting to monitor along the route of the old J. R. Booth Railway. old J.R. Booth Railway. Creosote is known to be toxic to the ongoing decay of these different materials. Since creosote is known to be toxic to aquatic aquatic life.

Invasive Species The signs, created in partnership with the trout fisheries. (By Linda Leckie) Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters, and To further educate visitors to Algonquin Ontario Parks, warn of the dangers of species Park and help keep unwanted fish species out Concern over introduced species from other introduction into the Algonquin Ecosystem. of Algonquin water’s, Algonquin Eco Watch eco-systems prompted Algonquin Eco Watch Fish species, such as bass, smelt and pike, and dedicated one of our Highway 60 signs to to partner in the creation of two new signs at the transfer via boats and trailers of pests such raising awareness of controls relating to the launching sites and access points (see photos) as zebra mussels and the spiny water flea could possession of live bait- fish. in and around Algonquin Park. collapse Algonquin’s predominantly cold-water PAGE #11 Algonquin Wolves (By Linda Leckie)

Algonquin’s wolves have an interesting relationship with deer and moose. These smaller-in-stature wolves are better adapted to preying on deer than on moose. However, the deer herds decreased in the 1960’s and 70’s

This juvenile “Algonquin” wolf, weighing about 20kg when photographed at Brule Lake, Algonquin Park, in 1993, exhibits some of the traits such as “sharp” facial features and reddish colouration, attributed to its cousin, the (southern) red wolf.

allowing moose to move in and prosper, due to a consequent decline in the brain parasite that is carried and transmitted by deer, but often fatal to moose. There are insufficient data to support the theory that this decrease in deer and subsequent increase in moose has resulted in a diminished wolf population. At the Wolf Symposium, held at the Leslie M. Frost Centre in Dorset in the late 1990’s, it was established that the Algonquin Park wolf, which is closely related to the southern red wolf, is distributed fairly extensively across Central North America and that Algonquin This “Algonquin” wolf, weighing about 35 kg when photographed on Cedar Lake, Algonquin Park, in 1973, exhibits Park’s wolves are not in imminent danger of some of the traits such as gray colouration and “lanky” appearance, attributed to its cousin, the (northern) gray timber wolf. disappearing.

During the course of the study, we found were submitted for heavy metal analysis and The Algonquin Black evidence of radio collared bears predating the results of the testing showed increased Bear Study moose calves in excess of 80kg (200lbs) and in cadmium levels in the kidneys of all the bears (By Mike Wilton) one instance another bear. This establishes that tested. While not sure of the implications, it is adult male black bears are capable of subduing of interest to note that the Province of Ontario The Algonquin Black Bear Study was human-sized prey, but does not explain why warned against eating moose and deer kidneys initiated in 1991 after human mortality in these normally shy creatures will occasionally because of increased cadmium levels. Algonquin Park resulted from an apparent bear behave so uncharacteristically. In addition, we explored the possible attack. Algonquin Eco Watch assisted with It has been well documented that the ramifications of brain trauma, resulting from funding and logistical support throughout the excessive accumulation of certain heavy metals physical damage or disease, as well as the entire project. in humans can lead to abnormal and even deviant possible effects of cross-species pheromone We wished to learn more about the seasonal behavior. Algonquin’s bears visit landfill sites influence. Following are 2 abstracts of papers feeding habits and movement patterns of adult adjacent to the Park containing discarded paint, relating to this study. Readers wishing to learn male black bears and to possibly shed new light batteries and petroleum products. The ingestion more details are urged to contact us through our on why these same bears (very rarely) attack of heavy metals could possibly explain why toll-free number (1-888-894-TREE), or via our humans. The data established that over half of bears attack humans, although very rarely. The website www.algonquin-eco-watch.com. the dominant collared male bears that leave kidneys and livers of Algonquin black bears Algonquin after the breeding season, in search of berries and nuts, fail to return to the Park prior to fall hunting season and are shot by hunters. Algonquin Eco Watch wanted to know if this loss could have a possible negative affect on the social structure of the black bear population and lead to degradation of the gene pool. Field research in 1997 and again in 1999, along with aerial telemetry, discovered that 3 out of 4 radio collared bears exited Algonquin Park toward their summer range by June 18th. This is an unusually early exit as the bears habitually stay until mid-July when the breeding season is over. We felt it was important to continue to closely monitor the bears’ movements to learn more about the early exits and potentially provide reasons for their premature departure . Large male Algonquin black bear. PAGE #12 one yearling bull and possibly one Seasonal Movement cow) and one black bear has been documented during this study. Patterns and Feeding Post breeding movements Habits of Large Adult of radio-collared bears to areas outside Algonquin Park were Male Black Bears in generally (90.9%, n = 11) to lower elevations and may be learned, Algonquin Provincial or coincide with either plant phenology and species abundance, Park, Ontario. or the presence of garbage dumps. Nine of 15 (60.0%) bears utilized Jeremy E. Inglis, Ontario Ministry of Natural dumps, and generally did so Resources, Box 220, Pembroke, ON, K8A during the dark hours, spending 6X4. the daylight hours between 0.5 Mike L. Wilton, Algonquin Eco Watch, RR#1, km and 2.0 km (x = 1.25km) Spring Bay, ON, P0P 2B0. away from the site at secluded locations. A five-year study of large (120kg+) adult Linear post-breeding male black bears (Ursus americanus) in movements varied between 18.8 Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada, yielded km and 73.8 km (x = 46.1 km, n = much information concerning seasonal feeding 11) and were repeated in successive habits, movement patterns and intra-specific years by four of six bears (66.6%), interactions. In excess of 1000 aerial and ground which implies directed rather fixes were used to determine accurate estimates than random movement. No of breeding, mid-summer and late summer-fall collar related mortality occurred, ranges, as well as 15 denning locations of 8 although six of 18 (33.3%) bears This radio-collared black bear was legally shot outside bears. lost their collars as a result of pull- Algonquin Park in the fall of 1996. Breeding territories range from 19.3km2 off (four), breakage (one), or cow September 9 and October 17 (x = Sept. 29). to 87.6 km2 (x = 40.4 km2, n = 7), implying moose defensive behaviour (one). Six of 11 (54.5%) collared bears that exited that there could be as many as 191 large males Movements out of Algonquin Park (nine) Algonquin Park died as a result of hunting, breeding within unhunted Algonquin Park occurred between July 4 and August 17 (x = including one that survived a previous arrow (7730 km2) annually. Twelve of 15 (80%) July 25, n = 14), and lasted between 15 and 251 wound. The importance and availability of known den sites occurred within established days (x = 82.7 days). Return fall movements various seasonal habitat needs (e.g. soft and breeding ranges. Predation by black bears on as to breeding/ denning range occurred between many as five moose (Alces alces) (four calves, hard mast) are discussed.

Joint studies with the Ontario Veterinary would be at greater risk for this type of injury Some Possible Causes College indicate that the black bear is relatively because of their aggressive breeding behaviour high on the mammalian evolutionary scale, and (e.g. fighting with other males) and predation of Fatal Attacks on therefore subject to many of the same types of on other bears. The danger of heavy metal Humans By Large aberrant behaviour as other mammals, resulting contamination to the brain of large adult males from “ commonplace” brain dysfunction such is increased at dump sites where contaminants Adult Male Black as viral infection or tumours. While trauma may have been discarded, owing to the to specific locations in the brain, such as the dominant status and greater retention period Bears. temporal lobe/amygdala area (which may (age) of such bears. control violent behaviour) could occur in all Elevated gonadotropin-releasing hormone Mike L. Wilton, Algonquin Eco Watch, Spring segments of a black bear population - eg. as a (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and Bay, Ontario, P0P 2B0 result of defensive behaviour by a cow moose, testosterone levels during the breeding season Jeremy E. Inglis, Ontario Ministry of Natural or falling from a mast tree - large adult males (May-July), or at other times due to pituitary Resources, Pembroke, Ontario, Canada, K8A malfunction, could lead to aggressive behaviour 6X4 toward other species by large adult (especially dominant) male bears. Testicular trauma – e.g., As a result of five human deaths inflicted cysts - could also lead to such behaviour at other by two large adult male black bears (Ursus times of year. While all considered abnormalities Americanus) in Algonquin Park, Ontario, a would be expected to occur only sporadically long-term study was conducted to examine in most bear populations, they would be more certain aspects of bear anatomy, physiology likely found in a population such as Algonquin and behaviour which might lead toward a Park’s where large adult males are not hunted better understanding of such attacks. While it and consequently represent a larger proportion is extremely unusual to be attacked by a black of the population. bear, most such instances across North America Even though experiments have been ( 96.6%, n = 29) involve adult males in excess conducted that indicate no relationship of 120kg body weight. Evidence at Algonquin between human menstrual flow and black Park kill sites indicated that the attacks were bear attacks, there is sufficient evidence predatory in nature. indicating similarities between the vaginal Predation by large adult male black bears on discharge components of various mammalian Algonquin Park moose (Alces alces) and other (and primate) species - especially at ovulation bears in excess of 40kg has been documented, when pheromone production and secretion are proving that these bears are capable of preying highest - to warrant further investigation. on, and have developed a search image for, prey The production of musk-like pheromone equal to or larger in size than many humans. compounds by the adult males of some Back-country bears that normally avoid mammalian species including humans and human contact become quite tolerant of human the domestic boar (Sus scrofa) also suggests presence at dump sites (food sources) that they that further investigation of black bears in this frequent during the non-breeding period. The regard should be given a high priority. There is presence of food at back-country campsites evidence in the literature that pheromones have however, may trigger unpredictable responses Brain trauma, such as received when fighting or falling cross-species significance, as attractant and/or toward humans by these same bears. from a tree, might lead to aberrant behavior. agonistic cues in reproductive behaviour. PAGE #13 Reptiles and Amphibians (By Linda Leckie)

In the summer of 2004 a new highway sign alerted Algonquin Park visitors to the plight of Ontario’s reptiles and amphibians. These species are under pressure from a variety of human generated threats that include habitat loss, road mortality, collection for the pet trade, human consumption and an increase in predation from species such as raccoons and skunks. Algonquin Park is an important refuge for reptiles and amphibians in Ontario and five of Algonquin’s eight turtle species are designated ‘special concern’ or ‘threatened’. Algonquin is home to the few remaining Wood turtle populations, a small number of Blanding Turtles and the threatened Hognose snake. Our sign, located on Highway 60 west of the Park, aims to inform and educate Park guests on how they can help ensure that these animals continue to thrive in their Algonquin home. Visitors are urged to admire the reptiles and amphibians in their natural habitat and resist the urge to interfere with them in any way. Please drive slowly and be conscious of slow-moving wildlife Visitors arriving at Algonquin from the west will see this sign on Highway 60, just crossing roads. outside the Park boundary.

cooperation between all parties, Algonquin Eco tool in biological as well as language studies. First Nations Watch initiated the designing of an educational To date, schools in Mattawa, Huntsville and (By Linda Leckie) brochure , which was produced in partnership Bancroft have taken advantage of this offer. with the Algonquins of Pikwakanagan and Educators in all jurisdictions are invited to Algonquin Eco Watch continues to meet Ontario Parks. Eleven schools “surrounding” contact us with regards to receiving copies of with representatives from the Algonquins of Algonquin Park have been offered free copies the brochure. Pikwakanagan (Golden Lake) First Nation, of the brochure, which may serve as a learning to discuss issues of mutual concern, pending settlement of the Algonquin land claim that includes Algonquin Park. In the early 1990’s the Ontario Government agreed to the harvesting of moose by native groups in the Northeastern section of Algonquin Park pending settlement of their land claim. The hunt is carefully controlled from a biological standpoint to ensure that over-harvest of a self- sustaining population does not occur. Algonquin Eco Watch respects First Nation hunters desire Algonquin Namegos Kî-bi-gayat mânjamegosensikâ ashidj namegosikâ Algonquin to conduct a responsible hunt that is self- Nanâgadjiwakîng. Kâ’n eta kâ-bimi- ispakamigag Georgian Wîkwedôngngg regulated and recognizes their traditional way ashidj Odâwâ Sîbî, ‘Algonquin Wâwiyebakwân’WâWâwiyeiyeyebbakwbak ân’n’ kkî-- ijinikâdjigâdeg ashidj ono odenawan AAmablebld du Fond,d La Truite Algonquin of life. Petawawa, Bonnechere, Madawaska, York, Muskoka, Algonquin Trout Le parc Algonquin à le hasard de posséder en abondance, des truites Algonquin Park is blessed with a large number of pristine Magnetawan ashidj South Rivers ‘ondaje ‘godj kaye dans ses eaux. La haute région entre la Baie Gorgienne et la rivière rnâned namegosi-nibî. Tikibîng kâ-dinâdjitôdjig kîgônzag, brook trout and lake trout waters. The high country between In October, 1999 and January, 2000, Outaouais est aussi connu comrne “Le Dome Algonquin.” Ce dôme Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River, known as “The maya igodj mânjamegosensag towa ashidj namegosag, est en mêrne temps l’emplacement des quartiers des rivières Amable mamakâdj ke-nâgadawenindâgoziwâdj kidji-ondiziwâdj Algonquin Dome”, is not only home to the headwaters of Algonquin Eco Watch made slide/information du Fond, Petawawa, Bonnechère, Madawaska, York, Muskoka, the Amble du Fond, Petawawa, Bonnechere, Madawaska, iyo towa pimâdiziwin kayc wînawa ke-bi-nâbishkâgoyeng Magnetawan et South, ainsi que les eaux limpides et froides. Afin ayânikâdj. York, Muskoka, Magnetawan and South Rivers, but clear, que les générations de truites à venir accèdent aux privilèges de cold trout waters abound here as well. Cold water fish presentations to members of the Algonquin First cet héritage unique, les poissons d’eaux froides comme la truite Madj-ijiwebiziwin... species, such as brook trout and lake trout need special mouchetée et la truite grise requièrent une protection particulière. protection, if future generations are to benefit from this Andwânikewin kâ-iji-mikâginiwang, pemâdizidj kîgônz- Nation at Mattawa and Pikwakanagan (Golden unique heritage. okeyaw abadizidj, kâ’n wanishizinôn. Kego tâ-iji- Le Problême... gwekishkâ konima tâ-djâgishkâ namegos. Andwânikewin Lake), respectively, illustrating the fragile Les recherches démontrent que I’emploi et la libération d’appâts vifs The Problem... kaye ikidomagad pibôn-gigônzikewin odindowîyômagak dans les eaux du pare, mène à une compétition entre les nouvelles wendji-djâgishkâwâdj mânjamegosensag ashidj namegosag Research shows that the use/release of live baitfish in such nature of trout fisheries and their vulnerability espèces introduites et le détriment des populations de truites natales waters leads to competition from the introduced species, sâgahigansikâng maya igodj ono towa endagwangin dans ses lacs. Les recherches démontrent davantage que la pèche en Algonquin Wawiyebakwâning. to the detriment of the native trout populations. Research hiver mène toujours à une chute des populations de truites de lac et further shows that winter fishing always results in the to winter fishing pressure. de truites grises dans les petits lacs dont on retrouve à l’intérieur du Ânîn ke-dôdameng? collapse of brook trout and lake trout populations in small Dôme Algonquin. lakes, such as those found on the Algonquin Dome. In 2003, the 2-year provincially imposed Kâ’ n âbadjiyâsiwâdâ pemâdizidj kîgônz-okeyaw Algonquin sâgahiganikâng. mandate to achieve fundamental grounds for Que peut-on faire? What Can We Do? Ne pas employer d’appâts vifs dans les lacs Algonquins. Don’t use live baitfish in Algonquin waters Wewenind nanâgadjitôdân ono kâ-gichi- Algonquin land claim negotiations expired. gîkâyenindâgwakin sâgahiganan kidji-dash Prendre soin des eaux particulières pour que nos enfants et les Do care for these special waters, so that our children and kaye wînawa ayânikâdj kinîdjânisinânig enfants de nos enfants puissent aussi en bénéficier. our children’s children may also cherish them. Recent correspondence from the Ontario apîtenindamowâdj. Native Affairs Secretariat, however, expresses optimism that these discussions will resume. This brochure was published in partnership between Algonquin Eco Watch, the Algonquins of Pikwakanagan, and In the meantime, to encourage a spirit of Ontario Parks, and is available free of charge for educational purposes.

to re-establish in a less desirable location – caused soil damage, created structural damage Ecotourism often competing with resident populations for to vegetation and placed stresses on wildlife (By Mike Wilton) territorial rights. This in turn can lead to stresses that may alter their natural behaviour patterns. resulting in lowered reproductive rates. Algonquin Eco Watch commissioned a paper The term “ecotourism” seems to encompass Between 1990 and 1995, five new hiking titled “Recreation and Algonquin Park” to assess an increasingly large number of outdoor trails adjacent to the Highway 60 corridor, the effect of this surge in recreational usage. activities, ranging from guided bus tours to two new dog sledding trails and a horse trail The base findings of this study are included in experiencing “nature-in-the-raw”. While the were developed in Algonquin Park. If that our “Position Paper”, which is available in hard former tend to be rather benign, the latter run trend had continued, it is likely that cumulative copy to members at a price of $5.00 (to cover the gamut from “Reality TV shows” to luxury changes in animal behaviour patterns would printing and postage), and will form the basis accommodation (gourmet camping) in a “wild” have developed. While having the opportunity of our input to the next Algonquin Park Master setting. to travel by dog sled in Algonquin Park for Plan Review. Ecotourism of the guided type can be example, is a truly notable family experience, The best option would be to strike a balance interesting and educational without negatively it is likely that the routine presence of domestic between education, enjoyment and possible affecting the encompassing ecosystem. dogs within the normal territory of a wolf pack harmful effects on the ecosystem. Algonquin Unfortunately, such activities may involve would lead to behavioural changes within that Eco Watch does not advocate the cessation encroachment into a hitherto undisturbed habitat wolf pack. of ecotourism within Algonquin Park. We do type, leading to changes in behaviour patterns The increase in nature-tourism and however, strongly recommend that careful of the natural inhabitants of that ecosystem. If ecotourism has created never-before consideration, including public input, be given wild species are not compatible with certain encountered challenges within the Algonquin to the further development of ecotourism types of human activity, they will often migrate Ecosystem. The increase in Park visitation has facilities. away from a preferred habitat-type and attempt impacted on the local natural environment, PAGE #14 environmentally-friendly Education materials.” (By Linda Leckie) “Shampoos, conditioners and soaps arenʼt healthy Seven students from the grade nine Outdoor for the water because of the Education class at Bishop Strachan School in chemicals used to create that Toronto, submitted essays to an Algonquin product.” Eco Watch contest, based on their experiences “Even biodegradable during a field trip to Algonquin Park in the products may contain harmful fall of 2005. The contest theme was “Why do chemicals, … which are very we need Algonquin Eco Watch?” All seven damaging to the lakes. … students exhibited a keen awareness of and If the bathing continues, concern for, the Algonquin Ecosystem, and it could spoil the Park for expressed this in very articulate terms. We future generations.” are grateful to the Outdoor Education staff at “We … drink the water Bishop Strachan School for suggesting this that flows from Algonquin innovative way of making young people more Park as we camp there in aware of environmental issues. the summer. Therefore, we Following are excepts from the seven need to make a collective essays: effort to save the Park if we “Algonquin Park is a beautiful place and value what it has to offer is known for its breath-taking views and nature for our physical and mental across Canada and world wide”. health, the health of future “When I was there I learned to appreciate generations and ultimately its natural beauty and my respect for it our planet as we know it.” increased.” All participants received “… Some of these fisheries consist of a copy of the Algonquin Eco genetically unique fish, which are not found Watch poster, “Algonquin elsewhere in Canada.” Is…” (painted by A. Jane “During the hike, an old truck and a Gray, local well known Algonquin Is... wagon were seen abandoned and had rusted artist). Miss Minh Nguyen, author of the winning essay, received over the years. Metal and rubber are not a dry-mounted, attractively framed copy of the poster.

representatives. • Under Ontario’s Environmental Bill of The Legal Perspective We have focused mainly on three key issues, Rights (EBR), each Ministry must prepare (By the Saxe Law Office) which are examined in detail elsewhere in this a Statement of Environmental Values (SEV) newsletter: that ensures that the environment is at least Over the years we have received 1) The abandoned CN rail line that threatens considered when decisions are made that might assistance in the form of pro bono legal bird life and fish habitat; affect it. The Ontario government largely advice and encouragement from Dianne 2) The Kearney graphite mine and its threat to ignores SEV. Saxe, environmental lawyer, and her staff. the headwaters of the Tim River; and Together we have attempted to deal with issues 3) The massive amounts of sulphur dioxide On the other hand, we have kept the issues that threaten the well being of the Algonquin entering the Park from Inco’s Super Stack in alive. We continue to draw the attention of Ecosystem. Such a long-term commitment on Sudbury. various levels of government to grey areas the part of Ms Saxe and her staff has acted as a that leave Algonquin Park vulnerable and we stimulus for AEW to continue in our efforts, in Amazingly, government remains indifferent have not given up hope of eventually pestering spite of delays and set backs. to all three issues: them into some action. We successfully pushed If we are able to accomplish our long-term • The province insists it is not clear who Environment Canada into conducting a study goals, it will be due in large measure to the owns the (former) CN right-of-way and who of the potential threat to birds of metal-laden assistance and friendship extended to us by the is responsible for its cleanup. CN denies grit on the CN line. We organized meetings Saxe Law Office. Photos of Dianne Saxe and ownership of the land yet cleaned up a culvert among levels of government and government staff members (present and past) appear below. washout and continues to monitor its old line for ministries that rarely talk to one another. We The Saxe Law Office contributed the following similar catastrophes. The federal government have made them aware of the gaps in protection guest article. says that this is a provincial matter, while Ontario of the Park, and have spurred investigation into is hesitant to assume responsibility. Largely many issues. And we continue to encourage due to our efforts, the Ontario government says citizens and civil servants who care passionately it is still looking at the issue. about protecting the Park, and who want to do • The mere fact that contaminants are the right thing. present on the line at levels that exceed MOE We look forward to completing our work Dianne Saxe * Linda Klaamas Paula Boutis criteria does not appear to trouble the MOE, for AEW on the three outstanding issues. We even in protected parkland. anticipate having new, stronger tools to assist • The federal Fisheries Ministry (DFO) us in our efforts. For example, the courts have refuses to do anything proactive to protect fish strongly enforced environmental stewardship and fish habitat. While they argue they have as a critical responsibility of the government no power to do more, they refused our offer and citizens, and have upheld decisions of to help establish a legal basis to extend their governments to impose liability for pollution that Jackie Campbell David Bell Elaine Cohen powers. In their view, there is nothing special occurred decades earlier. We will re-examine the Why Weʼre Still Going Strong – A Perspective about Algonquin that would allow them to take sulfur dioxide emissions from Inco’s Superstack From Saxe Law Office extraordinary measures in the Park that they in the context of the new air regulation that came don’t take elsewhere. into force in Ontario recently. Source water We work with Algonquin Eco Watch • Promotion of mining gets much more protection legislation is being developed. (AEW) on a pro bono basis, because we believe government attention than protection of the AEW targets critical areas where the Park that Algonquin Park needs the reasoned, caring environment. The Ontario Ministry of Northern is at risk, and has used science and the law stewardship that AEW offers. On behalf Development and Mines (MNDM) has refused to develop credible positions on the issues. of AEW, we have submitted environmental our requests that they withdraw portions of AEW’s commitment to the Park is unparalleled petitions, corresponded with provincial mining leases that pose a threat to rivers flowing and we look forward to working with them on and federal ministries (e.g., Environment, into the Park. They give minimal consideration new issues that arise; sadly, we are confident Transport, Natural Resources, Mines), and to environmental impacts and the precautionary that there will be many. held numerous conference calls and meetings principle when managing mineral resources, with both provincial and federal government relying on MOE permits to prevent disasters. * Photo courtesy of HazMat Management. PAGE #15

development and distribution of new and more Ongoing Challenges Editorial And complex chemical compounds, for example, coupled with a corporate “need” to be profitable, With the passage of years and lack of Summary resolution, important issues tend to fade into (by The Board of Directors) cause innumerable delays and stretch federal and provincial agencies’ testing capabilities the background and are replaced by other more “upbeat” topics. This is often apparent in the Human Behaviour: Its Ongoing Impact on to the limit. In addition, understanding and news media, with government and, especially, the Algonquin Ecosystem interpreting test results can be very frustrating for the average citizen. For example, when with those responsible for causing immediate and long-term negative impacts on the environment. We have already seen too many examples in heavy metal “exceedences” were identified in The Algonquin Ecosystem continues to be Canada’s short history of the environmentally slag used along the CNR line through Algonquin compromised by these inadequacies and delays, destructive nature of human behaviour Park, Algonquin Eco Watch (mistakenly) as may be seen in the following examples: regarding animal species; the Atlantic cod assumed that this would require remedial action -There is presently no legislation in Ontario fishery, the Pacific salmon fishery, the Plains on the part of the Canadian National Railway allowing the de-registration of mining claims bison and the passenger pigeon to name but a Company. However, the Canadian Wildlife based solely on environmental considerations. few. Plant species and associated habitat have Service and Environment Canada interpreted However, we will continue to strive to protect the also suffered, as may be seen in the loss of results of their testing as meaning that birds headwaters of the Tim River from the proposed Carolinian Forest across southwestern Ontario. ingesting slag particles would not be expected expansion of the Kearney Graphite Mine and the Human exploitation of natural resources to suffer and that the dilution factor in nearby potential for deleterious substances degrading often fails to recognize that wild populations waterways would minimize the danger to fish. that river. and habitat are in serious trouble before This implies that the government -We remain optimistic that we will be able symptoms of distress are identified. In addition, accepts that heavy metals can be put into the to establish communications with the Canadian much time is lost by those who harvest the environment without causing harm. Perhaps National Railway Company, as a result of our plant or animal species trying to prove that more importantly, it fails to recognize and presentation at the Company’s 2006 Annual exploitation is not excessive, rather than address the possible genetically damaging General Meeting, despite our lack of success working collaboratively with others to develop effects of heavy metals on future generations, to do so during the past 7 years. In spite of the creative and environmentally responsible or on reproduction. In addition, it does not Company’s stated Environmental Policy, we solutions. While subsequent wild population consider the possible cumulative effects on have seen little evidence of that policy being and habitat declines may lead to a tightening of predator species higher up the food chain. implemented during the decommissioning of CN’s restrictions on human activity as it impacts the Hence, exceedences do not always prompt mainline through Algonquin Park. Algonquin environment, this invariably occurs too late. As action, since there appears to be considerable Eco Watch continues to be concerned regarding early as the 1950’s, Pogo said, “We have met room for “perceptual interpretation” on the part the remaining infrastructure, such as deteriorating the enemy and he is us”. of government. trestles, and culverts that will washout, as did the Government science and enforcement one at Mink Lake in 2004. The federal Department agencies are often hard pressed to keep up Algonquin Eco Watch - Our First Ten of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) decided not to lay with the demands placed upon them, based Years charges in that instance, since enforcement staff on staffing and monetary restrictions. The felt that repairs to the roadbed and adjacent lake PAGE #16 bottom at that location by a CNR contractor possible, but will hopefully give rise to an behaviour patterns, leading to some positive negated the need to do so. Unfortunately, DFO expanded view of the Algonquin Ecosystem management suggestions regarding future cannot lay charges or force preventative action for future managers. Ecosystems must not be interior development in Algonquin Park. As relating to the destruction of fish habitat until managed according to “straight lines on a map”, well, several interesting avenues regarding an infraction occurs, effectively nullifying the but must be viewed in the context of complete physiological aspects of bear biology were old adage, “An ounce of prevention is worth a and interacting watersheds. highlighted, as possible future research pound of cure”. However, Algonquin Eco Watch - We feel that participation in the Muskoka projects. will continue to monitor this situation and press River and South River water management - We are optimistic that the brochure CNR to fulfill its ecological responsibilities. planning programs assisted in developing a more entitled “Algonquin Namegos/La Truite - International Nickel Company continues to “ecosystem oriented” form of management on Algonquin/Algonquin Trout”, as well as the show hundreds of millions of dollars in annual those rivers and associated water bodies, into “Invasive Species” signs posted at Algonquin profits, while spewing hundreds of thousands the future. This will help protect the fragile boat launching sites and on Highway 60, of tonnes of sulphur dioxide into Ontario skies. aquatic ecosystems on the Algonquin Dome. will stimulate a better understanding of how While emissions are being very gradually - Since our inception in 1996, Algonquin significant and fragile Algonquin coldwater reduced, who can say that plant and aquatic Eco Watch personnel, along with a contract lakes and fisheries are. life in receiving areas such as the Algonquin forester have conducted several field inspections - Communication with the Ministry of Ecosystem will ever fully recover from the of Algonquin logging operations annually. Natural Resources in Bancroft, regarding the damage already inflicted? Algonquin Eco Algonquin Forestry Authority personnel net loss of water from Galeairy Lake through Watch will continue to monitor and advocate and contract logging operators have been stop logs and structural leaks in the dam, led to better and faster reduction of noxious wastes conscientious in addressing minor problems repairs being carried out. being emitted through INCO’s “Super Stack”. as identified. While strategic management - Ministry of Natural Resources staff opinion differences continue to exist, we Where Do We Go From Here? members are working with Algonquin Eco remain confident that by working cooperatively Watch toward including more Algonquin with Ontario Parks and the Algonquin Forestry While it may seem that “Time is our Headwaters under the Lands for Life/ Living Authority, these can be resolved. Enemy”, hopefully it will prove equally true Legacy “Enhanced Management Area” - In 2004, Algonquin Eco Watch initiated that “Persistence Pays”. Now, more than ever, category. However, because this process has talks aimed at conducting a septic-gray water irreplaceable ecosystems such as Algonquin’s now been underway since February 1998, at a study in Algonquin lakes having private leases. need advocates to protect them into the cost of millions of Ontario taxpayers’ dollars, Since that time a partnership has been formed future. It seems inevitable that Ontario’s we cannot help but wonder if our goal is involving several government agencies, as well human population will continue to grow at an realistically achievable or if it will simply fade as the Algonquin Park Ratepayers Association. alarming rate. This will place greater pressure into the bureaucratic “mists of time”. We intend We are optimistic that the survey will commence on Algonquin Park managers to develop more to prevent that from happening. in 2007, to be completed within 3 years. This facilities to handle increased Park usage. If this - A mandated review of the Algonquin Park will further ensure that Algonquin waters occurs, there is a real risk that Algonquin Park Master Plan is presently long overdue. It is not remain clean for future generations. will move steadily further away from a “natural felt feasible by Park staff to proceed with this - We are hopeful that by continuing to urge environment” ecosystem, causing irreversible undertaking until settlement of the Algonquin Park users not to bathe in Algonquin lakes changes to the resident flora and fauna. In First Nation land claim has been achieved – with soaps and shampoos, fewer chemical some ways Algonquin Park has become an and this is not proceeding rapidly. Meanwhile, compounds will find their way into this pristine experiment, to determine whether or not an in-depth study of eastern Algonquin Park, source-water ecosystem. humans can realistically co-exist with natural entitled “The North/East Study”, was completed - The “Road Salt Contamination” paper ecosystems in perpetuity. and submitted in March of 1999 but to date has authored by Denis McGee, which utilized data Algonquin Park has a worldwide reputation been neither publicly discussed, accepted, nor collected during the “Algonquin Headwater as a place of peaceful solitude. Visitors come implemented – leaving the implementation Study”, will prove valuable as we initiate here to relax from the cares of everyday life and of future protective measures unachievable. efforts with government to find environmentally don’t want to be faced with a whole new set of Algonquin Eco Watch will continue to press compatible road de-icing alternatives. issues. Members, partners and contributors to Ontario Parks for a complete review of the - The commitment by the Algonquin Algonquin Eco Watch however, realize that to Algonquin Park Master Plan. Park Superintendent to convert from pressure protect something precious requires constant treated lumber to the use of local white cedar vigilance and acknowledgement of possible Our Achievements to Date for construction on portages and hiking trails problems. We salute these people for their will greatly reduce the negative effects of toxic deeper understanding and hope that they may Lest we give the mistaken impression preservatives, which would otherwise seep into derive even greater pleasure from Algonquin, that “all the news is bad”, the following are the surrounding soil and waterways. We thank through acknowledgement of the problems some examples of how we feel the Algonquin the Superintendent and will support him in this and actively helping to resolve them. With the Ecosystem will benefit from the efforts of decision. continued support of you and your friends, Algonquin Eco Watch. - The results from the “Algonquin Black together we will work toward a naturally - The “Algonquin Headwater Study” Bear Study” were inconclusive as to why sustainable Algonquin Ecosystem. established baseline data for 189 headwater large adult male bears (rarely) attack humans. lakes and 12 associated streams. This will not However, a great deal was learned regarding only make future quality/quantity comparisons their feeding, seasonal movement and Designed & Printed by: O.J. Graphix & Design Printed on recycled paper. © copyright 2006 If you agree with the ideas and opinions expressed in the Algonquin Eco Watcher, please pass this copy on to a friend. (Back issues available on request.)

DONATION FORM Anyone donating $15.00 or more will receive a 1 year membership plus a tax deductible receipt. The Algonquin Eco Watch Group is a registered Canadian charity. Donations can be mailed to: ALGONQUIN ECO WATCH, RR#1, Spring Bay, Ontario, P0P 2B0 Please make cheques payable to “ Algonquin Eco Watch”

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