Linux Kernel Development
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The Kernel Report
The kernel report (ELC 2012 edition) Jonathan Corbet LWN.net [email protected] The Plan Look at a year's worth of kernel work ...with an eye toward the future Starting off 2011 2.6.37 released - January 4, 2011 11,446 changes, 1,276 developers VFS scalability work (inode_lock removal) Block I/O bandwidth controller PPTP support Basic pNFS support Wakeup sources What have we done since then? Since 2.6.37: Five kernel releases have been made 59,000 changes have been merged 3069 developers have contributed to the kernel 416 companies have supported kernel development February As you can see in these posts, Ralink is sending patches for the upstream rt2x00 driver for their new chipsets, and not just dumping a huge, stand-alone tarball driver on the community, as they have done in the past. This shows a huge willingness to learn how to deal with the kernel community, and they should be strongly encouraged and praised for this major change in attitude. – Greg Kroah-Hartman, February 9 Employer contributions 2.6.38-3.2 Volunteers 13.9% Wolfson Micro 1.7% Red Hat 10.9% Samsung 1.6% Intel 7.3% Google 1.6% unknown 6.9% Oracle 1.5% Novell 4.0% Microsoft 1.4% IBM 3.6% AMD 1.3% TI 3.4% Freescale 1.3% Broadcom 3.1% Fujitsu 1.1% consultants 2.2% Atheros 1.1% Nokia 1.8% Wind River 1.0% Also in February Red Hat stops releasing individual kernel patches March 2.6.38 released – March 14, 2011 (9,577 changes from 1198 developers) Per-session group scheduling dcache scalability patch set Transmit packet steering Transparent huge pages Hierarchical block I/O bandwidth controller Somebody needs to get a grip in the ARM community. -
Studying the Real World Today's Topics
Studying the real world Today's topics Free and open source software (FOSS) What is it, who uses it, history Making the most of other people's software Learning from, using, and contributing Learning about your own system Using tools to understand software without source Free and open source software Access to source code Free = freedom to use, modify, copy Some potential benefits Can build for different platforms and needs Development driven by community Different perspectives and ideas More people looking at the code for bugs/security issues Structure Volunteers, sponsored by companies Generally anyone can propose ideas and submit code Different structures in charge of what features/code gets in Free and open source software Tons of FOSS out there Nearly everything on myth Desktop applications (Firefox, Chromium, LibreOffice) Programming tools (compilers, libraries, IDEs) Servers (Apache web server, MySQL) Many companies contribute to FOSS Android core Apple Darwin Microsoft .NET A brief history of FOSS 1960s: Software distributed with hardware Source included, users could fix bugs 1970s: Start of software licensing 1974: Software is copyrightable 1975: First license for UNIX sold 1980s: Popularity of closed-source software Software valued independent of hardware Richard Stallman Started the free software movement (1983) The GNU project GNU = GNU's Not Unix An operating system with unix-like interface GNU General Public License Free software: users have access to source, can modify and redistribute Must share modifications under same -
Version 7.8-Systemd
Linux From Scratch Version 7.8-systemd Created by Gerard Beekmans Edited by Douglas R. Reno Linux From Scratch: Version 7.8-systemd by Created by Gerard Beekmans and Edited by Douglas R. Reno Copyright © 1999-2015 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2015, Gerard Beekmans All rights reserved. This book is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License. Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Version 7.8-systemd Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii i. Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. vii ii. Audience ............................................................................................................................................................ vii iii. LFS Target Architectures ................................................................................................................................ viii iv. LFS and Standards ............................................................................................................................................ ix v. Rationale for Packages in the Book .................................................................................................................... x vi. Prerequisites -
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Slides
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin. Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license. Latest update: October 9, 2021. Document updates and sources: https://bootlin.com/doc/training/linux-kernel Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! embedded Linux and kernel engineering Send them to [email protected] - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 1/470 Rights to copy © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin License: Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode You are free: I to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work I to make derivative works I to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: I Attribution. You must give the original author credit. I Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. I For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. I Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Document sources: https://github.com/bootlin/training-materials/ - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 2/470 Hyperlinks in the document There are many hyperlinks in the document I Regular hyperlinks: https://kernel.org/ I Kernel documentation links: dev-tools/kasan I Links to kernel source files and directories: drivers/input/ include/linux/fb.h I Links to the declarations, definitions and instances of kernel symbols (functions, types, data, structures): platform_get_irq() GFP_KERNEL struct file_operations - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 3/470 Company at a glance I Engineering company created in 2004, named ”Free Electrons” until Feb. -
The Linux Kernel Past, Present and Future - the Linux Way
The Linux kernel Past, Present and Future - the Linux way Muli Ben-Yehuda [email protected] IBM Haifa Research Labs The Linux Kernel - HRL 2003 – p.1/21 The Linux Kernel linux is a free (speech and beer) UNIX like operating system, developed by thousands of volunteers around the world - including yours truly started as a hobby, grew and matured with the years countless man years went into it, some paid, some for fun one of the leading server operating systems today . and one of the leading embedded operating systems poised to take over the desktop? Hebrew support? The Linux Kernel - HRL 2003 – p.2/21 The beginning From: [email protected] (Linus Benedict Torvalds) Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT Hello everybody out there using minix - I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, andI'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-) Linus ([email protected]) PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. -
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 Publication Date: September 24, 2021 SUSE LLC 1800 South Novell Place Provo, UT 84606 USA https://documentation.suse.com Copyright © 2006– 2021 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For SUSE trademarks, see http://www.suse.com/company/legal/ . All other third party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. A trademark symbol (®, ™ etc.) denotes a SUSE or Novell trademark; an asterisk (*) denotes a third party trademark. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its aliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. Contents About This Guide xi 1 Available Documentation xii 2 Feedback xiv 3 Documentation Conventions xv I BASICS 1 1 General Notes on System Tuning 2 1.1 Be Sure What Problem to Solve 2 1.2 Rule Out Common Problems 3 1.3 Finding the Bottleneck 3 1.4 Step-by-step Tuning 4 II SYSTEM MONITORING 5 2 System Monitoring Utilities 6 2.1 Multi-Purpose Tools 6 vmstat 7 -
Linux Kernel 8.1 Introduction
Page 1 of 6 Linux Kernel 8.1 Introduction: The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel used by a variety of operating systems based on it, which are usually in the form of Linux distributions. The Linux kernel is a prominent example of free and open source software. The Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2) (plus some firmware images with various non-free licenses), and is developed by contributors worldwide. Day-to-day development discussions take place on the Linux kernel mailing list. The Linux kernel was initially conceived and created in 1991 by Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds. Linux rapidly accumulated developers and users who adapted code from other free software projects for use with the new operating system. The Linux kernel has received contributions from thousands of programmers. 8.2 History: History In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old student at the University of Helsinki, Finland started working on some simple ideas for an operating system. He started with a task switcher in Intel 80386 assembly language and a terminal driver. On 25 August 1991, Torvalds posted the following to comp.os.minix, a newsgroup on Usenet: I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). -
Diversity Among Leading Linux Kernel Developers (2005-2020)
A well of loneliness : diversity among leading Linux kernel developers (2005-2020) Camille Akmut February 5, 2020 abstract Fifteen years of Linux kernel development are reviewed from the point of view of gender diversity. Study based on total commits (as opposed to e.g. mailing list participation) : ≥ 1,400, corresponding to top 50 Linux kernel developers (including Linus Torvalds). 1 Table 1 { Diversity among Linux kernel developers (2005-2020) commits 1 tiwai 6,207 Takashi Iwai m 2 ickle 5,401 ? ? 3 arndb 4,633 Arnd Bergmann (?) m (?) 4 jmberg 4,435 Johannes Berg (?) m (?) 5 gregkh 4,344 Greg Kroah-Hartman m 6 bigguiness 4,196 H Hartley Sweeten m 7 htejun 4,132 Tejun Heo m 8 broonie 4,060 Mark Brown m 9 mchehab 3,988 Mauro Carvalho Chehab m 10 morimoto 3,387 Kuninori Morimoto m 11 davem330 3,217 David S. Miller m 12 danvet 3,187 Daniel Vetter m 13 JoePerches 3,131 Joe Perches (?) m (?) 14 skeggsb 3,115 Ben Skeggs (?) m (?) 15 vsyrjala 3,102 Ville Syrjala (?) m (?) 16 linusw 2,971 Linus Walleij m 17 AxelLin 2,929 Axel Lin m 18 ColinIanKing 2,676 Colin Ian King m 19 dhowells 2,452 David Howells (?) m (?) 20 bzolnier 2,424 Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz (?) m (?) 21 jwrdegoede 2,316 Hans de Goede m 22 larsclausen 2,302 Lars-Peter Clausen m 23 andy-shev 2,288 Andy Shevchenko m 24 jhovold 2,146 Johan Hovold m 25 ralfbaechle 2,123 Ralf Baechle m 26 masahir0y 2,060 Masahiro Yamada m 27 ebiederm 1,934 Eric Biederman (?) m (?) 28 AdrianBunk 1,914 Adrian Bunk m 29 paulmck 1,847 Paul E. -
Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Real Time 7 Tuning Guide
Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Real Time 7 Tuning Guide Advanced tuning procedures for Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Real Time Radek Bíba David Ryan Cheryn Tan Lana Brindley Alison Young Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Real Time 7 Tuning Guide Advanced tuning procedures for Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Real Time Radek Bíba Red Hat Customer Content Services [email protected] David Ryan Red Hat Customer Content Services [email protected] Cheryn Tan Red Hat Customer Content Services Lana Brindley Red Hat Customer Content Services Alison Young Red Hat Customer Content Services Legal Notice Copyright © 2015 Red Hat, Inc. This document is licensed by Red Hat under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. If you distribute this document, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat, Inc. and provide a link to the original. If the document is modified, all Red Hat trademarks must be removed. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, JBoss, MetaMatrix, Fedora, the Infinity Logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Linux ® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java ® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS ® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. -
Systemd and Linux Watchdog
systemd and Linux Watchdog Run a program at... login? = .profile file boot? = systemd What to do if software locks up? 21-4-11 CMPT 433 Slides #14 © Dr. B. Fraser 1 systemd ● systemd used by most Linux distros as first user- space application to be run by the kernel. – 'd' means daemon: ... – Use systemd to run programs at boot (and many other things). 21-4-11 2 Jack of All Trades 21-4-11 https://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-and-others-on- linuxs-systemd/ 3 systemd ● Replaces old “init” system: – Manages dependencies and allows concurrency when starting up applications – Does many things: login, networking, mounting, etc ● Controversy – Violates usual *nix philosophy of do one thing well. http://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-and-others-on-linuxs-systemd/ – Some lead developers are said to have a bad attitude towards fixing “their” bugs. ● It's installed on the Beaglebone, so we'll use it! – Copy your code to BBG's eMMC (vs run over NFS). 21-4-11 4 Create a systemd service Assume 11-HttpsProcTimer ● Setup .service file: example installed to /opt/ (bbg)$ cd /lib/systemd/system (bbg)$ sudo nano foo.service [Unit] Description=HTTPS server to view /proc on port 8042 Use [Service] absolute User=root paths WorkingDirectory=/opt/10-HttpsProcTimer-copy/ ExecStart=/usr/bin/node /opt/10-HttpsProcTimer-copy/server.js SyslogIdentifier=HttpsProcServer [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target 21-4-11 5 Controlling a Service ● Configure to run at startup (bbg)$ systemctl enable foo.service ● Manually Starting/Stopping Demo: Browse to (bbg)$ systemctl start foo.service https://192.168.7.2:3042 after reboot – Can replace start with stop or restart ● Status (bbg)$ systemctl status foo.service (bbg)$ journalctl -u foo.service (bbg)$ systemctl | grep HTTPS 21-4-11 6 Startup Script Suggestions ● If your app needs some startup steps, try a script: – copy app to file system (not running via NFS) – add 10s delay at startup ● I have found that some hardware configuration commands can fail if done too soon. -
The GNU General Public License (GPL) Does Govern All Other Use of the Material That Constitutes the Autoconf Macro
Notice About this document The following copyright statements and licenses apply to software components that are distributed with various versions of the StorageGRID PreGRID Environment products. Your product does not necessarily use all the software components referred to below. Where required, source code is published at the following location: ftp://ftp.netapp.com/frm-ntap/opensource/ 215-10078_A0_ur001-Copyright 2015 NetApp, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Notice Copyrights and licenses The following component is subject to the BSD 1.0 • Free BSD - 44_lite BSD 1.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. • All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software must display the following acknowledgement: This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. • Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. -
GNU/Linux for Beginners
What is Linux? Awesome Applications Linux Manuals: Linux is an independent Unix-like operating system Debian Handbook that can be freely modified and redistributed. It works Debian Users' Manuals on all major 32-bit and 64-bit computer hardware Arch Linux platforms and is an implementation of the POSIX Linux Handbook specification with which all true versions of Unix UbuntuHandbook comply. Linux uses no code from proprietary Unix Making Installation Media: sources, and much of the software available for Linux After downloading the .img or .iso file, install to and is developed by the Free Software Foundation's GNU then boot from USB flash drive . Or b urn the .img project. The result of efforts by thousands of or .iso file to disc. Burning is NOT just copying. programmers coordinating via the Internet, Linux is Linux applications (apps) focus on doing one job well MS Windows® installation tools: now recognized as one of the most stable and flexible RaWrite operating systems available at any price. with communications between applications implemented using well-defined public protocols and balenaEtcher file formats. This modular design has a number of Rufus What Systems Run Linux? advantages, including flexibility, simplicity, and U niversal USB Installer Desktops and Laptops stability. A particular application can be replaced by U N etbootin Linux graphical interfaces such as GNOME or KDE any equivalent which follows the same rules. can replace Mac OS and Windows on the workstation Linux/Unix or Similar installation tools: for most users' needs. Runs on all major PC hardware The resulting freedom of choice leads to friendly The dd command line program.