DOCSLIB.ORG

FTB 201 FOREST INVENTORY and BIOMETRY (1+1) Theory Forest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FTB 201 FOREST INVENTORY and BIOMETRY (1+1) Theory Forest FTB 201 FOREST INVENTORY AND BIOMETRY (1+1) Theory Forest inventory – objectives – kinds of enumeration – random and non random samplings – sampling design – size and shape of sampling unit – sampling intensity – errors in inventory – conduct of enumeration – total, linear, strip and partial enumeration – line plot surveys – point sampling – use of horizontal point sampling – instruments used – non sampling errors – vertical point sampling Determination of age of trees – age of standing tree – age of felled trees – determination of growth of trees – objectives – kinds of growth – determination of increment of trees with annual rings – without rings – mean annual increment (MAI), current annual increment (CAI) and the relation between the two – increment per cent and formulae used – characteristic curves for diameter, basal area, height, form and volume growth. Measurement of crops – determination of diameter, height, age and volume of crops – sample plots and methods of volume measurement - Estimation of growth and yield of stands – stand structure – growth of stand – methods of determining past and future growth – stand density – canopy density – site quality – fractional quality – yield tables kinds, preparation and use – stand table – stand volume table. Practical Determination of age trees in standing trees by occular and other methods – age of felled tree with annual rings – estimation of CAI and MAI for a few species like Eucalyptus, teak, Ailanthus – calculation of increment per cent by different methods – stump and stem analysis – determination of diameter, height, age and volume of crops – random sampling – different methods – non random sampling – exercise in linear strip enumeration – exercise in horizontal point sampling using different instrument – exercise in vertical point sampling – estimating canopy density – estimating site quality by different methods – estimating fractional quality – determination of increment of stands using yield tables – preparation of money yield table. Lecture Schedule 1. Forest inventory – kinds of enumeration – kinds of sampling. - Sampling design, size and shape of sampling units – sampling intensity. 2. Point sampling – horizontal point sampling – concept – proof of underlying principle – use. 3. Instruments used in point sampling – wedge prism – Spiegel Relaskop – Tele Relaskop – determination of volume of stands – non sampling errors in horizontal point sampling – vertical point sampling. 4. Determination of age of standing trees – different methods – determination of age of felled trees with annual rings and trees without rings. 5. Growth of trees - determination and objectives – classification of increment. 6. CAI and MAI and their relationship – increment per cent and formulae for estimating the same. 7. Determination of growth of trees - Stump analysis – stump analysis curves. 8. Determination of growth of trees - Stem analysis – age – computation of age – mean diameter for decades, mean volume for decades and bark thickness. 9. Mid Semester Examination 10. Increment boring – increment in trees without rings. 11. Measurement of crops – Determination of diameter, height, age and volume of crops 12. Sample plots – selection, number, shape, size and layout of measurement of sample plots by different methods. 13. Stand structure – growth of stand – methods of determining past and future growth. 14. Stand density – canopy density 15. Site quality – different methods of assessing site quality – fractional quality. 16. Yield table – definition – contents – kinds and preparation of yield tables. 17. Application and uses of yield tables – stand table – definition – objectives and application – stand volume table. Practical Schedule 1. Random sampling – exercise in multistage sampling – non-random sampling – exercise in systematic sampling. 2. Determination of age of standing trees 3. Calculation of MAI and CAI for Eucalyptus, teak and Casuarina 4. Solving problems on increment per cent using different formulae. 5. Stump analysis and construction of stump analysis curves. 6. Exercise in stem analysis - Construction of stem analysis curves. 7. Stem analysis contd. 8. Estimation of crop diameter and crop height 9. Volume measurements in sample plots using Hossfelds, Hartig’s and Block’s methods 10. Exercise in linear strip enumerations 11. Exercise in horizontal point sampling using wedge prism 12. Exercise in horizontal point sampling using Spiegel Relaskop 13. Estimating the canopy density for a few tree species like teak, tamarind and Neem 14. Estimation of site quality – site index curves 15. Exercise in the preparation of yield table 16. Exercise in the preparation of money yield table 17. Final Practical Examination Assignment 1. Determination of growth of trees with annual rings 2. Yield tables for few commercially important tree species 3. Basal area estimation for few trees 4. Forest inventory and yield prediction References Avery, T.E. 1967. Forest measurements. Mc Graw – Hill Book Company, New York, 290 p. Bruce, D. and Schumacker F.1980. Forest Mensuration. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York. Chaturvedi, A.N. and Khanna, L.S. 1982. Forest Mensuration. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun. Hamilton, G.J. 1988. Forest Mensuration. Hand Book. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 39. Jerram, M.R.K. 1980. Elementary Forest Mensuration. Maslekar, A.R. 1990. Foresters Companion. Jugal Kishore and Co. (Pub.Divn.), Dehra Dun. P.603. Negi, S.S., Hand Book of Forestry. Pieter, G.de Vries, 1986. Sampling theory for forest Inventory. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidellery. P. 399. Websites 1. www.fbmis.info 2. www.und-forest.gwdg.de/forst/fbi.e 3. forestry.msn.edn/faculty 4. www.fia.fs.fed.us 5. www.geo.unizh.ch/rsl/services FTB 201 FOREST INVENTORY AND BIOMETRY (1+1) DEFINITION Questionnaire of Forest Inventory published by F.A.O. described forests as all lands bearing a vegetative association dominated by trees of any size, exploited or not, capable of producing wood or other products, of exerting an influence on the climate or on the water regime, or providing shelter for live stock and wild life. Forest, therefore, means an area which fulfills the required criteria. ‘Inventory’ is originally, a commercial term meaning the record showing the quantity and value of articles in a store. The forest inventory therefore has to necessarily provide information about the size and shape of the area and the qualitative and/or quantitative information of the growing stock. Loetsch and Haller (46) define the term forest inventory as follows: “Forest Inventory is the tabulated, reliable and satisfactory tree information, related to the required unit, respectively units, of assessment in hierarchic order”. In a sense, forest inventory is an attempt to describe quantity, quality, diameter distribution of forest trees and many of the characteristics of land upon which the trees are growing. It is synonymous with the term ‘Cruse’ used in North America or the term ‘Enumeration’ used in India. Forests, define enumeration as the counting, singly or together, of individuals of one or more species in a forest crop and their classification by species, size, condition, etc. With the increasing importance of forest areas for non-wood values such as recreation, watershed management, wild life, etc., the concept of forest inventory has widened. Regular inventories are now made about the number of tigers, elephants, rhinoceros and other threatened species of wild life. Recently, an inventory was made regarding the rare plant species growing in silent valley in Kerala to decide if the forest could be cleared for a river valley project. In the cases where non-timber information is to be compiled it is essential that specialists in these allied fields, work in cooperation with the inventory specialists, in planning and executing the inventory. OBJECT As far as the timber inventories (or enumerations) are concerned, the main object is to determine volume of timber growing in the forest with a view to determine the yield. Less frequently, hey are required for assessing the value for purposes of the sale of exchange or for estimating the return to be expected from clear-felled coupes. They are also required for determining the current periodic annual increment and lastly they may be carried out to prepare map of the area showing regions of high or low volume production per unit of area to help decision making in setting up of industries. In short, the object of forest inventories is to supply information for forest management and planning and for pre-investment decision on forest industry establishment or expansion. These are also required to assess the feasibility of a project from economic, social or any other considerations. KINDS OF ENUMERATION Enumerations are of the following main kinds: (i) Total or Complete; (ii) Partial or Sample (i) Total or complete enumeration means that enumeration of the desired species above the specified diameter limit is carried out over the entire area of the forest unit under consideration. Being expensive and time consuming, it is done in comparatively smaller areas of valuable and intensively managed forests where maximum possible accuracy is desired in the estimate, viz., P.B.I. areas of uniform or other shelterwood systems. Total enumeration is also done in case of miscellaneous forests where the number of species is very large or the species of economic importance form a small portion and are confined only to favourable localities. Total enumeration is also carried out for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Basic Concepts of Sampling
    SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Basic concepts of sampling Essentially, sampling consists of obtaining information from only a part of a large group or population so as to infer about the whole population. The object of sampling is thus to secure a sample which will represent the population and reproduce the important characteristics of the population under study as closely as possible. The principal advantages of sampling as compared to complete enumeration of the population are reduced cost, greater speed, greater scope and improved accuracy. Many who insist that the only accurate way to survey a population is to make a complete enumeration, overlook the fact that there are many sources of errors in a complete enumeration and that a hundred per cent enumeration can be highly erroneous as well as nearly impossible to achieve. In fact, a sample can yield more accurate results because the sources of errors connected with reliability and training of field workers, clarity of instruction, mistakes in measurement and recording, badly kept measuring instruments, misidentification of sampling units, biases of the enumerators and mistakes in the processing and analysis of the data can be controlled more effectively. The smaller size of the sample makes the supervision more effective. Moreover, it is important to note that the precision of the estimates obtained from certain types of samples can be estimated from the sample itself. The net effect of a sample survey as compared to a complete enumeration is often a more accurate answer achieved with fewer personnel and less work at a low cost in a short time. The most ‘convenient’ method of sampling is that in which the investigator selects a number of sampling units which he considers ‘representative’ of the whole population.
    [Show full text]
  • Yield Assessment of Tree Resources Outside the Forest Using Sector Sampling: a Case Study of a Public Park, Bangkok Metropolis, Thailand
    Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 45 : 396 - 403 (2011) Yield Assessment of Tree Resources Outside the Forest Using Sector Sampling: A Case Study of a Public Park, Bangkok Metropolis, Thailand Phatcharapan Tongson, Khwanchai Duangsathaporn* and Patsi Prasomsin ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to determine a suitable sector angle for a sector sampling inventory of trees outside the forest (TROF), and yield assessment of volume, diversity, biomass, and carbon storage at Wachirabenchatat Park, Bangkok metropolis, Thailand. Three angle sizes of 5, 10, and 15 ° were examined. In each angle size, eight sectors were randomly selected within the same study area, emanating from the same pivot point but going in different directions. The results showed that an angle size of 5 ° was suitable for sector sampling because of the slightly lower relative standard errors (SE%) of the tree volume and similar diversity index estimates, when compared with the other sector angles. From a study of the coefficient of variation of tree volume, the suitable number of sample sectors was six (sample size), for sampling in a similar study area. The results of a yield assessment study in Wachirabenchatat Park using an angle of 5 ° included estimates of biodiversity, volume, biomass and carbon storage estimates of trees. Twenty nine unique species were identified, the total volume of tree stems was 910.72 m3 (15.0 m3/ha); the total tree biomass and carbon storage in this selected area were 559.58 and 279.79 tonnes, respectively. Keywords: sector sampling, tree resources outside forest, yield assessment, Wachirabenchatat Park, Bangkok INTRODUCTION trees on land that fulfils the requirements of a forest or other wooded land except that: 1) the area is Trees in urban parks are a part of trees less than 0.5 ha, 2) the trees are able to reach a outside the forest (TROF).
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Conservation Glossary. INSTITUTION Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny, Iowa
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 044 296 SE 010 041 TITLE Resource Conservation Glossary. INSTITUTION Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny, Iowa. PUB DATE 70 NOTE 54p. AVAILABLE FROM Soil Conservation Society of America, 7515 Northeast Ankeny Rd., Ankeny, Iowa 50021 ($5.00) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Agronomy, Biology, *Conservation Education, Earth Science, Ecology, *Environment, *Environmental Education, *Glossaries, Natural Resources, *Reference Materials ABSTRACT This glossary is a composite of terms selected from 13 technologies, and is the expanded revision of the original 1952 edition of fighe Soil and Water Conservation Glossary." The terms were selected from these areas: agronomy, biology, conservation, ecology, economics, engineering, forestry, geology, hydrology, range, recreation, soils, and watersheds. Definitions vary in length from one to five or more sentences, and are intended to serve as a reference for professionals and laymen as well as students.(PR) TPA 4 Cir\J 111k Resource Conservation Glossary Soil Conservation Society ofAmerica V I bill/10011 Of foam IDiKaNif I Iffilitf 0:11(1 Of flu( fVf fib fiat 100441 NO VII 11100uil1 (Wilt IS fftfirtli IMOA INt ISOI 0 (*WINN. Of*fitif, itPOWS Of VFW OM 0t001 ITINI 0 101 IfftlVahl 1/114101 OUCH OHO Of lOgfilOff ad' NSIPOli Ot POW EL. 4110wamallifli 0 O ti V) Resource Conservation Glossary Published in 1970 by the Soil Conserve! km Society of America 7313 Northeas! Ankeny Road Ankeny, Iowa 30021 Pike SS Preface The Soil and Water Conservation Glossary, first published in 1952, was used extensively. It did not cover the broad re- source conservation field, however, and has since outlived its usefulness.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Inventory by Sampling Methods. 1953
    九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository FOREST INVENTORY BY SAMPLING METHODS. 1953 Kinashi, Kenkichi https://doi.org/10.15017/14955 出版情報：九州大学農学部演習林報告. 23, pp.1-153, 1954-03-30. Research Institution of University Forests, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University バージョン： 権利関係： PART 1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1. A motive for studying this subject. Forestry is concerned not only with the individual tree, but also with groups of trees, such as stands or forests. Especially, in the sciences of forest manege ment and forest mensuration, this study is needed. Since olden times, many statistical studies for forestry and forest mensuration have been made by many famous people, but these methods have been brought to a deadlock. The sample-plot method as hitherto used has the defect of being inadequate for precision measurement. With the recent development of sampling methods, it has come to be demanded of timber surveyors as of workers in other fields of statistical research that they have a clear conception of sampling errors. In Japan, we have not been able to study the science of modern statistics applied to forestry. There are 3 important reasons for this, I think. The first of them was the imitation of German forestry, the second was that insufficent attention was paid to the importance of forest mensuration and the third was the organization of our state and our educational system of forestry. Many students and graduates from universities majoring in forestry have many unsolved questions about forest mensuration in their fields of research and practice. Moreover, they did not have the methodical foundation of modern statistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Mensuration
    FOREST MENSURATION DIRECTORATE OF FORESTS GOVERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL Forest Management 1 This edition is published by Development Circle, Directorate of Forests, Government of West Bengal, 2016 Aranya Bhavan LA – 10A Block, Sector III Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700098 Copyright © 2016 in text Copyright © 2016 in design and graphics All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. 2 Forest Management For Mensuration PREFACE Forest Mensuration deals with measurement and quantification of trees and forests. Acquaintance with the techniques and procedures of such measurement and quantification is an essential qualification of a forest manager. As part of the JICA project on ‘Capacity Development for Forest Management and Training of Personnel’ being implemented by the Forest Department, Govt of West Bengal, these course materials on Forest Mensuration have been prepared for induction training of the Foresters and Forest Guards. The subjects covered in these materials broadly conform to syllabus laid down in the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Environment of Forests, Govt of India, vide the Ministry’s No 3 - 17/1999-RT dated 05.03.13. In dealing with some of the parts of the course though, some topics have been detailed or additional topics have been included to facilitate complete understanding of the subjects. The revised syllabus,with such minor modifications,is appended. As the materials are meant for the training of frontline staff of the Department, effort has been made to present theories and practices of forest mensuration in a simple and comprehensive manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Forestry - Wikipedia Page 1 of 18
    Outline of forestry - Wikipedia Page 1 of 18 Outline of forestry From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry: Forestry – science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human and environment benefits.[1] Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. Forestry accommodates a broad range of concerns, through what is known as multiple-use management, striving for sustainability in the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as 'sinks' for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Contents ◾ 1 Focus of forestry ◾ 2 Branches of forestry ◾ 2.1 Forest management ◾ 3 Types of trees and forests ◾ 4 Geography of forests ◾ 4.1 Map of biomes ◾ 5 Occupations in forestry ◾ 6 Silvicultural methods ◾ 7 Environmental issues pertaining to forests ◾ 8 Forest resource assessment ◾ 8.1 Timber metrics ◾ 8.2 Surveying techniques ◾ 8.3 Timber volume determination ◾ 8.4 Stand growth assessment ◾ 9 Harvesting ◾ 9.1 Harvesting methods ◾ 9.2 Harvesting tools ◾ 10 Forest products ◾ 10.1 Primary forest products ◾ 10.2 Secondary forest products ◾ 11 History of forestry ◾ 11.1 History of forestry, by period ◾ 11.2 History of forestry institutions ◾ 11.3 History of forestry science
    [Show full text]
  • A Statistical Manual for Forestry Research
    A Statistical Manual For Forestry Research FORESTRY RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAMME FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC A Statistical Manual For Forestry Research FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC BANGKOK May 1999 FORESTRY RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAMME FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC A STATISTICAL MANUAL FOR FORESTRY RESEARCH By K. JAYARAMAN Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC BANGKOK i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is deeply indebted to the FORSPA for having supported the preparation of this manual. The author is also indebted to the Kerala Forest Research Institute for having granted permission to undertake this work and offering the necessary infrastructure facilities. Many examples used for illustration of the different statistical techniques described in the manual were based on data generated by Scientists at the Kerala Forest Research Institute. The author extends his gratitude to all his colleagues at the Institute for having gracefully co-operated in this regard. The author also wishes to thank deeply Smt. C. Sunanda and Mr. A.G. Varghese, Research Fellows of the Division of Statistics, Kerala Forest Research Institute, for patiently going through the manuscript and offering many helpful suggestions to improve the same in all respects. This manual is dedicated to those who are determined to seek TRUTH, cutting down the veil of chance by the sword of pure reason. March, 1999 K. Jayaraman ii INTRODUCTION This manual was written on a specific request from FORSPA, Bangkok to prepare a customised training manual supposed to be useful to researchers engaged in forestry research in Bhutan.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing the Forest with Villagers: an Experience from Dong Kapho State Production Forest in Savannakhet, Lao PDR
    Page 1 of 14 Managing the Forest with Villagers: An Experience from Dong Kapho State Production Forest in Savannakhet, Lao PDR Khamphay Manivong, Director , Forest Research Centre Department of Forestry Vientiane, Lao PDR Berenice Muraille , Joint Forest Management Adviser, Lao-Swedish Forestry Programme Provincial Forestry Section Savannakhet, Lao PDR Abstract In Asia, governments have been reluctant to hand over large tracts of valuable production forest area to local communities. Thus, most participatory forest management programs are only applied in degraded or secondary forest areas. Presently, the Government of Lao PDR is testing various approaches to participatory forest management. This case study presents a joint forest management approach (collaboration between villagers and the Forest Department) to sustainably harvest timber in the Dong Kapho State Production Forest of Savannakhet Province in southern Laos. The following paper describes the technical processes of the joint forest management approach in harveting and processing timber in Dong Kapho. Introduction Over the last decade, the Government of Lao PDR has increasingly recognized that for sustainable forest management to be successful it needs to actively involve the communities living in or near forest area. In Savannakhet Province in southern Laos, a partnership has been formed between the government and local villagers to implement a forest management plan for Dong Kapho State Production Forest (SPF). To test this joint Forest Management (JFM) concept, in 1994 two models were initiated in 15 villages located around Dong Kapho. The two models differ in their arrangements for the sharing of responsibilities and benefits, however, both models include similar activities such as: pre-logging inventories, harvesting, log measurement and grading, sales, enrichment plating, and forest protection.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Forest Survey Sampling Designs in the United States W.E
    History of Forest Survey Sampling Designs in the United States W.E. Frayer and George M. Farnival Abstract__Extensive forest inventories of forested lands in the United States were begun in the early part of the 20th century, but widespread, frequent use was not common until after WWII. Throughout the development of inventmN techniques and their application to assess the status of the nation's forests, most of the work has been done by the USDA Forest Service through regional centers. Various sampling designs have been tried: some have proved efficient fur estimation of certain parameters but not others. Some dcsigns, though efficient in many respects, have been abandoned duc to the complexity of application. Others, while possibly not demonstrating high efficiency, have been adopted because of the simplicity of application. This is a history of these applications. We staff with the early compila- tions ofwestem data and line-plot cruises lor statewide inventories. Much discus- sion is presented on the dcvelopment of specialized designs for regional applications that mushroomed from the 1940's through the 1970's. We conclude with descrip- tions of the various designs now in common use or being tested today. One of the first notices of the awareness of a need for a of sampling methods to collect data and to make infer- national forest inventory is lbund in "Timber Depletion ences. This report includes many inferences as summa- and the Answer" (Greeley 1920). This report stated that fized in the Chief's report, but it includes the admission
    [Show full text]
  • 04-10 Frayer3
    4 Forest Survey Sampling Designs: A 27 Joint Annual Forest Inventory and History Monitoring System: The North Central Perspective W.E. Frayer and George M. Furnival Ronald E. McRoberts Sampling designs used in national Developed jointly by two of the Forest forest survey programs have been Service’s regional research stations, changing with those programs since the system’s North Central the 1930s. That history gives context implementation is discussed. to changes now under way. 11 Adopting an Annual Inventory 33 Analytical Alternatives for an System: User Perspectives Annual Inventory System Paul C. Van Deusen, Stephen P. Francis A. Roesch and Prisley, and Alan A. Lucier Gregory A. Reams For the new annual system to Differences between annual and succeed, it will need increased periodic inventory approaches require participation from the states, internal revisiting previous assumptions about changes in emphasis, and greater use the spatial and temporal trends in the of technology. data. 16 Rationale for a National Annual 38 Improving Forest Inventories: Forest Inventory Program Three Ways to Incorporate Auxiliary Information Andrew J.R. Gillespie Andrew P. Robinson, David C. Hamlin, and Stephen E. Fairweather Changing from a periodic to an annual inventory system for the The potential benefits of integrating Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) auxiliary information into estimates of program has significant implications forest stand inventory are attractive; for traditional and new users. three popular techniques are presented. 21 Annual Forest Inventory: 44 Multistage Remote Sensing: Cornerstone of Sustainability in the Toward an Annual National South Inventory Gregory A. Reams, Francis A. Raymond L. Czaplewski Roesch, and Noel D.
    [Show full text]
  • Alafia Scrub Master Plan
    TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . IV LIST OF FIGURES .. ..................................... ..... v I. INTRODUCTION ................................... .. ......... 1 II . PURPOSE . 5 Signage ............ .. .. .... ............................ 7 Land Use Amendment Procedure ......................... .. ... 8 III. STRUCTURES AND IMPROVEMENTS . ................ ........ .. 8 Existing Improvements . ..... ............ ....... ... 8 Proposed Improvements . 8 Access . .. .... ... ........................................ 10 Easements, Concessions, or Leases . 10 IV. KEY MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES .. ....... ... ..... ......... 12 Maintenance/Staffing . 12 Security and Safety . 13 Natural Resource Protection ... .. ........ .......... ...... 13 Site Description . 13 Soils . .... ... ................................ 13 Hydrology . 16 Biotic Communities ... .................. ......... 16 Wildlife . .. ... .... .. .. ................... 29 Listed Species . 30 Wildlife ................................... 30 Plants ...... ............................. 37 Resource Enhancement ............................. ........ 37 Archeological and Historical Resource Protection ...................... 43 Education Programs . 43 Coordination ................................... .......... 44 Greenway Management . 45 Preservation . 46 V. COST ESTIMATE AND FUNDING SOURCE .......................... 46 VI. PRIORITY SCHEDULE .................... ..... .. .... .. .. .. 47 VII . MONITORING .... ...... .. .. .. .. .. ................ 50 IX. REFERENCES .. ... ... .. .....
    [Show full text]
  • THE LOGGED PODOCARP STANDS of the LONGWOOD RANGE, SOUTHLAND by J
    THE LOGGED PODOCARP STANDS OF THE LONGWOOD RANGE, SOUTHLAND By J. T. HOLLOWAY I. INTRODUCTION A problem which has exercised the minds of many New Zealand foresters over the past several decades has been that of the restoration to productivity of the logged podocarp forests. The derelict condition of these forests, particularly of those of the southern hill country, is generally well known, but, rather surprisingly, a clear factual account of the present condition of the stands nowhere appears in print. A very considerable body of information has accumulated in forest records and a wealth of detailed descriptive material is pigeon-holed in the archives of the National Forest Survey; but, unless this information be periodically dragged forth into the light of day, the problem as a whole is unlikely to receive the attention it deserves. It may very well be, of course, that no substantial action to resolve the problem will prove possible under present economic circumstances but, as population grows and pressure on the land increases, the problem will loom ever larger. There can be no doubt but that, at some date perhaps not far distant, the logged podocarp lands must be taken in hand with a determined attempt made to restore them to a condition such that they can once more play an important part in the over-all land-use economy of the country. They cannot be allowed to support, indefinitely, a worthless growth of scrub hardwoods. Admittedly, one school of thought holds to the view that, in course of time, the podocarps will re-establish and that a continued measure of fire protection, coupled with unlimited patience, is the only measure required to be undertaken.
    [Show full text]