Chimpanzee Kevin D. Hunt Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11859-1 — Chimpanzee Kevin D. Hunt Index More Information

INDEX

abducted (or divergent, or gripping) American sign language (ASL), 392 diets, 67, 73 great toe, 98, 115, 143, 149, amino acid, 75, 82, 86–90, 93, 220, elbows, 110 152, 154, 158, 167, 170, 173, 222–223, 228, 284–285, 314 humeri, 109 201, 485, 520, 528 amnion, amniotic sac, 196 identifying first ape, 158 abduction Amphibia (taxon), 42 positional behavior, 126 humeral, 143, 145, 152 amygdala, 364, 376 thoraxes, 108 humeral (definition), 110 amylase, 88, 220 ape–monkey competition, 162, 521, abstraction (concept formation), 347 anatomy, 97–98, 100, 117 528 Acanthus pubescens,72 Ancestral Positional Behavior Regime appetite acidosis, 93 (APBR) stimulant, 277 acrobatic behaviors, rarity, 260 and blood pressure, 266 suppressant, 277, 285 activity budget and cancer, 266 appreciation of music, lack of, 342 chimpanzee, 260, 268 definition, 266 Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 33, 519 hunter-gatherer, 266 and diabetes, 266 arbitrariness, 391, 393 industrialized countries, 263 and heart disease, 266 Aristotle, 24 adaptation, 33, 124, 135–136, 140 and immune function, 266 armhang, 120, 123–124, 126–127, 129, adolescent infertility, 207 joint health, 266 144, 146–148, 179, 181, 409, adoption, 306 and obesity, 266 477, 485 adrenal cortex, 283 and stroke, 266 australopith, 474 adrenal gland, 283, 291 Andrews, Peter, 161, 177 finger length, 528 adrenal medulla, 283 anestrous, 458 arousal threshold (during sleep), 374 adrenalin, 220, 277, 283 animal model, 255 arsenic, 94 effect of, 277 Animalia (taxon), 42 art adulthood, 207–208 ant wand, 12, 408, 413 appreciation of, 340 affective neuroscience, 342 anthrax, 255–256 chimpanzee art represented as Aframomum mala, 72, 388 antibiotics, 254 human, 341 Age of Discovery, 29 penicillin, 254 creation, 341, 420 Age of Reason, 20 streptomycin, 254 arthritis. See Degenerative joint disease aggression, 344 sulphonamide, 254 captive chimpanzee, 262 Ahlquist, Jon, 228 anticodon, 222 wild chimpanzee, 261 Alfonso X, 277 antifeedant, 70, 76, 80, 83–84, 87, 94, Arthropoda (taxon), 42 alkaloid, 71, 82, 94, 129, 160, 183, 246, 128–129, 160–161, 163, Aspilia, 253 520–521 (see also ‘toxin’) 178–181, 351, 510, 522–523, Astringent, 160 allometry, 131, 133, 135, 150–151, 189, 527–528 asymmetry, 365 210, 366–367 antifeedant intolerance Athens, 22–23 definition, 132 as driver of ripe-fruit diet, 69, 509 athletic ability allomothering, 306 and tool use, 530 role in social rank, 434 by juveniles, 305 antinutrients (digestion inhibitors), 75, attachment theory, 307 alpha, 450 82–83, 85, 93, 95 attractivity, 459 alpha status ants, safari, 12, 408, 412–413 attribution of false belief, 338 advantages, 433 anvil, 412 experiments, 339 benefits, 431 APBR. See Ancestral Positional attribution, of mental states, 338 disadvantages, 433 Behavior Regime Augustine, Saint, 32 reinforcement of, 430 ape australopith altruism, 346 comparative osteology, 59 bony labyrinth, 488 American Museum of Natural as a concept, 20 chimpanzee-like traits, 479 History, 4 definition/taxonomy, 57 femoral shaft obliquity, 478

560 Index

australopith (cont.) bilophodonty, 159, 183 bonobo, Pan paniscus, 8, 40, 58–59, fingers, 477 binding site, 224 122, 158, 176, 210–212, 227, forelimb morphology, 477–478 binomial system, 36, 40 229, 256, 286, 293, 331, 342, hindlimb morphology, 479 biomechanics, 97, 131 349, 396, 398, 406, 499–505, human-like traits, 479 bipedalism, 115, 122, 148, 177, 179, 508–512, 519 knee joint, 478 257, 409, 431, 450, 473, alpha male reproductive success, leg length, 478 479–485, 487–488, 493–494, 504 manual phalanges, 478 502, 532, 534 bipedalism, 502 microwear, 487 bipedalism origin hypotheses, 480 body mass, 501 morphology, 473–474 efficiency, 482 body proportions, 501 morphology, interpretation of, 474 food carriage, 481 contact calls, 510 pedal phalanges (toes), 479 infant carriage, 481 diet, 508 pelvic morphology, 475 killer-ape, 481 discovery, 500 pisiform, 477 postural feeding, 484–485 dispersal, 503 pollen, 487 seed eating, 483 dispersal, male, 504 sexual dimorphism, 237 small object feeding, 484 extended estrus, 505 skeletal features summary, 486 social display, 481 extended lifespan, 504 skull morphology, 475 suspensory, 480 female alliances, 499 social system, 237 thermal radiation, 483 female bonds, 503 thoracic morphology, 476 tool use, 480 female dominance, 500 trace elements in fossils, 487 wading, 482 foramen magnum placement, 502 ulnar styloid process, 477 birth, 300 fruit consumption, 508 Australopithecus afarensis, 474 eating afterbirth, 301 genito-genital rubbing, “g-g Australopithecus anamensis, 474 birth canal, 203 rubbing”, 503 autosomal chromosomes, 236 birth weight, 203 geographic distribution, 500 Aves (taxon), 42 black and white colobus (Colobus hunting, 501 Aye-aye, Daubentonia,50 guereza), 44, 55–56 intercommunity relations, 507 Bloomington, Indiana, 191 lack of pant-grunt, 505 baboon Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 27 lack of territoriality, 507 gelada (Theropithecus), 56, 83, 179, body sense (proprioception), 248 less variable party size, 504 483, 488, 533 body size locomotion and posture, 482 hamadryas (Papio hamadryas), 179, and intelligence, 528 long-distance calls, 504 237, 483, 487, 533 nest or sleeping platform, 530 male aggression, lesser, 505 savanna or olive (Papio anubis), 18, body size (mass, weight), 98, 100, monkey convergence hypothesis 48, 54–56, 126–128, 137, 114–115, 122, 124, 128–129, (MCH), 509 160–161, 168, 170, 175–176, 131–134, 144, 148–149 mother–son alliances, 503–504 179–180, 293, 312, 316, 318, Boesch, Christophe, 14, 18, 315, 317, narrow body plan, 503 344–345, 376–377, 452, 456, 321, 333, 336, 347, 411, 430 neoteny, 509 461, 466, 506, 510–511, 534 Boesch, Hedwige, 14, 18, 317, 321, 333, origin of female dominance, 504 mating system, 460 347, 411, 430 philopatry, 503 baby fat, human bone pronunciation, 500 function, 203 femur, 474 pygmy chimpanzee, 500 balance (equilibroception), 248 lumbar vertebrae, 148 reproduction, 505 baobab fruits, 412 ilia, allometric forces, 150 self domestication, 509 Baphia capparidifolia,71 knee joint, 474 semicircular canals, 503 basal metabolic rate (BMR), 294 lumbar vertebrae, 148, 475 sexual dimorphism, 501, 511 Basmajian, John, 134 pelvis, 475 skeletal evidence of violence, 505 Beagle, The,30 phalanges, 474 spatial memory, 508, 510 beetles, 37, 452 robust mandible, 475 terrestrial herbaceous vegetation begging, begging gesture, 387 robust zygomatics, 473–474 (THV), 508 Begun, David, 175 sacrum, 475 terrestriality, 503 Beilschmiedia ugandensis, 489 scapula, 475 tool use, 508 Belyaev, Dmitry, domestication, 212 tarsal, 52 traits shared with monkeys, 486 Benefit, Brenda, 164 ulna, 477 vocalizations, 504

Index 561

border patrol, 75, 298, 348, 440–441, Campo-Ma’an, Cameroon, 159 Chimpanzees of Gombe, Goodall Jane,29 468, 518, 530 cancer, 258 chin, 137–138 defined, 441 canine function, 137, 140 evolutonary origin, 139 low-ranking male participation, 445 Cant, John, 161 chlorophyll, 86 bowed radius and ulna, 152 captivity, chimpanzees in, 1, 7, 11–12, Chordata (taxon), 42 bowerbirds, 454 14–15, 28, 61, 68, 75, 100, 245, chromosome number, human vs Bowlby, John, 260, 307 247, 255, 257–259, 261, 300, chimpanzee, 224 box stacking, 328 302, 325, 346, 377, 398, 408, chronic stress, 286 Boysen, Sally, 333, 343 414, 508, 517, 521 class, taxonomic, 42 and M&M’s, 344 capuchin, Cebus, 44, 47, 51–53, 151, Clever Hans, 395 Boysen, Sarah T., 332 312, 331, 519 Clever Hans Effect, 395–396 Brace, Loring, 473 Carroll, Sean climbing. See Vertical climbing brachiation, 57, 124, 126, 142–144, Endless Forms Most Beautiful, 191 closed-canopy rainforest, 62–63 148, 150, 161, 181, 329, 480, carrying, of infant by mother, 204, 298, coalitionary violence 502 301, 461, 523 and imbalance of power, 530 brain Carthage, 22–23 coalitions, 431 and body awareness, 363 caudal (definition), 112 cocaine, 82, 94 growth, 284 causality coccyx, 200 insula, 202 and Broca’s area, 363 codon, 222 and mental rotation, 363 ceboidea (informally, “ceboid”), 42–43, coevolved bacteria, 85, 87, 90, 163 neuron number, 367 51–54 cognition operculation, 202 cecum, 87–90, 93 diversity, 521 orbitofrontal cortex, 202 cell differentiation, during fetal growth, judging relative size, 332, 343 and spatial awareness, 363 190 quantity assessment, 343 visual cortex, 242 cell membrane, 218, 276 Collins, Tony, 18, 409 brain asymmetry, 361, 368 cellulase, 83, 86–87, 90 Colobus thumbs, 174 brain development, 204–205 cellulose, 65, 71, 75, 83, 85, 87, 90, 160, colon, 47, 87–90, 93, 258, 267 brain hemispheres, 357 183 colon cancer, 267 brain size central sulcus, 360 color discrimination, 243 and life history, 534 Cercopithecoidea (informally color perception, 243 as a primate trait, 47 “cercopithecoid”), 42–43, 51, colugo, or flying lemur, 43 sleep paralysis, 530 54–56, 162, 164, 175 common cold, 257 brain stem, 357 cerebellum, 357 community, 141, 206–208, 245, 302, Broca’s area, 323, 360–365, 368–369 cerebrum (cerebral cortex), 357 443–446, 457, 462 Brodmann, Korbinian, 364 cervix, 288, 291 assaults on, 372, 376, 427 Brodmann’s areas, 365 Challenge hypothesis, 468 boundary, 441 bronchitis, 257 Charles cohesion, 350, 456 Brown, Daniel, 419 Semliki, 491 as a concept, 440 buckling of the spine, 148–149 Chausiku, 252, 348, 440 cultural variation among, 13 Budongo, Uganda, 17, 69, 72–73, 247, cheek flanges, 57, 139 culture, 421 312, 386, 413, 423, 427, 490 chemical defense, 81 definition, 437 tandem walk, 423 Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage, 307 identity, 303 bushbaby, Galago, 50, 52, 318, 321, chimpanzee, 246 integration, 302 407, 501, 508 earliest image, 21, 24 internal politics, 427 bushpig, 348 intellectual challenges in wild, 15 as a mental construct, 349, 438 buttresses, 63 naming, 27 range, 74, 438 Bygott, David, 18, 257, 313, 413 population density vs monkeys, 523 resources, 348 prospect of living among humans, size, 437 caffeine, 94 400 territory, 442 calcitonin, 293 range size vs monkeys, 523 transfer, 207, 442 callitrichid = marmoset or tamarin, 43, rigors of daily life, 521 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions, 52–53, 131–132, 276, 287 chimpanzees 13, 343 Cambridge Declaration, the, 339 as a fully evolved species, 520 competition, between apes, monkeys, Cameroon, 4 as referential models, 520 128–129, 175, 183

562 Index

competitiveness, 344 culture, 12–13, 388, 399, 419–420, 424, frequency among older Americans, gaze-following, 345 518 262 complex carbohydrates, 71, 75–76, 87, experimentation, 420 frequency among wild chimpanzees, 89–90, 92, 534 food item selection, 423 261 composite tool raking task, geographic variation in ant-dipping, frequency and activity level, 262 328 423 frequency in USA, 262 composite tools, 328 geographic variation in diet, 423 repetitive tasks, 264 compound tools, 328 geographic variation in gestures, 423 dendropithecoids, 159 conceptual model, 532 geographic variation in leaf- dental apes, 159, 161, 163 cone-shaped thorax, xiii, 110, 135, 147, clipping, 423 dental caries, 258 476, 479, 484 geographic variation in napkin use, dentistry, chimpanzee, 414 function, 145 423 dermal ridges, 54, 477 conﬁdence in paternity geographic variation in nut- Dermoptera (or colugo [taxon]), 43 and mating system, 460 cracking, 421 Descent of Man,58 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 17, geographic variation in spear use, Deschner, Tobias, 466 24–25, 62, 64, 255, 261, 423 detumescence, 464 500 geographic variation in sponge use, diagnostic features (“killing features”), Congo, the chimpanzee, 341 421 41 consortship, 465 geographic variation in well- Dian Fossey, 58 contractions (birth), 301 digging, 423 diarrhea, 254 copulation, 304 role of mother in acquisition, 347, Dictyophleba lucida,71 core area, 304–305, 439, 444, 459, 521, 423 diet, 11, 44, 47–48, 50, 52, 54, 61, 523–525 variation across space, 421 67–68, 71–72, 74–75 advantages, 74, 94 culture, deﬁnition, 419 breadth, 70 choice, 443, 462 cyanide, 82, 94, 246, 522, 533 dietary imperatives, 520 consequences for males, 183 cytoplasm, 218, 222 differential growth, 188 link to male territoriality, 510 digestion, 87–88, 90, 93 location, 206–207, 304 Dart, Raymond, 481 digestive enzymes, 82, 89, 93, 191, peripheral, 439 Darwin, Charles, 13, 30, 36–37, 57–58, 220–221 quality, 439 212, 224, 342–343, 451, digestive physiology, 73, 163, 183, 294, selection for, 440 480–481, 487, 519 350, 518, 522 size, 439 Dawkins, Richard, 217, 455 as a driver of social behavior, 521 and social rank, 468 de Waal, Frans, 420, 434, 500 primitive humans, 518 corpus callosum, 357 death, 307 diphtheria, 254 corpus luteum, 289, 291 death of infant, mother’s reaction, Diplorynchus condylocarpon,70–71 corticotropin (ACTH), 283 306–307 disaccharides, 90 corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), DeBrazza’s monkey, 452 discreteness, 391, 393 283 deception, 337, 339–340, 434, 468 disease, human cortisol, 283, 286 deconstruction task causes, 534 and social rank, 293 apes superior to Cebus, 331 dispersal (= group transfer), 206, 442, co-sleeping, 375 box of rocks, 331 504, 506 Coula nuts reducing box to sticks, 330 bonobo, 503 nut-cracking techniques, 411 rope on pole task, 331 dispersal (transferring) counting, 332 deep crouch, 431 and social rank, 304 unboundedness, 332 degenerative (lifestyle) diseases, 254 displacement, 391, 393, 533 crepuscular, 48 degenerative joint disease (DJD) or distance-minimizing ability, 333 Crick, Francis, 226 arthritis distinctness, of species, 34, 40–41 Cronin, Katherine, 307 and body weight, 262 diurnal, 46, 48, 54, 243 cross-fostering, 5, 248, 343, 388–389, frequency among ancient humans, diverticulosis, 267 392, 394 264 DNA, 190–191, 217–222, 224, 226, cross-modal transfer, 337 frequency among captive 228–229, 518 cryptorchidism, 491 chimpanzees, 261 adenine, 219 cultural diffusion, 421 frequency among hunter-gatherers, cytosine, 219 cultural transmission, 421 262 guanine, 219

Index 563

junk DNA, 237 monkey, 110 sadness, 343 regulatory DNA, 221 Proconsul, 168 surprise, 343 thymine, 219 elbow extension, 107, 110, 143, 154, trust, 343 DNA repair, 219 168 emotions (affect), 342 DNA–DNA hybridization, 228 and armhanging, 143, 145 empathy, 13, 247, 305, 323, 344, 346 dogbane, 85 short olecranon, 152 in captivity, 346 domestication, 211, 509 elbow flexion, 110, 114, 143, 152–153, in the wild, 346 common traits, 509 174 endocarp, 85 domestication, consequences, 211 electromyography (EMG), 134 endocrinology, 276 domestication, foxes, 211 electrophoresis, 226 endometrium, 195, 291 dominance hierarchy, 431 embryonic development endurance, 235 Donald, 389 amniotic sac, 196 and testosterone, 292 Doran, Diane, 502 apoptosis, 200 Entebbe Zoo, 2 Dorsal ridge, 106, 109, 154 arm buds, 199 environment of evolutionary dose effect blastocoel, 194 adaptedness (EEA), 100, 260, exercise and DJD, 264 blastocyst, 194 262–263, 266, 268, 520 Douglas, Preston, 4, 6–7 Carnegie Stage 10, 198 enzymes, 220 drinking wells, chimpanzee, 12, 410, Carnegie Stages, 198 epigenetics, 224 490 cartilage, 199 epiglottis, 103 Drumming, 387, 410, 414 cell differentiation, 190 epinephrine, 277 Dryopithecus, 176, 182 digestive system, 196 epiphyte, 63 duality of patterning, 391, 393 ectoderm, 196 Equatorius, 176 endoderm, 196, 198 erector spinae muscles, 169 ear (pinnae), 140 first cell division, 190 erythropoietin, 293 function, 141 gastrulation, 196 Escherichia coli, 191 role of shape in perception, 140 heart, 197 esophagus, 101–103 size, 245 implantation, 195 essence, 32 size, chimpanzee, 141 inner cell mass, 194 essentialism (Neoplatonism), 32–33, 35, size, gorillas, 141 leg buds, 199 167 ear tears, Semliki, 490 mesoderm, 196 estradiol, 288 early adolescence, female, 205 neural crest, 197 estrogen, 277, 288, 290–291, 294, 459 early adolescence, male, 205 neural crest cells, 197, 199 estrogen, healthful effects, 288 Ebola, 255–256 neural fold, 197 estrogen, target tissues, 288 ecomorphology, ecological neural groove, 197 estrus morphology, 97, 183 neural tube, 197 costs, 304 edge detection, 244 notochord, 197 period, 55, 58, 74, 207, 276, 304, 313, efficiency, selection for, 136, 144–145, polarity, 190, 196 413, 446, 451, 459–460, 462, 162, 171, 177, 181, 333, 335 primitive streak, 196 464–466, 468–469, 492, 501, ειδος.See eidos sodium ions, 194 505, 510 eidos, 32 (see also “forms,”“ideals” and somites, 197 resumption after weaning infant, “types” transverse folding, 198 304 Ekembo, xvii, 165, 168–169 trophoblast cells, 194 signaled by volatile fatty acids, 459 Ekembo heseloni, 166 yolk sac, 196 swelling, 55, 205–206, 304 (see also Ekembo nyanzae, 166 yolk sac, erythrocyte production, 196 sexual swelling) Elaeis guineensis,72 emergent layer (of forest), 63 ethics, 346, 420 elastase, 220 emergent properties, 12, 517 ethylene (and ripening), 86 elbow, 107 emotional regulation eunuchs anatomical parts, 110 and sleep, 374 lifespan, 293 angled back medial epicondyle, emotions, 343 Evered, 319, 384, 428 168 anger, 343 evolutionary inertia, 480 ape, 107, 110 anticipation, 343 executive functions, 360 australopith, xiii disgust, 343 exocarp, 85 flexion, 110 fear, 343 exon, 221 human, 107 joy, 343 expansin, 86–87

564 Index

expressed DNA, 220 femoral neck Fongoli, 488 extended phenotype, 453 angled up, 170 food list, 69–70 extracommunity killing, 441 long, 170 cultural acquisition, 423 exudates = saps or gums, 53 femur (pl. femora), 114–115, 132, 170, mothers discourage new items, 423 eye, 101 474, 478, 492 food supply anatomy, 243 condyles, 115, 164 and imbalance of power, 525 frontation, 46, 52–54, 518 head, 170 and party size, 525 stereoscopy, 46 head, cranial displacement, 152 food-sharing, 213 head, displaced from greater foregut fermentation (digestion), 90, 93 Faben, 257 trochanter, 170 forelimb face recognition, 244 head, spherical, 115 anatomy, 110, 114, 143, 152 facial expressions, 324 valgus, 115, 478–479, 492–493 function of long arms, 142, 144 fairness, expectation of, 346 varus, 115 forelimb retractors (shoulder flexion), Fall of Rome, 32 fetal brain growth, 203 112, 143, 149 fallback foods, 71–72, 74, 87, 315, 518, fiber = cellulose, 47, 68, 70, 73, 83–86, forest 527 90, 92–93, 129, 160, 163, ground layer, 63–65 fallopian tube, 190 266–268, 510, 520–522, 531 riverine or gallery, 61, 63–65 false belief, 345 Fifi, 207, 298, 304, 308, 424, 433 scrub or bush, 65 family, taxonomic, 42 finger length, 24, 131, 142, 144, 154, seasonal, 61, 64–65 famine, epigenetic response to, 224 158, 162, 168, 171, 188, 200, tropical rainforest, 61–65 Fanni, 298 478, 487, 501, 528 woodland, 63–66, 178 fast twitch muscle fibers (MHC II fingernails, as primate trait, 45 forms, 33 (see also “types,”“ideals,” isoforms), 116 fingers (phalanges) and “eidos” fat, 285 curved, 104, 144 Fouts, Roger, 335, 393–394 and health, 266–267 flexor sheath ridges, 144, 179, fractions, 332 metabolism and adrenalin, 277 477–478, 501 fractures, 259 metabolism and cortisol, 283 length, 131 long bones, 259 storage, 276, 284, 286 Fisher, Dorothy Canfield, 309 neck, 259 fathering, 298 fission–fusion social system, 350, sex differences, 259 fatty acids, 90, 93, 285 438 skeletal element, 259 Fatuma, 306 bonobos, 501 skull, 259 fear-grin, 348, 350, 386 described, 54 fractures, healed, 259 feed-as-you-go, 129, 172, 528 as a driver for advanced cognition, Franklin, Benjamin, 254, 405 feeding bout, 12, 70, 126, 305, 450 349–350 Franklin, Rosalind, 226 feeding parties, 438 and imbalance of power, 533 Franks, Steven, 390, 400 female and intelligence, 533 Freud, 428 aggression and violence, 428 large brains, 519 Frodo, 428 aid during birth, 300 and paternity confusion, 461 fronds, 72, 139, 153, 303, 330, 379, body mass, 57 as a response to dispersed food, 438 copulation rate, 304 521 frontal lobe, 358, 360 core areas, 439 Flint, 308 fructose, 76, 89–90 dispersal, 304 and mother’s death, 305 frugivore, frugivory, 67, 73, 84, 93, estrus, 304 Flo, 257, 304, 308, 424 163, 171, 243, 481, 508, 533 hunter-gatherer, 293 death, 306 fruit hunting, 314 Flossi, 299–300, 424 ripe, 68, 71–73, 76, 83–84, 93–94, mate-choice, 434 flowering, 64 124, 126, 128, 161, 163, 171, social rank, 305 flowers, blossoms, 32, 44, 65, 69, 71, 180, 247, 258, 332, 440, 508, sociality in captivity, 302 73, 80, 82, 423, 510 518, 523 spatial memory, 333 foamy virus, 256 unripe, 68–69, 73, 84–85, 93–94, the ecological sex, 313 follicle, 289 129, 171, 180–181, 246, 510, female ovulatory cycle, 290, 459 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 521 female–female relationships, 207 290 fruit dispersers, 94 femoral head spermatogenesis, 292 fruit flies cylindrical, 170 follicular phase, 289 Drosophila melanogaster, 191

Index 565

fruit ripening, xvii, 68, 80, 86–87, 438, 142–143, 148, 150, 158, 163, gray matter, 359 525, 527 294, 379, 451–452, 480, 483, great ape fruit syndrome, 84 519, 534 deﬁnition/taxomomy, 59 Furuichi, Takeshi, 14, 505, 509 mating system, 460 Great Chain of Being, 30, 33, 38 Gigi, 314 Grewia species, 489 galactose, 89, 191, 220 giving-up-density, 128 grip gap-crossing, 128, 161, 174–175 glucagon, 284 key, 45 gape, jaw, 136, 153 glucocorticoids, 283 power, 45 Gardner, Allen and Beatrix, 335, 346, glucose, 76, 89–90, 191, 220, 266, precision, 45 392 276–277, 283–285 gripping great toe, 168 Garner, Robert, 28 glycogen, 284 grips, manual or hand, 45, 104 gaze-following, 338, 345 Goblin, 428, 432, 434 growth hormone (GH), 293 gedanken, 328 golden mean and joint wear, 264 growth spurt, 210 Gehring, Walter Jakob, 192 golden mean, exceptions, 264 Gua, 246 gene, 217, 219–220, 224, 228–232, golden mean, hypothesis for DJD, 264 guenon, Cercopithecus, 51, 55 234–235, 237–238, 294 golden snub-nosed monkey, 56 Gwekula, 252 CASP12, and sepsis, 235 Gombe, Tanzania, 9–12, 16–17, 20, 29, CMAH, 235 64–65, 69, 80, 87, 126, 128, 159, Haeckel, Ernst FOXP2, 237 180, 206–207, 258–259, 300, ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, IL1 gene family, 235 304–305, 312–313, 315, 200 IL1F7, 235 318–320, 348, 351, 409, 414, hammer and anvil tasks, 328 IL1F8, 235 421, 423, 427, 430, 437, 442, hand-clasp grooming, 421 KRTHAP1, 235 456, 468, 492 handedness, 365 lactase production, 191 diet list overlap with Mahale, 75 handicap, 453 lost genes, 234–235 feeding bouts, 70 handicap, intersexual selection, 452 MMP5, 193 hunting, 315 handicapping displays, 451 MYH16, 235 kidnapping, 17 handicapping principle, Zahavi’s, 453 Neanderthal FOXP2, 238 polio, 257 Hanno, 22–23, 25, 30 selﬁsh genes, 217 prey choice, 318 Haplorhini (or informally, TAS2R, 246 skeletal injury, 139 “haplorhine”), 42–43, 46, 52 generalized quadrupeds, 49, 52–53 termite mounds, 409 Hare, Brian, 345 genetic similarity gonadotropin-releasing hormone, 290 Harlow, Harry, 307 humans, chimpanzees, 521 gonorrhea, 256 Hayes, Catherine and Keith, 244, 389 genetics, 43, 52, 59, 164, 183, 217–218, good genes, 451, 453 health 224, 226, 294, 519 Goodall, Jane (van Lawick), 1, 11, 14, and physical activity, 520 Semliki, 493 16, 29, 38, 74, 80, 254, 257–259, hearing (audition), 244–245 genome, 217, 221 312, 316, 331, 343, 351, 379, acuity, 245 chimpanzee, 229–230, 232, 238 383, 405, 409, 433, 437, 469, heart attacks (myocardial infarction),, human, 229, 237, 294 519 267 monkey, 163 Goodman, Morris, 226–227, 229 heart disease Neanderthal, 238 Gorilla, 23–24, 28, 41, 43, 45, 58, absence among hunter-gatherers, genomics, 217 102–104, 114, 122, 132, 259 genus, taxonomic, 27, 40, 42, 49, 51 150–151, 158–159, 171, absence among wild chimpanzees, geometrically scaled, 133–134 178–179, 181, 200, 210, 227, 259 geomorphology, 97 229, 233, 236–238, 262, 339, chimpanzee susceptibility, 259 gestation, 189, 202 460, 469, 492, 509–510, presence among captive gesture, 388, 423 518–519 chimpanzees, 259 arm-over, 421 mating system, 460 heat stress and bipedalism, 482 list, 386 Goulago triangle, 347, 409, 424 hemoglobin, 220, 229 ghrelin, 285 Gould, Steven, 420 hepatitis C, 255 response in mice, 285 gout, 258 Herculano-Houzel, Suzana, 358 response to stomach, 285 graded signal hypothesis, 466 Herpes, 257 gibbon (hylobatid), 57, 103, 110, 112, grandmother hypothesis, 209 HGH (human growth hormone), 220 114–115, 124, 127–128, 135, grass stems, 438 hierarchical, 35, 40

566 Index

high cholesterol, 233, 264, 267 Hugo, 258 inbreeding, 206 among chimpanzees, 260 Human Accelerated Region, DNA incest avoidance, 206, 467 high density lipoproteins (HDL) and (HAR), 237 and dispersal, 442 diet, 267 human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), inclusions (in plants), 83 high-fiber diet and joint health, 267 291 Indiana University, 80, 192 hindgut fermentation (digestion), 90, human universals, 419 Indri, 44, 49–50 93 human–ape parallels, 518 infancy, 203 hindlimbs humeral infant dependency, 298 short, function of, 144 capitulum, 107, 152 infant mortality, 207, 308 hip flexibility, 170 head orientation, 107, 164, 167–168 infanticide, 298, 301, 308, 461–462, hippocampus, 364 head shape, 105, 109–110, 152–153 468, 470, 505, 521 Hirschauer, Margaret, 491 retroflexion, 168, 181 infectious diseases, 254 Hispanopithecus, 162, 176 trochlea, 107, 152, 477 inferior parietal lobule, 363 HIV, 255 zona conoidea, 107 inferior transverse torus, 102 HIV (chimpanzee). See SIVcpz humerus, 107, 110–111, 113–114, 123, infertility Hockett, Charles, 390 143, 149, 164, 168, 476 causes of, 461 home movies, of Meshie, 6 hunter’s tales, 28 as an evolved strategy, 521 home range, 66, 335, 423, 437, hunter-gatherer, 252 influenza, 254, 257 439–440, 522, 533–534 activity budgets, 262 injury, 258 homeobox genes, or Hox genes, 190 diets, 266 innateness, 392, 394 homeosis, 190 extreme activity, 262 inner cell, 195 Hominoidea (informally, “hominoid”), running, 263 inner cell mass, 194, 196 43, 51, 57, 59, 109, 164 hunting, 312 instinctual food preferences, 520 homosexual pair bonds, among advantages of, 314 Institute for Primate Studies (IPS), warriors, 503 evolutionary consequences, 312 University of Oklahoma, 393 honest display, 453, 456 and food availability, 315 insulin, 266–267, 284–285 honey, 68, 71–72, 263, 405–408, frequency, 312, 315 function, 284 414–415, 522 and human evolution, 321 production, 221, 235 hormone and human origins, 312 resistance, 285 angiosinogen, 277 lone female, 317 resistence, among chimpanzees, antagonists, 277, 285 male vs female, 313 260 atriopeptin, 277 and party size, 315 insulin-like growth factor IGF), 293 endothelin, 277 prey types, 318 intelligence ghrelin, 277 red colobus defense strategies, 319 and “off-stage” social events, 521 leptin, 277 success, 315 origin in fission-fusion society, 519 renin, 277 hunting strategies origin in social behavior, 519 thromboxane, 277 Gombe, 319 relative v absolute size, 358 vasoactive intestinal peptide, 277 Mahale, 319 role in social rank, 434 vasodilation, 277 Taï, 319 and tool use, 530 vasopressin, 277 Hurst, Shawn, 362 intelligent tool use, 415 hormones, 89, 97, 195, 217, 220, Huxley, Thomas Henry, 58–59, 224 intentionality, intention, 338, 345, 349 275–277, 283–293, 295, 373, Hylander, William, 137 interbirth interval (IBI) 375, 439, 458, 461, 466 hypertension, among chimpanzees, male vs femal infant, 305 complete list, 278 260 intercommunity interactions, 12, 18, sex, 277 hypothalamus, 277, 283–284, 289 139–140, 238, 258–259, 427, hormones, reproductive, 286 435, 437, 445, 456, 491–492, estrogen, 286, 288, 290–291, 295, ideal, 32–33, 35–36 (see also “form”, 534 459 “type” and “eidos” Intermembral index (IMI), 115, 145, follicle stimulating, 290, 292 ilium (also, iliac blade), 109, 114, 135, 173 luteinizing, 290 150, 493 International Commission on progesterone, 290–291, 466 Imanishi, Kinji, 419 Zoological Nomenclature prolactin, 286 imbalance of power, 441 (ICZN), 27 Houle, Alain, 128, 161 immutable, 35 intersexual competition Hox gene, 192–193 implantation, 291 and testosterone, 292

Index 567

intestines, 89–90 Kigoma, Tanzania, 10 late adolescence, female, 206–207 intracommunity violence killings late adolescence, male, 207 purpose, 434 intracommunity, 427 lateral orbitofrontal cortex, 361 intrasexual competition, 452, 456 kinesthetic sense, 248 laterality, xvii, 361, 365–366, 369, 489 and testosterone, 292 King, Mary-Claire, 193 the “practice” hypothesis, 365 intron, 221, 224 king-maker, 432 LCA, human and ape Ioni (Johnny), 13, 243–244, 343, 346, knee replacements, 262 gorilla-like, 201 388–389, 401 knucklewalk, 104, 106, 120, 122, 126, leaf clipping ischemic heart disease, 262 144, 154, 176, 179, 181, 501, as a cultural behavior, 423 ischial callosities (sitting pads), 56, 114, 528 as play starter, 414 120, 164 Köhler, Wolfgang, 13, 28, 326, 328, as sexual invitation, 413 ischium (pl. ischia), 56, 114, 120, 164, 330–333, 344, 348, 388, 521 as signal of resting, 414 168–169, 177 Kohts, Nadia Ladygina-, 13, 28, 244, leaf color, 243 246–247, 331–333, 337, 343, Leakey, Mary Jacko 346, 388 Proconsul, 167 Semliki, 491 Kossel, Albrecht, 80 leaping, 126, 148, 150–151, 161, 164, joint excursion and joint health, 260 kyphosis, 46 169, 171–172, 175, 502 Jomeo, 434 leaves, 44, 54–55, 71, 73, 75, 80, 83–84, July labor, 300 88, 93, 103, 171–172, 178, 243, Semliki, 491 length, 300 257, 301, 321, 351, 409, 414, junk DNA, 221 lactase, 191 484, 510, 525, 527 juvenile period, 205 lactase production, in E. coli, 191 Lemur catta, 46, 49 lactase repressor attachment site, 191 Lemuroidea (or informally, “lemuroid”), Kabila, Laurent, 17 lactational amenorrhea, 205 42–43, 45, 47–48, 50–51 Kakama, 8 lactose, 90, 191–192, 220 leprosy, 256 Kakama’s “toy baby”,8 Lake Tanganyika, 9, 252 leptin, 285 Kanzi, 396–398, 400, 414, 501 language LeSourd, Philip, 390 grammar, 396–397 ALR (ape language research), 390, less-is-more adaptation NHK film, 397 392, 394–397 enamel thickness, 140 vocabulary, 397 chimpanzee sentence length, 399 less-is-more evolution, 103, 234, 239 Kasekala, 299 chimpanzee–human differences, 399 examples, 234 Kasengazi, 450 chimpanzees use of articles, 399 leukemia, 258 Katinkila, Hamisi, 10 chimpanzees use of future, past lianas, 12, 63–64, 125, 143, 414 (see Kaufman, Thomas, 191–192 tense, 399 also vines) Kay, Richard, 137 chimpanzees use of recursion, 399 Lieberman, Philip, 389 K-complexes, 374 defining so as to exclude apes, 400 life history, 202 keen vision, as a primate trait, 46 design features, 390–391, 393–394, M1 eruption, 204 Keith, Sir Arthur, 142, 480, 483 396–397 role of brain development, 205 Kellogg, Winthrop and Luella, 245–247 evolutionary origin, 533 slow, 188 K group, Mahale, 432 human distinctiveness, 400 life history trade-off Kibale, Uganda reasons bonobos excel over and brain growth, 284 Kanyawara, xv, 17, 67, 69, 73–74, chimpanzees, 398 lifespan, human, 254 261, 427, 430–431, 433, 441, language design features lifestyle diseases, 520 490, 493 grammar, 397 absence among chimpanzees, 259 Kanyawara, lack of ant-dipping, 423 language, lexigram-based, 394 ligaments, 97, 134, 145, 147 Kanyawara, parasites, 253 Lanting, Frans, 500 light intensity perception, 243 Kanyawara, playback experiments, large body size limbic system, 362, 387, 392, 461 386 and competition with monkeys, 527 definition, 364 Kanyawara, violence against function, 128 links, linked in the Great Chain, 33–34, females, 412 Larson, Susan, 182 38 Ngogo, 17, 312, 315, 320, 457, 464, laryngeal sac, 103 Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), 27, 35–38, 490 larynx, 103, 363, 390, 392 40, 42, 519 Kichwamba Technical School, 18 larynx development lions kidnapping, Gombe, 17 MMP5, 193 handicapping theory, 454

568 Index

lions (cont.) 340, 342, 414, 421, 423, 427, memory heat stress, 454 430, 432, 437, 439, 442, 444, recursion, 336 manes, 454 450 role of motivation, 336 offspring survival rates, 454 K group, 432 memory consolidation, 373–374 lipase, 87–89, 93, 220 M group, 444 memory, chimpanzee, 13, 28, 68–69, lipid. See oil, fat main canopy, 63 244, 357 body fat. See oil, fat malaria, 255 for numbers, 335 detection. See oil, fat male-on-female violence, 412 group, 350 digestion. See oil, fat male socialization, 305 short term, 336 fat reserves, chimpanzee. See oil, male violence and sleep, 373 fat and territory defense, 526 spatial, 333, 335, 359, 508, 524, 527 storage. See oil, fat Man the Hunter, 312 working, 336–337, 350, 359 Lippia plicata, 253 mandrill, 55, 151, 175, 452 Mendel, Gregor, 519 liver disease, 259 mange, 256 menopause, 209, 256 locomotion, 119–120, 122–125, Marantochloa leucanth,72 menstrual cycle 129, 142–144, 148, 150, Marine House, Kampala, 3 sexual cycle, 288–289 160, 162, 170, 178, 248, marmoset (family Callitrichidae), 45, menstruation, 291 262, 345, 476, 479, 481–482, 53, 65 mental map, 7, 11, 61, 69, 303, 502, 533 Martin, Claire, 3 333–335, 351, 369, 383, 387, London Magazine, The,27 master genes (= homeobox genes), 409, 411, 415, 524 long back (leaping adaptation), 109, 192 Menzel, Emil, 383 148, 164, 171–172 Masya, 307 Meshie, 4–7, 9, 13, 389, 401 long fingers Matata, 396 mesocarp, 85 knucklewalking, 528 matching to sample, 243 messenger RNA (mRNA), 221–222 Lopez, Duarte, 24 maternal investment metabolic rate Lorisoidea (informally, “lorisoid”), in males, 305 and testosterone, 292 42–43, 48, 50–51 mating patterns, 465 metabolomes, 116 loss of body hair, 235 mating system metacarpal, 104, 106 Loulis, 347, 393 and sperm competition, 459 M group, Mahale, 428, 432, 437, 444 low body fat and reproduction, Matsuzawa, Tetsuro, 14, 332, 334–335, microflora, 83, 88, 93, 163, 267 (see 288 351 also “coevolved bacteria”) low density lipoproteins (LDL) and diet, maximal tumescence, 463 middle age, 208 267 McCrossin, Monte, 163 Miff, 305 lower canopy, 63 McDonald, John, cancer and brain Mimusops bagshawei fruit, 74 loyalty, 343 growth, 234 minerals, 75 Lucy, 394 McGrew, William C, 488 minimum-distance path/calculation, Lui Kotale, 502, 504 measles, 256 66, 68 Lukaja, 428–430, 450 meat Miocene epoch, 159, 163, 165 lunate, 111 dependence on, 312 mircroflora, 72 lung disease, 259 nutritional content, 313–314 mirror neurons, 361 luteal phase, 289 proportion of daily calories, mismatch luteinizing hormone (LH), 290 312 diet, 266 meat-sharing, 321 diseases, 267 macaque, Macaca, 44, 54–55, 109, 112, evolutionary consequences, teaching/learning, 347 114, 127–128, 151, 162, 169, 312 theory, 260 176–177, 207, 234, 301, 358, mechanically scaled, 134 mismatch theory, 276 451, 459, 463 medial orbitofrontal cortex, 361 defined, 260 Machiavellian intelligence, 340, 349 medicinal plants, 253 mismatches, evolutionary, 252 Macrotermes, 408 antihelminthics, 253 Mitani, John, 14, 441, 443 Madagascar, 49 method of consumption, 253 mitochondria, 218–219 Mahale, 320, 427 Megachiroptera (or fruit bats [taxon]), mitochondrial DNA, 195 Mahale, Tanzania, 9, 14, 17, 30, 64–65, 43 Mitumba, 299 69, 119, 209, 252, 298, 300, Mel, 305–306 Moja, 394, 396 306–307, 315, 317, 319, 335, melatonin, 375 molecular biology, 217, 224

Index 569

Molusca (taxon), 42 motivation the body mass hypothesis, 378 Monanthotaxis poggei,71 role in memory, 336 in evolutionary history, 378 monkey, 294, 312, 345 motor cortex, 361, 363–364 ground nests, 378 advanced digestive physiology, 518 Mount Assirik, 488 and human evolution, 379 antifeedant tolerance, 350, 521 Mount Cameroon, 22 and insulation, 378 canopy use, 518 Mount Nkungwe, Tanzania, 317 mattress, 377 characteristics shared with bonobos, mourning, 307 and predation, 378 510 mouse lemur, Microcebus, 43, 49 the sleep paralysis hypothesis, 379 cheek pouches, 512 MSR (mirror self-recognition), 339, 343 neuroanatomy, 27, 97, 357 dry-habitat adaptation, 483 multiparous females newborn, 301 dry-habitat group size, 533 sexual attractiveness, 466, 469 Ngamba Island, 3 as fallback food, 315 muscle nicotine, 82, 94 feed-as-you-go foraging, 528 biceps, 110, 114, 143 night vision, 244 as food, 314 brachialis, 110, 143, 152 Nim Chimpsky, 396 intelligence, 349 brachioradialis, 110, 114, 143, 476 Nishida, Toshisada, 9, 14, 19, 253, 299, positional behavior, 480 deltoid, 110, 114, 143 314, 423, 432, 437, 519 as prey, 313, 317–320 digital ﬂexor, 104, 144, 147 Nissen, Henry, 29, 410, 500 sexual swellings, 463 gluteal, 114, 150, 170, 475 Nkuumwa, 2–3, 5 sleep architecture, 376 latissimus dorsi, 113, 143, 149, 175 nocturnal, 48 sleeping posture, 376 masseter, 102, 137–138, 153, 235 noncoding DNA, 221, 224, 237 sleeping sites, 376 nuchal, 103, 139, 153 nonhuman primate sleep patterns, social cohesion, 350, 511 nuchal, function, 139 376 speciosity, 159 overstretching, 137 non-infectious diseases, 254 theory of mind, 350 pectoral, 112–113, 143 non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM) unripe fruit, 440 peroneus longus, 116 sleep, 374 vocal tract anatomy, 389 power, 116, 132–133 nonverbal communication, monkey convergence hypothesis quadriceps, 150 sophistication of, 383–384 (MCH), 509 temporalis, 46, 102, 137, 139–140, nose, 101 monosaccharides, 89 235, 475, 511 notochord, 42 Moore, Jim, 14, 344 trapezius, 111–112 Nsungwepithecus, 163, 165 Morgan, David, 14 muscle sparing principle, 134, 147 Ntologi, 298, 428, 432, 434 morphogens, 193 Musgrave, Stephanie, 424 nucleus, 219, 221–222 morphological defense, 83 mutation, 191, 217, 219–220, 231, nulliparous females morphology, 28, 52 234–235, 238–239 sexual attractiveness, 469 functional, 97, 115, 131, 134–135, Myrianthus holstii,70 numeracy, 331 141–142, 151, 173 Mzee nuptial gifts, 452 mortar/anvil, 410 Semliki, 490 nursery groups, 303, 440 mosaic evolution, 518 nut-cracking, 347 mother N’Zo-Sassandra River, 421 caloric values, 411 as playmate, 302 Nakalipithecus, 182 planning aspects, 411 as protector, 301–303 naked ape, 183 sex differences, 411 as teacher, 302 natural and ﬂexible use, 392–393 techniques, 411 and social rank, 303 natural theology, 30, 33, 35, 37, 519 mother–infant play, 302 Ndoki, 409 obesity, 259 mother–infant contact, 301 neoplatonism, 32–33, 36, 38 obesity, among chimpanzees, 260 and development, 308 neoteny, 188, 203 object–object relationship tasks mother–infant emotional attachment, 205 bonobo, 211 inappropriate toods, 331 mother–infant separation, neoteny ( = infantilization, object–object relationships, 325–327 consequences, 301 juvenilization), 210 occipital lobe, 358, 364 mothering, 204, 298 nest or sleeping platform, 29, 204–206, Oesophagostomum spp. (nematodes), nutritional burden, 301 253, 300–301, 304, 369, 372, 253 mothering instincts, 308 377–380, 388, 406, 470, 489, off-stage events mothering styles, 308 499, 505 females, 526 mother–son bond, 298 and anti-mosquito properties, 378 and intelligence, 526

570 Index

off-stage events (cont.) pain perception (nociception), 247 persistence as selection pressure for mind- Washoe, 247 role in social rank, 434 reading, 526 painting personality, 344, 348 old age, 208–209 by chimpanzees, 341 personality, components of olfaction pair bonding agreeableness, 344 chimpanzee, 247 among humans, 469 extraversion, 344 keen, 46–47, 49, 66, 141 trade offs, 469 neuroticism, 344 Olson, Maynard, 234 paleontology openness, 344 on-demand nursing, 302 challenges, 158 petalia, 365, 368 opaline phytoliths, 83 Paley, William, 30, 35 Peterson, Dale, 8, 238 opportunistic mating, 463 pancreas, 285 phalanges optimal diet, 75 Panda nuts, 411 terminal, narrow, 151 list, 75, 522–523, 525, 527 Panksep, Jaak, 342 phalanx (pl. phalanges), 104, 107, 122, optimal foraging theory, 66, 75 pant-grunt, 350, 383, 391–392, 144, 151–152, 154, 162, 177, Orangutans (Pongo), 20, 23, 25, 38, 43, 419–420, 428–429, 431, 450, 179, 181, 474, 477–478, 45, 48, 57–59, 102, 115, 465, 505 484–485, 501 127–128, 139, 142–143, 151, gradients, 431 pharmacology 158, 162, 177, 181, 226, 236, pant-hoot, 141, 206, 245, 249, 293, origin in plant defenses, 520 238, 331, 336, 349, 362, 372, 326, 383–384, 389, 441, 450, pharynx, 103 376, 379, 451, 479, 484, 492, 465, 504, 530 philopatry, 298 521 individual identification, 384 Phoenix reclinata,72 orbitofrontal cortex, 361–362 morphology, 245 photosynthesis, 84 order, taxonomic, 42–44, 82 size of food source, 384 phylum, taxonomic, 42 ordinality, 332 parallelism, 181 physiology, 294 Oreopithecus, 162, 182 parasite loads Pierolapithecus, 176 Origin of Species, The, 38, 519 and social rank, 293 pigment production, 87 orphaning, 2, 204, 305–306, 308–309, parent–offspring conflict, 303 piloerection, 4, 339, 348, 387, 431, 441, 504 parietal cortex, 363 450 os coxa, 109, 113–115, 135, parietal inferior lobule, 363 pineal gland 148–151 parietal lobe, 358, 363 and sleep, 375 osteoarthritis, 260 parietal superior lobule, 363 pinnae (ears), 102, 245, 249, 504 osteology, 28, 38, 97 Parinari curatelifolia, 315 Pisces (taxon), 42 osteopenia, 260 parity pisiform, 111 osteoporosis, 260 and sexual attractiveness, 466 pith, 67–68, 72, 76, 87–88, 129, 139, Ouranopithecus, 182, 201 parties, 437 153, 330, 438, 484 social system, 237 party size pituitary, 277, 290 outer ear development and hunting success, 315 placenta, 195, 291, 300 MMP5, 193 dependence on food supply, Planet of the Apes, 159 ovarian follicle, 290 525 Planet of the Monkeys, 129, 159 overeating, 285 influence of food supply, 525 plant chemistry, 80 ovulation, 289, 458 passion, 433 Plato, 30, 32, 38 suppression, 287 paternity confusion, 462 Plato’s Cave, 31 ovulation cessation high copulation rates, 521 plenitude, 33 lactational amenorrhea, 458 Pekin, Debra, 363 pliopithecoids, 159 ovule, 85 pelvis, xii, 56, 109, 114, 135, 148, 150, plotinus, 32 ovum 168–169, 177, 181, 291, pneumonia, 254, 256–257 oocyte, 189 474–475, 485, 493 poachers, 2 oxytocin, 287 Penfield, Wilder, 363 pointing, 325, 398, 511 cortisol suppression, 288 penicillin, 94 challenge interpreting, 325 and labor, 287 Pennisetum purpureum, 72, 139, polarity and lactation, 288 253 “west” end, 190 and mother–infant bonding, 288 perception of movement, 243 pole, polarity, 193 and pair-bonding, 288 periovulatory period (POP), 463 polio, 255–256 and vasoconstriction, 288 peroneus longus, 115 Pollard, Katherine, 237

Index 571

pollen granule, 85 proboscis monkey (Rhinopithecus), 56 quadrumanous climbing, 124 pollination, 85 proceptivity, 459 quadrupedalism, 50, 122–123, 129, Pongo, 24 Proconsul, 165, 167–169 178, 181, 479–480, 482–483 positional behavior, 121–123, 126–127, ankle, 170 quiescence, 464 129, 134 back length, 169 quinine, 94 deﬁned, 120 brain size, 171 positional mode, 120 brow ridge, lack of, 171 rabbit starvation. See protein positively selected genes, 230 elbow, 168 poisoning possessiveness, mating, 464 feet, 170 racehorse life history, 189 postorbital bar, 46, 48 gripping great toe, 168 Ramos, Gilbert, 502 postorbital closure, 46–48, 52 hip, 170 rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, 374 posture, 45, 119–120, 122, 126, 129, humerus, 168 Raven, Harry, 4, 6, 388 142–144, 147–148, 160, 164, intermembral index, 168 Raven, Mary, 4, 7 170, 174, 181, 262–263, 345, scapula, 168 receptivity, 459 383, 409, 430, 473, 480, taillessness, 169 recognition of line-drawing images, 484–485, 502, 533 teeth, 171 244 communication, 387 Proconsul africanus, 165 recursion, 399 posture (static and health), 265 Proconsul major, 166 lack of in Pirahã, 400 Povinelli, Daniel, 344 proconsulid, 168–172, 175, 177, 182 lack of in some human languages, prefrontal cortex, 116, 211, 360–362, productivity, 391, 393 400 367–369 progesterone, 287, 291 reference to abstractions, 392–393 function, 361 and immune response, 291 referential model, 532 pregnancy, 304 prognathism, 98, 102, 136, 138, 153, regulatory DNA, 237 pregnancy test, 291 177, 511, 520 relaxin, 291 prehensile tail, 52, 54 progress in science, unevenness, 519 as a vasodilator, 291 Premack, David, 394 Prohylobates, 163 reliable indicator hypothesis, 466 premaxilla prolactin, 288 religion, chimpanzee, 420 bone of contention, 38 female function, 287 repressor, 221, 224 premotor cortex, 360 late in pregnancy, 291 lactase, 191 presenting, 459 male function, 287 reptilia (taxon), 42 Preston, Richard, 255 propliopithecoids, 159 Resilience prey protein, 68, 82, 191–193, 217, 219–220, role in social rank, 434 baboons, 318 222, 224, 226–227, 229, reunions (and violence), 430 birds, 318 231–233, 285 reversal, 431 bushbabies, 318 dietary, 314 Reynolds, Vernon, xvi, 14, 19, 142 bushbuck, 318 protein folding, 224 rhinarium (wet nose), 48, 52 bushpigs, 318 protein poisoning, 78 Rhus natalensis, 489 colobus, 318 protein similarity, human–chimpanzee, ribcage, 147 duiker, 318 227 ribosome, 218–219, 222–223 percentage “stolen”, 317 protein synthesis, 218–220, 222–224, right-hand preference rodents, 318 232 humans, 365 squirrels, 318 protein, dietary, 47, 68, 71–72, 74–76, lack of, among chimpanzees, 366 primary compounds, 80–82 89, 232, 246, 312, 408, 411, 520, ripe fruit primary motor cortex, 360 534 positional requirements, 527 primary somatosensory cortex, 364 protein, digestion, 88, 93 Ripley, Suzanne, 161 Primate Diet Project (Wrangham), 160 proteinase inhibitors, 82 risk assessment, 342 primate diversity, 519 Pruetz, Jill, 14, 321, 407, 488 chimpanzees vs bonobos, 342 primate ﬁeldwork Pseudospondias microcarpa, 315 RNA (ribonucleic acid), 221 challenges, 17, 19, 518 Pterocarpus tinctorius,71 RNA polymerase, 221–222 primate trends, 44 puberty, 288 rods and cones, 101 primates pubis, 114 Rome, 22–23 as data for conceptual models, 520 pull-toy, 7 Rosalind Alp, 12 as models for human nature, 520 Purdue University, 80 Rose, Michael D., 167 prime adulthood, male, 208 Pusey, NNE, 302 Rukwapithecus, 165, 167

572 Index

Rumbaugh, Duane, 7 australopith-like faces, 495 skin, chimpanzee vs human, 102 running, 122, 164, 167–168, 170, 172 drinking wells, 490 sleep, 56, 164, 372–380, 530 Russon, Anne, 336 hand-clasp grooming, 489 among hunter-gatherers, 375 human-like pelves, 494 bifurcated sleep pattern, 375 Saba florida,70 violence, 490 and ischial callosities, 168 sacred trees, 420 sensory system, 242 sleep and modulation of emotional sacrum (pl. sacra), 109, 114, 135, 475 sentence construction response, 374 Safina, Carl, 339 and Broca’s area, 363 sleep architecture, 374 Samburupithecus, 182 sentence length, and chimpanzee sleep cycle, 374 Samson, David, 376, 491 language, 399 sleep paralysis, 373–374, 377–378, Sanz, Crickette, 14, 409 sentinel hypothesis, 376 530 Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 396–398 Senut, Brigitte, 487 sleep spindles, 374 savanna (grassland), 65–66, 412, 454, sepsis, 235 slow climbing, 51 481, 483, 495 sex cycle, 288–289 slow life history scabies, 256 sexual attraction, 205 and brain size, 534 Scala Naturae, 33 sexual dimorphism, 451 slow loris, Nyctecebus,50–51 scale model skills, 333 African ape, 210 slow wave phase sleep, 374 scaphoid, 111 and social system, 487 small intestine, 47, 87–89, 93 scapula, 105, 108, 110–111, 123, 146, australopith, 485, 532 small pox, 254 167–168, 486 bonobo, 501, 510 snub-nosed monkey, 55 australopith, 475 chimpanzee, 238 social brain hypothesis, 346 glenoid fossa, 105, 110, 112, 147, evolution of, 179, 183, 451 social display or charging display, 21, 152, 476 gorilla, 179, 238 431, 449–450, 456, 485, 531 narrow, 110 human, 487, 532, 534, See sexual social displays as bluff, 455 narrow = ape-like, 145–147, 152, selection social rank 154, 484–485, 502 hylobatid, 451 and foraging, 125 proconsulid, 168, 173 LCA, 237 and mothering style, 305 scent marking, 46, 49 Ouranopithecus, 179 social scratch, 387 Schick, Kathy, 397, 415 self-domestication, 511 sociality science, chimpanzee, 420 sexual selection, 451 need for in chimpanzees, 522 science vs religion, 30, 38, 518 cognitive aspects, 452 orangutan, 521 seasonality, 64 defined, 451 solanine, 94 second-order cooperation, 347 intersexual, 451 solitary social system secondary compounds, 70, 81–83, 85, intrasexual, 452 and sperm competition, 460 93, 350, 510, 520–522 sexual swelling, 55, 205–206, 304, 410, somatosensory homunculus, 363 Securinega virosa, 489 442, 459–460, 462–466, 481, Sonntag, Chaeles, 98, 188 seed dispersers, 83–86 499, 501, 503, 505, 532 sparse dispersed food seed predator, 85 evolutionary origin, 465 and fluctuations, 525 self domestications hypothesis (SDH), and mate selection, 532 species 509 shape discrimination, 243 definition, 41 self-control shared intentionality, 339 identifying, 32, 36, 41 and cognition, 346 sharing, 312 species, taxonomic, 42 self-domestication hypothesis (SDH), shoulder mobility, 106, 110, 127, 143, sperm competition, 452, 459 509 153, 174 sperm midpiece size, 460 selfishness, 346 shoulders (broad thorax), 57, 98, 108, spider monkeys, atelids, 44, 54, 69, 110, semicircular canals, 248 112 124, 150, 162, 350 Semliki Shumaker, Robert, 405–406 spina bifida, 197 genetic similarity to nearby siamang (hylobatid), 135 spindle, 305–306 populations, 492–493 Sibley, Charles, 228 sponge, 406 large community range, 492 sifaka, Propithecus,50 spoon, chimpanzee feeding human Semliki Chimpanzee Project, 488 signaling proteins, 192–193 with, 6 Semliki, Uganda, 17, 65, 312, 373, Simia,27 sports 410–411, 423, 438, 473, SIVcpz (chimpanzee HIV), 255 and social rank, 531 488–489, 491–492, 494, 496 size discrimination, 244 and territorial defense, 531

Index 573

square-cube law, 132–133 tannin, 71, 82–83, 86–88, 93, 102, 129, tendon, 104, 152, 268, 373, 480 squirrel monkey, Saimiri, 53, 451, 465 141, 160, 180, 183, 520–522, definition, 97 Stanford, Craig, 319 534 digital flexor, 104, 108, 477 starch, 76, 86, 88, 90, 93, 220 tapetum lucidem, 48, 52 and exercise, 520 Stevens, Nancy, 163, 167 Tardieu, Christine, 487 flexor sheath ridges, 144 stomach, 49, 55, 74, 80, 87–90, 93, 103, tarsier, Tarsius, 51, 53, 366, 465, 519 inflammation, 265 221, 285 Tarsiioidea (informally, ‘tarsioid’), peroneus longus, 115 strength, chimpanzee, 6 42–43, 51 terminal branches, 125, 128, 144, Strepsirhini (or informally, taste (gustation), 245 161–162, 170, 180, 527 strepsirhine), 42, 44, 48–52 alkaloid detection, 246 termite fishing, 406 stress preference for sour tastes, 246 termite mound, 69, 71, 303, 336–337, concentration in thorax, 145, See salt, 245 407, 409, 524 cone-shaped thorax sour, 246 soil, 71 stress hormones sugar detection, 246 terpenes, 83, 129, 160, 180, 183, 522 cortisol, 284 sweet, 246 Terrace, Herb, 396 cortisone, 284 umami, 246 terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV), hydrocortisone, 284 taxonomy, 27, 36–37, 40–43, 519 503, 509–510 prednisone, 284 teaching, 347, 424 terrestrial travel Strongyloides fulleborni, 253 correction, as hallmark, 423 as an efficiency strategy, 524 Stroop test, 362 mother’s role, 347 territoriality Strychnine, 94 teeth and female immobility, 524 Strychnos, 303, 412 canine, 46, 102–103, 137, 140, 153, benefits, 444 Student’s Prayer, 33 177–178, 237, 452, 480, 501, territory, 15, 58, 66, 75, 94, 206, 237, subconscious actions, 357 511, 520 293, 348, 372, 441, 444–446, sucrose, 90 canine (function), 47–48, 434 451–452, 456, 492, 505, 524, sugar, 47, 65, 68, 70–76, 80, 84–87, dental caries, 258 526, 530–531, 534 89–91, 93, 128, 160, 191, 218, dental formula, 46 and stationary females, 527 220, 231, 246–247, 266, 268, diastema, 103 community, 12, 206 283, 285, 440, 510, 520, 522 enamel hypoplasia, 258 definition, 440 sunday drive in the country, 20, enamel thickness (function), 103, testis size 36–38 171 and mating system, 459 superfamily, taxonomic, 42–43 enamel thickness (PM and M), 153, testosterone, 277, 292 superior parietal lobule, 363 177 and confidence, 292 superior transverse torus, 102 ever-growing incisor, 50 disadvantages, 433 supraorbital torus (browridge), 99, 101, extreme wear, 258 and dominance, 292 117, 139, 153, 171 incisor, 46–48, 53, 72, 102, 131, immune suppression, 292 supratoral sulcus, 99, 101, 137, 139 137–139, 153, 171, 177–178, lifespan, 292 suspensory, 54, 123–129, 142, 210, 258, 475 and male–male competition, 292 144–145, 148, 152, 161, 168, incisor size, correlated with fruit and overconfidence, 292 177, 181–183, 474, 477, 480 diameter, 137 spatial cognition, 293 and support diameter, 528 incisor, function, 138 trade-offs, 292 Systema Naturae, 36–37, 40–41 incisors, procumbent, 138 The Mentality of Apes, 13, 328 molar, 46, 102–103, 140, 163, 178, theory of mind (ToM), 337–339, Taï, Ivory Coast, 15, 18, 64, 305–306, 204, 475, 482, 488, 494 345–346, 349–351 316–317, 319–320, 333, 407, premolar, 46, 102–103, 140, 178 Thompson, D’arcy, 210 412, 420, 423–424, 431, 437, premolar (function), 47 Thorax, 107–108, 110, 135, 143, 442 sectorial premolar, 103, 140, 153 145–147, 150, 152, 154, leaf clipping, 414 thin enamel, function, 171 167–168, 181, 192, 194, 199, tail (function), 151 Temerin, Alis, 161 475–476, 479, 482, 485, 501 Takasaki, Hiroyuki, 252 Temerlin, Maurice and Jane, 394 (see also ‘ribcage’) tamarin (famil Callitrichidae), 53 temperature perception, 247 threshold, nutrient requirement, 75–76, Tamarindus indicus, 489 temporal lobe, 202, 358, 364 89 tandem display, 450 temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 136, thumb (pollex), 46, 106, 116, 151, 178 tandem walk, 423 261 thymine, 221

574 Index

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), nut hammers, 412 unique human features, 532 293 pad/seat, 414 unit-group, 437 time travel, 337 penetrating probe/spear, 407 University of Figan, 206 Tinklepaugh, 334 play-starter, 406, 409 Uppsala University, 36 toes (pedal phalanges), 115 projectile, 406 uracil, 221 toilet claw, 48, 52 projectiles, 413 uricase, and cancer, 258 Tokuyama, Nahoko, 499 propensity to use, 405 uroguanylin, 285 tongue, 101–103, 141, 160, 361, 389, pry bar, 406 392 ratcheting effect, 404 van Lawick, Hugo, 257, 405 Tonkin snub-nose monkey, 56 spear, 407 variation (in re essentialism), 36 tool, 405 spears, 321 vasoconstriction, 277 discovery of chimpanzee, 405 Termiting/anting probe, 408 vertebrae functions, 405 tool use lumbar, 108–109, 114–115, 135, 144, imaginary pull-toy, 406 and antifeedant intolerance, 533 148–150, 169, 178, 265, 475 tool function tooth clacking, 384 short, stiff lumbar segment, amplify force, 405 toothcomb, 48 108–109, 115, 117, 135, amplify gesture, 406 total daily energy expenditure (TEE), 148–149, 151 enhance comfort, 406 294 transverse processes, 169 extend reach, 405 Toth, Nick, 397, 415 wedge-shaped, 169 increase control of environment, 406 toxin, 82, 87, 93, 128, 180, 267, vertical climbing, 116, 125–127, 129, symbolize, 406 372–373, 518, 520, 522 (see also 142–143, 145, 148–152, tool making, 406 “alkaloid”) 167–168, 170, 172, 174, 181, combine, 406 toy baby, of chimpanzee, 8, 12 329, 485, 528 detach, 406 trachea, 103 frequency, 261 reduce, 406 trade-offs, physiological, 284 vertical clinging and leaping, 49–50, 52 reshape, 406 transcription, 221 Vicki, 7, 244, 388, 406 tool sets, 415 transcription factor, 224 Victoriapithecus, 163 tool use, 405 transfer (locomotor mode), 124 violence and Broca’s area, 363 transition barrier, 479 Semliki, 490 and intelligence, 533 transitive inference, 332 sex differences, 427 extensiveness, 406 translation, 222, 224 viral leukemia, 256 toolkit travel costs visible estrus, 459 chimpanzee, 405 and terrestriality, 524 vision tools tricycle, chimpanzee riding, 5 dichromatism, 243 ant wand, 412 triquetral, 111 L-type cones, 242 anvil/mortar, 412 tRNA (transfer RNA), 222 M-type cones, 242 body decoration, 406, 414 trochanter, greater, 115 retina, 242 breadth of use in captivity, 414 Troglodytes (Greek meaning), 40 rods and cones, 242 club, 411 TrP-Cage, 223 S-type cones, 242 deﬁned, 405 Tsimane hunter-gatherers, 259 trichromatism, 242 display branch, 406, 409 tuberculosis, 254 visible light, 242 drum, 406, 410 Tulp, Nicolaas, 25, 38 yellow–orange discrimination bias, hammer, 410 tumescence, 55, 463, 465, 467, 505 243 harvesting probe, 406, 408 type, 31–33, 36 (see also ‘ideal,’‘form,’ visual cortex, 357, 360, 364, 368 human–chimpanzee differences, 404 and ‘eidos’ vitamins, 75 hunter-gatherer, 404 typhoid, 256 vocabulary insect brush/whisk, 414 Tyson, Edward, 20, 26, 97, 131, 519 human use in typical day, 399 invention of human, 404 Kanzi, 399 investigatory probe, 406 ulna Shakespeare, 399 leaf clip, leaf strip, 413 olecranon fossa, 476 size in Latin, 399 leaf groom, 414 olecranon process, 107, 152, 164, size in modern languages, 399 leaf sponge/napkin, 410 168, 477 size in Pirahã, 400 lever/pry bar, 414 styloid process, 107, 152, 477 size of English language, 399 nest/mattress, 406 ultimatum game, 346 vocal tract, 103, 389

Index 575

vocalizations, 383 Wernicke’s area, 360, 363–365, wrist volume discrimination, 332 368–369 pronation, 168 West, Meredith, 454 rotatory, 51, 107, 142–143, 153, 175, wadge, 70, 305 white matter, 359 182, 518 Wagamumu, 299 widowbirds, 453 stability, 107 walking Wilkins, Maurice, 226 ﬁrst steps, 204 Wilson, Allan, 193 Y-chromosome walking stick/club Wilson, Michael, 293, 441 extreme divergence, 236 use by hominins, 487, 495 winkle, 300–301 gorilla, 237 war working memory. See Memory, Yerkes imbalance of power, 534 chimpanzee: working Primate Research Center, 367 Washoe, 341, 347, 392–394, 396 worth, in re God, 32 Robert and Ada, xvi, 20, 29, 247, watchmaker analogy for existence of wound healing 329, 414 God, 35 and sleep, 373 yolk sac, 196 water taxi, 9–10 Wrangham, Richard W., 8, 14, 18, 65, Watson, James, 226 69–70, 73, 93, 129, 160–162, Zahavi, Amotz, 453 Watts, David, 14 238, 253, 293, 312, 316, 440, Zona pellucida, 189 weaning, 204–205, 303 473, 482, 484, 503, 509, 534 Zuckerman, Solly, 405 weaning conﬂict, 303 Wright, Jonathan, 488 zygote, 190, 291