Brownout Report 2005
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Report prepared for the National Association of Hispanic Journalists Network Brownout Report 2005: The Portrayal of Latinos & Latino Issues on Network Television News, 2004 With a Retrospect to 1995 Quantitative & Qualitative Analysis of the Coverage BY FEDERICO SUBERVI, Ph.D. WITH JOSEPH TORRES & DANIELA MONTALVO, NAHJ STAFF JUNE 2005 AUSTIN, TEXAS & WASHINGTON, DC Table of Contents About the Authors . .2 Acknowledgements . .2 Introduction . .3 Executive Summary . .4 Findings . .6 Part 1. Quantitative Assessments . .6 Overall Numbers of Stories . .6 Topics Covered . .7 Time Dedicated to Latino Stories . .7 Latino Reporters . .8 Number of Sources and Balance of Views . .9 Presence and Voices of Latinos on Camera . .10 Unidentifiable Latinos . .11 Locations . .11 Part 2. Critical Viewing of Latino Stories . .12 Part 3. Other Representations of Latinos in the News . .13 Part 4. Comparisons with Two Sample Weeks of Network Coverage . .14 Part 5. A Ten-Year Retrospect . .15 Conclusions . .18 Methodology . .19 Limitations . .20 End Notes . .21 ABOUT THE AUTHORS tion dedicated to helping empower Latina youth via media and technology; and, as of July 2005, full professor Dr. Federico Subervi, a native of Puerto Rico, lives in Austin, at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Texas, where he is a media consultant and scholar. For more Texas State University in San Marcos. than twenty years, he has been teaching, conducting research, and publishing on issues related to the mass media Joseph Torres and Daniela Montalvo are members of and ethnic groups, especially Latinos in the United States. the NAHJ staff. Torres is NAHJ’s deputy director of com- He is the director of the Latinos and Media Project (www.lati- munication and media policy and Montalvo is NAHJ’s nosandmedia.org); chair of the board of Latinitas Inc., a web- communication and research coordinator. based magazine (www.latinitasmagazine.org) and organiza- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Joseph Gonzalez, a graduate from William and Mary, who assisted with the coding of data. The author and the NAHJ would like to extend a special note of gratitude to Diane Alverio, former NAHJ presi- Funding for this report was made available by the dent, who established the report’s baseline. This study National Association of Hispanic Journalists. For more builds on the work she conducted dating back to 1996. information, please contact: NAHJ, 529 14th Street, NW, We extend our thanks to the Project for Excellence in Washington, DC, 20045-2001. 202-662-7145, Journalism for providing us with a copy of their code www.nahj.org guide on the balance of views and sources variables adopted for this study. We would also like to thank 2 NETWORK BROWNOUT 2005 Introduction NAHJ’s 2005 Network Brownout Report failed to reflect the reality of these groups. The examines the nation’s major English-language Brownout Report has found that the Latino television networks’ – ABC, CBS, NBC and CNN community continues to be covered through a – coverage of Latinos and Latino-related issues narrow prism even though this group has grown on their evening news programs in 2004. This exponentially. According to the Pew Hispanic year marks the 10th anniversary of this study. Center, Latinos in the United States numbered A retrospective review is included in this install- 22.3 million in 1990 but now comprise 40.4 mil- ment. lion, a 58 percent increase. The U.S. Census Since this report was first published in 1996, estimates that by 2050, Latinos will number NAHJ has found that Latinos remain underrepre- 102.5 million and comprise 24.4 percent of the sented and often stereotypically portrayed by country’s population. the news networks. In short, Latinos have Acceptable news coverage of Latinos is an remained virtually invisible and marginalized on issue of fairness and accuracy. Stories on illegal the network evening news. immigration or Latino gangs may not be inaccu- The goals of the report are to bring greater rate, but this becomes unfair when it comprises awareness to the portrayal of Latinos and to an overabundance of coverage. This issue of urge the networks to increase their coverage of accurate news coverage is crucial because more issues affecting the Latino community. than 30 million people watch the evening news The problem of poor media coverage of and are influenced by these programs. While Latinos and people of color is historic. In 1947, the media landscape is dramatically changing, the Commission on Freedom of the Press, the evening news still plays a prominent role in known as the Hutchins Commission, outlined the determining issues covered across a range of responsibilities of the news media in a democra- media platforms. tic society. Among its five major recommenda- The networks’ coverage has failed to reflect tions, the Commission stated that the press the changes in U.S. society and the Latino com- should project a “representative picture of the munity since NAHJ issued its first Brownout constituent groups in the society.” Twenty years Report in 1996. later, President Lyndon Johnson appointed The 2005 report begins with quantitative the National Advisory Commission on Civil findings of Latino stories from 2004. Part two Disorders, known as the Kerner Commission, to presents the qualitative findings of Latino sto- examine the causes of the riots that erupted ries. Part three provides an overview of Latinos across the country in the late 1960s. Among its as secondary or background subjects. Part four major findings, the Kerner Commission conclud- presents an analysis of Latino-related stories ed that the media’s inaccurate portrayals and and a content audit of two sample weeks of misrepresentations of the black community network news coverage. Part five offers a retro- contributed to the racial divisions in our nation. spect of the past decade. The report closes Both the Hutchins and Kerner Commissions with conclusion and recommendation sections, urged the nation’s news media to improve their followed by the study’s methodology and limita- coverage of minority communities.1 tions. Since then, coverage of people of color has NETWORK BROWNOUT 2005 3 Executive Summary This year’s report examines news stories I Latino coverage lacked depth, with one about Latinos and Latino issues that aired in third (33 percent) of all stories lasting 2004 on ABC World News Tonight with Peter 30 seconds or less. Jennings, CBS Evening News with Dan Rather, I Only six Latino stories featured Latino NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw (later Brian reporters. Four were Telemundo journalists Williams) and CNN NewsNight with Aaron reporting for NBC. Brown. In addition, this report examines the networks’ weekend newscasts. I Out of 115 Latino stories, 47 (41 percent) As in prior studies, Latino-related stories featured visual images of groups of uniden- were identified by searching Vanderbilt tified Latinos. Of the 47 stories, 31 (66 per- University’s Television News Archive. Other net- cent) featured immigrants, including images works, such as Fox and MSNBC, are not fully of illegal border crossings. archived at the university and thus are not I Latinos did not often appear in non-Latino- included. related stories. Out of an estimated 16,000 The 2004 report contains quantitative and news stories in 2004, Latinos appeared as qualitative assessments of news stories about sources in only 265 non-Latino-related Latinos. NAHJ also performed a content analy- stories (1.7 percent). sis of news coverage that aired during the weeks of February 16-20, 2004 and March 1-5, I A significant proportion of Latino stories 2004. Finally, the report compares coverage of lacked diversity of opinion. Of 115 stories, Latinos in 1995 and in 2004, plus the patterns more than one third (41 stories) did not of coverage during the last decade. cite a single source. Of the stories using sources, 40 percent (46 stories) presented mostly one perspective. The quantitative analysis of the 2004 network news showed: Critical viewing of Latino stories I Of the estimated 16,000 stories that aired found: on ABC, CBS, CNN and NBC in 2004, only 115, or 0.72 percent, were exclusively Immigration was a central theme in much about Latinos. By comparison, the networks of the networks’ coverage, regardless of story aired 131 Latino-related stories (0.82 per- topic. Most immigration stories focused on cent) in 2003. undocumented immigration. Many showed I images of unidentified groups of undocument- Out of a total of 548 hours of network news ed immigrants crossing the border illegally or in 2004, only three hours and 25 minutes being arrested by the U.S. Border Patrol. were devoted to Latino stories – a decline from 2003, when four hours and two I Overall, Latinos were viewed as problem minutes were devoted to Latino stories. people and burdens to society in 2004. I One out of every three Latino stories I As in 2003, Latino soldiers were portrayed (34.7 percent) was about immigration in as patriots and victims willing to sacrifice 2004. More than one hour of coverage was for their country. devoted to the topic, making up almost a third (31.6 percent) of the total time (three I Stories on Latinos and politics focused on hours 25 minutes) devoted to Latino stories. the use of Spanish by the presidential can- I didates and portrayed Latinos as a mono- One positive trend: crime stories sharply lithic group of voters. Issues important to decreased in 2004, dropping from 27 Latinos were virtually ignored. stories in 2003 to 9 stories last year. I I Networks continued to use the theme of Half of all Latino stories (58 out of 115 the American dream to frame stories about stories) did not feature an interview with a Latinos, without providing more substantive Latino.