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Comparative Analysis of Cardiac Glycosides and Quantification of Peruvoside from Thevetia Neriifolia, Juss Fruit Rind Extracts Through Hptlc Fingerprinting

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Comparative Analysis of Cardiac Glycosides and Quantification of Peruvoside from Thevetia Neriifolia, Juss Fruit Rind Extracts Through Hptlc Fingerprinting Innovare International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Academic Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 6, Issue 8, 2014 Original Article COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES AND QUANTIFICATION OF PERUVOSIDE FROM THEVETIA NERIIFOLIA, JUSS FRUIT RIND EXTRACTS THROUGH HPTLC FINGERPRINTING NESY E. A.,1 LIZZY MATHEW 2 1Department of Botany, K K T M Govt College, Kodungallur, Trichur, Kerala, India, 2Department of Botany, St.Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 04 Jul 2014 Revised and Accepted: 05 Aug 2014 ABSTRACT Objective: Present investigation was carried out to determine the cardiac glycoside profile and to quantify the powerful cardiotonic drug peruvoside in the fruit wall of Thevetia neriifolia, Juss a medicinal plant used in indigenous system of medicine since decades. Methods: Shade dried powdered samples were subjected to soxhlet extraction using different solvents, and various forms of cardiac glycosides were analysed in all fractions using TLC plates. Positive samples for peruvoside were subjected to HPTLC fingerprinting on silica gel 60 F254 plates using chloroform: methanol (8:2v/v) mixture as mobile phase. Results: Fingerprint profile showed the presence of 6-14 cardiac glycosides in all three morphovariat plants. Densitometric analysis at 220 nm showed a peak at Rf 0.67±0.01 to the reference drug peruvoside, and in all samples analysed an identical compound corresponding to peruvoside was eluted within a range of 0.63 to 0.75 with minor variations. It was noticed that peruvoside was the third largest cardiac glycoside extracted from the fruit rind using chloroform. Conclusion: In all studied morphoforms, about 3.25% peruvoside was detected in the rind which was the neglected and unused portion of fruit. Using fingerprinting technique, all cardiac glycosides can be effectively separated and utilized for pharmaceutical purposes. Keywords: Cardiac glycosides, Fruit rind, HPTLC fingerprinting, Morphoform, Peruvoside. INTRODUCTION rots away easily from fallen fruits. Seeds are reported to be a store house of various cardiac glycosides, however, phytochemical studies Cardiac glycosides are potent group of naturally occurring drugs and related to fruit rind remains scanty. Hence, the present investigation their distribution in plants is restricted to a few families and genera. was carried out to categorize various phytochemicals, mainly Among angiosperms, these secondary metabolites are mostly cardiac glycosides in the fruit wall of all three morpho-variants and concentrated within the members of Apocynaceae, to quantify a potent cardiotonic drug peruvoside in light of the Scrophulariaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Liliaceae. Plants use these previous documentations regarding the therapeutic significance of compounds for defense purposes against herbivores [1]. The peruvoside and other cardiac glycosides. extensive use of digitalis related glycosides for treating heart failure are well accepted from centuries back, but narrow therapeutic index MATERIALS AND METHODS between effective and toxic dozes makes their use more vigilant [2]. The term cardiac glycoside was derived from the Greek word Mature fruits of Thevetia neriifolia were collected from various fields of Trichur district, Kerala. The authenticated voucher specimens ‘kardia’, meaning heart. (2458a-c) were kept in the Herbarium cabinet of Botany A great majority of drugs are either naturally derived or synthesized Department, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam. Ripened fruits were from plant related compounds. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. (T. collected, washed carefully and kept in shade for 2-3 days for the peruviana), a popular medicinal plant belongs to family ease of separation of fleshy mesocarp from stony endocarp. Pulpy Apocynaceae, contains many powerful cardiotonic drugs. In addition fruit rinds were dried in shade for 3-4 weeks and powdered. to the well documented folk uses of the plant in indigenous system Precisely weighed powdered samples (40g) were subjected to of medicine [3-5], extensive pharmacological assays have been successive soxhlet extraction using 350 ml each of Petroleum Ether conducted by many researchers using peruvoside and related (PE, 60-80°C), Chloroform (CH), Ethyl Acetate (EA) and Methanol glycosides on failing human heart and experimental models, which (MT) for 15-18 h in a soxhlet extractor. The fractions were dried, showed better cardiotonic activity [6-7]. Naturally occurring weighed and kept in labeled vials at 4ºC for further analyses. digitalis-like glycosides continues to be isolated from different plant Solvents and routine chemicals were procured from Merck and animal species; though digoxin and its acetyl and methyl Chemicals, Mumbai. derivatives are the cardiac glycosides most currently used in Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted systematically therapeutics [2]. Recent researches revealed promising role of as per the standard protocol [19]. All four fractions (PE, CH, EA, MT) cardiac glycosides in the treatment of anticancer therapy [8-10]. from three color variants were analysed for the presence of primary Their novel role in healing several other diseases have also been and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins, starch, already established [11-13]. Most of the Thevetia glycosides has alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, steroids, saponins, cardiac been isolated and identified from different parts of the plant glycosides and anthraquinons. including fresh uncrushed leaves, seeds, flowers and stem bark [14- 18]. The plant commonly called ‘yellow oleander’ is cultivated as an Biological reference material, Peruvoside isolated from Thevetia ornamental for its attractive, light scented flowers in yellow, orange neriifolia was procured from Sigma- Aldrich, USA as 100 mg pack and white forms. These color variants are considered as three (CAS Number 1182-87-2) of 90% purity. All twelve samples (four morphoforms. Mature seeds are protected by fleshy mesocarp and extracts each from three plants) and reference drug were loaded hard stony endocarp. The green colored outer pulpy fruit wall (rind) side by side on TLC plates and from repeated experimental trails Nesy et al. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 8, 412-415 separation of various cardiac glycosides was achieved on chloroform cardiac glycosides; but peruvoside was observed as deep yellow methanol (8:2) mobile phase. Presence of peruvoside and other colored band with spraying reagent concentrated H2SO 4 [25] in members of cardiac glycoside family were detected using spraying chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. These positive samples were reagent sulfuric acid [20]. Quantification of peruvoside and other further analysed via HPTLC fingerprinting for the simultaneous cardiotonic steroids was done by HPTLC fingerprinting using Camag separation and estimation of various cardiac glycosides and HPTLC system (Germany). Samples of CH and EA fractions from the quantification of peruvoside using biological reference material. three variants were prepared by dissolving 10mg of extract in 1 ml Extensive scientific research on this unattended fruit wall exposed of corresponding solvent, while 1mg/ml dilution was made for the occurrence of enormous biological potential in the form of reference compound. Sample solutions were centrifuged at 3000 cardiac glycosides and other phytochemicals. rpm for 3 min and spotted (5 µl) as bands of 6 mm width in Densitogram of HPTLC revealed that chloroform extract of yellow precoated silica gel aluminum plates 60 F254 (E Merck KGaA). Camag twin-trough developing chamber was saturated with 10 ml and white variants (YRCH & WRCH) showed the presence of 9 types chloroform: methanol (8:2) mixture mobile phase for 10 min at of cardiac glycosides as 9 peaks with different Rf values ranging room temperature. The developed chromatogram was dried at 80ºC from 0.03 to 1.00. Lesser diversity was observed in ORCH with 6 for 3 min and scanned using CAMAG TLC Scanner-3 at a speed of 20 compounds (Table 1). Comparison of compound 1 in all three CH mm/s at 220 nm. samples with respect to the Rf value and peak area, it is understood that this compound is identical in all three color variants. Higher Plates were visualized and documented using digital documentation percentage in ORCH may be due to the fact that it does not have system in a visualizer under UV light at 254 nm, 366 nm and white undergone hydrolysis and formed compound 2 as observed in YR light. Post chromatographic derivatization was carried out by and WR. Compound 3 was observed in WR only, because it may be spraying visualizing agent- Liebermann Burchard reagent onto the another hydrolysis product of compound 1. Almost similar Rf values plate. The plate was dried again at 120ºC for 20 minutes and images were detected for compound 4 in all samples, but minor quantity of were captured. From the recorded data, quantity of peruvoside was compound 5 was present in YR only. Subsequently eluted compound calculated in percentages and comparative table of other cardiac (6) in YR and WR illustrated quite similarity to reference drug and glycoside series was prepared. Six unknown samples and reference the elution time in WR prolonged further at the tail end when compound were chromatographed side by side on the same plate; compared to reference compound. Peruvoside purchased from and fingerprints were compared with respect to number, sequence, Sigma showed an elution phase from 0.63 to 0.74 (Fig 2A). Samples position and color of separated
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