Impact Assessment of Household Solar System Southern Punjab Poverty Alleviation Project (SPPAP)

Monitoring, Evaluation & Research (MER) National Rural Support Programme Jan, 2016

Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Impact Assessment of Household Solar System Southern Punjab Poverty Alleviation Project (SPPAP)

SPPAP is a joint endeavour by Government of Punjab, International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) and National Rural Support Programme

(NRSP) for poverty alleviation in four districts of Southern Punjab

(, , , and ). This report investigates the impact of installing Household Solar Systems; an innovative

technology introduced under community physical infrastructure schemes (CPIs) for the financial years 2014-15 and 2015-16.

Authored by: Azhar (Senior Programme Officer - MER, Bahawalpur) Supervised by: Muhammad Tahir Waqar (Senior Programme Manager - MER) Data collection by: Muhammad Azhar (Senior Programme Officer - MER, Bahawalpur)

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... 4 Introduction ...... 5 Community Physical Infrastructure (CPIs) ...... 5 Innovative Technologies ...... 6 Household Solar System (HSS) ...... 7 Eligibility criteria ...... 7 Configuration of HSS ...... 7 Cost Summary of HSS ...... 8 Procurement and implementation of HSS ...... 8 Methodology ...... 9 Sampling ...... 9 Data collection and analysis ...... 10 Functional Status of HSS ...... 10 Impact of HSS ...... 11 Impact Analysis ...... 13 Source of light before HSS ...... 13 Monthly saving ...... 13 No more fire losses ...... 14 Functional status of HSS ...... 15 Improved education ...... 16 Restful sleep ...... 16 Improved Health ...... 17 Improved communication, enhanced exposure and entertainment ...... 17 Facilitated in income generation activities ...... 18 Extent of satisfaction ...... 18 Incidents or loss (electric shock) by HSS ...... 19 Easy to operate ...... 19 Extension and enhancement of HSS ...... 19

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Pictorial view of HSS ...... 20 District Bahawalpur, Tehsil ...... 20 District Bahawalnagar, Tehsil Bahawalnagar ...... 20 District Muzaffargarh, Tehsil Jatoi ...... 21 District Rajanpur, Tehsil ...... 22 Households who have connected TV and Audio Player with HSS ...... 23 Annexures ...... 0 Annexure A. List of 65 beneficiary households in sample size ...... 1 Annexure B. Questionnaire – 1 Functional Status of HSS ...... 4 Annexure C. Questionnaire – 2 Impact of HSS ...... 5 Annexure D. Data Analysis Sheet for HSS Impact ...... 7

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Executive Summary Over the years the energy crises in has rapidly increased. This problem led to the development of alternate solutions to overcome this issue. The solar energy system is one of the most reliable alternate and long lasting solutions for meeting the shortfall of electricity. For last two decades the trend of installing solar energy systems at the corporate and domestic level has increased significantly. The agricultural sector also utilized this advanced technology and remarkable results found in agriculture productivity. However, the access and affordability of this innovative technology for domestic use in rural areas needs more momentum. To address this issue the Government of Punjab (GoP) incorporated the household level solar energy system under the CPI component of the Southern Punjab Poverty Alleviation Project (SPPAP).

The SPPAP is financially assisted by International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). For project implementation, a well-staffed Project Management Unit (PMU) has been established under the Supervision of the Planning and Development Department of the Government of Punjab. The PMU is based in which is in close proximity to the four Project Districts. Four District Management Units (DMUs) offices in Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Muzaffargarh and Rajanpur are established for better coordination and management of project activities. The National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) selected through a competitive bidding process is working as the Social Mobilization Partner (SMP) of SPPAP. The community physical infrastructure schemes (CPIs) were implemented by NRSP.

Since May 2015, there were 1,290 Household Solar Systems (HSS) installed in the four districts of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Muzaffargarh and Rajanpur in Southern Punjab. These HSS were the part of innovative technologies, the sub category of CPIs component of SPPAP. The HSS was composed of two sections, solar home appliances and solar accessories. The provision of HSS to targeted beneficiaries was carried out on a cost sharing basis. The community share was 10% of the total cost of the HSS. The total cost of 1,290 HSS was PKR 58 692,856 (58.692 million) and average cost incurred on one HSS was PKR 45,498.

In January, 2016, an impact study was conducted to assess the extent of change brought in the lives of beneficiaries after having the HSS and to review the progress, functional status, and benefits of household solar system. The correlation of five key elements; relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and the impact of the intervention (HSS) were analysed. The data was selected from a sample of 65 households randomly selected from the total population (1,290 households).

During the impact assessment, it was found that 100% households within the sample had all appliances working at an average functional rate of HSS was 93%. Beneficiaries are looking after the installed HSS well; they cover the ceiling and pedestal fan in the winter season. People were no longer reliant on lanterns, chimney and candles for light sources that were also dangerous for health and with the risk of fire. Beneficiaries saved money on

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System diesel/kerosene oil and on battery cells for torches. HSS met the basic need for light and electricity and indirectly decreased respiratory diseases within beneficiary households. 65% of sampled households rate their satisfaction level as “highly satisfied” and 35% rate it under “satisfied”. Overall the household solar system proved to be a successful intervention under the SPPAP.

Introduction The Southern Punjab Poverty Alleviation Project (SPPAP) initiated by the Punjab Government under a loan agreement with International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) and implemented by the National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) is a three-year endeavour to help eliminate poverty in the poorest districts of southern Punjab. The project is intended to reduce poverty in 80,000 poor households; more than 60% of project beneficiaries will be women. Therefore various components are designed to benefit 100% women. The selection of poor households is based on the poverty score bands of National Poverty Score Card (NPSC), exercise carried out at national level under the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP). On the basis of NPSC, SPPAP is identifying poor households under the 0-23 poverty band.

NRSP was selected as a Social Mobilization Partner through a competitive bidding process. The project contract was signed between the Planning and Development Department, Government of Punjab and NRSP in August, 2013. NRSP’s responsibilities include community mobilization, need identification for interventions under all project components, capacity building of Community Organizations (COs), asset transfer and providing assistance to the communities in planning and execution of physical infrastructure projects. Accordingly, NRSP social mobilization field team organized communities into groups (COs), introduced project objectives, interventions, and components. The Project Management Unit (PMU) and District Management Units (DMUs) are also partners in the project activities. The proportion of beneficiary households to reach in each district is based on a preliminary poverty assessment of the four districts as follows; 16% in Bahawalpur, 22% in Bahawalnagar, 22% in Muzaffargarh and 40% in Rajanpur.

Community Physical Infrastructure (CPIs) In the SPPAP project area, the majority of rural populations lack basic essential services such as water for irrigation and drinking purposes, drainage and sanitation, access roads and other infrastructure. The objective of the CPI component is to provide, via grants, small scale infrastructure in rural communities to meet these needs. These CPIs will not only meet the needs of poor but these will address gender focused infrastructure which include the construction of latrines, biogas plants for cooking and household solar system to provide the light to households in rural areas. Communities identified small landholding farmers for

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System irrigation schemes such as watercourses, tube wells and turbines. Irrigation schemes covered a large number of indirect poor beneficiaries.

There are two broad categories of CPIs laid out under SPPAP. First, common infrastructure schemes such as turbine & tube well, water course, culverts, brick soling road, and water reservoirs etc. Second, household level schemes such as latrine, water hand pump, biogas plants, and household solar system. The household level CPIs are gender focused infrastructure and exclusively designed to empower women in rural areas. Households with 0-23 poverty score are eligible direct beneficiaries of this component. The main categories of CPIs are showed in figure 1.

Drinking Water Supply Schemes

Drainage and Innovative Sanitation Techonolgies Schemes CPIs

Access Roads and Minor Irrigation Strcuture Schemes Schemes

Figure 1- Categories of CPIs under SPPAP

Innovative Technologies Innovative technologies comprised of two types of household level CPIs i.e. Household Solar System (HSS) and Biogas Plants. The objective of this category is to enhance the access of rural mass to modern technologies that economically give them benefit such as savings in the cost of kerosene oil and wax or chimneys used for light during night time, savings in fuel costs, savings in natural resources, time savings, cost savings, income generation, improved education in electricity deprived rural areas due to ability to read & write at night, improved health and other benefits.

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Household Solar System (HSS) Southern Punjab has a good climate for solar energy systems. Efforts have been made in promoting solar energy system in agriculture, industrial and domestic level. The Government of Punjab has successfully launched the small solar system in education sector where deserving students of secondary schools were awarded solar system so that current energy crisis could not affect their education.

SPPAP intervened through Household Solar System (HSS) in settlements and villages in rural area without access to electricity. This CPI provided a light system and ceiling and pedestal fans to selected households in the four SPPAP districts. A total of 1,290 HSS were installed under the SPPAP during the period of May-Oct, 2015. The district wise bifurcation of these HSS is presented in Table 1.

Table 1- Profile of HSS

District No. of installed units No. of Households No. of Direct Directly Benefitted Beneficiaries 1 Bahawalpur 160 160 1,120 2 Bahawalnagar 40 40 280 3 Muzaffargarh 228 228 1,596 4 Rajanpur 862 862 6,034 5 Grand Total 1,290 1,290 9,030

Note: It is important to mention here that overall target of the CPIs is proportioned to the district wise target and coverage of the project (BWP 16%, BNG 22%, MZR 22% and RJP 40%). But this distribution of target is not fixed in sub categories of CPIs (as shown in figure 1). Therefore, the no. of HSS installed under innovative technologies of CPIs in each district does not reflect the district wise allocation of targets. Instead, it truly based on identification of community need for HSS in each district.

Eligibility criteria Following was the eligibility criteria for HSS.

 Beneficiaries fall under 0-23 poverty band in National Poverty Score Card (NPSC) of Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) survey.  Households must not have prior facility of electricity at his/her home.  Beneficiary households agree to contribute a minimum of 10% of the project cost.  The proposed CPI shall not have any negative effect on the environment.

Configuration of HSS The design and configuration of Household Solar System (HSS) was based on two specifications, solar home appliances and solar accessories. The detail of each specification

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System is shown in Table 2. The objective of this configuration was to ensure that the people in rural areas have a adequate lighting in their homes and fans in the summer.

Table 2- Configuration of HSS

Description Quantity A Solar Home Appliances 1 DC Ceiling Fan (56") 26 watts 1 2 DC Pedestal Fan 15 watts 1 3 LED lights 4 watts 4 B Solar Accessories 1 Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Panel 150 watt 1 2 Battery 12 V 45 AH , maintenance free, inside a fiberglass 1 protection box 3 Sera control box with sockets, mobile charger etc. 1 4 Inventor from 1000 Volts DC to 220 Volts AC (Made in Germany) 1 5 Wires, cables, connectors, bulb holders, full fitting 1 6 Frame of solar panel 1

Cost Summary of HSS The total cost incurred on HSS is PKR 58.692 million that is presented in the form of project share (SPPAP share) and community share, in table below.

Table 3- Cost summary of HSS

Description Amount (PKR) 1 Total no. of HSS installed in the project 1,290 2 Total approved cost for one HSS 52,712 3 Actual average cost incurred on one HSS 45,498 4 SPPAP share 40,948 5 Community share 10% 4,550 6 Total actual cost incurred on HSS 58,692,856 7 SPAP share 52,823,570 8 Community share 10% 5,869,286

Procurement and implementation of HSS To ensure transparency on the HSS, the selection of vendor was carried out by the Planning and Development (P&D) commission of Punjab through bid process. Six companies participated in the bid. Solar Tech was selected and entitled as the qualified vender by P & D for the procurement and installation of HSS under SPPAP. An implementing committee consisted of NRSP and PMU engineers was formed to coordinate with Solar Tech and to ensure the implementation of project activities. The implementing committee tested the design, configuration (solar appliances and accessories) and functional status of HSS from Alkhawarzmin Institute of Renewable Technology - University of Engineering and

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Technology (UET) and physical implementation of HSS was started after receiving the authentication and recommendation from the said institute.

Methodology

Sampling The following parameters were used to guide the sample size.

 Population (N) = 1,290  Margin of Error (ME) 10% or 0.1  Confidence level 90% or 0.90  For proportions P value assumed as 50%

Based on the above parameters the sample size was calculated using the following formula n = [(z2 * p * q) + ME2] / [ME2 + z2 * p * q / N]

Where

 Alpha is equal to one minus the confidence level. Thus, alpha = 1 – 0.90 = 0.1 and the critical standard score (z) = 1.645  p value = 0.5  q value = 0.5  Margin of Error (ME) = 0.1  Population (N) = 1,290

Hence n = [ (1.645)2 * 0.5 * 0.5 + 0. 12 ] / [ 0.12 + (1.645)2 * 0.5 * 0.5 / 1,290] n = (0.686506) / (0.010524) n = 65.22982 Sample size (n) = 65.22982 rounded to 65

The sample size was randomly taken from all four project districts. As shown in table 4.

Table 4- HSS sample description

Sr. # District SPPAP Sample Size Sample Size as per Proportion of calculation for district target Targets districts proportion 1 Bahawalpur 16 % 65*0.16 11 2 Bahawalnagar 22 % 65*0.22 14 3 Muzaffargarh 22 % 65*0.22 14 4 District Rajanpur 40 % 65*0.40 26 5 Total Sample Size 65

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

For the selection of 65 HSS random numbers were generated for each district using the random number generator at http://www.calculatorsoup.com/calculators/statistics/number- generator.php. The detail of selected households is shown in annexure A.

Data collection and analysis In the sample of 65 households there were total 46 households from female COs and 19 households were from male CO members. Data collection was based on two parameters;

1. Functional Status of HSS > Refers to the physical verification of existence and functional status of solar appliances provided to the beneficiary household. How the beneficiary used these appliances, with care or otherwise, See annexure B. 2. Impact of HSS > To what extent HSS brought change in the lives of targeted beneficiaries. How the HSS economically benefitted. Whether it contributed in improving the health of families and were objectives met. See Table 6 and annexure C.

In order to acquire more relevant and accurate information of above mentioned two parameters, two separate questionnaires were designed. Questionnaire 1, designed for gathering collective information of all the households on one page, see annexure B. While the questionnaire 2 was designed to collect individual household level information to assess the impact of HSS, see annexure C. Next, the data related to impact assessment of HSS was analysed into excel sheet, see annexure D. Moreover, during the interview session for filling the questionnaire any additional and important information was also noted and represented in key notes. Functional Status of HSS Functional status of HSS means to check the progress and function or malfunction of each solar appliance/accessory installed under HSS. In order to obtain accurate information each appliance was tested (checked) during the visit to each household. In the same way 65 households were visited to check the current status of each appliance and its condition. The existence status of all the four project districts was found outstanding as 100% households from the sample (65 households) had all the appliances and accessories in their homes. The functional status was 93% for solar appliances.

Table 5- HSS existence & functional status

Districts Wise HSS Existence & Functional Status Solar Appliances and Accessories Bahawalpur Bahawalnagar Muzaffargarh Rajanpur Existence Status DC Pedestal Fan 100% 100% 100% 100% DC Ceiling Fan 100% 100% 100% 100% LED Bulbs 100% 100% 100% 100% UPS 100% 100% 100% 100% Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Panel 100% 100% 100% 100% Functional Status

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

DC Pedestal Fan 100% 100% 100% 99% DC Ceiling Fan 100% 100% 100% 99% LED Bulbs 70% 70% 65% 65% UPS 100% 100% 97% 99% Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Panel 100% 100% 100% 100%

There were three cases two in Jatoi and one in Rojhan where malfunction were found with no appliances running. Two cases of pedestal and ceiling fan were found damaged due to different incidents in Rojhan. LED lights (bulbs) fused in many cases but people replaced these. The detail of the functional status of each appliance and accessory is presented in table 5. Other critical findings are presented under key notes.

Key Notes – caring behaviour and functional status of HSS  During the visit of individual households, care of HSS appliances was observed. Maintenance was observed by covering of ceiling fan and pedestal fan in winter season. Some households also covered their UPS with plastic or cotton sheets so that it remains dust free. Almost 60% households in the sample size properly covered their appliances.  In addition to the sample of 65 households, two households in Jatoi and two in Rojhan reported that their Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Panel (solar panel sheet) were damaged due to heavy storms and not functioning.  One household reported the theft of solar panel sheet in Jatoi (household out of sample). One household in Jatoi hanged the solar panel with the wall of room instead fixing it at the roof to keep it save from thieves. This hanging style may affect the progress of generating energy due to indirect and one sided location of sunlight.

Impact of HSS

The most important factor of analysing the impact of HSS was to assess compatibility of five key factors of impact assessment to the objective of HSS under the innovative technologies. These five factors of impact assessment and their correlation and likelihood of meeting the desired objective are represented in table 6.

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Table 6- Impact assessment

“To enhance the access of rural mass to modern technologies that can Objective economically give them benefit and improve their education and health” • Rural communities now have easy access to light and energy at their homes. All the family members including children and women can easily operate UPS and plug & play the different electronic devices. • HSS contributed to improving education and health of beneficiaries. It provided comfortable environment to the children for study at home, Relevance 61% of households in the sample have improved their education. People have more relax and soothing sleep after having HSS, there are no mosquitoes in summer because now they have air facility for the whole night. This facility helped to save them from malaria and other skin diseases. • HSS saved the cost and time of beneficiaries. Cost of diesel, kerosene oil for burning chimneys and lantern and cost incurred on buying small battery cells for torches is also saved. Before HSS average cost incurred on Effectiveness arrangement of previous source of energy was PKR 200. Moreover, now they don’t have to travel for purchasing battery cells, diesel and kerosene oil in this way they have also saved their time.

• HSS economically benefitted the rural mass. At one end they have saved their time and money, the cost incurred on the traditional lighting system (chimneys and torch). On the other hand they have also saved their cost on treatment of different disease like malaria and skin disease. Efficiency • There is no more threat of fire at home as earlier it had been in case of using chimneys or lantern. Now they have improved, safe and healthy source of energy at home. Simply at one click of button they can switch on and off different appliances such as LED lights and fan.

• Having an innovative and comfortable source of energy and sense of ownership of unique and productive asset itself ensured the sustainability of the HSS. Beneficiaries have owned their responsibility to keep it functional as it has enlightened their lives. Almost 30% households whose LED lights were fused they replaced it by buying new from market. Sustainability • There is cost free electricity at home and no shortfall issue for them this unique feature also motivated them to care it wholeheartedly and keep it functional. Their attachment and caring behaviour can be observed by seeing covering of pedestal and celling fans and proper placement and cleanliness of UPS. See pictorial view of HSS.

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

• There is sufficient solar light available throughout the year in the area which is adequately meeting the requirement of household's daily need. School going children are now happy and become more motivated for reading and writing of their homework. • There is safe cooking and safe eating environment that ultimately put the pleasant effect on health of family. Risk of malaria has been reduced at Impact great extent due to availability of air through ceiling and pedestal fans. • HSS also Improved communication and enhanced exposure through opportunity of entertainment e.g. households having TV. • HSS to some extent also contributed in domestic level income generation activities for women such as stitching and embroidery work. Working in room under the pleasant airy and lighting environment was impossible before HSS.

Impact Analysis

Source of light before HSS It was important to know the previous source of energy (light) before the provision of HSS. The greater number of people (44 households) used chimneys for lighting purposes. It is important to mention here that during the survey it was revealed that chimneys could be dangerous source of light as there was great risk of fire in the house or body burning incidents were also reported. Usage of Lantern was reported only in one household who used kerosene oil. Usage of torch with small battery cells was found in 15-20 households. The propensity of using old source of light is showed in figure 2.

5 1 Chimney and Torch Soruce of light before HSS 15 Laltin 44 Torch 0 10 20 30 40 50 Chimney No. of households

Figure 2- Source of light before HSS HSS enabled rural community to get rid from using dangerous and unhealthy source of energy. Now they have environment friendly and healthy source of energy at home.

Monthly saving According to usage, mostly people had to spend monthly Rs. 180 on diesel for chimney and Rs.200 on buying cells for torches. While there were 15 households who used both sources

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System chimneys and torches which increase their monthly expenses up to Rs. 325 as showed in table 7.

Table 7- Monthly saving

Description Amount (PKR) 1 Average monthly cost incurred on diesel while 180 using chimneys 2 Average monthly cost incurred on buying torch 200 (two battery cell) 3 Average monthly cost incurred on kerosene oil 150 while using lantern 4 Average monthly cost incurred on option 1 and 2 325

The provision of HSS saved on average monthly Rs. 200 to 250 for each household. They have an economical and resilient source of energy at home that is amply meeting their domestic need of light and electricity. They also saved their time in buying diesel, kerosene oil and battery cells from market.

No more fire losses During the survey, 4 households reported fires due to previous source of energy (chimney and Lantern). This loss includes burning of human body, bed sheets, and floor sheets. Figure 3 shows a case of burning from chimney. Two women from Tehsil Rojhan of District Rajanpur reported that they became asthma patient due to smoke of diesel when they used chimney. Besides this, their children always felt difficulty in breathings. HSS provided their family cleaner air reducing the risk of asthma disease.

Figure 3 - A body burning case reported due usage of chimney

All beneficiaries are happy as now there is no threat of fires.

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Functional status of HSS The functional status of HSS means provision and availability of electricity capacity since installation of the system to present day. To acquire the more accurate information about the functional status of HSS, respondent was asked to select one of the following time bands. So there were five time bands for choosing the most accurate response that eventually paved the way of evaluation of HSS progress and functional status.

Sr. No. Time Bands Description 1 <=4 hrs Less than or equal to 4 hours availability of energy (electricity) in 24 hours. 2 >=5 but <=9 Greater than or equal to 5 hours but less than or equal to 9 hours availability of energy (electricity) in 24 hours. 3 >=10 but <=14 Greater than or equal to 10 hours but less than or equal to 14 hours availability of energy (electricity) in 24 hours. 4 >=15 but <=19 Greater than or equal to 15 hours but less than or equal to 19 hours availability of energy (electricity) in 24 hours. 5 >=20 but <=24 Greater than or equal to 20 hours but less than or equal to 24 hours availability of energy (electricity) in 24 hours.

The 57% of households (37 households) fall under the time band 5 (>=20 but <=24) that means their HSS generated electricity at optimum level i.e. for the 20-24 hours, 37% of the households (24 households) fall under the time band 4 (>=15 but <=19) that means their HSS providing electricity for the 15-19 hours and so on. Figure 4 shows the functional status of 65 HSS.

Functional status of HSS

40 37 35 30 24 25 No. of HHs 20 15 10 3 5 0 1 0 <= 4 hrs >=5 but <=9 >=10 but <=14 >=15 but <=19 >=20 but <=24 No. of hours

<= 4 hrs >=5 but <=9 >=10 but <=14 >=15 but <=19 >=20 but <=24

Figure 4- Functional status of HSS

Key Notes – HSS adoption and weather sensitivity

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

 The successful function of HSS motivated other people to install solar energy system at their homes. On average 7 households (in each settlement where SPPAP HSS were installed) got awareness and installed the system to acquire alternate source of energy. These households could afford solar energy system but they did not have awareness and knowledge of such advance and innovative technology before HSS. In this way SPPAP also introduced a new trend in community to eradicate their deprivation of electricity.  Southern Punjab is an ideal region for solar energy interventions due to its favored climate. However some beneficiaries of HSS reported that the efficiency and progress may suffer during winter, fog and rainy days which is not very frequent in the project areas.

Improved education HSS provided comfortable environment to school going children for study at home. Before HSS, children had to go out of their homes usually in fields to study and complete their homework. In the past without electricity they spent less time studying.

25 No school going child in family 31 9 Increased study hours and comfortable study atmosphere

0 10 20 30 40 Same study hours (no change) No. of households

Figure 5- Impact on education

Figure 5 shows that there were 25 households in the sample who did not have any school going child in the family prior to the installation of HSS. There were 31 households found to have school going children. On average, two students in a household have increased their study hours and now enjoying an airy and comfortable environment for study at home. Now there is provision of light facility for 24 hours. Ceiling and pedestal fan installed in the room increased their study hours. There were 9 households found who fall under the category of “same study hours or no change” it is because either their children are residing in hostels or they are living out of their homes in Madrasas.

Restful sleep Studies show that insomnia (sleeplessness) can caused anxiety and many other disorders. Ceiling and pedestal fans provided in HSS have helped this issue and now majority of beneficiaries have better sleep. The change in sleep hours is presented in table 8. There were 91% households (59 households) of the sample size claimed that after having HSS they have more sleep and less mosquitos.

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Table 8- Impact on sleep

Answer Option Response 1 Same as before (No change) 1 2 Slightly Better 5 3 More Relax and Comfortable 59

Key Notes – Restful sleep before HSS

 In the remote areas of Tehsil Rojhan, during summer many people use donkey for getting air in night. They tie a piece of black cloth on the eyes of donkey, he runs continuously in round circle. In the centre of donkey’s bamboo there were two large size cotton sheets tied with the bamboo that move with the movement of donkey. In this way with the speedy movement of donkey these sheets fly and work like a ceiling fan. HSS not only relaxed the domestic animals but also provided an easy and relaxing sleep atmosphere for rural community.

Improved Health HSS improved the health of households. To measure the productive change in health the respondents were asked to brief their response by selecting one of six options; four options were related to better health indicators. These six indicators along with their response are presented in Table 9. According to respondents, 61% (40 households) of the sample indicated more secured and healthy effect of HSS on their lives, while 37% (24 households) entitled and specified this intervention as a basic prevention against malaria. Only one beneficiary responded that HSS did not bring any change on the health of his family.

Table 9- Impact on health

Answer Option Response 1 No 1 2 Yes we get rid from mosquitoes therefore reduced 24 chances of malaria 3 Due to light in room can see any dangerous insect - 4 No sweating, feel pleasant - 5 Safe cooking and eating food due to light - 6 Yes for 2,3,4 & 5 40

Improved communication, enhanced exposure and entertainment SPPAP facilitated its beneficiaries with a built in mobile charging system in the UPS of the HSS. Beneficiaries also connected TV and Dish antennas through their own initiative, see table 10. Women have enhanced their exposure through watching programmes on health and hygiene and religious programs.

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Table 10- Improved communication & entertainment

Answer Option Response 1 No, because we don’t have any communication or 7 entertainment source 2 Yes, Easy mobile charging 54 3 Now we can watch TV - 4 Our thinking is improved and our discussion - become more productive 5 Yes for 2, 3 & 4 4

Key Notes – Improved communication and entertainment

• Before HSS, beneficiaries who had mobile phones they had to take tea in hotels for Rs. 20, so they could charge their mobile phones. • Total five cases were found for using TV. One from each Tehsil Ahmedpur East, Bahawalnagar and Jatoi and two from Rojhan. One woman from Rojhan told that it was the first time in her life that she watched TV. • One beneficiary in Tehsil Ahmedpur East of District Bahawalpur is using USB audio player.

Facilitated in income generation activities Although the objective of this CPI (HSS) was not directly to increase the incomes of rural mass but it provided a good environment for women involved in income generation activities. Women in rural area do stitching and embroidery work for their own and for income generation activities as well. During the survey five women were found in the said occupation while 60 women told that they do not involve in any domestic level income generation activity or they do agriculture related labour work. Provision of light and ceiling and pedestal fan for the whole day increased working hours.

Extent of satisfaction Keeping in view the functional status (working or not working), progress and benefits of the HSS, it was important to know the overall satisfaction of beneficiaries. Therefore, the degree or extent of satisfaction was measured and beneficiaries were asked to rate their satisfaction from below scale.

1 2 3

Dissatisfied Satisfied Highly satisfied

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

65% households (42 HHs) of the sample size rated their satisfaction to highly satisfied, 35% households (23 HHs) rated their satisfaction to satisfied level. No household rated the dissatisfied level. The figure 6 presents extent of satisfaction of all the 65 households.

42 Highly satisfied Satisfaction level 23 Satisfied 0 Dissatisfied

0 10 20 30 40 50

Figure 6- Satisfaction level Incidents or loss (electric shock) by HSS As the beneficiaries of HSS were for first time using electrical/electronic facility at their homes, therefore it was important to know probability of the no. of cases electric shocks. During the survey beneficiaries reported that HSS is safe. There were only two beneficiaries reported that they got a minor electric shock from UPS.

Easy to operate According to views of all the households the HSS is easy to operate. There is no complex maintenance required. These responses can be seen in table 11.

Table 11- Operating HSS

Answer Option Response 1 Easy 100% (65 households) 2 Difficult 0 %

Extension and enhancement of HSS As we observed that some households extended and enhanced their HSS to watch TV and use other electronics, therefore future planning for extension of HSS was also imparted in the impact assessment. Beneficiaries’ response to this segment is shown in table below.

Table 12- Extension of HSS

Answer Option Response 1 No because I have no financial capacity 39 2 Yes but when I will be able to afford it 15 3 I don’t know 11

The response of this segment was closely related to the economic status of the household. There were 39 beneficiaries clearly stated that due to poverty and limited resources they

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System could not extend their HSS while 15 households stated that they plan to extend and add more solar energy system but it will be done when they will afford it.

Pictorial view of HSS

District Bahawalpur, Tehsil Ahmedpur East

District Bahawalnagar, Tehsil Bahawalnagar

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

District Muzaffargarh, Tehsil Jatoi

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

District Rajanpur, Tehsil Rojhan

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Households who have connected TV and Audio Player with HSS

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Annexures

Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Annexure A. List of 65 beneficiary households in sample size Random Sr.# HH_ID District Tehsil Union Council Beneficiary Name Sex HH Size No. M=1 F=2

942 1 SA1 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Safdar 1 6 880 2 SA2 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Zubaid Mai 2 10 971 3 SA3 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Manzoor Mai 2 6 403 4 SA4 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Amina Mai 2 10 939 5 SA5 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Halima Mai 2 8 535 6 SA6 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Shamo Mai 2 10 548 7 SA7 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Maqsood Mai 2 9 618 8 SA8 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Allah Wasai 2 7 716 9 SA9 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Shazia Bibi 2 3 581 10 SA10 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Shahina Bibi 2 7 679 11 SA11 Bahawalpur Ahmedpur East Nonari Bano Mai 2 10 256 12 SB1 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rabnawaz Pura Sani Bibi 2 6 270 13 SB2 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rabnawaz Pura Shamasuddin 1 6 1182 14 SB3 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rabnawaz Pura Kalsoom Bibi 2 8 1042 15 SB4 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rojhan Wali Fiyaz 1 9 320 16 SB5 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rojhan Wali Riyaz Bibi 2 9 329 17 SB6 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rojhan Wali Mumtaz 2 7 563 18 SB7 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rojhan Wali Muhammad Adil 1 9 413 19 SB8 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rojhan Wali Elahi Hussain 1 6 694 20 SB9 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Rojhan Wali Farzana Bibi 2 10

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

1006 21 SB10 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Noorsar Muhammad Nasir 1 6 478 22 SB11 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Noorsar Muhammad Ayyoub 1 8 129 23 SB12 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Noorsar Maqsood Mai 2 6 1010 24 SB13 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Noorsar Shamshad Akhtar 2 8 923 25 SB14 Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar Noorsar Nawab Baigum 2 12 207 26 SJ1 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Raheem Bux 1 12 615 27 Sj2 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Fida Hussain 1 9 40 28 SJ3 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Jumma Khan 1 6 1205 29 SJ4 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Abid Hussain 1 6 682 30 SJ5 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Sajid Hussain 1 8 308 31 SJ6 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Ishrat Fatima 2 10 1075 32 SJ7 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Zahra Bibi 2 11 293 33 SJ8 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Nasreen Bibi 2 6 958 34 SJ9 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Bilal Ahmed 1 4 1027 35 SJ10 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Meer Hazar Khan Abdulkhaliq 1 4 1108 36 SJ11 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Jhugiwala Gamman Mai 2 6 1122 37 SJ12 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Jhugiwala Shedo Mai 2 8 977 38 SJ13 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Jhugiwala Pathani Mai 2 6 402 39 SJ14 Muzaffargarh Jatoi Jhugiwala Sharam Mai 2 9 383 40 SR1 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Baharan Mai 2 10 1155 41 SR2 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Seeman Bibi 2 6 772 42 SR3 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Allah Nawaz 1 8 229 43 SR4 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Tillawat Mai 2 10 1217 44 SR5 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Shabbiran Mai 2 11 1038 45 SR6 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Shazia Bibi 2 9 133 46 SR7 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Shamim Mai 2 11 175 47 SR8 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Salohat Mai 2 9

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

711 48 SR9 Rajanpur Rojhan Rojhan Mumtaz Mai 2 9 1016 49 SR10 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Muhammad Malook 1 15 894 50 SR11 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Bhagul Mai 2 10 594 51 SR12 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Konjan Main 2 10 421 52 SR13 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Mai Haleeman 2 10 1181 53 SR14 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Sandri Mai 2 12 1238 54 SR15 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Muhammad Shaban 1 6 186 55 SR16 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Imam Khatoon 2 6 759 56 SR17 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Mai Khaton 2 8 493 57 SR18 Rajanpur Rojhan Shahwali Umaid Ali 1 7 984 58 SR19 Rajanpur Rojhan Umarkot Sabo Mai 2 6 698 59 SR20 Rajanpur Rojhan Umarkot Hayatan Mai 2 12 782 60 SR21 Rajanpur Rojhan Umarkot Faima Mai 2 6 1065 61 SR22 Rajanpur Rojhan Umarkot Sohni Mai 2 3 237 62 SR23 Rajanpur Rojhan Umarkot Razzo Mai 2 9 791 63 SR24 Rajanpur Rojhan Umarkot Samani Mai 2 9 303 64 SR25 Rajanpur Rojhan Umarkot Channan Mai 2 6 462 65 SR26 Rajanpur Rojhan Umarkot Yar Muhammad 1 16

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Annexure B. Questionnaire – 1 Functional Status of HSS

No. of Existence Status: Yes = 1, No = 0 Functional Status: Yes = 1, No = 0 Community Sex Union Beneficiary HH School DC- DC- DC- Sr.# HH_ID Tehsil Organization M=1 LED Solar Ceiling LED Solar Remarks Council Name Size Going Pedestal Ceiling UPS Pedestal UPS (CO) F=2 Bulbs Panel Fan Bulbs Panel Children Fan Fan Fan

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Annexure C. Questionnaire – 2 Impact of HSS Questionnaire - 2: SPPAP - Solar Household System (Tehsil : ) HH_ID :

1 What you use for lighting (medium of energy) your home before HSS?

2 How much cost incurred on previous medium of energy?

3 Any loss or incident happened in your life due to previous medium of energy?

4 For how many hours HSS remains functional in a day (24 hours) 1- <= 4 hrs 2- >=5 but <=9 3- >=10 but <=14 4- >=15 but <=19 5 - >=20 but <=24 5 Is HSS helped to improve the education of your children? 3 -No school going child in 1-Same study hours (no change) 2-Increased study hours and comfortable study atmosphere family 6 Do you feel any difference in your sleep? 1- Same as before (No change) 2- Slightly Better 3 - More Relax and Comfortable 7 Do you think your communication and entertainment is improved after having HSS? 1-No because we don’t have any communication or entertainment source 2- Yes, Easy mobile charging 3- Now we can watch TV 4- Our thinking is improved and our discussion become more productive 5- Yes for 2, 3 & 4 8 Do you think your family's health is improved after having HSS? 1-No 2-Yes we get rid from mosquitoes therefore reduced chances of malaria 3-Due to light in room can see any dangerous insect 4-No sweating, feel pleasant 5-Safe cooking and eating food due to light 6- Yes for 2,3,4 & 5 9 Did HSS helped in any income generation activity for women? 1-No. Because we do not do any income generation activity at home 2 -Yes. Now we can do work at home comfortably 10 How you rate your satisfaction by using HSS?

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

1- Dissatisfied 2- Satisfied 3- Highly satisfied 11 Any loss/incident happened (e.g. electric shock) by HSS?

12 Do you feel easy to run and maintain HSS? 1-Easy 2-Difficult 13 Do you have any planning to extend your HSS in future? 1-No because I have no financial capacity 2- Yes but when I will be able to afford it 3 - I don’t know

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

Annexure D. Data Analysis Sheet for HSS Impact Sr. # HH_ID Q1 Q2- Q3- Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11- Q12 Q13 1=Chimney Cost Loss 1. <= 4 1. Same 1. Same as 1. No because 1. No 1. No, 1. Shock 1. Easy 1. No 2=Torch Per 1=No hrs study hours before (No we don’t have 2. Yes we get rid because we Dissatisfied 1=No 2. because Battery Month 2=Yes 2. >=5 (no change) change) any from mosquitoes do not do 2. Satisfied 2=Yes Difficult I have 3=Lantern (PKR) but <=9 2. Increased 2. Slightly communication therefore any income 3. Highly no 4=1+2 3. >=10 study hours Better or reduced chances generation satisfied financial but and 3. More entertainment of malaria activity at capacity <=14 comfortable Relax and source 3. Due to light in home 2. Yes 4. >=15 study Comfortable 2. Yes, Easy room can see any 2. Yes, now but but atmosphere mobile dangerous insect we can do when I <=19 3. No charging 4. No sweating, work at will be 5. >=20 school 3. Now we can feel pleasant home able to but going child watch TV 5. Safe cooking comfortably afford it <=24 in family 4. Our thinking and eating food 3. I don’t is improved due to light know and our 6. Yes for 2,3,4 & discussion 5 become more productive 5. Yes for 2, 3 & 4 1 SA1 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

2 SA2 2 150 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

3 SA3 2 150 1 5 2 3 1 6 1 3 1 1 1

4 SA4 5 300 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

5 SA5 2 150 1 4 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

6 SA6 1 180 1 4 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

7 SA7 1 180 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

8 SA8 2 150 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

9 SA9 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 1

10 SA10 1 180 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

11 SA11 1 180 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

12 SB1 2 150 1 5 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 1

13 SB2 2 500 1 4 2 3 2 6 1 2 1 1 1

14 SB3 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

15 SB4 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

16 SB5 1 180 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 3

17 SB6 1 180 1 4 2 2 2 6 1 2 2 1 1

18 SB7 1 180 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

19 SB8 1 180 1 5 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

20 SB9 1 180 1 4 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

21 SB10 2 150 1 5 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 2

22 SB11 2 150 1 5 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 1

23 SB12 4 200 1 5 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1

24 SB13 1 180 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 2

25 SB14 1 180 2 5 3 3 5 2 1 3 1 1 2

26 SJ1 1 180 1 5 2 3 5 6 1 3 1 1 3

27 SJ2 2 150 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

28 SJ3 1 180 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 3

29 SJ4 1 180 1 4 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

30 SJ5 1 180 1 4 2 3 2 6 1 2 1 1 1

31 SJ6 4 200 2 5 2 3 1 6 1 3 1 1 1

32 SJ7 3 150 1 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

33 SJ8 1 180 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

34 SJ9 1 180 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 2

35 SJ10 1 180 1 4 3 3 2 6 2 3 2 1 1

36 SJ11 1 180 1 4 3 3 2 6 1 2 1 1 1

37 SJ12 1 180 1 4 2 3 2 6 1 2 1 1 2

38 SJ13 1 180 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

39 SJ14 1 180 1 5 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1

40 SR1 2 200 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

41 SR2 2 200 1 3 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 2

42 SR3 2 150 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 3

43 SR4 2 200 1 5 1 3 5 6 2 3 1 1 2

44 SR5 2 200 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

45 SR6 1 180 1 4 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

46 SR7 1 180 1 5 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1

47 SR8 1 180 1 4 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

48 SR9 1 180 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

49 SR10 1 300 1 4 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 3

50 SR11 1 300 1 4 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 3

51 SR12 1 180 1 5 1 3 1 6 1 3 1 1 1

52 SR13 1 300 1 4 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 2

53 SR14 1 180 1 4 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 3

54 SR15 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 3

55 SR16 1 180 1 4 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 3

56 SR17 1 180 1 4 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 3

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Impact Assessment – Household Solar System

57 SR18 1 180 1 4 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3

58 SR19 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 2

59 SR20 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 6 2 3 1 1 2

60 SR21 4 300 1 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 1

61 SR22 4 300 1 5 3 3 2 6 1 3 1 1 2

62 SR23 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 2

63 SR24 1 180 1 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

64 SR25 1 180 1 5 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

65 SR26 2 200 1 5 3 3 5 6 1 3 1 1 2

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