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Tópicos Selectos De Biomedicina U N I V E R S I D A D A U T Ó N O M A D E S I N A L O A TÓPICOS SELECTOS DE BIOMEDICINA C O O R D I N A D O R E S SYLVIA PÁZ DÍAZ CAMACHO ELIAKYM ARÁMBULA MERAZ VERÓNICA JUDITH PICOS CÁRDENAS FRANCISCO DELGADO VARGAS DIANA ZOEE GALLARDO DÍAZ tópicos selectos de biomedicina Tópicos selectos de biomedicina Sylvia Páz Díaz Camacho, Eliakym Arámbula Meraz, Verónica Judith Picos Cárdenas, Francisco Delgado Vargas y Diana Zoeé Gallardo Díaz (coordinadores) Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa México, 2015 Primera edición: noviembre de 2015 D.R. © Sylvia Páz Díaz Camacho, Eliakym Arámbula Meraz, Verónica Judith Picos Cárdenas, Francisco Delgado Vargas y Diana Zoeé Gallardo Díaz (coordinadores) D.R. © Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Ángel Flores s/n, colonia Centro, Culiacán, 80000 (Sinaloa) Dirección de Editorial Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial por cualquier medio sin autorización escrita del titular de los derechos patrimoniales. isbn: 978-607-737-098-7 Impreso y hecho en México Índice Prólogo ...................................................................... 11 Tendencias en investigación biomédica Implementación clínica de la farmacogenética en América Latina: aspectos regulatorios, étnicos e implicaciones clínicas. Resultados de la Red RIBEF sobre las poblaciones Iberoamericanas Adrián Llerena ...........................................................................15 Diagnóstico bioquímico de enfermedades raras José Elías García Ortiz.....................................................................19 Subversion of immune function by Brucella Alexia Papadopoulos and Jean-Pierre Gorvel ..................................................23 Trayectoria y alcances científicos en biomedicina molecular Guzmán Sánchez Schmitz..................................................................33 Genética clínica y molecular Aplicaciones de los microarreglos en la genética clínica Carlos Córdova Fletes .....................................................................41 Alcances y perspectivas de la genética forense Héctor Rangel Villalobos . 47 7 Daño al ADN ocasionado por plaguicidas Carmen Martínez Valenzuela, Stefan M. Waliszewski, Luis Daniel Ortega Martínez, Carlos L. Calderón Vázquez, Eliakym Arámbula Meraz, Cecilia Romero Urías y José Huichapan Martínez .................................................................55 Importancia del genoma mitocondrial en la salud Eliakym Arámbula Meraz, Fred Luque Ortega, Gabriel López López, Elsa Maribel Aguilar Medina y Verónica J. Picos Cárdenas................................................................65 Hematología y oncogenética Cáncer hereditario. Experiencias en Cuba Martha Sonia Robaina Castellanos ..........................................................73 Molecular cytogenetics in hematological malignancies Anna Jauch ..............................................................................85 Inmunología molecular TH17 en enfermedades autoinmunes e infecciosas José Francisco Zambrano-Zaragoza..........................................................93 El factor inhibidor de la migración de macrófagos (MIF) en autoinmunidad José Francisco Muñoz-Valle y Ulises de la Cruz-Mosso ..........................................97 Dolor artrítico: causas, mecanismos y oportunidades terapéuticas Martha Ramírez Rosas, Enriqueta Munoz Islas y Juan Miguel Jiménez Andrade ...................105 Infectología molecular Ómica de parásitos helmintos Juan Pedro Laclette, Julio César Carrero y Raúl J. Bobes........................................119 Potencial zoonótico de Giardia intestinalis en México Martha Ponce Macotela, Yadira Rufino González y Mario Noé Martínez Gordillo. .................123 Genómica y biología molecular en el estudio de patogenicidad de Escherichia coli enteropatógenas emergentes Junaid Iqbal, Chengxian Zhang, Aamer Imdad, Niharika Malviya, Mónica Arias, N. Tatiana Sanchez, Ana E. Farfán García y Óscar G. Gómez-Duarte ............................131 La resistencia a antimicrobianos en la era genómica María Elena Báez Flores, Jessica Victoria Hernández Peinado, Bruno Gómez Gil, María del Carmen de la Cruz Otero, Julisa Enciso Ibarra y Ramón Pacheco Arjona .................................145 Cross-immunoreactivity among hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 variants Gilberto Vaughan........................................................................155 Prólogo La biomedicina investiga los mecanismos fisiopatológicos, epidemiológicos, moleculares, bioquímicos, celulares y genéticos de las enfermedades humanas. En la biomedicina molecular se aprovechan los gran- des avances científicos y tecnológicos que proveen el conocimiento y técnicas moleculares y ómicas que permiten abordar los aspectos antes mencionados desde el origen mismo de las moléculas hasta las es- tructuras y los procesos. El desarrollo de la biomedicina y la biomedicina molecular requiere de la in- teracción multidisciplinaria de investigadores que aborden aspectos básicos y aplicados de las ciencias de la vida, de clínicos profesionales de la salud, docentes y estudiantes que de manera integral, aborden y resuelvan problemas específicos en este ámbito. Las aportaciones en esta área son de gran valor para nuestra sociedad ya que impulsan el desarrollo de reactivos biológicos, fármacos, vacunas y permiten el diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de enfermedades; con el desarrollo de la biomedicina se arriba a la medicina personalizada, a medicamentos dirigidos a blancos terapéuticos específicos que minimizan los efectos secundarios, a estrategias de fomento a la salud basadas en la prevención sustentada en el genoma del individuo, entre otros aspectos. Este libro conjunta trabajos de investigación y la visión de investigadores, de Europa y América, que están a la vanguardia en biomedicina molecular. En particular se consideraron cuatro áreas de investiga- ción: Genética Clínica y Molecular, Hematología y Oncogenética, Inmunología Molecular e Infectología Molecular. La información aquí vertida permitirá a los lectores tener una visión del estado del arte en la biome- dicina. Asimismo, les proporcionará bases para el desarrollo de proyectos futuros que contribuirán a la resolución de los graves problemas de salud que actualmente afectan a la población de nuestro planeta. 11 Tendencias en investigación biomédica Tópicos selectos de biomedicina Implementación clínica de la farmacogenética en América Latina: aspectos regulatorios, étnicos e implicaciones clínicas. Resultados de la Red RIBEF sobre las poblaciones Iberoamericanas Adrián Llerena CICAB Centro de Investigación Clinica Area de Salud Badajoz SES-SCReN ISCIII. Universidad de Extremadura. Red RIBEF. *PGWP-European Medicines Agency. La explosión de la Medicina Personalizada (MP) se refleja a nivel global con implicaciones en las Agencias Reguladoras «Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de Estados Unidos de América» (FDA) y «Agencia de Medicinas Europeas» (EMA). En análisis recientes del Pharmacogenomics Working Party de la EMA, se ha identificado un biomarcador en el 32 % de los medicamentos evaluados por procedimientos de registro centralizado. Aunque el concepto de personalización de la medicina ha existido siempre en la práctica médica en base a la información clínica, en la actualidad, el estudio genómico del paciente ha significado un avance definitivo. Como barreras en uso clínico destaca la necesidad de su implementación a nivel de investigación clínica (Peñas-Lledó & Llerena 2014). Otro factor determinante es la variabilidad étnica de las poblaciones, por las diferencias en las frecuencias de polimorfismos relevantes, hábitos, esti- los de vida, etc. Este aspecto ha sido considerado por la EMA y la FDA a nivel regulatorio y es el objetivo principal de iniciativas de la Red Iberoamericana de Farmacogenética (www.ribef.com). La red estudia la variabilidad genética de las poblaciones iberoamericanas y su impacto en salud, y está compuesta por 40 grupos de investigación de Iberoamérica. En la actualidad, el Consorcio Iberoamericano de Farmacoge- nética Poblacional (CEIBA) de la Red Iberoamericana de Farmacogenética y Farmacogenómica (RIBEF) ha concluido el mayor estudio en farmacogenética de poblaciones con el análisis de 5485 voluntarios sa- nos de toda América Latina, España y Portugal (Llerena et al., 2014). La implementación de MP se justifica en problemas de salud relevantes, por ejemplo, en el tratamiento del cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares, infecciosas o salud mental (Peñas-Lledo & Llerena 2013), don- de se puede destacar su aplicación a uno de los mayores problemas sanitarios de la actualidad, el suicido (segunda causa de muerte en jóvenes, OMS 2014). En este sentido se ha demostrado la potencial utiliza- ción de la MP para la prevención del suicidio, específicamente factores farmacogenéticos (multiplicación del CYP2D6 relacionada con el metabolismo ultrarrápidos —MUs—) se relacionan con la severidad del intento suicida (Peñas-Lledó et al., 2012) en población general, incluyendo poblaciones con trastornos mentales como los Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario (Peñas-Lledó et al., 2011). Resultados que apoyan esta relación son los que se han descrito en una cohorte de pacientes depresivos evaluados en México, donde se ha visto que aquellos que abandonan la medicación antidepresiva son los evaluados como CYP2D6MUs (Peñas-Lledó et al., 2013). Recientemente se ha demostrado por primera vez en una 15 muestra de intentos suicidas del sur de Francia el efecto combinado de los polimorfismos de los CYPs Tendencias
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