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Indeks Maya Dan Indeks Entomologi Vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue Di Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah, Sulawesi Barat

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Indeks Maya Dan Indeks Entomologi Vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue Di Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah, Sulawesi Barat https://doi.org/10.22435/blb.v16i2.3319 Indeks Maya dan Indeks Entomologi Vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah, Sulawesi Barat Maya Index and Entomology Index of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Vector in Central Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Murni*, Nelfita, Risti, Hasrida Mustafa, Malonda Maksud Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Donggala, Badan Litbang Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan RI Jalan Masitudju No.58 Labuan Panimba, Kecamatan Labuan, Donggala, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia *E_mail: [email protected] Received date: 15-06-2015, Revised date: 24-11-2020, Accepted date: 25-11-2020 ABSTRAK Keberadaan kontainer sebagai habitat potensial bagi perkembangbiakan nyamuk di tengah masyarakat dapat mempengaruhi kepadatan populasi Aedes. Indeks maya merupakan indikator untuk mengukur jumlah kontainer yang dapat menjadi tempat nyamuk berkembang biak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran indeks maya dan indeks entomologi di Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah, Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional yang dilakukan pada tahun 2015 di tiga Kecamatan (Topoyo, Tappilina, dan Karossa) Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara terstruktur terhadap kepala rumah tangga pada 100 rumah yang dipilih secara acak dengan metode rumah terdekat dan pengukuran kepadatan larva menggunakan metode single larva. Hasil analisis indeks maya menunjukkan bahwa nilai Breeding Risk Index (BRI) untuk tiga kecamatan di Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah sebagian besar berada pada kategori sedang, sedangkan nilai Hygiene Risk Index (HRI) dan Maya Index (MI) berada pada kategori rendah. Berdasarkan indikator House Index (HI) dan Container Index (CI) menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan jentik (density figure) di Kabupaten Mamuju tengah tergolong sedang, meskipun demikian potensi terjadinya penularan DBD masih tetap ada. Kata kunci: indeks maya, indeks entomologi, Sulawesi Barat ABSTRACT The existence of containers as a potential habitat breeding places for mosquitoes in the community can affect the population density of Aedes. The maya index is an indicator to measure the number of containers that can be a breeding places for mosquitoes. This study aims to determine maya index and entomology index in Central Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province. This study was an observational study conducted in 2015 in three sub-districts (Topoyo, Tappilina, and Karossa) in Central Mamuju Regency. Data collection through structured interviews with household heads in 100 randomly selected houses using the closest house method and measuring larvae density using the single larva method. The results showed that the Breeding Risk Index (BRI) for the three sub-districts in Central Mamuju Regency are mostly in the medium category, while Hygiene Risk Index (HRI) and Maya Index (MI) are in a low category. Based on House Index (HI) and Container Index (CI) indicators means Central Mamuju Regency have a moderate risk of transmission Dengue. Keywords: maya index, entomology index, West Sulawesi 189 BALABA Vol. 16 No. 2, Desember 2020: 189-198 PENDAHULUAN penampungan air artifisial misalnya drum, bak Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) mandi, gentong, dan ember. Tempat merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan penampungan air alamiah misalnya lubang masyarakat yang utama di Indonesia. Jumlah pohon, daun pisang, pelepah daun keladi, penderita dan luas daerah penyebarannya lubang batu; ataupun bukan tempat semakin bertambah seiring dengan penampungan air misalnya vas bunga, ban meningkatnya mobilitas dan kepadatan bekas, botol bekas, tempat minum burung dan penduduk. Penyakit ini dapat menimbulkan sebagainya.5,6 kejadian luar biasa (KLB) dan bisa Keberadaan kontainer sebagai habitat menyebabkan kematian dalam waktu yang potensial bagi perkembangbiakan nyamuk di singkat.1,2 tengah-tengah masyarakat dapat DBD ditularkan oleh vektor, yaitu mempengaruhi kepadatan populasi Ae. nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus. aegypti. Kedua aspek ini memiliki makna yang Kedua spesies tersebut mempunyai kapasitas penting bagi program pengendalian vektor dan vektor sehingga dapat berperan sebagai vektor. penyakit DBD karena hingga saat ini belum Kapasitas vektor kedua spesies ini diantaranya ditemukan obat bagi penyakit ini walaupun rentan terhadap infeksi virus dengue, mampu vaksin Dengue sudah diproduksi namun mereplikasi virus dengue, dan mampu hingga saat ini belum diaplikasikan di memindahkan virus dengue kepada manusia. Indonesia.7 Perbedaannya, Ae. aegypti memiliki Dua kabupaten di Provinsi Sulawesi kompetensi vektor lebih tinggi karena Barat termasuk dalam kategori zona merah merupakan antropofilik yang sangat kuat, Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD), yakni memiliki habitat di pemukiman dan memiliki Kabupaten Mamuju dan Pasangkayu. Status perilaku menggigit berkali-kali untuk zona merah tersebut ditetapkan Kementerian melengkapi satu siklus gonotropik. Sedangkan Kesehatan RI sejak Januari 2019 karena Ae. albopictus masih memiliki sifat liar, tingginya penyebaran DBD di dua daerah habitatnya lebih banyak di lingkungan terbuka tersebut. Data Dinas Kesehatan Mamuju dan hanya menghisap darah sekali selama satu mencatat sepanjang tahun 2019, terdapat 312 siklus gonotropik.3 kasus DBD dan satu orang meninggal dunia Dalam siklus hidupnya nyamuk Aedes akibat menderita demam berdarah. Empat spp. mengalami metamorfosis sempurna, kabupaten lainnya masuk kategori waspada, yaitu: telur - jentik - kepompong - nyamuk. yakni Mamuju, Mamuju Tengah, Polewali Kehidupan stadium telur, jentik dan Mandar, dan Majene.8 kepompong terjadi di dalam air sehingga, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk beberapa pengendalian nyamuk Aedes spp. memperoleh data tentang indeks maya dan dilakukan dalam fase ini, seperti menaburkan indeks entomologi berupa status kepadatan larvasida (abate) dan melepaskan predator vektor DBD berdasarkan nilai besar House jentik. Nyamuk Ae. aegypti biasanya Index (HI), Container Index (CI), dan Breteau menyukai genangan air yang bersih dan tidak Index (BI) sesuai dengan standar WHO, dan berhubungan langsung dengan tanah. Angka Bebas Jentik (ABJ) sesuai dengan Beberapa penelitian menunjukan bahwa standar nasional, serta menentukan kontainer nyamuk Aedes banyak ditemukan pada dominan sebagai preferensi bertelur nyamuk di penampungan air berwadah besar, seperti bak daerah endemis DBD di Kabupaten Mamuju mandi, dan drum. Hal ini terjadi karena Tengah Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. Informasi wadah-wadah tersebut biasanya sulit untuk kepadatan vektor diperlukan sebagai indikator dibersihkan.4 Tempat perkembangbiakan yang potensi penularan virus dengue, dan informasi disukai Ae. aegypti adalah genangan air yang kontainer dominan diperlukan untuk terdapat dalam wadah (kontainer) tempat 190 Indeks Maya........(Murni, dkk) menentukan target utama dalam pengendalian kontainer terkendali (controllable container) vektor.9 dan kontainer bekas (disposable container). Indeks maya digunakan untuk METODE mengidentifikasi suatu area berisiko tinggi Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari sebagai tempat perkembangbiakan (breeding penelitian multicenter Peta Kerentanan site) nyamuk Aedes spp. yang diperoleh Nyamuk Aedes aegypti di Indonesia dengan dengan menghitung dua indikator yaitu lokasi studi di lima provinsi di Sulawesi indikator risiko perkembangbiakan/Breeding dengan Surat Persetujuan Etik No. Risk Index (BRI) dan risiko kebersihan LB.02.01/5.2/KE.105/2015. Studi ini lingkungan/Hygiene Risk Index (HRI) yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah, masing-masing dikategorikan kedalam tiga Provinsi Sulawesi Barat yang dilaksanakan tingkatan risiko yaitu tinggi, sedang dan pada Bulan Juli sampai Agustus 2015.10 rendah. Nilai BRI diperoleh dari pembagian Pemilihan lokasi survei berdasarkan tingkat antara jumlah Controllable Container (CC) endemisitas DBD tahun 2015. Selanjutnya yang ditemukan di rumah tangga dengan rata- dipilih RW atau dusun dengan kasus DBD rata CC yang positif larva. Nilai HRI diperoleh tertinggi selama 3 tahun berturut-turut. dari pembagian antara jumlah Disposable Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui Container (DC) di rumah tangga dengan rata- wawancara terstruktur terhadap kepala rumah rata DC positif larva. Indeks maya diperoleh tangga atau yang mewakili pada minimal 100 dari hasil nilai indikator HRI dan BRI rumah yang dipilih secara acak dengan metode dengan membentuk tabel matriks 3x3 yang rumah terdekat.11 dikategorikan tinggi, sedang, dan rendah Analisis indeks maya dan indeks berdasarkan distribusi tertil Kategori MI entomologi digunakan untuk menggambarkan tinggi jika BRI3/HRI3, BRI3/HRI2, dan risiko penularan DBD. Kontainer dominan BRI2/HRI3; kategori MI sedang jika diidentifikasi dengan mendata jenis-jenis BRI1/HRI3, BRI2/HRI2, dan BRI3/HRI1; kontainer yang paling banyak positif jentik kategori MI rendah jika BRI1/HRI1, yang ditemukan di dalam maupun di luar BRI2/HRI1, dan BRI1/HRI.12 Kategori MI rumah. Kontainer dalam hal ini dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1. dikelompokkan menjadi dua kategori yaitu Tabel 1. Matriks 3x3 Komponen Breeding Risk Indicator (BRI) dan Hygiene Risk Indicator (HRI) pada Indeks Maya BRI Rendah (1) Sedang (2) Tinggi (3) Rendah BRI1/HRI1 (rendah) BRI2/HRI1 (rendah) BRI3/HRI1 (sedang) (1) Sedang BRI3/HRI2 (tinggi) HRI BRI1/HRI2 (rendah) BRI2/HRI2 (sedang) (2) Tinggi BRI1/HRI3 (sedang) BRI2/HRI3 (tinggi) BRI3/HRI3 (tinggi) (3) Sumber: Prasetyowati et al 12 191 BALABA Vol. 16 No. 2, Desember 2020: 189-198 Pengukuran kepadatan larva mengetahui ada tidaknya larva; 2) Untuk menggunakan metode single larva yaitu memeriksa larva di tempat yang
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