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Wheat Landraces Currently Grown in Turkey: Distribution, Diversity, and Use

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Wheat Landraces Currently Grown in Turkey: Distribution, Diversity, and Use Published September 1, 2016 RESEARCH Wheat Landraces Currently Grown in Turkey: Distribution, Diversity, and Use A. Morgounov,* M. Keser, M. Kan, M. Küçükçongar, F. Özdemir, N. Gummadov, H. Muminjanov, E. Zuev, and C.O. Qualset A. Morgounov, N. Gummadov, CIMMYT, P.K. 39 Emek 06511 ABSTRACT Ankara, Turkey; M. Keser, ICARDA, P.K. 39 Emek 06511 Ankara, From 2009 to 2014 a nationwide effort was made Turkey; M. Kan, M Küçükçongar, F. Özdemir, Bahri Dagdas Inter- to document, collect, conserve, and character- national Agricultural Research Institute, Ereğli Yolu Üzeri PK:125 ize wheat landraces grown by Turkish farm- Karatay, Konya, Turkey; H. Muminjanov, FAO–SEC, Ivedik Cad. No. ers. Spike samples were collected from more 55, 06170 Ankara, Turkey; E. Zuev, Vavilov Institute, B. Morskaya 44, than 1600 farmers from 59 provinces, planted S. Petersburg, Russia; C.O. Qualset, Dep. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of as single-spike progenies, and classified into California, 95616 Davis, USA. Received 24 Mar. 2016. Accepted 26 species, subspecies, and botanical varieties June 2016. *Corresponding author ([email protected]). Assigned (or morphotypes). Altogether, 95 morphotypes to Associate Editor Toi Tsilo. were identified representing three species and Abbreviations: FAO, United Nations Food and Agricultural Orga- six subspecies: einkorn wheat (Triticum mono- nization; H¢, Shannon diversity index; IWWIP, International Winter coccum L.), emmer wheat [T. turgidum subsp. Wheat Improvement Program. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.], cone wheat (T. tur- gidum subsp. turgidum), durum wheat [T. turgi- dum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.], bread wheat heat is an important crop in Turkey with the planted (T. aestivum L. subsp. aestivum), and club wheat area of >7 million ha and annual production exceeding [T. aestivum subsp. compactum (Host) Mackey]. W 20 Tg (http://faostat.fao.org/). Annual consumption of bread and Compared with a nationwide survey in 1920, these findings represent a loss of 50 to 70% other wheat products in Turkey exceeds 200 kg per capita and is of the diversity found in 1920, though in four one of the highest in the world. The presumed center of wheat provinces, little if any loss occurred. Based on origin and diversity is situated in the Fertile Crescent (Feldman, the Shannon diversity index (H¢) and number 2001), which includes part of present-day Turkey. Thus, the of morphotypes, the highest diversity for bread diversity of wheat and its wild relatives in Turkey has a global wheat was observed in Manisa, Konya, Iğdır, role in providing important genetic resources for wheat improve- Diyarbakır, and Tokat provinces and for durum ment. A comprehensive review of the history, characteristics, and wheat in Adana, Diyarbakır, and Hatay prov- use of wheat landraces in Turkey has been recently published by inces. Socioeconomic data indicated that land- Karagöz (2014). There have been several major collection expedi- race farmers are found mostly in remote moun- tions for wheat landraces beginning shortly after establishment tainous subsistence communities with very little of the Turkish Republic in 1923 with an expedition by the Rus- grain trade, small areas planted to wheat, and sian Vavilov Institute following a route of some 12,000 km in relatively simple production technologies. The key reasons famers continue to grow landraces Anatolia in 1925 and 1926, which documented agricultural prac- are their grain qualities and adaptation to abi- tices and crops and collected >5700 crop samples including 291 of otic stresses. In situ conservation should be tar- wheat (Zhukovsky, 1927). The Russian expedition was assisted by geted at provinces with the highest morphotype diversity, with the rarest landraces, and with the Published in Crop Sci. 56:3112–3124 (2016). highest share of farmers growing landraces. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2016.03.0192 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3112 WWW.CROPS.ORG CROP SCIENCE, VOL. 56, NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2016 Turkish scientist Mirza Gökgöl who conducted a nation- and Tajikistan (Husenov et al., 2015). The fact that very wide inventory of wheat crop in the early 1930s. Upon few farming communities in few countries still maintain his request, seed samples with short descriptions (land- wheat landraces provides an important justification for race name, species, planting season, irrigated or rainfed, their inventory, collection, and conservation. elevation, and share of wheat area occupied) were sent The International Winter Wheat Improvement Pro- to him from all administrative provinces and districts gram (IWWIP; www.iwwip.org), based in Turkey, devel- of Turkey. Overall, 2120 samples were collected. They ops germplasm for central and western Asia. The IWWIP were all grown at the Istanbul Yesilkoy Experimental Sta- is a cooperative program between the Ministry of Food, tion (present-day Istanbul Ataturk Airport) and classified Agriculture, and Livestock of Turkey, CIMMYT, and according to botanical traits. His findings were summa- ICARDA, and has operated since 1986. Its breeding rized in two volumes titled Turkish Wheat (Gökgöl, 1935, activities are implemented through a multilocational net- 1939). These books are an invaluable source of information work in Turkey in close cooperation with the key wheat on the status of wheat production prior to industrialized breeding programs in the region. The main emphasis of agriculture and provide baseline data for wheat landraces IWWIP breeding is broad adaptation, disease resistance, coverage prior to introduction of modern cultivars. and grain quality. Annually, IWWIP germplasm is sent Since the 1930s, major collections were made in 1948 to cooperators throughout the central and western Asia by Harlan (1950), who collected 2121 landraces from 63 region and globally for evaluation and selection. More provinces, and in 1984 by three international teams across than 65 cultivars originating from IWWIP germplasm provinces where wheat landraces were threatened. Sev- have been released in the central and western Asia region. eral regional and local collections and studies of wheat The IWWIP initially turned its attention to wheat land- landraces were done recently (Damania et al., 1996; races as a source of drought tolerance to enhance adap- Karagöz, 1996; Qualset et al., 1997; Tan, 2002; Karagöz tation for moisture-limiting environments and started and Zencirci, 2005; Akçura & Topal, 2006; Giuliani et testing them in yield trials. Their superior performance al., 2009). There are more than 22,000 Turkish wheat under drought suggested expansion of this work and, landraces in ex situ collections worldwide (https://www. thus, IWWIP examined options for collecting seeds of genesys-pgr.org). Peak collection years were in 1948 (1917 landraces from farmers’ fields. After this work started, it accessions, Harlan collection), 1970 to 1972 (1485 acces- was realized that the scale of wheat landrace cultivation in sions); 1979 (1846 accessions), and 1984 (2515 accessions). the country far exceeded expectations, IWWIP opted to In general, the past diversity of wheat landraces is well implement a countrywide inventory. represented in ex situ collections including the Turkey After collections have been made, it is important to Gene Bank in Menemen (İzmir). Socioeconomic aspects describe the diversity they represent. There is a method- of wheat landraces in several provinces of Turkey were ology for describing wheat genetic resources using mor- studied by Brush and Meng (1998) and the results served phological and agronomic traits (International Board for as the basis of an extended discussion on Anatolian wheat Plant Genetic Resources, 1985). Genomic technologies landraces by Brush (2004). However, no systematic coun- for diversity analysis have gained popularity for wheat and trywide study of existing landraces has been done since were recently reviewed by Khan et al. (2014). For example, M. Gökgöl’s work in the 1930s. The concept of national Alsaleh et al. (2016) recently completed a detailed study of inventories of the landraces gained high popularity in a collection of Kunduru durum wheat landrace accessions Europe and was supported by EU-wide projects (Negri et from Turkey and showed how genomic information can be al., 2012). These inventories not only targeted identifica- used to understand landrace diversity. In the present study, tion of what is grown where, but also suggested differ- we used the taxonomic and botanical description approach ent options for in situ conservation and use of landraces. that was used by previous collectors: Zhukovsky and Gökgöl However, in the case of wheat there are very few landraces in the 1920s and 1930s. This approach is based on assign- remaining in farmers’ fields in Europe. In North America, ment of each sample to a species and a botanical variety (or there is a community of amateur wheat landrace advo- morphotype as referred in this paper) based on the follow- cates, and seeds can be obtained from several providers ing highly heritable traits: presence or absence of awns and (http://www.ancientcerealgrains.org; http://www.grow- their color; color and pubescence of glumes, spike density, seed.org). Wheat landraces are still grown in Asia, on a and grain color (Zuev et al., 2013). This system was initially relatively substantial scale in northwestern Iran (Kooch- developed by Körnike in
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