Research Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF GARBHA SHARIR AS DESCRIBED IN BRIHATTRAYEES

1Dr. Sunil Kumar 2Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi 1MD, PhD (Ayu), Associate Professor, P G Dep‟t. Of Sharir Rachana, National Institute of , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 2MD (Ayu), PhD Scholar, P G Deptt. Of Sharir Rachana, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India ABSTRACT Ayurveda science is one of the most ancient sciences. The matter related of Garbha Sharir is described in Brihatrayees are scattered, this matter is collected and compiled for study of Garbha Sharir is easier and proper way. Knowledge of embryology in present era is same as described in Ayurveda many years ago. In the present study terms and procedure related to Garbha are described properly from till delivery. This study will help to know the deformalities in Garbha and how to avoid them; thus helps to produce healthy progeny. Key words: Garbha Sharir, Garbhaadhana, Brihatrayees

INTRODUCTION part of obstetric care. In Ayurveda, it is undoubtedly told that Garbha- Maharshi Charaka says that the Swastha Sharir is needed for Samyoga of Shukra, Shonita and Jeeva attainment of the Purusharatha (Atma) inside the Kukshi is named as Chatushtaya i.e. , , Garbha.3 The definition of „Garbha‟ has Kaam, . Maintenance and been also precisely propounded by safety of Swastha Sharir is the main Sushruta conveying the more or less aim of Ayurvedic science.1 According meaning to that of Charaka. Illustrating Caraka “the physician, who the location and component, he states that understands the Sharir (Body) exclusively a combined state of „Shukra‟ and „Shonita‟ and at all times taken, knows fullness of in the Garbhashaya, intermixed with the the science of life, which provides delight „Prakritis‟ (Mula-Prakriti along with its to the world.”2 The knowledge of „Sharir‟ eight categories) and „‟ (her sixteen begins with the knowledge of Garbha. It is modifications) and ridden in by the Atma in this context that the study of Garbha is called „Garbha‟.4 In Kashyap , gains importance. The knowledge of in addition to components of „Garbha’ as Garbha helps to generate conditions for described by Charaka and Sushruta, there better management of pregnancy leading is more emphasis on philosophical to the creation of a healthy new generation background playing role behind „Garbha’ and thus helping the overall development has been stated as resulting from an of the society as a whole. Understanding entrance of „Beeja’ (sperm), when it gets and managing the normalcy and entered inside the „Rakta’ (ovum). abnormality of foetus forms the essential Requirement for Garbha Dharana-

How to cite this URL: Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees. International Ayurvedic medical Journal {online} 2016 {cited 2016 May} Available from: http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/833_841.pdf Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees When unimpaired Shukra and unimpaired valour. Copulation before twenty five Shonita unite in pure womb and lying pure years of age for man and sixteen years for genital tract. Then this definitely results in woman will only produce a child which the formation of Garbha. This is like to dies in the womb itself, or if born, will transformation of milk into curd after have short life, poor strength, ill health or abandoning its previous from just by the abnormal body parts. Same thing happens addition of a few drops of curds.5 with copulation, during the first three days of Ritu and with impurities of Shukra and Shukra- The wise call it as ‘Shukra’ which Artava.11 is implanted for the origin of Garbha. It is GARBHA SAMBHAV SAMAGRI - constituted of four quarters of , Acharya Sushruta says- Four factors i.e., ,Prithvi and Ap (Four Mahabhutas) “Ritu” (menstrual period) “Kshetra” and is originated from six Rasas.6 (uterus) “Ambu” (Ahara ) “Beeja” Raja/ Artava- The menstrual blood in (Shukra and Shonita) are the essential raw women is produced by Rasa (Dhatu), and ingredients for the production of Garbha, Rakta named as Raja is formed. 7 Rakta provided Beeja (Shukra and Shonita) reaching (uterus) and coming out for should be pure.12 three days in every month is called Artava. Ritu--Ritu means a state of normal female The blood collected for whole month by menstrual cycle which indicates the proper both the Dhamanis assuming slight black time for conception. colour and specific colour or odour is Ambu–This is third factor to support the brought downwards to Yoni-Mukha active process of fertilization and (vaginal orifice) for excretion. According development. The term Ambu represents to Chakrapani Shonita term similar to Ahara Rasa (nutritional element).13 Artava.8 Beeja- It means the main cause of Utpatti GARBHADHANA- Sushruta opines that Beejam (seed), which has the capacity to 14 the Teja or heat generated at the time of induce new growth / generation. coitus activates Vayu, then the Kshetra-Kshetra term indicates the Shukraexcreted due to the action of both Garbhashaya .15 Vayu and Teja reaches Yoni gets mixed up Garbhashya- The word Garbhashaya is 9 with Artava, thus formed Garbha. composed of two words i.e. Garbha and Process of Garbhadhana – During the Ashaya. Ashaya means the place to rest. coitus after Shukrachyuti (ejaculation), Thus the Garbhashaya means the space or Vata carries Shukra through Yoni and the place where Garbha lies and develops. deposits it in Garbhashaya. This Shukra GARBHAVAKRANTI unite with Shuddhartava and forms The correct definitions of 10 Garbha. „Garbhavakranti‟, given by different Garbhadhan Yogya- Garbhadhan Yogya commentators, though differ in their way age in the sense of man, after attaining the of presentation but carry more or less the age of twenty five years, should have same meaning. According to Chakrapani – copulation with his wife, who has attained denoting the descent of a Garbha. 16 sixteen years of age, for the purpose of Dalhana – the commentator of Sushruta begetting male offspring. Only at those Samhita defines it as an „Upagamanam‟ or ages, both of them will have attained full „Avataranam‟, which means descent of vigour and will be capable of producing of anything. This also indicates the descent of 834 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 05; May- 2016

Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees an embodied life principle resulting from sex is the contribution of Shukra Dhatu union of Shukra and Shonita in the form of and Artava. It is the predominance of Garbha. 17 According to Arunadatta, „Shukra’ and „Artava’ particularly at the ‘Garbhavakranti’ has been defined as a time of „Shukra Artava Samyoga’ (time of state of „Agarbha’ attaining the state of fertilization), which determines the „Garbha‟. Here the definition clearly sexuality according to Indian thoughts. differentiates the two distinct states i.e. the PUMSAVANA : Pumsavana state of Garbha following the state of Karma in the sense of procedure that Agarbha. The parental units and their changes the sex of the Garbha before its concerned accessory factors may be manifestation is now being described. considered to be in a state of Agarbha and These methods, if adapted, in association these very factors governed by certain with the excellence of locality and time mechanical, environmental and time, bring produce the desired effects invariably. If the state of Garbha.18 Indu takes it as a there is any variation in these, the results state of formation or attainment of a shape. become otherwise. This also signifies a process by which the GARBHA VRIDHI : The entire growth causative factors playing role behind the and development of Garbha have been Garbha and which were dormant in the described to be influenced by ‘Triguna’ beginning, when attain a definite size and and ‘Panchamahabhutas’. According to shape following the process of growth and Ayurveda‘Rasa-dhatu’ is necessary for the development. It means Ritu, Kshetra, development of Garbha. The role of Ambu and Beeja contribute in the ‘Rasa-dhatu’, besides meeting the formation of Garbha but afterwards nutritional requirement to a growing different organs develop in the Garbha Garbha, has been also recognised in with the help of different Bhavas. In respect to contribute towards the mother- Ayurvedic science Shadbhavas have health and formation of milk. important contribution in the GARBHA VARNOTPATTI:-factors development of Garbha. These responsible for the complexion of the Shadbhavas as described by Acharya progeny these are Agni Mahabhuta when Charaka, Sushruta and Kashyap are associated with Jala and Akasa Matrija, Pitrija, Atmaja, Satmyaja, Mahabhuta also produce Avdat . Satvaja, and Rasaja. In Ayurveda, along Associated with Prithvi and Vayu it with the Shukra and Shonita as main products Varna and with all the factor, the accessory factors have been Mahabhuta in equal proportion, it products minutely observed and elaborately dealt. Shyam Varna. Maharshi Charaka says that the following GARBHA POSHANA: Garbha factors help in the growth of the Garbha in nourishment by Ahara Rasa. Nabhi Nadi the Kukshi of the mother- of the Garbha is connected with the I. Satbhava sampat Rasavaha Nadi of the mother, this conveys II. Upasneha and Upasweda the essence of food and vitality from the III. Ahara, Vihara of mother mother; and nourished by this materialist IV. Kala parinama grows; from the time of deposition till all V. Svabhava the major and minor parts which are GARBHA LINGA NIRDHARAN : undeveloped fully, the foetus derives its According to Ayurveda Garbha or nourishment by Upsneha way through the 835 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 05; May- 2016

Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees Rasavaha Dhamni which are spread AANUVAANSHIKA VIKRITI OF obliquely in all the arts of its body and GARBHA: Hereditary abnormalities survives.19 depend upon the condition of Beeja, not on GARBHA VIKRITI: Abnormality of the physical status of couple. Or in other foetus in intra uterine life due to defects of words what-so-ever part of Beeja is gene, the self, past deeds, uterus, time and defective; the body part developing from mother‟s food and behaviour; the vitiated that portion of Beeja will be abnormal.21 Dosas produce various abnormalities in shape, complexion and sense organs.20 MASANUMASIK GARBHA VRIDHI Mont Charaka Sushutra Vagbhata h In the first month first month product of In the first month, during 1 Atma possessing all conception is in the shape the first seven days, the the qualities, getting of Kalala embryo becomes a Kalala mixed up or vitiated (Astaang Hridaya ) by all the Dhatus In the first month there will (Bhutas) attains the be formation of Kalala shape resembling the Astaang Sangraha Sleshma in which all the body parts though present are not conspicuous Second month of Second month Tridosha During the second month, 2 gestation, shape of the and Panchamahabhta from the Kalala state (jelly Garbha decides the processed in Kalala the mass) are produced the sex determination of foetus was solid shape, the Ghana (hard mass), Peshi child. Garbha takes a shape of foetus decide sex (muscle) and Arbuda (ant- compact form in the of progeny. If as Peshi- hill) to be born as a male, shape of a Pinda, rupa (elongated female or eunuch Peshi or Arbud. The muscles/spindle shape) (hermaphrodite) Pinda shaped Garbha then female, if Arbuda respectively (Astaang leads to the production shape (tumour shape) then Hridaya and of a male child, the Napumsak will be born Astaang Sangraha Peshi shaped to an enough one In the third month In the third month, five During the third months, the 3 Sarva Indriya, Sarva buds develop, one each of five parts of the body Angavayava manifests the arms, legs and head; become manifest, the head, them simultaneously even the differentiation of two legs, two arms, and also major and minor manifests all minor parts. minutely Simultaneously with the head etc; the knowledge of

pleasure and pain also Astaang Hridaya 836 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 05; May- 2016

Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees In the third month there will be five branching in the foetus, such as the two for the legs, two for the arms and one for the head. Astaang Sangraha Garbha gets In the fourth month Anga, In the fourth month, all the 4 stabilised. Therefore, Pratyanga Vibhaga parts become manifest at that time, pregnant (demarcation of organs) is Astaang Hridaya women specifically more prominent. The During the fourth month, get excessive Chetana Dhatu also gets all the major and minor heaviness in her body manifested because the parts of the body become Hridaya (heart) becomes clearer and the foetus obvious. Seat of Chetana become stable Astaang (Atma) is Hridaya. The Sangraha woman now possesses two hearts and is known as „Dauhridini‟. If these desires are ignored, the lady would deliver the child Kubja, Kuni, Khanja, Jada, Vaman and Vikritaksa. Hence, whatever she desire should be provided to her, if desires are fulfilled, she deliver powerful and long lived son In comparison with in the fifth month, mind In the fifth month, the 5 previous months, the becomes clearly manifest Chetana (consciousness). pregnant women grow Astaang Hridaya Mind excessively thinner becomes well active due to because growth increased Maansa and (Upachaya) of Shonita during the fifth Mamsa, Shonita in month foetus more prevalent Astaang Sangraha in this month. Therefore at that time, pregnant woman specifically gets excessive in her body In comparison with in the sixth the intellect In the sixth month, the 6 other months, there is tendons, veins, hair, excessive increase in strength, colour, nails and Bala, Varna of the skin (become manifest 837 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 05; May- 2016

Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees Garbha during the Astaang Hridaya sixth month of In the sixth month, hairs on gestation. Therefore, the head and on the body, at that time the nails, bones, tendons, etc. pregnant women loss become patent and there her Bala and Varna will be increase of strength considerably and colour Astaang Sangraha There is an all-round In the seventh month In the seventh month, it 7 development of the differentiation of all the (foetus) is developed in all Garbha during the major and minor parts its part and nourished well seventh month. becomes clearer Astaang Hridaya and Therefore, a Garbhini Astaang Sangraha (pregnant woman) becomes exceedingly deficient in all aspects of her health In eight month of In the eight month, Ojas Eight month of pregnancy 8 pregnancy is fatal becomes unstable; if is foetal period of Garbha period because Garbha born in this month and Garbhini. During the Garbhaja Ojas which does not survive firstly eight month, Ojas travel becomes unsteady. because of the absence of between the mother and the ‘Ojas’ and secondly child alternately; because of because of the „Nirritih‟ this, they become fatigued (demons).so the demons or contented respectively; should be offered oblation the child born during this of rice cooked along the month does not survive, and meat,. life of the woman is also doubtful, because of the absence of the Ojas Astaang Hridaya Ojas is unstable and moves between her body and of the foetus along with rasa. Some other says that death of the foetus (born during eight month) is due to influence of Nirrtti Astaang Sangraha From the first day of Birth may take place in any after even one day after 9 the ninth month till one of the ninth, tenth, eight month, is the time for the end of the tenth eleventh or twelfth months. the birth of the child; if it month is known as the Birth taking place apart (foetus) is retained inside period of „Prasava- from these months is the abdomen for a year by Kala’ (period of abnormal Vata, leads to abnormalities 838 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 05; May- 2016

Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees parturition). Astaang Hridaya and Astaang Sangraha GARBHA PARTANTRATA: Garbha as “Sharir Sthana”. It has well does not part in any activity of intra uterine recognised that the parental units taking life due to scantiness of excretions and parts in development of Garbha more little contact of Vayu with large intestine, precisely. The terms employed for these the foetus, in uterus, does not pass flatus, embryonic components and their stages of urine and faeces.22 Garbha is completely developments appear to be more depending on the mother for the vital appropriate and scientific, if viewed in the function like Nishwasa, Ucchwasa, light of present advances. The references Sanksobha (movements), Svapna of related to Garbha Sharir are scattered Garbha to carry out by mother for throughout the various Samhitha. Which Garbha.23 are to be compiled together for complete GARBHA PRAKRITI: The Prakriti is knowledge of Garbha Sharir and for defined as the aspect which is stable from further use in various studies. Garbha birth to death and which is formed at the Sharir helps us to understand why some time of conception due to self children are born with organs that are aggressiveness of Shukra and Shonita.24 abnormal. Appreciation of the factors GARBHINI PARICHARYA: The care of responsible for mal-development assists us the pregnant woman is similar to that of in preventing, or treating such the foetus. So the pregnant woman should abnormalities. Ayurvedic texts have very be looked after carefully with all pleasant systemic description of various facts and suitable things, protecting her from all responsible for better progeny like- factors which cause abnormalities of the prescribed dietetic regimen for both foetus. As the foetus goes on developing, partners, mode of life and unvitiated there will be reduction in strength of the qualities of Shukra, healthy Yoni, healthy pregnant woman due to weight, non – Garbhashaya and unvitiated Shonita for intake of food and diversion of the essence conception thus ultimately a better of food. offspring. Marriage with disease free and DISCUSSION Atulyagotriya women will avoid various Science is the result of curiosity of human hereditary disorders which may affect the being through which human being has child as in these conditions recessive gene studied, analyzed and come to the results become dominant thus increases the of various natural processes occurring in probability of congenital deformities. body. Today practically and scientifically CONCLUSION the existence of everything has been After this detailed discussion we can proved. Ayurveda, being a part of this arrive at certain conclusions like science also needs a deep study and detailed embryological discussion is research for proving all the facts given in our classical text right from established by in ancient time. In the preparation of Garbhadhana till Ayurvedic treatise, the matter related to the delivery like Garbha Sambhava concept of Garbha Sharir is scientifically Samgari, Sadhbhaava, Garbha described. Specific Sthana of the Vridhikar Bhava, Garbhavkranti, where the whole growth, Pumsavan Karma etc. This detailed embryology and genetics is recognized description is far more advanced and 839 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 4; Issue 05; May- 2016

Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees detailed than modern embryological Paediatrics. Thus there is need to explore description. Thus this advanced and analyze afore said factors to have knowledge can be utilized to develop greater understanding of the subject. In better progeny. Which will be free this light, this study would be able to from various congenital deformality further elaborated the knowledge of and thus the building blocks in Garbha Sharir and make it Yuganuroopa development of healthy world. In this i.e. as per need and utility in this era and way the knowledge of embryology is thus will be a great help for future research essential for the study of Anatomy, works in the field of Garbha Sharir. Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and REFERENCES-25

1 of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta. (ch.sut.30/26) 2 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta. (ch.sha.6/19) 3 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta. (ch.sha.4/5) 4 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri. (su.sha.5/3) 5 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta.( ch.sha.3/17) 6 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta.( ch.sha.2/4) 7 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri.(su.sut.14/6) Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta. ( ch. Vi. 15/17 chakrapani commentary) 8 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta. ( ch. sha. 4/30 chakrapani commentary) 9 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri.(su.sha. 3/3) 10Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri. ( su.sha. 3/31-32 dalhana commentary)

12 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri. ( su.sha. 2/35) 13Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri. ( su.sha. 2/33 dalhana commentary) 14 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta. ( ch.sha. 2/35 chakrapani commentary ) Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri. ( su.sha. 2/33 dalhana commentary 15Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri. ( su.sha. 2/33 dalhana commentary) 16 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta. ( ch. Sha.3/1 chakrapani commentary ) 17 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri.(su.sha.3/1 dalhana commentary) 18Astanga Hridaya of Vagbhata with the commentaries sarvang sundara of Arundatta and Ayurveda Rasayana of hemadri. ( a.hr.sha.1 arundatta commentary) 19 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri.(su.sha.3/31) 20 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta.(ch.sha.2/29) 21 Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, revised by Charaka & supplemented by Dridhabala with Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapanidutta. (ch.sha.3/17) 22 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri.(su.sha.2/56) 23 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri.(su.sha.2/57)

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Dr. Sunil Kumar & Dr. Anil Kumar Joshi : A Comprehensive Study Of Garbha Sharir As Described In Brihattrayees

24 Sushutra Samhita of Sushutra with Ayurveda Tatva Sandipika Hindi commentary by Kaviraja Ambika Dutta Shastri. (su.sha.4/63)

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Dr. Sunil Kumar MD, PhD (Ayu) Associate Professor, P G Deptt. Of Sharir Rachana National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Email [email protected]

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