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Sugar sweetness fills? What taste research reveals
11.11.2020 - To date, little is known about the extent by which sugar influences food intake, regardless of to which the taste perception of sugar contributes its energy content. to satiation. A recent study by Austrian and Ger- man scientists* led by Veronika Somoza and Bar- Taste receptor and satiety regulation bara Lieder now provides new insights into the rela- tionship between the sweet taste of sugar, energy "We have therefore investigated the role of sweet intake and hunger-saturation regulation. The study taste receptor activation in the regulation of satiety," was published in the journal "Nutrients". says Veronika Somoza, deputy director of the Insti- tute of Physiological Chemistry at the University of Vienna and director of the Leibniz Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Mu- nich.
The scientists* conducted a blinded cross-over inter- vention study with glucose and sucrose. This study involved 27 healthy men aged between 18 and 45 years. The subjects received either a 10 percent (w/ v, weight percent) glucose or sucrose solution or one of the two sugar solutions with an additional 60 ppm "lactisole" (English term). Lactisole is a substance Photo by Rod Long on Unsplash that binds to a subunit of the sweet receptor and thus reduces the perception of sweet taste. Despite dif- The sweet taste of sugar is very popular worldwide. ferent types of sugar, all test solutions with and with- In Austria and Germany alone, annual per capita out lactisole had the same energy content. consumption is around 33 and 34 kilograms respec- tively. Sugar is therefore playing an ever-increasing Two hours after drinking the respective test solu- role in the nutrition and health of the population, es- tion, the participants were allowed to have as much pecially in terms of body weight. Nevertheless, little breakfast as they wanted. Shortly before and dur- is known about the molecular (taste) mechanisms ing the two-hour waiting period, the researchers took
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blood samples from the test subjects at regular in- tervals and measured their body temperature. "So there is still a lot of research needed to clarify the complex relationships between sugar consump- tion, taste receptors and saturation regulation at the On average 100 kilocalories more molecular level," said Somoza. This is particularly After consuming the lactisole-containing sucrose so- true as the sweet receptors are also found in the di- lution, the participants took in about 13 percent more gestive tract and little is known about their function food energy from breakfast - about 100 kilocalories there. However, the first steps have been taken. more than after drinking the sucrose solution with- out lactisole. The subjects in this test group also experienced a reduction in body temperature and serotonin levels in the blood. Serotonin is a neuro- Original publication: transmitter and tissue hormone which, among other things, has an appetite-suppressing effect. In con- Sweet Taste Antagonist Lactisole Administered in trast, the researchers observed no differences af- Combination with Sucrose, But Not Glucose, In- ter administration of the lactisole-containing glucose creases Energy Intake and Decreases Peripheral solution and the pure glucose solution. Serotonin in Male Subjects: Schweiger K et al., Nu- trients 2020, 12(10), 3133
"Our results indicate that sucrose, regardless of its energy content, modulates saturation regulation as well as energy intake via the sweet taste recep- tor," explains Barbara Lieder, head of the Chris- tian Doppler Laboratory for Taste Research and al- so deputy director of the Institute of Physiological Chemistry at the Faculty of Chemistry of the Univer- sity of Vienna.
The first author of the study, Kerstin Schweiger from the University of Vienna, adds: "Why we could not observe the 'lactisole effect' in glucose, we do not yet know exactly. However, we suspect it is because glucose and sucrose activate the sweet receptor in different ways. We also assume that sweet receptor independent mechanisms play a role.
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