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THE SAIC HANDBOOK .. .. for the Macintosh ANUTSHE LL• DALE DOUGHERTY & RICHARD KOMAN O 'REILLY & ASSOCIATES, INC. ~HANDBOOK THE MOSAIC HANDBOOK for the Macintosh THE MOSAIC HANDBOOK for the Macintosh DALE DOUGHERTY & RICHARD KOMAN O 'REILLY & ASSOCIATES; INC. 103 MORRIS STREET, SUITE A SEBASTOPOL, CA 95472 (800) 998-9938 • (707) 829-0515 EMAIL: [email protected] The Mosaic Handbook for the Macintosh by Dale Dougherty and Richard Koman Copyright © 1994 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada. Editor: Dale Dougherty Production Editolt:lairemarie Fisher O'Leary Printing History: October 1994: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook and the Nutshell Handbook logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. This book is printed on acid-free paper with 80% recycled content, 15-20% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent with high quality. · ISBN: 1-56592-096-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS FORIDWORD _____________________________________xv PREFACE --------------------------------------~.1 The Best of the Net xviii What This Book Is About xix Enhanced NCSA Mosaic XX Support and Registration xxi The Home Page xxi The Mosaic Handbook Hotlist xxii Conventions xxii Acknowledgments xxii CHAPTER ONE THE WIDE WORLD OF INTERNET SERVICES ___________1 What Is the Internet? 1 The Internet Is Distributed 2 The Internet Is International 2 The Internet Is Wide Open 3 The Internet and Online Services 3 The Client and the Server 4 Information Servers 5 The Development of WWW and Mosaic 9 The World Wide Web at CERN 9 Early Browser Development 11 The Development of Mosaic at NCSA 12 Commercialization and Future Developments 13 Developing the Global Network Navigator 14 v CHAPTER TWO GETTING STARTED WITH MOSAIC _____________17 The Right Kind of Internet Connection 17 Peak Performance 19 Installing and Starting Mosaic 19 The Mosaic Interface 20 Connecting to GNN 21 A Look at GNN 21 Multimedia in Mosaic 23 Getting Your Page 24 Mosaic's Navigation Tools 24 Back and Fotward 25 Hotlist 26 History 29 Entering URLs 30 Finding Text 30 Saving and Printing 31 Document-based Features 32 Searching 33 Filling Out Forms 34 Understanding URLs 34 When Things Go Wrong 36 CHAPTER THREE ExPLORING THE WORLD WIDE WEB ____________39 The Ages-old Problen1 of Navigation 40 The Global Network Navigator 41 The Whole Internet Catalog 43 Mosaic Handbook Hotlist 49 NCSA Mosaic What's New 49 FAQ Directory 50 Netizens 52 Commercial Sites on the Web 53 Discovering Information Services 53 Other Lists and Resource Guides 58 CERN's General Overview of the Web 58 Special Internet c.onnections 60 vi CyberSight 60 Searching the Web 60 The Wanderer 61 CUSI 62 ALIWEB 62 CUI W3 Catalog 62 WebCrawler 63 EINet Galaxy 63 The World Wide Web Worm 63 CHAPTER FOUR ACCESSING OTHER INTERNET SERVICES ____________65 Mosaic and Gopher 66 Using the Hotlist to Manage Gophers 68 Getting Gophers with URLs 68 Searching Through Gopherspace 69 WAIS 72 Mosaic and FTP 74 Downloading Files with FTP 75 Downloading a Program via Hypertext 80 CHAPTER FIVE CUSTOMIZING MOSAIC _________________85 Changing Your Home Page 85 Using Another Document as Your Home Page 86 Creating Your Own Home Page 86 Changing Preferences 89 Load linages 90 Underline Anchors 92 Set Home Page 92 Proxy Server 92 Style Sheets 92 vit CHAPTER SIX USING MOSAIC FOR MULTIMEDIA _____________95 What You'll Need 95 Installing a Viewer 96 Getting the Big Picture 98 Digital Drive-In 99 Installing Sparkle 100 Sound Waves 103 Downloading SoundMachine 103 Listening to the Underground 104 CHAPTER SEVEN CREATING HTML DOCUMENTS _______________107 The Power of Hypertext 107 The Hypertext Theory of Relativity 108 Getting Started 109 Tags 110 Attributes 110 URLs 111 Writing HTML 111 Identification Tags 112 Crafting the Page: Fonnatting Text 113 Weaving Threads: Anchor Links 122 Creating Your Own Home Page 127 Using HTML Editor to Create Documents 129 Resources 131 CHAPTER EIGHT FUTURE DIRECTIONS _________________133 W30 133 MIT's Michael L. Dertouzos on W30 134 WWW Project Information 140 WWW Newsgroups 140 Mailing Lists 141 VRML: Visualizing Web Space 142 VRML Resources 142 viii APPENDIX A MOSAIC REFERENCE GUIDE 143 The Toolbar 143 Back and Forward Arrows 143 URL Display 143 The Menus 144 The File Menu 144 The Edit menu 145 The Navigate Menu 146 The GNN Menu 148 Windows 148 APPENDIXB HTML REFERENCE GUIDE 149 GLOSSARY 151 INDEX 161 FIGURES 1-1 Layers of the Internet 3 1-2 How Mosaic retrieves a document 10 1-3 Sample Mosaic screen 13 2-1 Mosaic Handbook Home Page 21 2-2 Elements of Mosaic's interface 22 2-3 GNN NetNews 23 2-4 W30 Initiative Update 26 2-5 Hotlist 27 2-6 Hotlist with Scan Current list 28 2-7 Hotlist exported to document 29 2-8 The History dialog box 30 2-9 Entering a URL 31 2-10 The Save As dialog box 32 2-11 Searching the contents of GNN 33 2-12 Search results are returned as a list of hypertext items 34 2-13 GNN Registration Form 35 3-1 The What's Up in GNN page 41 3-2 GNN Hon1e navigational icon 42 3-3 The Whole Internet Catalog 43 3-4 The Whole Internet Catalog entry for Palace of Diocletian at Split 45 3-5 The home page for the Palace exhibition 46 3-6 The Entrance Hall document 46 3-7 Department of Education Web server 48 3-8 USENET FAQs 51 3-9 Netizens page 52 3-10 Home page for the Space Telescope Science Institute 54 3-11 Web servers listed by country 59 4-1 Library of Congress Gopher 66 4-2 Government Information menu 67 4-3 Mosaic displays an ASCII file 67 4-4 Top-levelrnenu of the Gopher server at the UT-Austin 70 4-5 Choosing a Veronica server 70 X 4-6 Searching Veronica for a string of text 71 4-7 Veronica search response 72 4-8 Searching the WAIS directory 73 4-9 Results of WAIS directory search 74 4-10 Results of searching the WIC 75 4-11 WIC description of Smithsonian image server 76 4-12 Top-level directories of photo1.si.edu 77 4-13 The images directory 77 4-14 Clicking on a text file displays its contents 78 4-15 Contents of gif89a 79 4-16 Contents of the air-space directory 79 4-17 JPEGView home page 81 4-18 APOLLO.GIF 83 5-1 Exported hotlist file viewed in Mosaic 88 5-2 Edited home page file 89 5-3 Generic picture icons, displayed when Load Images is off 90 5-4 Alternate text, displayed when available 92 5-5 Notes From the Road formatted with Sans Serif Small style sheet 93 5-6 Notes From the Road formatted with Mixed Large style sheet 94 6-1 Macintosh Archive home page 97 6-2 Space Telescope Science Institute Recent Observations page 99 6-3 Orion Nebula (Photo: C.R. O'Dell (Rice University) and NASA) 100 6-4 Sparkle search results 101 6-5 Waterfall movie displayed in Sparkle 103 6-6 Internet Underground music Archive home page 105 7-1 Marx Brothers home page 111 7-2 Document with an <H1> heading and plain text viewed in Mosaic 114 7-3 Document with paragraphs, and horizontal rule viewed in Mosaic 116 7-4 An unordered list viewed in Mosaic 117 7-5 An ordered list viewed in Mosaic 117 7-6 Table of Contents with nested lists, viewed in Mosaic 118 7-7 HTML glossary as viewed in Mosaic 120 7-8 EM and STRONG types viewed in Mosaic 120 7-9 Hypertext links displayed in status bar in Mosaic 123 7-10 Hypertext used to link to text within a document 124 7-11 Custom bullets used as hypertext anchors 127 7-12 Personal home page 129 xi 7-13 HTML Editor for the Macintosh 130 7-14 Anchor dialog box 131 I xii TABLES 2-1 Anatomy of a URL 36 4-1 Common File Types and Modes 80 4-2 Common Compression Programs 82 6-1 External Viewers and Extensions 97 B-1 Tags 149 B-2· Tag Attributes 150 xiii FOREWORD always enjoy giving demos of Mosaic and showing people interesting places to go on the Internet. At tradeshows or in boardrooms, whether there's one I person or many looking over my shoulder or watching it on a big screen, I watch to see when they "get" it. When do they really get the power of Mosaic? When do they really understand what the Internet makes possible? When do they realize that this is something they always wanted to do with a computer? One thing I usually do when Mosaic appears on the screen is to distinguish between the Mosaic interface and the document that is displayed. I say, "When I use the scrollbar, which Mosaic provides, everything that moves is in the docu­ ment window, where formatted documents containing text and graphics are dis­ played. The document itself contains any number of hypertext links, or connections to other documents anywhere on the Net. I move the mouse pointer over a link and click on it.
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